and frozen Ioynts so that he might be able to walk and eat But afterwards the heat of the Body encreasing beyond due Mediocrity though he had the choicest and most plentiful Nourishment by him he would begin to be troubled and sweat Lastly Extremity of heat encreasing that anxiety he begins to turn himself every way and violently breaks open the dore for more Air afraid of being stifl'd XXI Thus in the Birth this same necessity of Refreshment and Respiration is the only true and chief cause of Calcitration and Delivery For when the heat of the Heart is so encreased as to generate hotter Blood to be now twice dilated in both Ventricles of necessity it must be cool'd by Respiration in the Lungs which Respiration being deny'd the Infant is Suffocated as many times it happens when it sticks in hard Labours before it can be expell'd Now that the necessity of breathing forces the Birth to Calcitration is apparent from hence for that as soon as it is born and enjoys a free Air it presently breaths and oftentimes cries to which Respiration it is not forc'd by the ambient Air but by the necessity of Respiration besides which there can be no other cause imagined that can compel the Infant to breath XXII Harvey believes this necessity of Respiration is not the cause of Calcitration and delivery for proof whereof he puts two Questions to be resolved by the Learned First How the Embryo comes to remain in the Womb after the seventh Month whereas being expelled at that time it presently breaths nay cannot live an hour without Respiration but remaining in the Womb it abides alive and healthy beyond the ninth Month without the help of Respiration To which I answer what I have hinted before that according to the temper of the Woman her Seed her Womb her Dyet the heat augments in some Births sooner in some later which if they encrease to that bigness in the seventh Month that refrigeration by Respiration is necessary then the Birth breaks its prison by Calcitration and such a Birth whatever Harvey thinks cannot abide alive and sound till the eighth or ninth Month for the Birth that abides so long in the VVomb is not come to that degree of heat in the seventh Month as to want Refrigeration XXIII Harvey's other Question is How it comes to pass that a new born Child covered with all its Membranes and as yet remaining in its water shall live for some hours without danger of Suffocation but being stript of its Secundines if once it has drawn the Air within its Lungs cannot afterwards live a Moment without it but presently dies To this Question of two Members I answer that the first part perhaps may be true of an immature Birth thrown forth by Abortion by reason of its small heat requiring little Refrigeration but of a Mature Birth brought forth in due time it cannot be true there being so much heat in it as must of necessity be cool'd by Respiration and therefore such a Birth being included within the Membranes cannot live for some hours as Harvey supposes nor half an hour no not a quarter of an hour And this the Country People know by experience that a Colt or a Mare being once brought forth if it remain included within its Membranes I will not say an hour or half an hour but a very little while half a quarter of an hour or less is presently stifled and therefore they take care that some body stand by while the Dam has brought forth to break the Membranes which if no Body be present the Dam often does with her Mouth And which all other Creatures that bring forth living Conceptions generally do else the Birth is stifled But grant the Birth may live half an hour within the Membranes this makes not against us For the external Air presently refrigerates the Air included in the Membranes which being so refrigerated the Birth for some time may enjoy the benefit of the cool Air but not long for that the hot Air sent from the Lungs with the vapourous Breath would in a short time fill the the whole Capacity of the Membranes and so the Birth for want of cooler Air must of necessity be stifled XXIV To the latter part of Harvey ' s Question I answer that so long as no Air is admitted into the Lungs the Birth may yet live without Respiration because a small quantity of Blood may be forced out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart into the thick Lungs and hence the dilated Blood in the right Ventricle is not carryed to the left but through a Channel by which the Pulmonary Artery is joyned to the Aorta in the Birth it flows into the Aorta into which for some time as being less hot and spirituous it may flow without Refrigeration because it is not therein dilated again But when by the Inspiring of the Air the substance of the Lungs becomes to be dilated then the Compressions of the Vessels being all taken away the spirituous Blood in great quantity is forced from the right Ventricle of the Heart into all the open Vessels of the Lungs which unless it should be somewhat thickned by the Inspiration of the cold Air could not flow to the left Ventricle there to be again dilated but would stuff up the whole Body of the Lungs and so the Creature would be stifled And this is the reason that when the Birth has once breathed it cannot afterwards live though never so little a while without Respiration And therefore that is certainly to be exploded which Bauschius the Writer of the German Meâ—…icophysical Ephemerides cites out of Patterson Hayn written to him by Gerges a certain Hungarian Shepherd In Hungary says he a Woman near her time in the year 1669. began to fall in labour insomuch that the Child had already thrust forth his Head without the Womb. But the Birth having cry'd twice or thrice was drawn back into the Womb and there remained a fortnight longer after which the Woman was duly brought to bed Now how far this idle story is from Truth a blind Man may see For when the Birth has once thrust forth its Head without the VVomb unless either by the force of the Womb it s own striving or the hand of the Midwife the whole Body either come forth or be drawn out the Orifice of the Privity so strengthens it self about the neck of it that it is presently killed But by reason of the extraordinary narrowness of the Capacity of the Womb it can never return back to the inner parts especially after it has sent forth two or three Cries This let who will believe and let Patterson Hayn and Gerges the Shepherd believe it as long as they please who have suffered such a Fable to be imposed upon by Tattling Gossips and ventured so slightly to divulge it for a Truth XXV Lastly it maybe objected against our foresaid Opinion that it is not
Vertebrae But in regard they are neither sensible of feeling nor are mov'd I think it may be question'd whether they have any remarkable and conspicuous Nerves or no Or whether they receive any at all or at least only such as are hardly visible Perhaps the Lymphatic Vessels which proceed from 'em deceiv'd Wharton who took those for Nerves Some there are who believe that these Kernels not only moisten the Gullet without but also withinside to facilitate the swallowing of Nourishment But in regard that outward Irrigation is no way necessary and for that there is no Passage extended from the Kernels toward the outward Concavity of the Gullet it is apparent that that can be none of their Use but that they rather collect the Lymphatic Liquor or suck it from the neighbouring Parts and mix it with the Chylus through the Lymphatic Channels These Kernels sometimes swell to that degree by reason of the Afflux of Humors that they compress and streighten the Gullet overmuch and so obstruct the Passage of the Nourishment and starve the Patient to Death of which we have met with three or four Examples in our Practice VI. The Gullet is mov'd with three Pair of Muscles and a peculiar Sphincter The first Pair which is call'd Cephalopharingaeâ—…m dismiss'd from the Confines of the Head and Neck is expanded with a large Fold of Fibres into the Tunicle of the Gullet by raising it upward streightens the Jaws in swallowing The second Pair call'd Sphaenophariâ—… arising from the Cavity of the Inner Wing of the Wedge-like Bone and being obliquely extended into the Sides of the Palat and Gullet dilates the Gullet To this there are some who add another Pair inserted into the Lateral and Hinder Part of the Jaws and Gullet by drawing which Part downward they dilate the Cavity of the Jaws and Gullet The third Pair call'd Stylopharingaeum arising from an Appendix of the Pencil-fashion'd Bone and reaching the Sides of the Gullet dilates it with the first Pair The Sphincter of the Gullet call'd also the Oesophagâ—…an-Muscle springing from both Gristles of the Wedge-like Bone encompasses the Gullet like a Sphincter and by streightning it thrusts the Meat downward VII The Use of the Gullet is to swallow the Meat taken in at the Mouth which is perform'd by the Fibres of the Gullet and chiefly by the Oesophagus Galen numbers this among the Natural Actions but in regard that Swallowing is an Arbitrary Action and perform'd by the Instruments serving to voluntary Motion that is to say the Muscles it seems rather to be reckon'd among the Animal Motions And tho' it serve to a Natural Use or Action which is Nourishment however it is no less an Animal Action than Respiration which is assistant to Nourishment yet is an Animal Action CHAP. XVII Of the Neck THE Uppermost Appendix of the Middle Venter is the Neck call'd Collum à Colendo to be worshipped because it usually is most adorn'd Which Etymology no way pleases Us in regard the Neck was long before the Use of Jewels and other Ornaments and therefore we rather derive it from Collis as rising like a Hill above the Shoulders This Neck do we as most Anatomists do reckon among the Parts of the Breast as well by reason of the Vertebrae's with the rest of the Vertebrae's of the Back as by reason of their common Use in regard they afford a common Passage with the rest to the Marrow of the Brain Though Spigelius thinks that Office rather ought to be attributed to the Head Upon this Part the Head is set as upon a more eminent Hill that from thence as from a Watch-Tower it may take a Prospect every way of what is to be desir'd what avoyded and be mov'd about with an easie Motion I. The hinder Part of it though it be generally comprehended under the Name of Collum yet is more particularly call'd Cervix The Neck consists of the common Coverings of the whole Body as also of Arteries Veins Nerves seven Vertebrae's and eight Muscles of which more hereafter II. The hinder Part of the Neck descending is properly call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Aristotle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as being seated above the Shoulders III. Underneath this stand the Shoulders by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being those Parts which are seated at the Sides of the Neck which give a beginning to the whole Arm and are constituted by that Eminency which the Head of the Arm makes when it is joyn'd to the broad Bone of the Scapula IV. The contrary Part to this is hollow seated under the Ioynt of the Arm by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latins Axilla and for shortness sake Ala. V. Hippocrates makes a Judgment of the strength of a Man by the Thickness or Slenderness of his Neck and says that a slender Neck betokens Imbecillity and a thick Neck Strength Not without Reason in regard that such as are the Vertebrae's of the Neck such are generally the Vertebrae's of the Breast the Loyns and the Os Sacrum nay such indeed are all the rest of the Bones and other Parts answering the Bigness of the Bones as the Arteries Nerves Veins Ligaments c. If therefore the Neck be slender and weak all the other Parts of the whole Body answerable to it of necessity must be proportionably such but if thick and strong the rest of the corresponding Parts of the Body must be proportionably large and strong unless some Monstrosity of the Neck occasion an Exception to the General Rule The End of the Second Book THE THIRD BOOK OF ANATOMY TREATING Of the UPPER BELLY or HEAD CHAP. I. Of the Head in General ORder and Method now requires that we should survey the Upper Region of the Body and enter the Royal Palace of Minerva and that Superior Mansion of Hers garrison'd with all her Lifeguard where is the Seat of that most Noble Bowel to which the Supream Architect subjected the Government of the whole Body This uppermost Region or uppermost Venter is the Head wherein is contain'd the Chief Organ of the most Noble Functions of the Soul I. It is call'd Caput à capiendo from containing either because it contains the Brain which is the most Noble Bowel or else because the Sences and Animal Actions derive their Beginning from it By the Greeks it is call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as much as to say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Shell because perhaps the Skull encloses the Noble Bowel like a Shell whence it is call'd by the French La Teste II. It is seated in the uppermost and most eminent Part of the Body which the Platonics think was therefore done because there was a necessity and no more than what was just that the Understanding which is the Queen of all the Faculties should be uppermost exalted But the Galenics
the Roots stick faster and plenty of Matter supplying their Nourishment they grow in Length 4ly In their external Quality Hence some Hair is harder some softer some curls some hangs lank and sometimes dry or moist partly from the various Disposition of the Pores through which they pass either in streightness or winding tortuosity Hence also it is that sometimes the Hair shoots forth in Bushes and without Order as upon the Head Privities and Beard in other places orderly and as it were in a perfect Row as in the Eye-lids 5ly In Colour Hence some are red-hair'd others black others white others grey and others of a midling Colour between both XII This Variety of Colours proceeds from the Variety of Humors that are mix'd with the Iuice with which the Hair is nourish'd with which if Flegm be mix'd the Hair becomes white and therefore Flegmatic People who are of a cold Temperament from their Births are generally white-hair'd If Smoaky Vapors either through over-much Heat and burnt with too much Concoction are mix'd therewith then the Hair becomes black Hence those that are of a hot Constitution and concoct their Meat well and therefore breed those fuliginous Vapors in great abundance are generally black-haird if yellow Choler be mix'd therewith then they become red-hair'd If Flegm abounds in one part of the Skin Fuliginous Vapors or Choler in another the Hair will be of several Colours in one place white in another black or yellow And those Colours proceeding from the same Humors setled in the Skin then also many times as in Brutes the same Colours are imprinted in the Skin whence Aristotle not considering those Humors setl'd in the Skin and giving it a Colour affirm'd That the Skin conduc'd to the colouring of the Hairs and that they were of the same Colour with the Skin Thus you shall see some grey in one part of the Head in another black-hair'd and in Dogs and Horses of several Colours we see the same Colours as well in the Skin as in the Hair because the same Colours were imprinted in the Skins of those Creatures at their first coming into the World which Colours remain as long as the same Humors are setled in the Skin with which if afterwards other Colours happen to mix then the Colour changes Thus in Horses and Dogs of several Colours when they grow old by reason of the Increase of Flegm and its more copious mixture the Hairs grow white and the Spots that were black before grow grey Hence also it is apparent why the Egyptians Arabians Indians Spaniards and Italians are generally black-hair'd because they inhabit hot Countreys and are us'd to strong Wines and other hot Diets by which Heat a greater Quantity of burning Vapors are generated which being mix'd with the Alimentary Juice of the Hair imprint that Colour into it which is thence also given to the Hair Whereas the English Hollanders Scotch Danes and other Northern Countreys are generally bright-hair'd because they inhabit colder Countreys whence there is great store of Flegm generated in their Bodies which gives a whitish Tincture to the alimentary Juice of the Hair thence it is that there are few People who are truly black-hair'd but several who till they come to be middle-ag'd are between a White and a Black Add to this that in those Countreys the greatest part sooner grow Grey whereas in hotter Countreys the People are not Grey so soon Now that this is the true Cause of the variety of Colours and change of the Colours of the Hair is apparent from hence for that the Hair does not always keep the same Colour which it was of in the Infancy of the Person but changes according as the Temper of the Person changes or as other Humors are generated in the Body Thus Marcellus Donatus tells us a Story of one that in the Declination of his years at what time he was quite grey by the mixture of great store of Choler abounding in his Body with his Blood not only his Skin contracted a Gold-Colour but that also all his grey Hairs lost their Greyness and became of a Yellowish Colour inclining to Green But hence I would not have it concluded that the Hair is generated out of these Flegmatic Sanguine Choleric or Adust Humors or that they are nourish'd by them as a proper Nourishment For they are generated and receive their Nourishment from a Specific Juice or Humor prepar'd after a special manner which they take from the Part wherein they are setl'd which prepares that Humor out of the Blood or some other Humor flowing to it But this is that which I mean That the Colour of the Hair proceeds from the mixture of this or that Humor with the nourishing Juice Hence it is that Hippocrates has left it for a Maxim That whatever Moisture the Skin has attracted whether white red or black the Hair is always of the same Colour In this Sence Alexander Aphrodisaeus writes that sometimes the Hair will be almost of a Golden Colour if yellow Colour happens to be mix'd with Flegm that is when those two Humors are mix'd together with the Alimentary Juice of the Hair Thus as a Man begins to encline toward old Age the Hair becomes more and more grey and white not from the defect of Alimentary Matter but because of the colder Constitution greater store of Flegm is generated in the Body and mix'd with that Juice wherewith the Hair is nourish'd and causes it to turn white XIII Hence it is manifest why the Hair of the Head sooner grows grey than upon the Privities under the Arms or upon the Thighs c. Because that in no Part of the Body there is so much Flegm generated as in the Head which being infus'd into its Skin cannot chuse but settle more abundantly in the Alimentary Juice of the Hair in aged People than in young Folks who less concoct and dissipate more the crude Humor From which Flegm more closely mix'd the white Colour is given to the Matter and by that to the Hair But in the other Parts as in the Privities Arm-pits c. which are hotter the Flegm happens to fix later and for that reason the Hairs become later grey in those Parts XIV The Galenists from the Colour of the Hair make several Iudgments of the Tempers not only of the Skin but of the whole Body Thus a White colour indicate a Flegmatic a Red a Choleric a mixt Colour denâ—…tes a midling Temper Nay sometimes occult Diseases also and the Conditions of the Mind are discover'd by the Colour and Constitution of the Hair Thus the Disease and Cure of the Leprosie which is describ'd in the Old Testament was chiefly disclos'd by the Colour of the Hair Long slender and streight Hair denotes a mild and courteous Disposition curl'd Hair an inconstant and testy Disposition and Quickness and Chearfulness in undertaking of Business Soft Hair berokens Pusilanimity harsh Hair especially inclining to Black Resolution
Scapula But the First and most slender beginning of the second Pair making its egress at the side of the Denti-form'd Process is distributed into the Muscles of the Neck and wasts it self in the Skin of the Face The Hinder Beginning bursting forth at the sides of the Process of the hinder Vertebre is presently after divided into two unequal Branches Of which the thicker tending toward the hinder Parts and joyning its self with the third Branch of the third Pair of the Nerves crawls over all the hinder Muscles of the Neck and partly communicated to the Ears ascends the very Top of the Head and there wasts it self into the Skin The Other which is more Thin is distributed into the larger streight and oblique Muscles of the lower Part of the Head III. The third Pair rises in each side between the Lateral hole between the second Vertebre immediately after its egress is divided into two Branches The foremost of these is again subdivided into four Stocks of which the First runs out to the first Muscle of those that bend the Neck call'd the long Muscle The Second descending and united with a Sprig of the Fourth Pair ends in the Muscles lying under the Gullet The Third ascending and concurring with the thicker Branch of the Second Pair vanishes in the Skinny Parts of the hinder Part of the Head The Fourth sending forth Branches to the Muscle extending the Neck in the Transverse Processes at the end of the Neck and the raiser of the Scapula seated at the beginning of the Neck terminates in the four square Muscle drawing down the Cheeks The hinder Branch of this Pair is inserted into the second Pair of the Muscles extending the Breast IV. The fourth Pair rising between the third and fourth Vertebre is presently divided into two unequal Branches Of these the foremost and biggest is again tripartited into three little Sprigs Of which the First being joyn'd with another Branch of the Third enters the first and long Pair of the Muscles bending the Neck the other is carry'd to the transversal Muscle extending the Neck and the first of the Scapula called the Cucular The third slenderer then the rest being joyn'd with a little Sprig descending close by the Mediastinum and Pericardium together with those little Sprigs constitutes the Diaphramatic Nerve The hindermost and least proceeding backward toward the Spine affords several Branches to the Muscles of that place and thence is carry'd between the four square Muscle drawing down the Cheeks V. The fifth Pair rising between the fourth and fifth Vertebre is also divided into two Branches the foremost and the hindermost The foremost sends forth four little Sprigs of which the first is carry'd to the Benders of the Neck The second together with the Stocks of the fourth and sixth Pair and somtimes the seventh when the Branch of the seventh is wanting descending by the sides of the Vertebres along the fore-parts of the Vertebres is inserted into the middle of the Diaphragma and therein constitutes the Phrenic Nerve The third proceeds to the Deltoides or Muscle that raises the Shoulder through the upper and outer-most seat of the Shoulder and thence sends forth little Branches to the Cucular and Muscle rearing the Scapula The fourth approaching the Neck of the Scapula is divided into two Branches of which the one is carry'd to the Deltoides where it parts from the Scapula the other which is somewhat thicker is contorted toward the Spine and is distributed in the same manner as the hinder part of the fourth Pair VI. The Sixth Pair breaking forth under the fifth Vertebre and being divided also into two Branches when it has sent forth a little Sprig to constitute the Phrenic Nerve which being joyn'd with a little Branch of the fourth and fifth Pair it forms proceeding farther is united with the seventh of the Neck and the first Pair of the Breast and then parts from them but being again United forms the Net-resembling Fold from whence the Nerves proceed which are carry'd to the Arm. The hindermost is carry'd to the hinder Muscles extending the Head and Neck VII The seventh Pair makes its Passage through the Common Hole of the sixth and seventh Vertebres The foremost and biggest Branch of this Pair is united presently after its Egress with the sixth of the Neck and first of the Breast which we reckon the eighth of the Neck and with the rest is carried the greatest part of it to the Arm. The hindermost and lesser Branch goes away to the Muscles resting upon the Neck and the foursquare Muscle drawing down the Cheeks VIII The eighth Pair which some call the first of the Breast coming forth between the last of the Neck and the first Vertebre of the Breast is presently slit into two Branches The foremost and biggest is united with the seventh of the Neck and the first Nerve of the Breast and so is afterwards altogether dispersed into the Arms. Except one Stock which rising at the beginning of it is united with the Nerves aforesaid and carried into the Fore-parts as far as the Sternon all the length of the first Rib of the Breast affording also a little Sprig to the Subclavial Muscle then winding back upwards terminates in the Muscles rising from the upper part of the Sternon that is to say the Mastoides Sternon hyoides and Hyoides into which nevertheless some Branches are transmitted from the sixth Conjugation of the Brain and the third of the Breast However from the same Branch ready to go into the Arm another Ramification proceeds at the hinder Part which enters the Muscle possessing the Cavity of the Scapula The hindermost and the lesser lyes hid under the Muscles which grow to the Vertebres from whence it sends some Ramifications into the second Muscle bending the Neck as also into those which extend the Head and Neck but descending about the Spine of the seventh Vertebre it sends forth little Sprigs into the lower Part of the first Muscle of the Scapula that is to say the Cucullar and of the third or Rhamboides and the Upper Postic Serratus CHAP. III. Of the Nerves of the Breast oâ—… Back TWelve Pair arise out of the Dorsal Marrow all which Nerves after their Egress are divided into two Branches of which the biggest is contorted toward the Fore-parts the lesser toward the hinder Parts I. The first Pair rising between the first and second Vertebre of the Breast is presently divided into two Branches Of which the foremost and biggest is united with the fifth sixth seventh and eighth Pair of the Neck and with them forms the Net-resembling Contexture from whence all the Nerves arise that are to descend to the Arm. This also sends forth a Branch all along the Course of the first Rib to the Sternon-bone which constitutes the first Intercostal Nerve and distributes little Twigs into the Muscles resting upon the Breast The hindermost and lesser Branch is disseminated into the same manner as
and the taking of Tobacco is very Beneficial XI Decoctions of Guaiacum Sassafras and Sassaparil prepared with hot and drying Cephalics to provoke Sweat now and then are of great use XII This Quilt may be made for the Patient to lay upon his Head â„ž Leaves of Rosemary Marjarom Thime Flowers of Lavender an two small hand fuls Mastic Frankincense an Ê’ j. Cloves Nutmegs an ℈ j. For a Quilt To anoint the Temples and top of the Head which is every day to be done use this Liniment â„ž Oyls of Rosemary Amber Marjoram an ℈ j. Oyl of Nutmegs pressed ℈ ij Martiate Oyntment Ê’ ij XIII If notwithstanding all this the Catarrh continue make an Issue in one Arm or in the Neck XIV Let him keep in a moderately warm Air observe a good Diet roasted rather then boil'd condited with Spices and hot Cephalics avoid Radishes Mustard Garlic Onions which raise and fill the Head with Vapors His Drink must be sparing but strong moderate sleep and moderate Exercise HISTORY XVII Of an Opthalmy A Person about thirty Years of Age abounding with hot and Choleric Blood having heated himself the last Winter at an extraordinary compotation of strong Wine and then exposing himself in a bitter cold Night to the extremity of the weather presently felt a sharp pain in his Eyes with a burning heat the next day a very great redness appeared in the white of his Eye with a manifest swelling of the little Veins He could not endure the light so that he sat continually with his Eyes shut sharp Tears flowed from his Eyes which when he opened his sight appeared to be very dim I. HEre the Part affected was the Eye in which the annate Tunicle or the Conjunctive Tunicle was chiefly aggreived the other Parts of the Eye only by Accident II. This Disease the Physitians call an Opthalmy or Blear-eyedness which is an Inflammation of the annate or white Tunicle accompanied with redness heat pain and tears III. The Antecedent Cause of this Disease was an abundance of hot Blood through the whole Body which being violently stirred by the extraordinary heat caused by the Wine and suddainly detained by the Original Cause or the outward extream Cold and overflowing the conjunctive Tunicle constitutes the containing Cause IV. For the blood being moved more rapidly through the Arteries and Veins by reason of the extraordinary heat of the Wine was thickned of a suddain by the external Cold received into the Eye so that it could not pass so speedily through those little Veins as it was sent from the Heart which caus'd the Veins of the Tunicle to swell and distended the Tunicle it self and the stay of the Blood corrupting it and causing it to wax hot and sharp produced the Inflammation V. The Pain was occasioned partly by the distention of the Tunicle partly by the acrimony of the Humors corroding the Tunicle VI. He could not endure the Light partly because the Pain was exasperated by admission of the External Air partly because the Eyes being opened the Animal Spirits presently flow into it as they are determined for the benefit of seeing and distend the Eye which destension augments the Pain for the avoiding of which the Patient keeps his Eyes shut to avoid the distension of the Part. VII Now in regard the sight proceeds from the copious Influx of the Spirits into the Eye and because the Tunicle cannot endure that distension hence the Eyes being open the sight grows dim in regard that the fewer the Spirits are the duller the sight is VIII The Tears issue forth chiefly upon opening the Eye by reason that the Caruncle in the larger corner of the Eye that lies upon the hole in the Nose is twitched and contracted in each Eye by the neighbouring Inflammation especially if any injury of the Air accompany it and by reason of that painful contraction does not exactly cover the Lachrymal point so that the hole being loose and open the Tears flow forth in greater abundance And they are sharp by reason of the Salt mixt with the serous Humor and seem to be much sharper then they are by reason of the exquisite Sense of the Tunicle which is now already molested IX This Opthalmy threatens great danger to the Eye in regard that by reason of the Winter cold the discussion of the Humors flowing into the Annate Tunicle is the more difficult and the longer stay of it may hazard the Corrosion and Exulceration of the Annate and the Horny Tunicle and so produce a white Spot a Scar or some such blemish in the Sight X. In the Cure the antecedent Cause is to be removed as being that which nourishes the Containing and the Original Cause is to be removed that the Containing one may be the better discussed XI The Body is first to be Purged with one dram of Pill Cochiae or half an ounce of Diaprunum Electuary Solutive adding a few grains of Diagridium or else such a Draught â„ž Rhubarb Ê’ j. s. Leaves of Senna Ê’ iij. Tartar Ê’ j. Anise-seed Ê’ j. Decoction of Barley q. s. Infuse them and then add to the straining Solutive Diaprunum Electuary Ê’ iij. XII The Body being Purged open a Vein in the Arm and take away eight or ten ounces of Blood Then Purge again and if need be bleed again XIII To divert the Excrementitious Humors from the Brain to the Eyes Cupping-glasses may be applied to the Neck and Shoulders or a Vesicatory behind the Ears Which if they prove not sufficiently effectual make a Seaton in the Neck or apply an Actual or Potential Cautery to the Arm or Neck XIV To asswage the Pain drop into the Eye the Blood of the Wing-feathers plucked from Young Chickens or Womens Milk newly milked from the Breast or the Muscilage of the Seeds of Flea-wort and Quinces extracted with Rose-water or the Yolk of an Egg boiled to a hardness or else the following Cataplasm laid upon the Eye â„ž Pulp of an Apple roasted â„¥ j. s. Crum of new White-bread â„¥ iij. Saffron Powdred ℈ j. s. New Milk and Rose-water equal Parts Make them into a Cataplasm XV. The Pain being somewhat asswaged this Collyrium may be dropped into the Eye â„ž Sarcocol fed with Milk Ê’ j. Tragacanth Ê’ s. Muscilage of the Seed of Quinces q. s. XVI For discussion of the Humor contained in the Tunicle foment the Eye with a Spung dipt in the following Fomentation warm â„ž Herbs Althea Fennel Flowers of Camomil Melilot an M. j. Water q. s. boil them to eight ounces then add Rose-water â„¥ iij. XVII After Fomentation lay on the Cataplasm again or else drop the following Collyrium into the Eye â„ž Alloes washed in Fennel-water ℈ j. Sarcocol steeped in Milk Ê’ j. Saffron gr vij Eyebright and Fennel-water an â„¥ j. XVIII Let him keep in a temperate and clear Air free from Dust and Wind and Smoak let him avoid too much Light and wear a green pâ—…ece of Silk before his Eye His Diet must be sparing
after all the Cough still remain give him this Bolus twice a week as he goes to Bed â„ž Philonium Romanum Nicholas's Rest Mithridate of Damocrates an ℈ j. Mix them for a Bolus At other times let him use his Apozenâ—… and Tablets XVII To corroborate his Head let him wear this Cap. â„ž Leaves of Marjoram Rosemary P ij Flowers of Red Roses and Lavender an P. j. Nutmeg Benjamin Cloves an ℈ ij Beat them into a gross Powder for a Quilt XVIII If after all this there be no abatement of the Catarrh and Cough then to divert and evacuate the flowing humour make an Issue in the Arm or rather in the Neck XIX Let him keep his Head and Breast warm against the Injuries of the cold and moist Air. Let his Diet be of easie Digestion and good Nourishment seasoned with Turneps Chervil Hyslop Marjoram Betony Baum Rice Barley cleansed Spices Raisins Sugar and such like Ingredients Let his drink be middling not stale Hydromel anchosated or sweet Wine moderately taken and let him avoid all acid sharp salt and sowre things Let him be moderate in his Sleep and Exercise and take care to keep his Body open HISTORY IV. Of an Asthma A Young Man thirty years of age of a strong Constitution but careless of his Diet and living a sedentary Life some years ago having overheated himself with Walking and presently opening his Breast and throwing aside his Cloaths fell a drinking cold Rhenish-Wine and presently was taken with a Difficulty of Breathing which made him pant and heave and the next day the Malady still increasing he was in such a Condition that the third Day he could not breath unless he stood upright so that for fourteen Days he could not lye in his Bed but was forced to sit or stand whole Days and Nights together but he was more troubled in the Night than Day time After a little Cough happening which brought up a good quantity of tough and viscous Flegm his difficulty of Breathing abated and he recovered his former Condition From that time forward he was often afflicted with the same Distemper by Intervals sometimes more sometimes fewer Days together more especially if he exposed himself to the Air when very hot or drank cold Rhenish and this he further observed that when the North-wind blew he was presently seized with this Distemper unless he had a great Care of himself and that rather in the Summer and Autumn than in the Winter During this Malady his Stomach was indifferent but he could hardly eat for narrowness of the Parts and after Meals his Difficulty of Breathing grew worse He had a great Inclination to Sleep but no sooner had he closed his Eyes but he waked with Terror and Faintness so that during the Fit he could not sleep for some Days and Nights together His Belly and Breast seemed to be distended by Wind sometimes he felt a heavy Pain in his Head with a Chilliness in the hinder Part toward the Neck And about this time he had another terrible Fit not without danger of Suffocation He had no Fever nor complained of any Pain in any other Parts of the Body I. THis Mans Distemper is an Asthma which is a difficult panting and heaving Respiration and it was indeed the highest degree of this Distemper which we call Orthophnaea which is an extraordinary Difficulty of Breathing in which the Patients cannot sleep but standing upright becuse of the Narrowness of the Respiratory Parts II. The antecedent Causes of this Distemper were flegmatic Humors abounding in the Body The Original Causes were Heat and Cold. The containing Cause is a tough and viscous Humor accumulated in the Bronchia of the Lungs and fastned to them III. The flegmatic Constitution of the whole Body causes a Redundancy of cold crude and flegmatic Humors therein Especially in those Parts which being cold of themselves are over-chill'd by some external Cause so that the Body being overheated by viblent Exercise the Blood and Humors are more swiftly moved and many Vapors excited in the lower Parts which by a sudden Cold are condensed and collected in the Brain in greater quantity But in regard the Bronchia are cold of themselves and more refrigerated by the Cold of the In-breath'd Air they fasten to them like a tough Bird-lime and contracting them cause difficulty of breathing To which the Access of a Defluxion from the Brain causes a greater Contraction consequently a greater Difficulty of breathing attended with Wheezing Nor can the Patient breath but standing upright the Lungs being pendulous are most easily dilated in that Posture and the Bronchia are more open in that Situation IV. The Distemper is still worse toward Night because the nocturnal Cold thickens the Flegmatic Humors and renders them more tenacious by which means they become more obstructive to the Bronchia V. At length when the tenacious Matter is abated and thrown off by coughing then the Obstruction of the Bronchia abates and the Difficulty of breathing ceases till the condensing and falling down of new Vapors VI. Which was plain because the North-wind was so hurtful to him the reason of which was because that Wind streightned the Pores condensed the Humors and Vapors and chill'd the Head and Lungs And because the Body is hotter and raises the Vapors more copious in the Summer therefore the sudden Chilliness of that Wind more suddenly condenses and fastens them to the colder Bronchia VII The Stomach of the Patient continued good because neither the inbreathed Air nor the Defluxions from the Head offended the Stomach But the Difficulty of breathing was worse after Meals by reason of the Vapors raised by the Concoction of the Stomach which ascending to the middle and upper Belly are condensed in both and in the one fasten themselves to the Bronchia VIII He cannot sleep because he is forced to satisfie the Necessity of Respiration in the Dilatation of the Breast which failing in Sleep and consequently Respiration he is waked with Terror and Faintness and compelled to wake that he may breath and to breath with violence that he may live IX The Belly and Breast seem to be distended by Wind though it be not Wind but the continual and copious Flux of the Animal Spirits for the Relief of the Lungs which distends the Respiratory Muscles which makes him think they are distended with Wind. X. The heavy Pain in his Head proceeds from the abundance of Cold Humors collected in his Head And thence that Chilliness in the hinder part of it XI There was no Fever in regard that neither the Blood nor Humors were corrupted Nor Pain in any other Part the sharp Humors being all got together in the Head and Lungs of this Patient XII This Disease is dangerous as threatning a Suffocation especially iâ—… a new Defluxion fall from the Head upon the Lungs during the Continuance of the Malady XIII In the Method of Cure to the containing Cause must be removed that obstructs the Lungs
of the Heart into the Lungs But after two days the Heart gathering strength and filling the little Vessels of the Lungs with Blood the violence of the Cough easily forced it out again IX The Appetite was lost through the continual Agitation of the Cough and weakness caused by the Evacuation of so much Blood which caused a Debility of the whole Body and Bowels together with the Stomach Besides that bad Diet had bred several crude Humors in the Stomach which had dulled the Appetite and weakened Concoction X. The decay of strength proceeded from loss of Blood and the Bodies being wearied by the violent Agitation of the Cough XI This Disease is very dangerous 1. In respect of the Part affected since no man can want Respiration 2. In respect of the Cause which is partly a Corrosion partly a Rupture of the Vessel 3. In respect of the difficulty of the Cure which requires rest which is not to be expected in the Respiratory Parts Neither can the Solution be taken a part but the Flux of the Catarrhs and the Cough must be cured together Therefore says Faventinus Blood being spit from the Lungs with a Cough the broken Vein cannot be closed but with great difficulty For when any little Vessel of the Lungs is opened or broken an Ulcer follows which brings a Consumption that soon terminates in Death All the hopes of this Patient consisted in his Age and strength XII In the method of the Cure the Cough is first to be allay'd 2. The Blood to be diverted from the Lungs 3. The broken Vessels to be consolidated 4. The descent of the Catarrhs to be prevented 5. The crude and sharp Humors to be hindred from gathering in the Head 6. The deprav'd Constitution of the Blood and Humors to be amended XIII After Glystering or some Lenitive Purge given at the Mouth Blood-letting is most proper which is to be repeated as necessity requires especially when the Patient perceives any heaviness in the lower Part of the Breast for the Blood-letting hinders the repletion of the Vessels of the Lungs and their being forcibly opened by the quantity of Blood XIV To thicken the Blood and the Catarrh and allay the Cough ℞ Haly's Powder against the Consumption ℈ ij s. Red Corral prepared ℈ j. Decoction of Plantain ℥ j. Syrup of Comfrey ℥ s. Mix them to be drunk Morning and Evening Let him often in the day use the following Looch and Amigdalate ℞ Syrup of Comfrey dry Roses Coltsfoot an ʒ vj. Of Poppies ʒ iij. Mix them for a Looch ℞ Sweet Almonds blanched ℥ ij s. Lettice Seeds ℥ s. Decoction of Barley q. s. Make an Emulsion of lb j. with which mix with white Sugar q. s. For an Amidgdalate XV. To divert the Catarrh make an Issue in the Arm or Neck and apply Cupping-glasses to the Scapula and Back And to prevent the Collection of crude Humors let him wear a Cephalic Quilt composed of Ingredients to heat and corroborate the Head dry up the Humors and open the Pores and to open the Passage of the Nostrils let him take some gentle Sternutory XVI When the Cough is thus removed and the Blood-spitting stopped proceed to the farther consolidation of the corroded and broken Vein To which purpose the Patient must be gently Purged by Intervals to evacuate the sharp Humors by degrees In the mean time let him drink this Apozem thrice a day ℞ Barley cleansed ℥ j. Roots of the greater Consownd Tormentil Snake-weed sliced Licorice an ʒ vj. Sanicle Herb Fluellin Winter-green Colts-foot Egrimony Ladies Mantle Plantain an M. j. Red Roses M. j. Heads of white Poppy ℥ ij s. The relicks of prest Grapes ℥ iij. Figgs No. v. Make an Apozem of lb j. s. Instead of this he may take the quantity of a Nutmeg of this Conditement ℞ Haly's Powder against a Consumption ʒ j. s. Coral Prepared Blood-stone Harts-horn burnt an ℈ j. s. Conserve of Red Roses ℥ ij Syrup of Comfrey q. s. XVII His Diet must be of good Juice and easie Digestion and somewhat of a clamy Substance as Veal Lamb Mutton and Broths of the same ordered with Barley Rice Reasons c. More especially Goats Milk Let his Drink be sweet Ale not too small let him not any way strain his Voice and for his Body let him keep it so soluble that his Stools may be easie HISTORY VIII Of a Consumption A Lusty Young Man twenty two Years of Age having for a long time lived disorderly at first felt for some time a heavy pain in his Head which seeming to abate about Winter presently he began to be molested with a Defluxion of sharp Humors to the Lungs and thence with a violent Cough which brought up every day a great quantity of thick tough Flegm after he had been troubled with this Cough for some Months at length he brought up Blood mixed with his other Spittle and about three Weeks or a Month since purulent matter was observed to be mixed with his Spittle sometimes without sometimes mixed with Blood of which he hauk'd up every day more and more However his Spittle had no ill smell he had also a continual slight Fever but attended with no signal Symptoms his Nostrils were dryer then usually and out of which there came little or nothing to speak of he was much Emaciated and very Feeble His Appetite lost or very little and his Cough frequently interrupted his sleep I. SEveral Parts of this Young Mans Body were affected The Head as appeared by the Pain therein and the Catarrhs The Lungs as appeared by Cough and Spittle and the Heart as was manifest by the Fever and consequently the whole Body was out of Order II. This Disease is called Phtisis or a Consumption Which is an Atrophy or wasting of the whole Body proceeding from an Ulcer in the Lungs with a sleight lingring Fever III. The remote Cause of this Disease was disorderly Diet which bred many sharp and viscous Humors in the Body and the going carelesly uncovered in the Winter time bred a cold ill temper in the Head which contracted and stopped the Pores of it by which means the Vapors ascending from the lower Parts condensed in the Brain and for want of passage begot a heavy Pain in the Head being as yet more ponderous than acrimonious and lodged in the less sensible Ventricles of the Brain IV. The same Humors with their viscosity had obstructed the usual Passages of the Nostrils and Palate and so finding no other way fell down upon the Lungs and Aspera Arteria which caused the Cough at what time the Head-ach abated because the condensed Humors having found out a new Channel were no longer troublesom to the Head V. By the Acrimony of the Catarrhs some Corrosion was made in the Lungs and thence the violence of the Cough preceding an effusion of Blood mixed with the Spittle yet not very much because none of the larger Vessels were either corroded or dilacerated by the fury of
Privities GG The Horns of the Womb in the Superficies of which appear little Veins according to the Delineation of Aquapendens But these we do not reckon to be the true Horns H. The Urinary Passage II. The Privity KK The Wings FIGURE II. The Entrance of the VVomb divided according to its Length A. The Orifice of the Womb. B. The Neck of the Womb. C. The Orifice of the Bladder D. The Neck or Sheath Divided FIGURE III The Substance of the VVomb of a VVoman with Child divided to shew the Cheescake AAAA The four Triangular Parts of the Womb reflexed outward BBB The Cheescake of a tuberous and unequal Form C. The Membranous Substance of the Cheescake thicker than the other Membranes which is annexed to the Womb but here torn off to shew the Chorion a. The Chorion D. The Neck of the Womb divided FIGURE IV. The Genital Parts of an Empty VVoman A. The Right Kidney Kernel B. The Left Kidney Kernel CC. The Kidneys on both sides DD. The Right Emulgent Veins EE The Right Emulgent Arteries FF The Trunk of the Hollow Vein divided into two Iliac Branches the Right and Left G. The Left Emulgent Vein HH The Left Emulgent Arteries II. The Right Spermatic Vein K. The Right Spermatic Artery L. The Left Spermatic Arterie M. The Left Spermatic Vein NN. The Trunk of the Great Artery divided into the Right and Left Iliac Branch OO The Female Testicles PP A Portion of the broad Ligament QQQQ The Tubes of the Womb on each side R. The Bottom of the Womb. SS The round Ligaments of the Womb cut off below T. The Neck of the Womb. V. The Hypogastric Vein on the Right Side V. The Hypogastric Artery on the Left Side X. The Hypogastric Artery on the Right Side X. The Hypogastric Vein in the Left Side extended to the Womb. Y. The Sheath of the Womb. Z. The Urinary Bladder depressed above the Privity aa A Portion of the Ureters cut off about the Bladder bb A Portion of the Ureters cut off about the Kidneys cc. The Vessels preparing the Seed dilated about the Testicles c. d. The Channel of the Testicles or the different Vessel FIGURE V. A. The Right Testicle BB. The Right Tube depressed C. The Left Testicle DD. The Left Tube of the Womb. E. The Bottom of the Womb. FF The round Ligaments of the Womb. G. The Urinary Bladder inserted into the Sheath of the Womb. HH Portions of the Ureters II. The two musculous Supporters of the Clitoris K. The Body of the Clitoris it self FIGURE VI. AA The bottom of the Womb dissected athwart TABULA VI. BB. The Cavity of the Bottom C. The Neck of the Womb. D. The little Mouth in the Neck of a Womans Womb which has born a Child EE The wrinkl'd Prospect of the Sheath of the Womb dissected FF The round Ligaments of the Womb cut off underneath FIGURE VII The Womans Yard A. The Nut of the Yard B. The Prepuce CC. The two Supporters D. The Chink not manifestly pervious FIGURE VIII AA The two spongie Bodys of the Yard dissected athwart B. The Nut of the Yard C. The Prepuce DD. The two Supporters FIGURE IX A. The Head of the Clitoris prominent under the Skin BB. The outward Lips of the Privity sundred one from the other CC. The Nymphae sundred also D. The Caruncle plac'd about the Urinary passage a EE Two Myrtle-shap'd fleshy Productions FF Two Membranous expansions containing the Chink FIGURE X. A. Membrane spread athwart the Privity taken for the Hymen FIGURE XI This shews the Privities of a Female Infant where the the Parts are the same as in Fig. 9. The EXPLANATION of the Sixth TABLE in Fol. 186. This shews the Genitals of Women taken out of the Body and placed in their natural Situation accurately delineated by Regner de Graef AA THE Trunk of the great Artery BB. The Trunk of the hollow Vein C. The Right Emulgent Vein D. The Left Emulgent Vein E. The Right Emulgent Artery F. The Left Emulgent Artery GG The Kidneys HHH The Ureters cut off I. The right Spermatic Artery K. The left Spermatic Artery L. The right Spermatic Vein M. The left Spermatic Vein NN. The Iliac Arteries OO The Iliac Veins PP The Internal Branches of the Iliac Artery QQ The External Branches of the Iliac Artery RR. The Internal Branches of the Iliac Vein SS The External Branches of the Iliac Vein TT The Hypogastric Arteries carried to the Womb and Sheath VV. The Hypogastric Veins accompaning the said Arteries XX. Branches of the Hypogastric Artery shooting to the Piss-bladder YY Branches of the Hypogastric Vein carry'd to the Bladder ZZ Portions of the Umbilical Arteries a The bottom of the Womb wrapt about with its common Tunicle bb The round Ligaments of the Womb as they are joyn'd to the bottom of it cc. The Follopian Tubes in their natural Situation dd The rims of the Tubes ee The holes of the Tubes ff The Stones in their natural places g. A portion of the right Gut h. The Neck of the Womb the common Tunicle taken off to shew the Vessels more conspicuously i. The Fore-part of the Sheath freed from the Piss-bladder k. The Piss-bladder contracted ll Bloody Vessels running through the Bladder mm. The Sphincter Muscle girding the Neck of the Bladder n. The Clitoris oo The Nymphae p. The Urinary Passage qq The Lips of the Privity r. The Orifice of the Sheath The EXPLANATION of the Seventh TABLE In Fol. 245. This Table shews the Secondines with the Umbilical Vessels in a human Embryo and the Parts differing from those of ripe Age exactly describ'd by Casp. Bauhinus Bartholine and H. Fab. ab Aquapendente FIGURE I. AAAA THE Flesh of the Cheescake or the Uterine Liver BB. The Amnios Membrane C. The Umbilical Vessels D. The Umbilical Vein and the two Umbilical Arteries FIGURE II. AAA The Amnios Membrane B. The Umbilical Vein and two Umbilical Arteries CC. The Chorion Membrane DD. The branches of the Veins and Arteries dispeirs'd through the Chorion E. The Conjunction of the Vessels of the Navel as they are wrapt about with a little Tunicle resembling a little Gut FIGURE III. The Skeleton of a dissected Birth differing in many things from a Man of grown years as may be seen in the Text. FIGURE IV. Shews the length of the Umbilical Vessels from the Cheesecake to the Liver of the Infant and the progress of the Umbilical Vein from the Navel to the Liver also the Liver of the Birth and the Gall-bladder A. The Cheesecake wrapt about with the Chorion BBBB The Umbilical Vessels TABULA VII CC. The Liver of the Infant DD. The two larger Branches of the Umbilical Vein sâ—…itting themselves into lesser EE The Branches of the Umbilical Arteries G. The Trunk of the hollow Vein ascending to the gibbious part of the Liver H. The Gate-veine I. The Umbilical Vein boaring the Porta and the hollow Vein K. The Gall-bladder LLLL The Vessels of the Chorion or
Branches of the Umbilical Veins and Arteries dispeirsed through the Chorion FIGURE V. AAA The outermost enfolding of the Birth call'd the Chorion BBB The Flesh growing to the outermost folding or the Uterine Cheese-cake or Uterine Liver CCC The Vessels distributed FIGURE VI. AAAA The bottom of the Womb dissected into four parts B. Part of the Neck of the Womb. CC. The Veins and Arteries embracing the Neck of the Womb. D. The Utrine Cheesecake EE The outermost enfolding of the Birth FIGURE VII AA The substituted Kidneys BB. The true Kidneys distinguished with several Kernels ill expressed by the Error of the Graver C. The great Artery whence branches to the Capsulas and Kidneys D. The hollow Vein from whence the Emulgents and little Veins of the Capsulas The EXPLANATION of the Eight TABLE In Fol. 270. This Table shews the Birth of the Womb describ'd by H. Fab. ab Aquapend and G. Bartholinus FIGURE I. Shewing the Situation of the Birth swimming upon the Moisture together with the Cheesecake and the Chorion annex'd to it A. THE Cheesecake with the Chorion annex'd B. The Umbilical Vessels C. The Moisture upon which the Birth swims DDDD The four Parts of the Womb. E. The Neck of the Womb. F. The Sheath open'd G. The most remarkable Trunks of the Vessels of the Chorion FIGURE II. Shewing the Situation of the Birth in the Womb which however varies in others A. The Head Prone with the Nose hid between the Knees BB. The Buttocks to which the Heels are joyn'd CC. The Arms. D. The Line drawn about the Neck and reflex'd above the Forehead and continuous to the Cheesecake FIGURE III. Shews the Situation of the Birth now endeavouring to come forth A. The Head of the Infant B. The Privity CCCC The upper Parts of the Abdomen taken away with a Pen-knife The EXPLANATION of the Ninth TABLE In Fol. 326. Shewing the Heart with its Vessels in its Situation with the Ventricles and Valves belonging to the same together with the Lungs in their Situation the Rough Artery and Diaphragma FIGURE I. A. THE Pericardium enfolding the Heart BB. The Lungs embracing the Heart in their natural Situation C. The hollow Vein ascending above the Heart D. The Original of the Azygos Vein E. The right Subclavial Vein F. The right Iugular Vein G. The left Iugular Vein H. The left Subclavial Vein II. The right and left Carotis Artery KK The right and left Subclavial Artery LL. The Nerves of the sixth pair descending to the Lungs M. The Original of the great Artery descending FIGURE II. A. The Pericardium taken from the Heart B. The Heart spread over with the Coronarie Veins and Arteries C. The Trunk of the great Artery shooting out of the Heart D. The descending Portion of it turned upward EE The Arterious Vein distributed toward the Left hand to the Lungs F. The Channel between the Arterious Vein and the great Artery conspicuous only in the new born Birth but dry'd up in those of riper Age. G. The right Branch of the Arterious Vein HH The right and left Branch of the veiny Artery I. The Auricle of the Heart KK The Lungs adjoyning to the Heart L. The Proper Tunicle of the Lungs separated FIGURE III. Shewing the Heart of an Infant entire A. The Proper Membrane of the Heart separated B. The Parenchyma of the Heart bare CC. The right and left Auricle of the Heart D. The great Artery issuing out of the Heart E. A portion of the hollow Vein standing without the Heart Tab. IX FIGURE IV. A. Part of the Heart cut athwart B. The left Ventricle CC. The right Ventricle DD. The Fence of the Heart FIGURE V. The inside of the Heart A. The Orifice of the Coronary Vein B. An Anastomosis between the hollow Vein and the veiny Artery conspicuous only in new born Insants in ripe years consolidated CCC The treble pointed Valves DDD The right Ventricle of the Heart open'd aa Passages terminating in the Fence FIGURE VI. A. The Arterious vein dissected in the right Ventricle BBB The Semilunary or Sigmoides Valves in the Orifice of the said Vein CCC The right Ventricle of the Heart open'd FIGURE VII A. The Arterious Vein dissected B. A mark of the Anastomosis between the veiny Artery and the hollow Vein as being only to be seen in the Birth bb Passages terminating in the Fence within the Membranes CC. Two Miter-like Valves seated in the left Ventricle at the entrance of the Arterious Vein DD. The left Ventricle of the Heart open'd FIGURE VIII A. The great Artery dissected near the Heart BBB The Semilunar Valves belonging to it CC. The left Ventricle of the Heart D. Part of the left Ventricle reflexed FIGURE IX AB A right and left Nerve of the sixth pair to the Lungs C. A middle Branch between each Nerve D. An Excursion of the same to the Pericardium EE Two larger Branches of the rough Artery Membranous behind FF The hinder Part of the Lungs G. The proper Membrane of the Lungs separated HH A remainder of the Pericardium I. The Heart in its place with the Coronary Vessels FIGURE X. AAA The inner Superficies of the Sternon and Gristles connex'd BB. The Mammary Veins and Arteries descending under the Sternon C. The glandulous Body called the Thymus DDDD The sides of the Mediastinum pull'd off EE A hollowness caused by a vulsion of the Sternon between the Membranes of the Mediastinum F. The Protuberancy of the Mediastinum where the Heart is seated GG The Lungs HH The Diaphragma I. The Sword resembling Gristle FIGURE XI The Diaphragma AB The right and left Nerve of the Diaphragma C. The upper Membrane of it separated D. The fleshy substance of it bare F. The Hole for the hollow Vein GGG The Membranous Part or Center of the Diaphragma HHH The Appendixes of the same between which the great Artery descends FIGURE XII The glandulous Body seated by the Larynx AAA The Kernels growing to the Larinx B. A portion of the Iugular Vein two Branches of which pass forward through the said Kernels FIGURE XIII The Aspera Arteria taken out of the Lungs A. The rough Artery cut off below the Larynx B. The right Branch of it divided first twofold afterward into several Bronchia C. The left Branch divided in like manner dddd The Extream Parts of the Branches terminating in little Membranous Channels The EXPLANATION of the Tenth TABLE In Fol. 357. Shewing the Bronchial Artery discover'd by Frederic Ruysch together with the substance of the Lungs as it was observed by Malpigius FIGURE I. The Ramification of the Bronchial Artery A. THe hinder Part of the Aspera Arteria of a Calf cut off from the Larynx B. The right Branch C. The left Branch D. The Bronchial Artery the little Branches of which accompany the Bronchia to the end E. The hinder part of the descending Artery from whence the Intercostals proceed F. The uppermost Branch to be found in Calves and Cows only FIGURE II. This
mistaken her Reckoning Petrus Aponensis otherwise called the Conciliator by the Report of Cardan asserts himself to have been born in the eleventh Month as if he had kept his Mother's reckoning in her Womb. Homer makes mention of one born in the twelfth Month. Pliny speaks of a certain Woman that was brought to bed in her thirteenth Month and Avicen of another that was brought to bed in her fourteenth Of which we have another Example in Alexander Benedict I omit other Women that went two and twenty Months nay some that went two three four whole years of which Iohn Schenkius quotes Examples I fear me too fictitious out of several Authors VI. But indeed these are all idle Stories without any grounds and prov'd by no certain Experience but taken up from the discourses of tatling Gossips to whom some overcredulous Learned Men have given too much Credit to the end they might underprop these Vanities with some supports of probability For as I believe it to be most certain that the time of delivery may be for certain causes delay'd some few days beyond the Term of nine Months so I believe it impossible that it should be put off one much less many Months seeing that in whatsoever Constitution of a Woman the Increase of heat becomes so great in the Infant that it requires Ventilation by Respiration and for that cause the Birth must seek relief without the narrow straits of the Womb. So that it is manifest those serious maintainers of that Opinion drew too hasty a Conclusion from the false Relations of silly Women For if we narrowly prie into the Matter there lies a Snake in the Grass either wickedness in the Woman or simple Error in the Reckoning Wickedness in the Woman Who if she have no Children upon the death of her Husband that she may enjoy her Estate leagues her self with another Man and being by him got with Child pretends to be delivered Eleven twelve thirteen Months after the death of her Husband that so she may lay the Child to him in his Life-time which is a sort of wickedness so frequent that the Courts are full of these Contentions Which is the reason that these lateward Births seldom happen but among such kind of Widows rarely among Women that live with their Husbands There may be also a simple Error in the Reckoning for that Women generally compute their Reckoning form the first suppression of their Flowers though it may happen from other causes that their Flowers may cease three or four Months before Conception So that if a Woman begin her Reckoning from the first Suppression she must of necessity mistake and through that Mistake the Child shall be said to be born in the eleventh or twelfth Month that came at the appointed time of the end of the Ninth Aristotle believes that Error may proceed from the swelling of the VVomb Women says he are ignorant of the Time of their Conception if when the Womb was swelled before as it often happens they afterwards lye with their Husbands and conceive for they believe this to be the beginning of their Conception because it gave such a Signal VII Through the same Error in Reckoning Children are said to be born in the fifth or sixth Month which nevertheless are not born till the Ninth For that some VVomen for the first two or three Months of their being with Child have their Flowers upon them still at the set times but afterwards they stop and so they begin their Reckoning from that Suppression wherein they greatly err beginning their account from thence when they are three or four Months gone and so a Child shall be said to come in the sixth Month that was duly born in the ninth and this Error is apparent from the just proportion of the Child and the strength of its parts VIII When a Woman draws near her time the Birth turns it self and the Head declining plants it self before the Privity distending upwards the rest of the Body Which turning happens a week or two before the delivery Then the Orifice of the VVomb like a blowing Rose begins to open and dilate it self and to prepare a passage for the Birth that is about to come forth moreover the Infant kicking and sprawling to and fro breaks the Membranes wherein it is infolded and so the humours included therein flow forth which loosen the Privy parts and render the Passages slippery to make the passage easie for the Birth to pass thorough For it rarely happens that the Child is born and comes into the VVorld with the Membranes whole and entire which once I saw in an Infant that was very weak IX This sprawling is painful to the Womb and this pain communicated to the mind in the Brain presently the Animal Spirits are sent in great Quantity through the Nerves to the pursing Fibers of the Womb and the Muscles of the Abdomen which being contracted together cause a strong Expulsion of the Birth X. The Infant comes forth with the Head formost according to Nature says Hippocrates Lib. de nat puer XI Whatever other manner it offers it self to come forth in that Birth cannot be said to be Natural and the more hazardous it is by how much the posture of the Child is more unusual For if it offers one Thigh or one Arm it makes a stop unless that Member be thrust back and the Birth turn'd If two Thighs be offered together the delivery may go forward but with great difficulty if the Buttocks offer themselves first the delivery goes not forward unless very seldom sometimes the Birth comes forth doubled but with great difficulty and great danger If the Sides or Belly offer themselves first the Delivery is impossible How the mature and large Birth should be able to pass through the Straits of the Bones of the Pelvis stuft with Muscles and other parts Galen admires but dares not explain But it is done by reason that the Bones of the Share the Os Sacrum and the Hip-Bone their Cartilages being loosen'd separate a little one from another as we shall shew more at large L. â—… c. 16. XII However it be or at whatever time the Delivery happens Nature expels the Birth out of the Womb through the Uterine Sheath or at least endeavours to do it and that is the only passage appointed for the Expulsion of the Birth I say or at least endeavours to do it for sometimes it happens that that same passage being stopt the Child cannot be expell'd by Nature but must be drawn forth by the skill of the Surgeon and that through the passage already mentioned by the hand either of the Midwife or Surgeon or by the Assistance of Hooks which we have tryed with success in many Women or else by Section made in the Womb and Abdomen which is called the Caesarian Delivery concerning which Francis Rousset has written a famous Treatise But it is rarely seen that Nature her self attempts
call'd the Hairy part therefore is the Skin much thicker there than in other Parts of the Body from whence they give forth less numerous and smaller VI. The Hair is divided into Hair brought forth with the Body and growing afterward The Hair with which we are born is the Hair of the Head the Eye-lids and Eye-brows The other Hair is that which afterwards appears upon the Face Privities Breast under the Arm-pits in the Nostrils Ears Arse-hole Thighs Legs and other Parts of the Body VII The Hair is also a Heterogeneous Body though it seems Homogeneous as appears from hence that they live and are nourish'd For there is no Life in any Body which is homogeneous and simple and the Concoction and Preparation of Nourishment Separation of useful from unuseful as also Apposition and Assimilation are necessarily perform'd by the diversity of the smaller Particles And therefore though Aquapendens and several others affirm this Part to be a Similar Part yet that is only to be understood in the Gross not that they are really Homogeneous and Similar but seem to be so to the Sight VIII The Form of the Hair is two-fold the one Essential and the other Accidental The Essential Part is that which gives the Hair its Being and Life which is its Soul And because this Form is to us unknown and the Presence of it only perceptible to the Mind nor can well be express'd in Words We with other Physicians who take their Temper from whence all their Action proceeds for the Form of the Parts will likewise agree That their Essential Form is their cold and dry Temper The Accidental Form of the Hairs is their Figures and Shape whatever it be long crooked straight curl'd round square c. For the Hairs at first Sight seem solid and exactly round yet upon a more narrow Inspection you shall observe other things Spigelius says they are square and Riolanus that they are hollow We also affirm that the Hairs are porous and that some are square others triangular and other round For all these Figures manifestly appear if the Hairs being cut small and short and well view'd with a Microscope but the Pores are chiefly extended according to their Length as you may observe much better in the Bristles of a Hog IX The Efficient Cause of Hair is the same which perfects the Generation of other Bodies that is a convenient Heat acting upon apt Matter and disposing it to an Animation proper for Hair And though in dead Bodies in which the Hair will grow for some time there seems no Heat to remain yet there is such a Heat and so much as is sufficient to promote the Generation of Hair there being no extraordinary Heat requir'd for that work Hence the Heat forms animates and pushes forth Hair out of fit Matter which being thrust forth by the ambient Cold become much drier and harder And hence those Hairs that come into the World with us because they have remain'd long in a moist place in New-born Infants are very soft and moist but the Child being born they are soon dry'd by the Air. X. Concerning the first Original of Hair there is some Dispute among the Philosophers while some believe 'em form'd in the first Delineation of the Parts out of the Seed others will not have 'em to proceed originally from the Seed The former produce several Arguments to confirm their Opinion and do not believe there can be any Question made but that the Hair which comes into the World with us is form'd out of the Terrestrial Part of the Seed in regard that the Matter of Hair is chiefly Analogous to the Seed and hence the Substance of the Hair born into the World as also the Form and Colour of it resembles the Substance Form and Colour of both Parents and for that Men abounding with Seed are more hairy whereas either through much Use of Venery or defect of Seed they fall off as in old Age. As to the Hairs that grow after the Birth they say that it grows from the same Seminal Matter sticking in the Parts which are to be cover'd and not yet stirr'd up into Act but afterwards in its own due time swelling through Heat The latter sort much more to the purpose maintain That the Hair is not form'd in the first Formation out of the Seed with the rest of the Parts but afterwards when the Parts are already delineated and somewhat grown that in some of those Parts more proper and more fit for this purpose that same peculiar Matter fit for the generation of Hair increases by the Nourishment which is brought and at length out of that Matter agitated by the Heat the Hair is form'd and stirr'd up being endu'd with a particular Soul and Life distinct from the rest of the Parts because they are not stirr'd up and endu'd with Life with the rest of the Parts out of the same Seed but apart out of other Matter afterwards generated Now that they live by virtue of another peculiar Vegetable Soul that has no Communion with the other animated Parts of the Body is apparent from hence for that they do live only while a man is alive but after his Decease are nourish'd and encreas'd after the same manner as Polypody-Moss c. grow upon old Trees both before and after the Tree dies because they have each a proper Soul distinct from the Form and Soul of the Tree out of which and wherein they grow XI There is great Diversity of Hair which though it be to be observ'd in all the Hairs of the Body yet is chiefly observable in the Hairs of the Head for they differ First in Plenty Hence some have very thin and small Heads of Hair others are very hairy upon their Heads from their Births or else after they are born and that by reason of the great store or scarcity of the Matter convenient which produces the Hair But as for those who afterwards become bald that befals 'em not only from the small Quantity but from the Defect as in Leprous Persons or the unaptness of the Matter or the closeness of the Pores out of which they grow Wonderful was the vast Quantity of Absolon's Hair of whom the Scripture says That when he shav'd his Head which was but once a year the Hair of his Head which he cut off weigh'd two hundred Shekels every She kel according to the publick weight of the Iews weighing an Ounce Secondly In Thickness Hence some Heads of Hair are thicker others thinner by reason of the various bigness of the Pores through which they pass or the Redundancy or Plenty of Matter Thirdly In Length For some Hair grows shorter other Hair grows longer and generally Womens Hair grows longer than Mens by reason of the Redundancy of Matter and the Wideness and Narrowness of the Pores For if the Pores are over-wide the Hair falls off before it grows to any Length but if straighter then
of Mind and Strength of Body Durae per brachia Setae Promittunt atrocem Animunt After all these things that there may be nothing wanting in reference to the Discourse of Hair let us enquire what is the Matter out of which Hair is generated seeing that we have already shew'd that it is not generated out of the Seed at the first Formation of the Birth XV. This Matter then is a certain thick terrestrial viscid Iuice bred out of the Blood or some other Humor and prepar'd after a Specific manner That the Matter is thick and terrestrial appears from hence that is to say from the hardness the viscousness from the firmness and flexibleness of the Hair XVI Out of this Matter or out of this Iuice in the Parts adapted for the generation and fixing of the Hair is the Hair generated animated and shot forth by the agitated Heat and afterwards nourish'd after the same manner For this Juice is attracted by the Roots of the Body and carry'd through the Pores to the Extremities so nourishes the Hair and passes into its Substance as we may observe in the Nourishment of Plants This Juice I say is concocted and prepar'd in certain Parts out of which the Hair shoots and that at what time those Parts are become fit for the Preparation of this sort of Matter which Aptitude when some Parts obtain sooner others later hence it comes to pass that the Hair grows sooner in some Parts as upon the Head Eye-lids and Eye-brows in others later as upon the Chin the Privities the Breast the Arm-pits c. XVII Riolanus's Judgment is other wise concerning this Matter who thinks this Juice is not prepar'd in the Parts which are to be cover'd but endeavors to prove that the Matter of the Hair is afforded only from the Kernels Besides the Aptitude of the Skin says he there is requir'd a certain Glandulous Substance as well to moisten the Skin and to afford Matter for the Generation and Nourishment of the Hair wherefore where the Parts are slimy and moist there are also Kernels for proof of which we find that where there are Kernels there is also Hair The Hair therefore taking this Opportunity from the Kernels grows and increases collecting that which abounds and â—…lows into the Extremities but where the Body is dry and no Glandules are there grows no Hair Moreover there are Kernels on both sides the Ears near the Iugular Veins of the Neck and Hair also in the same Place Also under the Arm-pits on both sides there are Kernels and Hair But the Brain is bigger than all the rest of the Glandules and therefore there is more Hair upon the Head But though this be a specious Argument of Riolanus as propounded according to the Opinion of Hippocrates yet it rests upon no solid Foundation Rather the contrary will follow should we thus argue Where there are no Glandules there is no Hair which that it is false many Proofs declare For there are no manifest Glandules under the Skin of the Legs which are nevertheless very hairy in most Men. Moreover in Men they abound upon the Chin and Lips where there are no Kernels of any moment to be found And therefore Riolanus vainly endeavors to force his Matter from remote Kernels near the Ears and others under the Tongue to create Hair upon the Lips and Chin. Moreover Hair has been observ'd to grow in the Heart where never any Glandules were yet known to be It has also been found that Hair has grown upon dry'd Carkasses for the Generation of which the dry'd up Kernels can afford no Matter most certainly Moreover if the Kernels afforded that slimy Matter for Hair and Riolanus's Rule were true Where there are Kernels there is also Hair why does not Hair grow in the same Parts of Women seeing they have as many Kernels as Men Why have they no hair upon their Chins and Lips like Men Why are not their Breasts hairy also like Men's seeing their Breasts are full of such large Kernels so that by that Reason they ought to have the most Hair in those Places In the last place Riolanus does very ill to number the Brain among the Glandules as we shall shew in the Fifth Chapter following XVIII But Galen and with him many other Physicians and Philosophers dissent from our Opinion first propounded and the Doctrine of Riolanus who believe and teach That the Matter out of which Hair grows and is generated is no peculiar Iuice to that end specifically prepar'd in the Parts to be cover'd or supply'd from the Glandules as Riolanus asserts but that it is an Excrement of the third Concoction moist fuliginous thick and terrestrial rais'd from the Fat which lies under the Skin or from some slimy and viscous Humor that lies in like manner under the Skin and sticks to it which being apply'd to the Roots of the Hair shoots forth by degrees the preceding Particles and causes 'em to grow long From which Opinion of his they thus conclude That no Nutritive Matter passes through the Hair it self to its Extremities but that their Growth is caus'd by the said Apposition to the Roots which is the Reason that they do not grow all of an equal dimension Secondly That the Hair is not to be numbred among the Parts of the Body partly because it is not nourish'd with alimentary Juice but by fuliginous Vapors partly because they have not a Soul and Life common to the rest of the Parts And hence the Hair being cut or pull'd up by the Roots a man is not deem'd to be depriv'd of any Part of his Body and for that they live after a Man is dead and depriv'd of his Soul or at least for some time XIX But this Opinion is oppos'd by others with many strong Arguments 1. If the Hair were generated out of any such fuliginous Vapour then in sane Bodies full of good and wholsom Humors where there is least of this sort of Excrement there would little Hair grow in Bodies full of peccant Humors a great deal of Hair Whereas Experience teaches us that the Hair grows best in soundest Bodies and sullest of good Juice but that in Bodies full of peccant Humors it grows very thinly and falls off which causes that Disease call'd Alopecia or Falling of the Hair which is cur'd by Med'cines that evacuate peccant Humors and by good Diet that creates good Blood and consumes fuliginous Excrements 2. That the Hair is not nourish'd by any such Excrement or increas'd by its Apposition appears from hence for that the Hair being cut and consequently made obtuse at the end would remain obtuse whereas the contrary is apparent in regard the hair grows first at the Ends and becomes sharp 3. The same thing is also manifest from hence That if you pluck up the hair by the Roots you shall find many times something of Blood sticking to them out of which being concocted in the Skin
aforesaid Muscles but also sends some little Branches into the Nostrils and Cheeks and from thence the greatest part of it is carry'd to the Roots of the Teeth the Larynx and the Tongue Nevertheless he adds Hence it is that deafish people are somewhat hoarse and that a violent and close stopping of the Ears stops great Fluxes of Blood Hence the Teeth are set on edge with grating sounds and that naturally dumb People are deaf and deaf People subject to pant that People that dig in their Ears very hard cough and that the Ears of Peripneumonics are always moist all which things happen by reason of the Communication of the Nerves of the Fifth Pair with these Parts This brief Description of the fifth Pair is obvious in Demonstrations but they who endeavour to deliver a more exquisite Description of it and its farther Distribution through the Organs of Hearing do not all agree one with another neither in Dissections do the Distributions of the Nerves occur alike in all Bodies Nature sporting and varying as well in these as in several other parts of the Body Eustachius concerning this Matter thus writes The Fifth Pair of the Nerves of the Brain does not consist of two Nerves as others believe but has two unequal stalks on each side of which the biggest is neatly hollow'd to the full length like a Semicircle and kindly embraces the less and so being both joyn'd together proceed obliquely to the foremost and exterior part as far off the extream part of the Hollowness bor'd through in the Stone-like Bone for their sakes where the lesser stalk separating from the bigger finds a little hole prepar'd for it and enters it and with a wonderful winding course shoots forth without the Skull The bigger stalk seems to be divided into three portions little distant one from the other of which the principal is Caps a little hole pervious into the Cochlear-Bone but whether it cover it like a Pot-lid or pierce any deeper and be twin'd about within the Snaky Curles of that Bone I could not well examin because of the difficulty of handling those Parts Fallopius explains the same thing somewhat otherwise The first Pair says he assists the Hearing consisting of two Nerves the one than which there is no Nerve more soft except the Visory design'd to the Sence of Hearing the other which is also assign'd to the fifth Pair because it arises from the same place with the softer and reaches together with the same to the Stone-like Bone but indeed it is a distinct Nerve and harder than the former and equally as hard as the rest of the Nerves which form ihe rest of the Pairs nor will any Reason allow it to be a part of the soft one The other portion of the fifth Pair which is soft and by me call'd the Hearing-Nerve coming together with the hard one to the extremity of that Den by the means of certain very narrow middle holes is distributed into two Cavities of which the one is by me call'd the Labyrinth the other the Spoon or Spoon-like Portion neither does it proceed any farther or send any Nerve from its self to the exterior Parts And Coiter testifies that he has often found it as Fallopius describes it Vesalius differing from Fallopius thus answers That Difference by thee observ'd in the hard and soft Original of the fifth Pair or of its being carry'd to its proper hole I have not as yet discover'd For there is no nearer way whereby the foremost Portion of the Nerve of the fifth Pair can be carry'd or distributed to the beginning of the Den which I compare to the Chamber of a Mine And though you describe the hard Portion of the fifth Pair as if it were of no Use to the Organ of Hearing yet you must take notice that it produces a stalk that runs through the hole beculiar to the vaulted Den. Besides when I observe the Hole admitting the fifth Pair and see that there is a passage to be met with in the foremost Seat of it which ends at length I cannot understand how you while you divide the fifth Pair into soft and hard and assert the hard Portion to be slenderest and seated behind the other can expect it should enter the said Passage without some kind of crossing and running athwart which would prove the course and situation of your hard Portion above and soft one below For to my sight the former and not the hinder part seems to enter the said Passage which ceases in the Blind Hole under the Ear toward the hinder parts Here Vesalius describes an exact Distribution of the fifth Pair of the Nerves though it be a difficult thing to demonstrate it so exactly in a dead Body especially for those that are over-hasty in Dissection so that it is only a Labour to be perform'd by sharp-sighted dextrous and patient Anatomists XXVIII The Sixth Pair which provides for many Parts in the middle and lower Belly and thence call'd the Vagous or Wandring Pair arises a little below the fifth Pair cover'd over with strong Membranes by reason of its longer Course and connex'd to the neighbouring Parts At the Beginning it is compos'd of several little Nerves and Fibers which Fibers are presently so united and cover'd over with the same Membrane that they seem to constitute one Nerve Between these little Nerves collected together by this Union in each of the vagous Nerves there is one which arises not from the Pith within the Cranium but from the Pith of the Neck for which Discovery we are beholden to Willis from which place along the sides of the Pith into which it is never all the way inserted but only fasten'd by thin Fibers it ascends upward toward the Head and increases in Bulk hence carry'd to the inside of the Cranium it is fasten'd to the Fibers of the fifth Pair and with those issues forth at the same hole so that you would think they grew together into one Trunk After their Egress being again separated from the Trunk of the vagous Nerve it reflects back and afterward imparts certain little Branches to the Muscles of the Neck and Shoulders descends to the Scapular Muscle and in that is almost all consum'd pouring Animal Spirits into it for the motion of the Arms in Men the Fore-feet in Beasts tho Wings in Fowl and the Fins in Fish for in these Creatures also has Willis observ'd Productions of the said Nerve And therefore because the Motions of the Arm require strong Muscles it is requisite that it should arise from the Pith within and not without the Brain This vagous Pair being compos'd of the said little Nerves concurring together issues out of the Cranium through the third hole common with the hinder part of the Head to the Bone of the Temples through which also passes the bigger Branch of the inner Jugular Vein and not far from its Egress sends little Branches to the Muscles of the Neck and the Cowl-resembling
of the Head Temples hinder part of the Head Cheeks Nostrils the Muscles adjoyning and the Bones of the Jaws and receives thin Fibres from the Menix's themselves through their Sutures Into this also the Forehead Vein seated in the Forehead exhonerates it self arising from the Concourse of the Vein on each side Also the Vena Puppis seated in the hinder part of the Head the opening of which Veins is highly extolled in Distempers of the fore-part and hinder-part of the Head as the Distemper lies The Roots of the inner Vein are inserted partly into the Mouth that is the Muscles of the Chaps Larynx Hyoides Palate and Tongue under which they constitute the Ranaries or Hypoglottides wont to be opened in Inflammations of the Chaps partly into the inner Membrane of the Nose Some little diminutive Veins proceed also hither from the Seith through the Hole of the Temple Bone The Internal Jugular Vein receives two Veins of each side through the Holes of the Cranium of which the first which is the bigest being produced from the Bosom of the thick Meninx lying under the Lamdoidal Suture and is continued with its Vein which passes through the Bone of the hinder part of the Head in the sixth Pair of the Nerves and admits an ascending Root from the Pith of the Spine The other which is lesser proceeding partly from the thick Meninx passes through the holes of the second third and fourth Pair of the Nerves partly from the Organ of Hearing through the hole of the Bone of the Temples CHAP. V. Of the Axillaries and Veins of the Arm. I. THE Axillary Veins are Continuous with the Subclavials and indeed the same only changing their Names according to the Diversity of Situation For where it lyes under the Clavicles it is call'd Subclavial when it extends it self to the Arm-pits it is call'd Axillaris II. To the Axillary at its first issuing forth from the Breast there come two lesser Veins The Internal and External Scapularis of which the one proceeds from the Muscles occupying the hollow of the Scapula the other from the Muscles covering the Scapula's A little farther at the very beginning of the Axillary two larger Veins are continu'd with it which pour forth the Veiny Blood of the whole Arm into the Axillary of which the upper is called the Cephalic and the lower the Basilic III. The Cephalic which is also call'd Humeraria and the outer Part of the Elbow so call'd because the ignorant Anatomists in former times thought this Vein descended directly from the Head to the Arm and brought its Blood along with it and therefore in Distempers of the Head prescrib'd it to be open'd before any other Vein whereas this Vein ascends from the Arm to the Axillary and neither receives from nor carrys any thing to the Head but only empties the Blood ascending from the lower Part of the Hand into the hollow Vein through the Axillary Now this Cephalic in Human Bodies enters the Axillary at the upper Part and sometimes but rarely runs forth with a little Branch toward the External Jugular for in many Four-foâ—…ted Beasts it is inserted into the External Jugular IV. It receives Blood from the Hand and Parts adjoyning to the Arm into which the Roots of it are inserted For from the outer seat of the Hand after the Salvatella or Suele of the Arabians is form'd between the Ring and Little-finger several Branches arise making a Conflux into this Cephalic about the Elbow which Cephalic ascends from the Elbow along the superficies of the Elbow to the Shoulder between the fleshy Membrane and the Tunicle of the Muscles receiving as it runs little small Veins from the Muscles of the Arm and Shoulder V. The Basilic Vein which more below and more inward enters the Axillary exceeds the Cephalic in Magnitude and in the Right Arm is call'd the Hepatic in the Left the Spleen Vein for the Distempers of which the Ignorance of former times order'd them to be opened as the Distempers lay The Basilic receives Blood from the lower and adjoyning Parts From each Finger two from the Skin of the hand as well outward as inward several Ramifications grow which first unite into four and those about the Joynt of the Elbow into two Veins Of which the one lyes very deep conceal'd the other under the Skin These both ascend upward from the bending of the Elbow The prâ—…found one along the Bone of the Radius and Elbow the other along the outer Parts and both receive several branches from the adjacent Parts as well Exterior as Interior When they come to the Shoulder they unite together in one Vein Into which two other Veins Insinuate themselves besides the Cutaneous Vein of the Shoulder and Breast VI. 1. The Upper Thoracy which rises from the Skin and the Inner Part of the Pectoral Muscle and the Hand VII 2. The Inferior Thoracy adhereing with its Roots to the broad Muscle and the whole side of the Breast and some affirm that it unites with the Orifices of three or four of the Intercostal Roots of the Azygos VIII Out of the Basilic and Cephalic is made a third Vein of which that Part which is in the midst between the said Veins is call'd Mediana or the Common Vein as being made of both concurring a little below the bending of the Elbow This is double the one conspicuous under the Skin the other lying deep but both inserted with many Roots into the Hand and Fingers as also into the Membranes and Muscles of the Hand and Elbow It would be a difficult thing to describe all the divarications of the small Veins belonging to the hand though some have in vain attempted it So frequent are the Conjunctions Intermixtures and Distributions And therefore we leave those exact investigations to such as have more patience and more leasure And what I say of the Hand is also to be said of the Feet CHAP. VI. Of that Part of the Vena Cava below the Diaphragma and the Veins discharging themselves into it AS all the Parts seated above the Diaphragma transmit the residue of the Blood remaining after Nutrition through the lesser Vein to the Vena Cava so do all the Parts below the Diaphragma I. 1. Through the broad Orifice where it adheres to the Liver innumerable little Veins discharge themselves out of the Liver into the Vena Cava Between which and the Vena Porta there is said to be a great communication Riolanus mentions a Valve within the Trunk of the hollow Vein near the Liver to let in the Blood out of the Liver into the hollow Vein but to prevent its egress into the Liver This he says was discover'd by Stephanus and Silvius and found in Cows but whether in Men or no he knows not II. 2. The Adipous or Fatty Vein both right and left The left proceeding with its Roots from the Exterior Membrane of the Kidney the Fat of
a second time separated and so form a certain Net-resembling Fold which proceeds under the Clavicle at the Egress of the Axillary Vein and Artery From which Fold having at length freed themselves they descend to the Arm of their own side yet so that the true Original of either is uncertain by reason of the foresaid reiterated Implication and Extrication nor can the Anatomists decribe it otherwise than by Conjecture I. The first Pair is produced with a double Branch from the fifth Pair of which the one is carried to the second Deltoides Muscle of the Shoulder and the Skin that covers it The other toward the Neck of the Scapula and there is cleft into two Branches of which the first is inserted into the Deltoides where it rises from the Clavicle The latter enters the fourth Pair of Muscles of the Hyoides-bone or Coracohyoides the other affords a Branch to the upper Scapulary and Deltoides in the same place where the Spine of the Scapula rises This is carried through the upper part of the Shoulder as the rest of the Nerves are carried through the Ala to the Arm and there are slit into many Branches II. The Second which is the thicker and carried through the fore-part and middle part of the Arm under the two-headed Muscle and affording little Branches to the two Heads of the same as also to the Head of the longer Muscle depressing the Hand is divided below the bending of the Elbow into two Branches Of which the External and the slenderest being carried along together with a Branch of the Cephalic through the External Seat of the Elbow enters the first and second Internode of the Thumb The larger Internal is divided under the median Vein into two Branches of which the Exterior proceeding obliquely under the Skin after it has left the Vein runs toward the Radius as far as the Wrist The innermost being fastned to the inner Branch of the Basilic and taking an oblique Course is divided about the Elbow into two principal Branches of which one goes away to the Wrist through the Region of the Radius the other through the Region of the Elbow and having passed beyond that vanishes in the Skin of the inside of the Hand III. The Third before it comes to the Arm throws forth a little Branch between the Muscle withdrawing the Shoulder and the Deltoides thence proceeding to the Arm under the two-headed Muscle sends forth a little Sprig into the Head of the second bending the Elbow From hence descending with a Branch of the second Nerve it approaches the inner Tubercle of the Bone of the Shoulder in the bending of the Elbow on the fore-side which having past it casts forth several little Branches which being united with other little Branches from the fifth Nerve carried through the hinder Region of the said eminency are distributed into the Muscles possessing the inner Seat of the Elbow and springing from the Internal Eminency of the Shoulder viz. into the two Muscles of the Fingers bending the External Internodes and another that bends the third Joynt of the Thumb From thence it casts forth another Stock which descends between the said Muscles through the Radius toward the Wrist and passing under the Transverse Ligament sends forth certain little Sprigs to the withdrawing Muscle of the Thumb and the other two bending the first Joynt of it Afterwards coming to the Hollow of the Hand it is divided into three Branches of which the first gives two little Sprigs to the Thumb the second two to the Fore-finger the third one to the Middle-finger about the inner side IV. The Fourth three times as thick as the rest is carried through the Arm deeply concealed among the Muscles together with the Axillary Artery and the Basilic Vein But entring the Arm it sends forth upward and downward several little Sprigs into the Heads of the Muscles extending the Elbow and the Skin investing the Internal Seat of the Elbow Hence through the inner Hollowness in the Eminency of the Shoulder-bone proceeding toward the hinder Parts there it goes away into the Skin of the Arm and descends from thence to the Wrist Now the Joynt of the Elbow it is divided into two Branches which descend between the Muscles to the Wrist Of which the External being produced all the length of the Radius and at the Wrist on the outer side passing the Transverse Ligament is there divided into two Branches of which one is inserted with a double Sprig into the external Seat of the Thumb the other partly into the Fore-finger and partly into the Middle-finger The Internal stretch'd out all the length of the Elbow sends forth several Ramifications 1. Into the first Muscle extending the Fingers 2. Into the second Muscle extending the Fingers 3. Into the inner Muscle extending the Wrist hence it affords several Stalks in its Progress to the three beginnings of the Muscles deriving their Original from the Bone of the Elbow What remains termiminates in the Wrist V. The Fifth proceeding from the Inferior Part of the foresaid Net-resembling Fold and joyned to the fourth descends between the Muscles bending and extending the Elbow and proceeds entire to the Internal Eminency of the Shoulder and there together with the third Nerve sends forth Branches to the Muscles springing from that Eminency and possessing the inner Seat of the Elbow It also throws forth somewhat farther between the Muscles bending the second and third Internodes of the Fingers a little Sprig to the Hollow of the Hand where it brings forth three Branches Of which the first being bipartited enters the inner Part of the Little-finger the second being bipartited enters the Ring-finger the third proceeds to the External Seat of the inner side of the Middle-finger Besides this fifth Nerve casts forth another little Sprig from the outer side all along the middle of the length of the Radius which Sprig being again divided into three Branches enters the External Part of the Middle Ring and Little-finger VI. The Sixth which is sometimes added to the preceeding five arises from the inner Part of the Net-resembling fold descends through the inner seat of the Shoulder and Elbow with many little Sprigs dispers'd by the way to the neighbouring Skin But when it touches the Internal Eminency of the Shoulder Bone it is divided into several Stalks which being accompanied with the branches of the Basilic Vein when they come to the Wrist vanish under the Skin CHAP. VII Of the Nerves of the Thighs and Feet THere are four Pair of Nerves that descend to the Thighs which rise from the seven Pairs descending from the Spinal Marrow that is the four lower Pairs of the Loyns the three upper Pair of the Oâ—… Sacrum which being all intermix'd at their beginning from the Net-resembling fold from which on each side the four aforesaid Nerves issue differing both in thickness and course The first and third because they do not stir out of the Thigh are shorter and
Shoulder-bone in all Men about the middle and inner Part penetrating the Substance of the Bone for the Passage of the Vessels But I do not find this Hole in any of my Skeletons and therefore I do not believe it to be in all but only in some few The foresaid head of the Soulderbone is an Epiphysis or an Appendix which in Men grown bâ—…omes a Part of the Bone or else a Process of it This Shoulder-bone is fastened to the Scapula by the means of a thick and nervous Ligament which embraces the whole Joynt Moreover there are three Muscles the Spine above the Spine below and the Subscapulary which with their broad Tendons surround the Articulation and under the Deltoides there is a broad and remarkable Ligament which is extended from the Deltoides to the Acromium to prevent the Brain above from being dislocated into the upper Part. At the head of the Shoulder-bone in the hinder Part stand two Protuberances rough and unequal to which very strong Ligaments are fastened also two Cavities one Internal and orbiculated the other at the side of the Head being the Original of the Ligament The other External and Oblong distinguishing the said Protuberances and being the seat of the beginning of the two-headed Muscle More below it is articulated with the Elbow by Ginglymus which Articulation because it ought to be made with the harder Bones the Ulna and Radius hence in its Extremity which is covered with a Gristle it has three Processes the upper indifferent the second less and the lowest the largest of all between which there are two Cavities so that together they resemble a little Wheel for the twisting of Ropes and about this Extremity of the Elbow the Bones are rouled At the lowerside of the bigger Process there is another large Process distinguished from it by an intervening Cavity which in living People is easily apprehended by External feeling from whence the Muscles are produc'd Next to that Wheel-resembling Extremity in the hinder seat there is one large and deep in the foremost seat two larger Cavities appear which receive and curb the Bones of the Elbow while they are moved forward and backward It has two little holes about the Heads especially about the upper Head to give passage to the Vessels for the Nourishment of the Bone II. The Elbow is compos'd of two Bones mutually resting one upon another so that they are joyned at the Extremities but in the middle are separated one from another though coupled with a Membranous Ligament Partly for the more expeditious motion of the Member partly for a place of security for the manifold Muscles of the hand III. The first of these Bones which is the lower and longest is called Ulna by the Greek Pechys by the Antients Cubitus and Os Cubiti In the upper Part it is more large and thick and toward the Hand by degrees it is attenuated into an Edge and to the end of it there grows a round protuberance with a lesser process somewhat sharp-pointed which is called Styloides where it is knit by Arthrody with Ligaments to the little Bones of the Wrist having a Gristle going between Above it is joynted to the Bone of the Shoulder by Glynglymus and to that end it has two Processes of which the foremost which is the less enters the inner Cavity of the Shoulder Bone the hindermost which is the bigger longer and obtuse enters the hinder Cavity of the Shoulder bone and is stopped therein so that the Arm cannot be extended beyond streightness nor moved backward Both these Processes in new born Infants are Gristly however the foremost soonest becomes Bony the hindermost not till seven years old To these approach two Cavities covered with a Gristle of which the lateral and lesser receives the Head of the Radius the other which is the hindermost and larger is roul'd about the Wheel of the Shoulder like a Semicircle IV. The other Bone of the Elbow called the Radius The upper Extremity of this is less and being provided with a round Head is admitted by the Ulna at the side But at the top it has a round Cavity which admits the head of the Shoulder and is articulated with it by Diarthrosis The lower extremity which is the thicker receives the Ulna at the side with a small Cavity fortified with a Gristle and more below with a double Cavity covered likewise with a Gristle it admits the two first and uppermost little Bones of the Wrist V. These several Bones have all their several uses The Elbow by the help of the Muscles causes bending and extention bending in an acute Angle and extention only in streight Line which it does not exceed The Radius turns the hollow of the Hand either upward or downward VI. These Bones are knit one among another with a different Articulation for the Elbow at the upper Part where it is broadest receives the Radius and so they are bound together with a long Ligament which separates the External from the Internal Muscles and rises from two acute Lines that mutually look one toward the other the one being in the inner side of the Elbow the other in the inner Part of the Radius CHAP. XVIII Of the Bones of the lower Part of the Hand THE Hand is all that which depends upon the Elbow and the Radius and is distinguished into three Parts the Carpus Meta-carpus and Fingers I. The Carpus which is the upper Part of the Hand consists of eight little Bones differing somewhat in bigness and Figure dispos'd in a double order which in new born Infants not having yet acquired a Bony hardness seem to be Gristles but afterwards harden into Bones somewhat Spungy fastened together with a strong Ligament as well Spungy as Gristly as also with another common Ligament appointed for the binding of these Bones and for the preservation and stretching of the Tendons of the Muscles to the Fingers II. Of these little Bones the three uppermost are fastned to the Elbow and Radius by Arthrody The fourth out of its order stands outward next the Third the other four placed more below are joyned with so many Bones of the Meta-carpium by Synarthrosis They have two surfaces covered with a slippery Gristle One outward which is gibbous whereunto they are admitted by the Cavities of the Neighbouring Bones The other inward and hollow into which they receive the Protuberances of the adjoyning Bones Sometimes near the connexion of the Eight Bone of the Wrist with the Bone of the Metacarpium sustaining the Little-finger there is found a little Bone which fills up the empty space in that Part. Which Vesalius seems to number among the Sesamoides III. The Metacarpium consists of four long Bones slender hollow within full of Marrow parted in the middle region for the more secure aboad of the Inter-bony Muscles The first of these is annexed to the Fore-finger being the longest and thickest the
their Stations without any Violent Motion Their first Connexion is common to all Joynts according to the swifter or slower Motion of which some are fastned with slenderer and looser some with thicker and stronger Ligaments and those environ the whole Joynt and grow either to the Bones that constitute the Joynt or to the Bones of the Cavities and Circumferences of the Heads or to the Gristles running between the Joynt If more Joynts meet together then they are overspread with more Gristles outward Besides that they environ the whole Joynts there are also peculiar Ligaments that belong to some Parts which require a stronger Connexion thick thin round and broad of which some proceed transverse from one Bone to another others run between the Joynts as between the Vertebres and between the Interstitium of the Thigh-bone and Acetable of the Hip and these are called gristly Muscles The hinder Connexion which only keeps the Parts fixed in their places without any remarkable Motion is conspicuous in the Ligaments of the Liver Bladder and Womb and the Annulary Ligaments which environ orbicularly the Tendons of the Muscles of the Hands and Feet as also in those that fasten the Radius to the Elbow and the Button to the Shin-bone c. CHAP. III. Of the Ligaments of the Head Iaws Hyoides-Bone and Tongue THE Head being fixed upon the first Vertebre in regard it moves over that and the second Vertebre requires to be fastned with very strong Bonds and here three very strong Ligaments fasten these Parts I. The first which is the biggest and broader orbicularly environs the whole External Ioynt and extends it self to the Internal Membranous Portion of the Vertebre This fastens to the Head the first Vertebre in the hinder Part of the Head from whose Basis it arises and to the end it may take the better hold the hinder Part of the Head is rough in that place and in Children sunder'd into many Divisions The Second which fastens the second Vertebre to the Head is round and very strong and growing partly from the External Seat of the Tooth partly from the top of it is fastned to the Bone of the hinder Part of the Head at the great Hole and so together with the Tooth forms an Axle about which the Head is turned The Third which is of a gristly Nature is spread over the Tooth itself transverse and environs the Cavity which receives the Tooth It proceeds from the side of the first Vertebre and is fastned to the other side of the same Vertebre thereby preventing the Tooth from slipping out of its Cavity which would cause a Luxation and Compression of the Spinal Marrow II. The Ligaments of the Iaw between Sutures and Harmonies are thin and Membranous provided for the Insertion of the Muscles The whole Joynt of the lower Jaw with the Bone of the Temples is wrapt about with a common Membranous Ligament Various Ligaments belong to the Hyoides-bone and the Tongue Two from the larger Processes of the Hyoides to which the lowest part of the Tongue is fastned Two adhere to the Horns of the said Bones and are fastned to the Apophyses of the Styloides which keep the whole Bone with its Muscles mixed for the Tongue to rest more securely upon it One strong Ligament under the Tongue and proper to it extends it self to the Fore-teeth which if it bind the Tongue too hard in the lower Part toward the Teeth is a hindrance to the Sucking of Infants and the Speech and therefore is usually clipt with a Pair of Scissars CHAP. IV. Of the Ligaments of the whole Trunk BY reason of the various Motions 〈◊〉 the Spine it was necessary that the Vertebres should be fastned with strong Ligaments which are of three sorts I. The Bodies of the Vertebres themselves chiefly before and at the sides are fastned with Ligaments resembling a Half-moon thick fibrous and strong which environ the Vertebres and knit them strongly together all the whole length of the Back so that they may the more easily endure violent Motions II. The Bodies of the Vertebres where they are joyned strongly cohere by a gristly fibrous and slimy Ligament thick without side and thin toward the middle answerable to the largeness of the Vertebres and resembling them in Shape and detaining a Gristle in the middle between the Vertebres from whence a Ligament is thought to arise III. The Processes of the Vertebres as well transverse as acute are fastned by common Membranous Ligaments which in pointed Processes arising from a certain middle Channel of the upper Spine and inserted in a certain kind of Line of the Spine underneath and uniting with the following Spines in order from one Ligament drawn all the length of the Species and so continue the Vertebres together as if they were but one Bone II. The Ribs are coupled to the Vertebres by strong and almost Gristly Ligaments which rise from the transverse Ligaments of the Vertebres but are joyned to the Sternon by slender Ligaments the Gristles going between III. The Bones of the Sternon are very tough by means of a Gristle going between and being enveloped with a double Periosteum are most firmly bound together IV. The Ilion-bone besides that it adheres most obstinately to the Os Sacrum by means of a tenacious Gristle interposed is also fastned by a common broad and strong Ligament V. The Os Sacrum is fastned to the Ilion-bone with a thick Gristle and by a double and round Ligament which springing from one Part of the Os Sacrum with one end is inserted into the pointed Process of the Hip with the other into its hinder Appendix and so not only firmly binds these Bones but also sustains the Right Intestine with its Muscles VI. The Share-Bones are fastned together partly by an intervening Gristle partly by a double Ligament of which the first circularly environs them the other which is membranous possesses the Hole it self and sustains the Muscles of that Place The other Ligaments see in their proper Places CHAP. V. Of the Ligaments of the Scapular Arm and Hand THE Scapula is joâ—…ned to the Shoulder-bone and the Clavicle with five Ligaments which chiefly seem to consist of the Tendons of the Muscles of the Omoplate environing the Head and Neck of the Shoulder-bone and so united that they constitute one strong orbicular Ligament Of which The First which is broad and membranous rising from the Brows of the Neck of the Scapula environs the whole Joynt and is inserted into the foremost and inner Region of the Head of the Shoulder The Second which is round like a Nerve but thicker and bigger than the preceding rising from the top of the inner Process of the Scapula is fixed into the interior Parts of the Head of the Shoulder The Third which is round and thicker and bigger than the preceding rising from the Coracoides Process terminates in the Head of the Shoulder on the outer Part.
Boyl these in Common-water q. s. adding at the end Leaves of Senna cleansed â„¥ j. s. white Agaric Ê’ij Fennel-seed and Dill-seed an Ê’j s. Make an Apozem of 〈◊〉 ij The following Emplaster was likewise applied to the part affected â„ž Sulphur finely Powdered Ê’v Castoreum Ê’j Tar. Ê’vj Oxycroceum Plaister â„¥ s. Balsome of Sulphur Ê’ij For a Plaister to be spread upon red Leather After he had taken all his Apozem and that his pains remain'd in the same condition I prescribed him another purging Decoction of which he drank twice a day â„ž Sassafrass wood Ê’vj Roots of Eringos Cammoch Lovage an Ê’j Masterwort Fennel stone Parsley an Ê’ s. Vervaine Rosemary Betony Majoram Germander Ground Ivy an Mj. Savine Flowers of Stoechados an M. s. Anise-seed Iuniper-berries Ê’iij Boyl them in Common-water q. s. to 〈◊〉 ij Then add Syrup of Stoechas â„¥ iij. For an Apozem Two days after the former Plaister was laid on again and when he had drank up his Apozem I gave him the following Vomit which brought up a great quantity of Viscous Flegm with Choler â„ž Leaves of green Assarabacca Ê’iij Bruise them and press out the juice with â„¥ ij of the Decoction of Raddish to which add Oxymel Scyllit with Agaric â„¥ j. Mix them for a Potion When all these things did no good I applied this other Plaister â„ž White Mustard-seed and of Nasturtium an Ê’j Castorium ℈ ij Euphorbium ℈ j. s. Spanish-Soâ—…e Ê’x Pine-Rosin and Turpentine an Ê’iij Mix them well to spread upon Leather After this had stuck on two days it had raised innumerable little Blisters in the Skin out of which a green Humour flowed from the inner parts in great quantity so that in four days he felt great ease The Plaister being removed I laid on Colewort-leaves but observing the Plaister not to be very violent but that it only gently drew out the internal Humors and kept the Blisters open without Corrosion I laid it on again and so in twelve days the pain went quite off and the joynt was so corroborated that the Patient went about without any trouble but for fear of a relapse I gave him the purging Apozem again and the Plaister of Sulphur was laid on for a Fortnight longer which absolutely compleated the Cure ANNOTATIONS THough the Sciatica be a kind of a Gout yet because of the Place the Cure differs in some Remedies Sometimes it is very hard to be cured because that joynt is not so profound that Topics cannot reach it by reason of the thickness of the Muscles that lye over it and for that inward Medicines require a great deal of time to abate and remove the Cause This Disease proceeds from too much fullness of Blood sometimes from a defluxion of cold and and sharp Humors In repletion Blood-letting is requisite which in a very great repletion is to be done in the Arm then in the Thigh affected The Vein is to be opened in the Ham or else the Sciatica Vein I have cured said Galen the Sciatica by opening a Vein in the Thigh Some there are that apply Leeches to the Fundament instead oâ—… Blood-letting Which way Paulus and Aurelian commend if you lay on eight or ten Leeches at a time and Zacutus affirms he has cured the Sciatica with Leeches when other Remedies sailed within the space of ten hours Some prefer Cupping-glasses before Leeches But if the Malady proceed from sharp tartarous and cold Humors Blood-letting does no good unless there be a Plethory but first there must be strong Purging with Elect. Caryocostin and Hermodactyl Pills or Vomits of Ammonia or Asarabacca and then Topics such as asswage Pains sufficiently known to every skilful Physitian Some extract and dissipate the Morbific matter insensibly to which purpose Donatus ab Altomary takes a great quantity of the Stones of sweet Grapes and presses out the Liquor strongly This he heats with its Must then pours it out upon the Pavement and with his Hands strongly compresses into a heap then making a kind of a furrow in the Grape-stones burys the Patient in them up to the Mid-belly and there lets the Patient lye to sweat for half an hour or an hour twice a day Duretus commends Grape-stones in all sorts of Gouts If in Vintage time the Grapes are carried into a Barn and covered with Coverlets till they grow warm and then for the Patient to thrust his Feet Arms legs â—…r else to lay his whole Body in the heap Then which says he There is not a better Remedy under Heaven Solenandâ—…r also among the best and safest Remedies that corroborate the Parts affected and cherish the natural heat commends the laying the Hands and Feet or other Parts affected in a heap of Grape-stones hot from the Press or heated with new Wine and this continued for fifteen days To which he adds that he knew a Noble Person that could not go who was recovered by the use of this Medicine I knew my self a Country man cured by such a Fomentation for some days together in Horse-dung Matthiolus affirms experimentally that several Sciaticas have been cured with the slimy water of Snails when all other Remedies failed which Paraeus and Laurentius approve Old stinking Cheese kneaded into the form of a Cataplasm with the Decoction of a Westphalia-Ham asswages the Pain draws forth the cause of the Malady and dissolves the rigid hardness of the Part. Sylvius commends a Cataplasm of Dwarf-Elder Barley-meal and Honey Forestus also tells of two Sciaticas cured with laying upon the Part only Nettles boyled in Ale We look upon Balsom of Sulphur among the most effectual Remedies as having more then once observed the happy effects of it Galen commends an Emplaister of Pitch two Parts and one of Sulphur mixt and laid upon the Part affected till it fall off of it self Which Forestus so highly extols as the most effectual Remedy that can be invented only he believes it would be better to equal the proportions of the Pitch and Sulphur If these things or the like avail not then such things must be made use of that insensibly draw forth the matter and that either by diversion or from the Part affected By diversion â—…auteries applied to the Arms and Thighs are of great use So Paschal tells us of a Physitian cured of a pain in his Hipps by a Caustic applied under his Knee of Quick-Lime and Alum Hippocrateâ—… orders an Incision of the Veins behind the Ears Zacutus of Portugal in â—… defluxion from the Head saw a Person cured by a Caustic applied behind the Ears from whence after the falling off of the Crust for ten days together there flowed a thin and watery moisture and so the Distemper ceased From the Part affected Visicatories and Rubificants draw forth the peccant Matter Thus Douynetus tells us of several that have been cured by the application of Vesicatories Arculanus and others have successfully made use of a blistring Cataplasm in an obstinate pain that gave way to
j. Make them into a Mass with juice of Wormwood or Gentian the dose from Ê’s to Ê’j Sennertus prescribes these â„ž Aloes ℈ j. Rhubarb ℈ ij Myrrh ℈ s. Trochischs of Alhandal gr iij. Powder of Coral Ê’ s. Make them into twenty two Pills with juice of Wormwood The Dose for Children ℈ j. To destroy all Matter and Nutriment of VVorms in the Guts there is not any better Remedy to be found then for the Patient to swallow once a VVeek one ℈ of Aloes Succotrine for Aloes has a peculiar occult quality to Purge and cleanse the extream Parts of the Guts This is the opinion of Mercurialis in his own Words but I usually order a Ê’ or two of Rhubarb to be put into a little bag and hung up in the ordinary drink which the Patient drinks and by that means I both expel the Worms and the cause of the Worms Saxonia and Solenander with many others extol the Decoction of Sebesten in Ê’iiij of which Crato macerates Ê’j of Rhubarb and gives the straining to drink Rhubarb also given in substance is a great enemy to the Worms and Dodoneus voids them with this Powder â„ž Worm-seed Ê’j Shavings of Hearts-horn Citron-seed and Sorrel-seed an ℈ j. Rhubarb Ê’ij Make them into a Powder the Dose Ê’ j. Riverius takes â„ž Powder of Rhubarb and Coral an Ê’s Duretus prescribed this â„ž Chosen Rhubarb Wormwood Sea Wormwood Shavings of Harts-horn an Ê’iij Make them into a Powder Dose Ê’j with the Decoction of Scordium This as we have tried says he excells all the rest Lastly Antonius Cermisonius as a most destroying expelling Remedy against the Worms prescribes a Glister of Ê’ x. of Goats Milk and Ê’ij of Honey OBSERVATION XCII The Worms THE Son of Mr. Cooper about six or seven years old had been long troubled with Worms in his Belly which sometimes ascending his Gullet crept out at his Mouth in the Night-time The Parents had often given him Worm-seed but to no purpose so that at length when the Child was nothing but Skin and Bone they sent for me I found him thirsty and averse to all manner of Physick thereupon I took half a pound of Quick-silver and macerated it in two pound of Grass-water shaking the Water very often Afterwards having separated the Mercury I added to the Water Syrup of Limons â„¥ iij. Oyl of Vitriol q. s. to give it a grateful Taste This he only took for two days together in which time he voided downward six and thirty Worms and being so rid of his troublesome Guests recovered his Health ANNOTATIONS SOme extol Quick-silver it self given in the Substance as an excellent Remedy against the Worms insomuch that Sanctorius says there is no killing of the Worms but with strong and violent Medicines as Aloes and Mercury or Quick-silver Of which Baricellus thus writes Quick-silver says he which many take to be Poyson is given with great Success against the Worms and is accounted so certain a Remedy in Spain that the Women give it to Infants that puke up their Milk to the quantity of three Granes I cured a VVoman that for nine days together had been troubled with continual Vomiting occasioned by the VVorms besides that she had not eaten in three days nor could keep what she swallowed but after I had given her two Drams of Quick silver mortified with a little Syrup of Quinces without any trouble she voided downward about a hundred VVorms and was freed from her Distemper the same day I have VVater at home wherein I continually keep Quick-silver infused and wil lingly give it away to children for the VVorms yet never heard of any Hurt that ever it did The dose of Mercury to be given to Children is ℈ j. to elder People ℈ ij or Ê’j It is corrected and mortified by bruising it in a Glass Mortar with brown Sugar till it be dissolved into invisible Parts and to prevent it from returning to its pristine Form you must add to it two little Drops of Oyl of Sweet Almonds and give it fasting with Sugar of Roses Syrup of Violets or Quinces to the Party affected Zappara confirms this use of Quick-silver by many examples and Hildan tells of a Woman cured of the Worms by Quick-silver of which she passed Ê’j s. through a piece of Leather and then swallowed it Where this is remarkable that the same Woman at that time wore a Plaister upon her Navel which was afterwards found all covered over with Quick silver Thus many Physicians celebrate Quick silver but more applaud it than condemn it as Plater Horatius Eâ—…genius and Fallopius says of it That it does not work those Effects being drank as used by way of Oyntment I have known says he Women that have drank Pounds of it to cause Abortion without any dammage and I have given it to Children for the Worms The same is testified by Marianus Sanctus and Fracastorius And Matthiolus affirms that Quick-silver is only prejudicial because it tears the Guts by its weight and therefore if it be not given in too great a quantity he says it can do no harm And I have seen it given by Midwives to Women in difficult Labours without any hurt at all For my part I never give it alone but always in some Infusion of Grass-water Wine or other Liquor And as for Stromaiier and Horstius though they reject raw Quick-silver yet rightly prepared they extol it as the best Remedy in the World against the Worms Sennertus however advises that though Quick-silver may be used in desperate Cases yet to forbear it where milder Medicaments may serve the turn Since there is a possibility that it may do mischief OBSERVATION XCIII The Gout MR. Hamilton in the Flower of his Age was miserably tormented with the Gout in the Joynt of his Right-shoulder so that he had not slept in three Days and Nights After I had prescribed him a proper Diet I purged him with Cochia Pills gave him a Diuretic Decoction for some days and then applied this Plaister to the place affected â„ž Gum. Galbanum dissolved in Spirit of Wine Tacamahacca dissolved in Spirit of Turpentine Emplaster of Oxycroceum an â„¥ s. Mix them and spread them upon Leather This Plaster stuck on eight days within which time that immense Pain went off so that he could freely move his Arm after that he returned to the Camp where he was unfortunately slain ANNOTATIONS MAny Disputes there are about the Causes of the Gout but for my part I believe there are necessarily two For either those Pains proceed from cold Defluxions mixed with some Salt and Acrimony falling from the Head upon the Joynts refrigerating and corroding the Nerves Tendons and Ligaments annexed to the Joynts For how great an Enemy Cold is to the Nerves and membranous Parts we find in Winter-time by the Wounds by which those Parts are laid bare There says Hippocrates all cold things are fatal to the Nerves Besides that such Defluxions cause Weakness and Stiffness of
Liniment and then cover the Head with the following Quilt â„ž Oyls of Amber Rosemary Marjoram an ℈ ij Martiate Oyntment Ê’ij Castoreum Powdered ℈ s. For a Liniment â„ž Leaves of Marjoram M. j. of Rosemary Sage and Flowers of Melilot an one little handful Cloves Nutmegs an ℈ j. Castoreum ℈ s. Beat these into a gross Powder for a Quilt XIV Let him have a good Air a light Room moderately warm and Perfumed with Castor Peny-royal Rosemary Sage Thime Marjoram Baum c. let his Food be easie of Digestion Condited with Rosemary Betony Marjoram Hyssop and the like Let him avoid Milk Pulse and Fruit Garlic Onions Mustard Radishes c. Let his Drink be Barley-water with Majoram Hyssop Rosemary and the like boil'd in it sweetened with a little Hydromel or Honey and aâ—…omatiz'd with Saffron Let him sleep as little as may be and make his natural Evacuations come forth in due order HISTORY VIII Of the Profound Sleep call'd Carus A Stout young Man having fallen from a high Place upon his Head was seized with a deep sleep being put by his Friends who thought him drunk into his Bed he continued so for two days There was no Wound appeared in his Head which was defended by a good strong Cap only in the top of his Head there was a Contusion not very big his Pulse beat well nor did he shew any Signs that his Heart was affected he breathed freely If he were prickt he shrunk up the prickt Member In the mean time no noise nor pulling him by the Hair nor other means would wake him I. How far this Patients Head was affected the profound sleep sufficiently shew'd II. This sleep is called Carus which is a profound sleep with an injury to the Animal Actions III. 'T is no Apoplexy because the Person breaths freely nor Lethargy because there is no Fever and the Patient cannot be waked wherein it differs from Coma since the Patients in that Distemper are often waked and move their Limbs from one place to another IV. The cause of this is a depression of the upper Skull and the Bones of the Bregmâ—… caused by the Fall by which the Brain being depressed the Brain is hindered in its Motion which injures all the Animal Actions Besides that the Choroid-fold being obstructed by the Compression hinders the Passage of the Vital Spirits to the Brain and consequently the Generation of Animal to supply the wast of Spirits in the Organs of the Senses into which the Animal Spirits having not a free Influx by reason of that Compression the actions of the Parts fail and thence that deep sleep V. This Carus is very dangerous and threatens an Apoplexy if not taken care of in time VI. The Cure consists in raising the depressed Skull 2. In corroborating the wakened Brain 3. In taken care of the whole Body to prevent the flux of many Humors to the Head or any other Disease from breeding at that time in the Body VII Therefore a Glister given take eight or nine Ounces of Blood out of the Arm. Then proceed to Denudation and if need require Perforation of the Brain VIII The same day the Glister is given and the Vein opened toward the â—…kull in the place where the Contusion â—…ppears must be laid bare with a Crossâ—…ike Incision made in the fleshy Parts The next Morning raise the Bone with â—…roper Instruments But for fear least â—…y that violent Contusion some little Veins should be broken in the hard Meninx which may have poured forth any Blood between the Meninx and the Cranium which corrupting there should afâ—…erward be the Cause of unexpected death the safest way would be to Perforate the Skull in the firm Part next the depressed Part to give â—…he extravasated Blood an easie Exit and for the more easie raising of the depressed Skull IX The Skull being raised and the wound stopt according to Art let this Fomentation be clapt warm about his Head still shifting it as it grows cold â„ž Betony M. iiij Marjoram Rosemary Vervain Fennel Leaves of Lawrel Baum Thime Rue Flowers of Stoechas Camomil Melilot an M. j. Common Water q. s. boil them according to Art adding toward the end White-wine lb j. Make a Fomentation of 〈◊〉 iij. X. Anoint his Fore-head with this Liniment â„ž Oyls of Amber Rosemary Marjoram distilled an ℈ j. Castoreum pulverised gr ix Martiate Unguent Ê’ ij XI The Patient being rous'd from his sleep which uses to happen after the raising of his Skull give him this Purging draught â„ž Leaves of Senna Ê’ iij. Rubarb Ê’ j. s. white Agaric Ê’ s. Anise-seed Ê’ j. Decoction of Barley q. s. Infuse them then add to the straining Elect. Diaprunum solutive Ê’ iij. XII The Body being Purged let him drink twice or thrice a day a draught of this Apozem â„ž Succory Root â„¥ j. s. of Fennel and Acorus an â„¥ s. Herbs Betony Dandelion Borage Baum Rue an M. j. Rosemary Marjoram Flowers of Stoechas an M. j. Orange and Citron Peels an â„¥ s. Currants â„¥ ij Water q. s. For an Apozem of lb j. s. XIII Instead of the Apozem he may now and then take a small quantity of this or such like Conditement â„ž Specier Diambrae Ê’ j. Roots of Acorus Condited Candied Orange-peels Conâ—…erve of Anthos and pale Roses an â„¥ s. Syrup of Stoechas q. s. XIV If he be bound at any time in his Body let him be loosened with Glisters Or else take the following Mixture and hang it up in a little Bag in a Pint and a half of small Alâ—… and give him a draught or two every Morning â„ž Leaves of Senna â„¥ j. s. Rubarb Ê’ ij Root of Iallop Ê’ j. Anise Ê’ ij Leaves of Marjoram Carduus Benedict an M. s. XV. Keep him in a good temperate clear Air let his Meats be of easie Digestion and spaâ—…ing at first His Drink small his Exercises moderate little Sleep at first especially But let his natural Evacuations duly proceed either spontaneously or provoked by Art HISTORY IX Of a Catalepsis A Young Maid her Evacuations being obstructed and frequently liable to Uterine Suffocations being taken of a suddain remained void of Sence and in that Posture as she taken waxed cold keeping her Eyes open and fixed but seeing nothing if the standersâ—…y moved her Arm upwards or downward or side-ways it remained as they laid it if they set her upon her Feet she stood if they moved her Body forwards she put out her Foot if they turned her Head on one side so it stood all this while she breathed freely when this fit had lasted an hour she came to her self but remembered nothing of what had happened Two days after she was taken with another Fit which went off of it self I. THat the Seat of this Distemper was in the Head the terrible Molestation of the Animal Actions declare as the Uterine Suffocation shewed the Distemper of the Womb. II. This Affection is called a Catalepsis and is a sudden and very great
The Definition It s Substance Whether hollow The Substance is threefold Their Nourishment Whether they conveigh the nutritious Iuice Glisson's Opinion Wharton and Charlton's Opinion Malpigius his Opinion The Nourishment of the Nerves Their bigness Their Original Their Passage out of the Pith. Softness and hardâ—…ess The Use. Why they be Instruments of Sense a Motion Whether the Sensory and Motory Nerves are different While Motion lasts there is always Sence Observations The Error of Philosophers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Spirits Whether Sense be made by the little Fibres of the Nerves The Determination of the Spirits by the Nerves The difference of the Nerves The numbers of the Nerves The Coats of the Nerves The Plexus retiformis The Name Desinition Generation Marrow The Vessels The efficient Cause The time of their Formation Their Use. The Difference Their Substance Callus Cavities A Prominence Apophysis Epiphysis Whether Bones have Sense The Number The Qualities Symphisis Syneurosis Synchondrosis Sysarcosis Articulation Diarthrosis Enarthrosis Arthrodia Ginglymus Synarthrosis Suture Harmonia Gomphosis Skeleton The Cranium The Face The Figure of the Skull The Substance The Thickness The Tables The Diploâ—… The Sutures Sutures are twofold The Real The Illegitimate The Coronal The Lambdoidal The Sagittal The Illegitimate Sutures The Squâ—…moides The four Commissures The common Commissures The use of the Commissures Whether there can be a Contra-fissure The Skull The proper Bones The common Bones The Iaw Bones The Cavities The Holes The Fossae The Fore-head Bone The Cell of the Fore-head Bone The use of the Cell The Processes The Furrow The Holes The Bones of the Bregma Their Figure Substance The use of Gaping The Furrows The Bone of the Occiput Shape Substance Cavities Processes Holâ—… The Bones of the Temples Shâ—…pe Cavities The Styloides The Mamillary Processes The Os jugal The Wedg-like Bone The Situation The Substance Its Processes Whether the Saddle be perforated The Cavities Holes The Sieve-like Bone The Cocks-comb The Spungy Bones Their vse The upper Iaw It s Substance Its Vessels It s Figure Processes Cavity Holes The Desinition Whether they be Bones Their Substance Vessels Their Principles The Folliculus The Bony part The time of cutting The Shedding A Controversie about shedding the Teeth The Dentes Sapientiae Continual Growth The Order 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Number The Incisorii The Canini The Grinders Their use The Spine The Substance The Figure The Holes The Proceses Connexioâ—… Number The Vertebres of the Neck Atlas Dentata The Vertebres of the Back Their figure Greatness Processes The Vertebres of the Loyâ—…s The Bone Lus. The Os Sacrum The Coccyx Bones The Ribs Their Number Their Substance Figure Greatness Cutting for an Empyâ—…ma Articulation The true Ribs The Spurious Ribs Their Use. The Substance Its Parts The Cartilagious Mucronata The Scrobicle Cordis The Clavicles Number Substance Figure Connexion The Use. The Scapula The Processes Their Construction The Os Ileâ—…on The Os Coxendicis The Os Pubis Whether the Share-bone parts How the Birth gets out of the Pelvis The Shoulder-bone The Elbow The Ulna The Radius Their vse Their Connexion The Carpus The Articulation The Metacarps The Fingers The Thigh The Head of the Thigh An Observation The Sesamina Poplitis The Patella The Leg. The Tibia The Mallectus internus The Fibula The Malleolus externus The Tarsus The Talus The Calx The Os Naviculare The Os Cuboides The Metatarsus The Bones of the Toes Their Situation Bigness Number The Number of all the Bones The general difference In the head In the Breast The Constitution of the Bones of the Head Of the Arms and Hands Of the Legs and Feet The Definition Their Names Parts Substance Colour Connexion Use. Whether they be Parts of the Body The maâ—…ner of their growth Definition Substance Their vse Definition Substance Nourishment Figure Their rise vse The Ligaments of the Head Of the upper Iaw Of the Oâ—… Hyoides and the Tongue The Ligaments of the Vertebres Of the Ribs Of the Sternon Of the Os Ilion Of the Os Sacrum Of the Os Pubis The Ligaments Of the Wrist Of the Metacarpium The Ligaments of the Thigh The Luxation of the Hip. Of the Tibia Of the Tibula Of the Feet Of the Talus Of the Pedion Of the Metapedion of the Toes