Sena at one time brought forth seven children of which four were baptized In our time betweeen Sarte and Main in the parish of Seaux not far from Chambellay there is a family and noble house called Maldemeure the wife of the Lord of Maldemure the first year she was married brought forth twins the second year she had three children the third year four the fourth year five the fifth year six and of that birth she died of those six one is yet alive and is Lord of Maldemeure In the valley of Beaufort in the countie of Anjou a young woman the daughter of Mace Channiere when at one perfect birth she had brought forth one childe the tenth day following she fell in labor of another but could not be delivered untill it was pulled from her by force and was the death of the mother The Picture of Dorithie great with childe with many children Martin Comerus the author of the Polish historie writeth that one Margaret The ninth Book of the Polish Historie a woman sprung from a noble and ancient familie neer Cracovia and wife to Count Virboslaus brought forth at one birth thirtie five live children upon the twentieth daie of Jan. in the year 1296. Franciscus Picus Mirandula writeth that one Dorothie an Italian had twentie children at two births at the first nine and at the second eleven and that she was so big that she was forced to bear up her bellie which lay upon her knees with a broad and large scarf tied about her neck as you may see by this figure And they are to be reprehended here again who affirm the cause of numerous births to consist in the variety of the cels of the womb for they feign a womans womb to have seven cels or partitions three on the right side for males three on the left side for females and one in the midst for Hermophrodites or Scrats and this untruth hath gone so far that there have been some that affirmed every of the seven cels to have been divided into ten partitions into which the seed dispersed doth bring forth a divers and numerous encrease according to the varietie of cels furnished with the matter of seed which though it may seem to have been the opinion of Hippocrates in his Book De natura Pueri notwithstanding it is repugnant to reason and to those things which are manifestly apparent to the eies and senses The opinion of Aristotle is more probable who saith twins and more at one birth Lib. 4. de gen anim cap. 4. are begot and brought forth by the same cause that the sixth finger groweth on the hand that is by the abundant plentie of the seed which is greater and more copious then can be all taken up in the natural framing of one bodie for if it all be forced into one it maketh one with the parts encreased more then is fit either in greatness or number but if it be as it weâ—e cloven into divers parts it causeth more then one at one birth CHAP. IV. Of Hermophrodites or Scrats ANd here also we must speak of Hermophrodites because they draw the cause of their generation and conformation from the abundance of seed and are called so because they are of both sexes the woman yeelding as much seed as the man For hereupon it commeth to pass that the forming facultie which alwaies endeavors to produce something like it self doth labor both the matters almost with equal force and is the cause that one bodie is of both sexes Yet some make four differences of Hermophrodites the first of which is the male Hermophrodite who is a perfect and absolute male and hath only a slit in the Perinaeum not perforated and from which neither urine nor seed doth flow The second is the female which besides her natural privitie hath a fleshie and skinnie similitude of a mans yard but unapt for erection and ejaculation of seed and wanteth the cod and stones the third difference is of those which albeit they bear the express figures of members belonging to both sexes commonly set the one against the other yet are found unapt for generation the one of them only serving for making of water the fourth difference is of those who are able in both sexes throughly perform the part of both man and woman because they have the genitals of both sexes complete and perfect and also the right brest like a man and the left like a woman the laws command those to chuse the sex which they will use and in which they will remain and live judgeing them to death if they be found to have departed from the sex they made choice of for some are thought to have abused both and promiscuously to have had their pleasure with men and women There are signs by which the Physicians may discern whether the Hermophrodites are able in the male or female sex or whether they are impotent in both these signs are most apparent in the privities and face for if the matrix be exact in all its demensions and so perforated that it may admit a mans yard if the courses flow that way if the hair of the head be long slender and soft and to conclude if to this tender habit of the body a timid and weak condition of the minde be added the female sex is predominant and they are plainly to be judged women But if they have the Perinaeum and fundament full of hairs the which in women are commonly without any if they have a a yard of a convenient largeness if it stand well and readily and yeeld seed the male sex hath the preheminence and they are to be judged men But if the conformation of both the genitals be alike in figure quantity and efficacy it is thought to be equally able in both sexes although by the opinion of Aristotle Lib. 4. de gener anim cap. 5. those who have double genitals the one of the male the other of the female the one of them is alwaies perfect the other imperfect The figure of Hermophrodite twins cleaving together with their backs Anno Dom. 1486. in the Palatinate at the village Robach near Heidelberg there were twins both Hermophrodites born with their backs sticking together The effigies of an Hermophrodite having four hands and feet The same day the Venetians and Geneses entred into league there was a monster born in Italy having four arms and feet and but one head it lived a little after it was baptized James Ruef a Helvetian Cirurgian saith he saw the like but which besides had the privities of both sexes whose figure I have therefore set forth Pag. 647. CHAP. V. Of the changing of Sex AMatus Lusitanus reports that in the village Esquina there was a maid named Maria Pateca who at the appointed age for her courses to flow had instead of them a mans yard laying before that time hid and covered so that of a woman she became a man and therefore laying
de art But if the luxated rib fall inwards it can no more be restored or drawn forth by the hand of the Surgeon than a vertebra which is dislocated towards the inside for the reasons formerly delivered CHAP. XXI Of a dislocated shoulder THe shoulder is easily dislocated because the ligaments of its dearticulation are soft and loose as also for that the cavity of the shoulder blade is not very deep and besides it is every where smooth and polite no otherwise than that of the shoulder bone for that it is herein received Add hereunto that there is no internal ligament from bone to bone Why there is no internal ligament from the arm bone to the shoulder blade Differences of a luxated shoulder which may strengthen that dearticulation as is in the leg and knee Wherein notwithstanding we must not think nature defective but rather admire Gods providence in this thing for that this articulation serves not only for extension and bending as that of the elbow but besides for a round or circular motion as that which carries the arm round about now up then down according to each difference of site The shoulder bone which Hippocrates cals the arm bone may be dislocated four manner of ways upwards downwards or into the arm-pit forwards and outwards but never backwards or to the hinder part For seeing that there the cavity of the blade bone which receives the head of the arm bone which Hippocrates calls a joint Sent. 1. sect 1. lib. de art lies and stands against it who is it that can but imagine any such dislocation In like sort it is never dislocated inwardly for on this part it hath the flesh of a strong muscle termed Deltoides lying over it besides also the back and acromion of the blade and lastly the anchor-like or beak-like process all which four hinder this joint from slipping inwards Now Hiprocrates saith that he hath only seen one kind of dislocation of this bone to wit that which is downwards or to the arm-pit and certainly it is the most usual and frequent wherefore we intend to handle it in the first place When the shoulder is dislocated downwards into the arm-pit Signs of the shoulder dislocated downwards a depressed cavity may be perceived in the upper part of the joint the acromion of the blade shews more sharp and standing forth than ordinary for that the head of the shoulder bone is slipt down and hid under the arm-pit causing a swelling forth in that place the elbow also casts it self as it were outwards and stands further off from the ribs and though you force it yet can you not make it to touch them the Patient cannot lift up his hand to his ear on that side neither to his mouth nor shoulder Which sign is not peculiar to the luxated shoulder but common to it affected with a contusion fracture inflamation wound abscess schirrus or any defluxion upon the nerves arising out of the vertebrae of the neck and sent into the arm also this arm is longer than the other Lastly which also is common to each difference of a luxated shoulder the Patient can move his arm by no kind of motion without sense of pain by reason of the extended and pressed muscles some also of their fibres being broken The ways to restore it There are six ways to restore the shoulder luxated downwards into the arm-pit The first is when it is performed with ones fist or a towel the second with a clew of yarn which put under the arm-pit shall be thrust up with ones heel the third with ones shoulder put under the arm-hole which manner together with the first is most fit for new and easily to be restored luxations as in those who have loose flesh and effeminate persons as children eunuchs and women the fourth with a ball put under the arm-pit and then the arm cast over a piece of wood held upon two mens shoulders or two standing posts the fifth with a ladder the sixth with an instrument called an Ambi. We will describe these six ways and present them to your view CHAP. XXII Of the first manner of setting a Shoulder which is with ones Fist FIrst let one of sufficient strength placed on the opposite side firmly hold the Patient upon the joint of the shoulder lest he move up and down with his whole body at the necessary extension working and putting it in then let another taking hold of his arm above the elbow so draw and extend it downwards that the head thereof may be set just against its cavity Gal. com ad sent 23. sect 1. de art hollowed in the blade-bone Then at last let the Surgeon lift and force up with his fist the head of the An expression of the first manner of putting a Shoulder into joint bone into its cavity Here this is chiefly to be observed that in fresh luxations especially in a body soft effeminate moist and not over corpulent that it sometimes comes to pass that by the only means of just extension the head of the bone freed from the muscles and other particles wherewith it was as it were entangled will betake it self into its proper cavity the muscles being by this means restored to their place and figure and drawing the bone with them as they draw themselves towards their heads as it were with a sudden gird or twitch wherefore in many A perfect setting the luxated shoulder by extension only whilest we thought no such thing it sufficed for restitution only to have extended the arm But if the luxation be inveterate and the hand cannot serve then must the Patients shoulder be fastned to a post with the forementioned ligature or else committed to ones charge who may stand at his back and hold him fast Then the arm shall presently be tyed about a little above the elbow with a fillet whereto a cord shall be fastened which being put or fastned to the pulley shall be drawn or stretched forth as much as need shall require Lastly the Surgeon with a towel or such like ligature fastned about his neck and hanging down and so put under the Patients arm-pit near to the luxation shall raising himself upon his feet with the whole strength of his neck lift up the shoulder and also at the same time bringing his arm to the Patients breast shall set the head of the shoulder-bone forced with both his hands into its cavity as you may see by the precedent figure Then must you cover all the adjacent parts with a medicine made ex farinâ volatili bolo armenio myrtillis pice resinâ alumine beaten into powder and mixed with the white of an egg Then must the hollowness under the arm be filled with a clew of woollen or cotten yarn or a linnen cloth spread over with a little oil of Roses or Myrtles a little vinegar and unguentum rosatum or refrigerans Galeni lest it stick to the hairs if there be any
there The part must afterwards be bound up with a ligature consisting of two heads of some five fingers breadth and two ells long more or less according as the body shall require The midst thereof shall be put immediately under the arm-pit and then crossed over the lame shoulder and so crossing it as much as shall be fit it shall be wrapped under the opposite arm And lastly the arm shall be laid upon the breast and put in a scarf in a middle figure almost to right angles so that by lifting up the hand he may almost touch his sound shoulder lest the bone newly set may fall out again neither shall the first dressing be stirred untill four or five dayes be past unless the greatness of some happening symptom divert us from this our purpose CHAP. XXIII Of the second manner of restoring a Shoulder that is with the heel when as the Patient by reason of pain can neither sit nor stand THe Patient must be laid with his back on the ground upon a cover-lid or mat Hipp sent 12. sect 1. de art and a clew of yarn or leathern ball stuffed with Tow or Cotton of such bigness as may serve to fill up the cavity must be put under his arm-pit that so the bone may straight-wayes the more easily be forced by the heel into its cavity Then let the Surgeon The expression of the second manner of restoring a Shoulder sit beside him even over against the luxated shoulder and if his right shoulder be luxated he shall put his right heel to the ball which filled up the arm-pit but if the left then the left heel then let him forthwith draw towards him the Patients arm taking hold thereof with both his hands and at the same instant of time strongly press the arm-pit with his heel Whilest this is in doing one shall stand at the Patients back who shall lift up his shoulder with a towel or some such thing fitted for that purpose and also with his heel press down the top of the shoulder-blade another also shall sit on the other side of the Patient who holding him shall hinder him from stirring this way or that way at the necessary extension in setting it as you may see it express'd by the precedent figure CHAP. XXIV The third manner of restoring a Shoulder The figure of the third manner of putting a Shoulder into joint SOme one who is of a competent height and strength shall put the sharp part of the top of his shoulder under the Patients arm-pit and also at the same time shall somewhat violently draw his arm towards his own breast so that the Patients whole body may as it were hang thereby In the mean time another for the greater impression shall lay his weight on the luxated shoulder shaking it with his whole body Thus the shoulder drawn downwards by the one which stands under the arm-hole and moved and shaken by the other who hangs upon it may be restored into its seat by the help of the Surgeon concurring therewith and with his hand governing these violent motions as this figure shewes CHAP. XXV Of the fourth manner of restoring a dislocated shoulder YOu must take a perch or piece of The figure of the fourth manner of restoring the shoulder wood somewhat resembling that which the Water-bearers of Paris use to put on their shoulders some two inches broad and some six foot long in the midst hereof let there be fastned a clew of yarn or ball of sufficient bigness to fill up the cavity of the arm-hole Let there be two pins put in one on each side of the ball each alike distant therefrom with which as with staies the shoulder may be kept in and upon the ball that it slip not away from it Let two strong men taller then the Patient either by nature or art put this perch upon their shoulders then let the Patient put his arm-pit upon that place where the ball stands up the Surgeon must be ready to pull his hanging arm downwards Thus the Patient shall as it were hang on the perch with his shoulder and so the head of the bone shall be forced into its cavity as this figure declares wherein you may see the perch or yoak with the two wooden pins and ball fastned in the midst delineated by it self CHAP. XXVI Of the fifth manner of putting the shoulder into joint which is performed by a Ladder YOu may also restore a shoulder dislocated The delineation of the fifth manner of restoring a shoulder into the arm-pit by the help of a Ladder after this manner Let some round body as a ball or clew of yarn which as we formerly said may serve to fill the arm-pit be fastned upon one of the upper steps of a Ladder at the foot of the Ladder set a low stool whereupon let the Patient mount then bind both his legs and also his sound arm behind his back lest when you are about your operation he hinder and spoil all you do by laying his hand or setting his foot upon the Ladder Then let his arm be presently put over the step of the Ladder and his arm-pit put upon the there fastned ball the Patient in the mean while being wished to come with his whole body as near unto the steps of the Ladder as he is able for otherwise besides that there is no other hope of restoring the luxation there would be no small danger of breaking the shoulder bone Also let him take heed that he put not his head between the steps Then his arm bound above the Elbow with filleting or some other ligature fit for that purpose shall be drawn down by the hand of some that assist you and at the same time let the stool be plucked from under his feet so that he may hang upon the Ladder Thus by this means the head of the shoulder will be restored by it self the endeavour of the Surgeon assisting and pressing down the shoulder blade and moving it to and and again The bone being set the stool which a little before was plucked from under the Patients feet shall be put there again that he may with the more ease and less pain pull back his arm from the step of the Ladder For if he should lift it high up to draw it over there would be danger lest being newly set and not well staid the head of the bone might fall out again I have thought good to have all these things here expressed that you may learn this operation as if you see it done before you I have not thought fit in this place to omit the industry of Nicholas Picart the Duke of Guise his Surgeon who being called to a certain Country man to set his shoulder being out of joint and finding none in the place besides the Patient and his wife who might assist him in this work he put the Patient bound after the aforementioned manner to a Ladder then immediately he tied a staff at the
longest therein without moving CHAP. XXX Of the Shoulder dislocated upwards Signs THe head of the shoulder also may sometimes be luxated into the upper part Which when it happens it shewes it self by bunching forth at the end of the collar-bone the hollowness of the arm-pit is sound larger than usual the elbow slyes further from the ribs than when it fell downwards now the arm is wholly unable to perform the usual actions It is fit for the restitution of such a luxation that the Surgeon stoop down and put his shoulder under the Patients arm Cure and then stand up as high as he can upon his feet and therewithall press down the head of the shoulder-bone into the cavity or else make some other to do it Otherwise it is fit to lay the Patient upon his back on the ground and whilest some one extends the affected arm by drawing it downwards the Surgeon with his own hand may force down the head of the bone into its cavity The operation performed the same things shall be done as in other luxations compresses being applyed to that part whereto the bone flew and it being also bound up with ligatures Now you may understand in these four forementioned kinds of dislocations that the bone which was luxated is restored by the sound which shall be heard as you force it in by the restitution of the accustomed actions which are perceived by the bending extending and lifting it up by the mitigation of the pain and lastly by the collation and comparing of the affected arm with the sound and by its similitude and equality therewith CHAP. XXXI Of the dislocation of the Elbow The Author seems not to agree with Hip. Sent. ult sect 3. fract and Celsus in the setting down the â—inds of a dislocated Elbow THe Elbow may also be four manner of wayes dislocated to wit inwardly outwardly upwards and downwards By the part which is inwards I mean that which looks towards the center of the body when as the arm is placed in a natural site to wit in a middle figure between prone and supine I make the outward part that which is contrary thereto By the upper part I mean that which is towards the heaven and by the lower that which is next to the earth and by how much the joint of the elbow consists of more heads and cavities than that of the shoulder by so much when it is luxated it is the more difficultly set and it is also more subject to inflammation and to grow hard thereupon as Hippocrates saith Now the joint of the elbow is more difficultly dislocated than that of the shoulder and more hardly set for that the bones of the cubit and arm do receive and enter each other by that manner of articulation which is termed Ginglymus as we have formerly more at large treated in our Anatomy and a little before in our Treatise of fractures The elbow is therefore dislocated for that the processes thereof of are not turned about the shoulder-bone in a full orb and by an absolute turning Wherefore if at any time the cubit be bended more straitly and closely than that the inner process can retain its place and station in the bottom of its sinus the hind-process falleth out and is dislocated backwards But when as the fore-process is extended more violently and forced against the bottom of its cavity it slyes and departs out of its place as beaten or forced thence and this kind of luxation is far more difficultly restored than the former adde hereunto that the utter extremity of the cubit which is called Olâ—cranum is the higher but the other inner is the lower whence it is that every one can better and more easily bend than extend their cubits Therefore such a dislocation is caused by a more violent force than that which is made to the inner side * The Author doth not agree with Hippocr and Celsus in setting down the notes of these dislocations for those notes which are here attributed to an outward and inward luxation these Celsus hat given to an elbow dislocated towards the fore and out-part and those which are here attributed to the e bow dislocated upwards and downwards those Celsus hath attributed to a dislocation to the out and insides The sign of this luxation is the arm remains extended neither can it be bended for the inner process stayes in the external cavity which is hollowed in the bottom of the shoulder-bone which formerly was possessed by the inner part of the Olecranum which thing makes the restitution difficult for that this process is kept as it were imprisoned there But when it falleth out dislocated to the forepart the arm is crooked neither is it extended and it is also shorter than the other But if the elbow be fallen out of its place according to the other manner of dislocations to wit upwards or downwards the natural figure thereof is perverted for the arm is stretched forth but little notwithstanding bended towards that part from whence the bone went that is figured after a middle manner between bending and extending thereof What kind soever of dislocation shall befall it the action of the elbow will either not be at all or certainly not well untill that it be restored to its former place there is a swelling in the part whereinto it is flown and a cavity there from whence it is fled Inflammation hinders reposition which also happens in the dislocations of all other parts Furthermore one dislocation of the elbow is compleat and perfect another imperfect The latter as it easily happens and through a small occasion so it is easily restored but on the contrary a perfect as it hardly happens and not unless with great violence so it is not so easily restored again especially if that you do not prevent inflammation for being inflamed it makes the restitution either difficult or wholly impossible principally that which falleth outwards CHAP. XXXII How to restore the Elbow dislocated outwardly YOu may know that the elbow is dislocated outwardly Sâ—gn if at any time you shall observe the arm to be distended and not able to be bended Wherefore you must forthwith undertake the restitution thereof for fear of defluxion and inflammation which the bitterness of pain usually causeth upon what part soever the luxation happens Cure There is one manner of restoring it which is you must cause one to hold hard and steddy the Patients arm a little under the joint of the shoulder and in the mean while let the Surgeon draw the arm taking hold thereof with his hand and also force the shoulder-bone outwards and the eminency of the cubit inwards but let him by little and little draw and extend the arm wresting it gently this way and that way that he may bring back the bone which fell out into its cavity A Caution I have thus expressely delivered this that the young Surgeon may understand that the arm
without a passage in their fundament Neither have I seldom seen infants born without any hole in their fundament so that I have been constrained with a knife to cut in sunder the membrane or cunicle that grew over and stopped it And how can such excrements be engendred when the childe being in the womb is nourished with the more laudable portion of the menstrual blood therefore the issue or childe is wont to yeeld or avoid two kindes or sorts of excrements so long as he is in the womb that is to say sweat and urine in both which he swims but they are separated by themselves by a certain tunicle called Allantoïdes as it may be seen in kids dogs sheep and other brute beasts for as much as in mankinde the tunicle Chorion and Allantoïdes or Farciminalis be all one membrane If the woman be great of a man-childe she is more merry strong Aph. 24. sect 5 and better-coloured all the time of her childe-bearing but if a woman-childe she is ill coloured because that women are not so hot as men The males begin to stir within three moneths and an half but females after if a woman conceive a male-childe she hath all her right parts stronger to every work wherefore they do begin to set forwards their right foot first in going and when they arise they lean on the right arm Aph. 47. sect 5. the right dug will sooner swell and wax hard the male-childe stir more in the right side then in the left and the female-children rather in the left then in the right side CHAP. XIII With what travail the Childe is brought into the world and of the cause of this labour and travail WHen the natural prefixed and prescribed time of childe-birth is come the childe being then grown greater requires a greater quantity of food which when he cannot receive in sufficient measure by his navel with great labour and striving he endeavoreth to get forth therefore then he is moved with a stronger violence and doth break the membranes wherein he is contained Then the womb because it is not able to endure such violent motions nor sustain or hold up the childe any longer by reason that the conceptacles of the membranes are broken asunder is relaxed and then the childe pursuing the air which he feeleth to enter in at the mouth of the womb which then is very wide and gapeing Why the infant is born sometimes with his head forwards is carryed with his head downwards and so commeth into the world with great pain both unto it self and also unto his Mother by reason of the tenderness of his body and also by reason of the nervous neck of h s mothers womb In the time childe-birth the bones of Ilium and Os sacrum are drawn and extended one from another and separation of the bone called Os Ilium from the bone called Os sacrum For unless those bones were drawn in sunder how could not only twins that cleave fast together but also one childe alone come forth at so narrow a passage as the neck of the womb is Not only reason but also experience confirmeth it for I opened the bodies of women presently after they have died of travail in child-birth in whome I have found the bones of Ilium to be drawn the bredth of ones finger from Os sacrum and moreover in many unto whom I have been called being in great extremity of difficult and hard travail I have not only heard but also felt the bones to cracle and make a noise when I laid my hand upon the coccyx or rump by the violence of the distention Also honest matrons have declared unto me that they themselves a few dayes before the birth have felt and hard the noise of those bones separating themselves one from another with great pain Also a long time after the birth many do feel great pain and ach about the region of the coccyx and Os sacrum so that when nature is not able to repair the dissolved continuity of the bones of Ilium they are constrained to halt all the dayes of their life after But the bones of the share called Ossa pubis An Italian fable I have never seen to be separated as many do also affirm It is reported that in Italy the coccyx or rump in alâ— Maidens is broken that when they come to be married they may bear children with lesser travail in childe-birth but this is a forged tale for that bone being broken is naturally and of its own accord repaired and joyned together again with a Callus whereby the birth of the childe will be more difficult and hard CHAP. XIV Of the situation of the infant in the womb The situation of the infant in the womb is diverse REason cannot shew the certain situation of the infant in the womb for I have found it altogether uncertain variable and diverse both in living and dead women in the dead by opening their bodies presently after they were dead and in the living by helping them by the industry of my hand when they have been in danger of perishing by travail of childe-birth for by putting my hand into the womb I have felt the infant comming forth sometimes with his feet forwards sometimes with his hands and sometimes wish his hands and feet turned backwards and sometimes forwards as the figure following plainly describeth I have often found them coming forth with their knees forwards and sometimes with one of the feet and sometimes with their belly forwards their hands and feet being lifted upwards as the former figure sheweth at large Sometimes I have found the Infant coming with his feet downwards striding a wide somtimes headlong stretching one of his arms downward out at length and that was an Hermaphrodite as this figure plainly declareth One time I observed in the birth of twins that the one came with his head forwards and the other with his feet according as here I have thought good to describe them In the bodies of women that died in travail of childe I have sometimes found children no bigger then if they had been but four moneths in the womb situated in a round compass like a hoop with their head bowed down to their knees with both their hands under the knees and their â—eels close to their buttocks And moreover I protest before God that I sound a childe being yet alive in the body of his mother whom I opened so soon as she was dead lying all along stretched out with his face upwards and the palms of his hands joyned together as if he were at prayer CHAP. XV. Which is the legitimate and natural and which the illegitimate or unnatural time of childe-birth TO all living creatures except Man the time of conception and bringing forth their young is certain and definite but the issue of Man commeth into the world Mankinde hath no cerâ—tin time to bringing forth young sometimes in the seventh sometimes in
figure of a Colt with a Mans face At Verona Anno Dom. 1254. a Mare foaled a colt with the perfect face of a Man but all the rest of the body like an Horse a little after that the wars between the Florentines Pisans began by which all Italie was in a combustion The figure of a winged Monster About the time that Pope Julius the second raised up all Italie and the greatest part of Christendome against Lewis the twelfth the King of France in the year of our Lord 1512. in which year upon Easter day near Ravenna was sought that mortal battel in which the Popes forces were overthrown a monster was born in Ravenna having a Horn upon the crown of his head and besides two wings and one foot alone most like to the feet of birds of prey and in the knee thereof an eie the privities of male and female the rest of the body like a man as you see by this figure The third cause is an abundance of seed and overflowing matter The fourth the same in too little quantity and deficient The fift the force and efficacy of imagination The sixt the straightness of the womb The seventh the disorderly â—ire of the partie with childe and the position of the parts of the body The eight a fall strain or sâ—â—â—k especiall upon the belly of a woman with childe The ninth hereditary diseases or affects by any other accident The tenth the confusion and mingling together of the seed The eleventh the craft and wickedness of the deviâ— There are some others which are accounted for monsters because their original or essence full of admiration or do assume a certain prodigious form by the craft of some begging companions therefore we will speak briefly of them in their place in this our treatise of monsters CHAP. II. Of Monsters caused by too great abundance of seed SEeing we have already handled the two former and truly final causes of monsters we must now come to those which are material corporeal and efficient causes taking ouâ— beginning from that we call the too great abundance of the matter of seed It is the opinion of those Philosophers which have written of monsters that if at any time a creature bearing one at once as man shall cast forth more seed in copulation then is necessary to the generation of one body it cannot be that only one should be begot of all that therefore from thence either two or more must arise whereby it commeth to pass that these are rather judged wonders because they happen seldome and contrary to common custome Superfluous parts happen by the same cause that twins and many at one birth contrary to natures course do chance that is by a larger effusion of seed then is required for the framing of that part that so it exceeds either in number or else in greatness So Austin tells that in his time in the east an infant was born having all the parts from the belly upwards double but from thence downwards single and simple for it had two heads four eies two breasts four hands in all the rest like to another childe and it lived a littly while â—aliâ—s Rhodiginus saith he saw two monsters in Italie the oâ—e male the other female handsomely and neâ—rly made through all their bodies except their heads which were double the male died within a few daies after it was born but the female whose shape is here delineated lived twenty-five years which is contrary to the common custom of monsters for they for the most part are very short-liv'd because they both live and are born as it were against natures consent to which may be added they do not love themselves by reason they are made a scorn to others and that by that means lead a hated life But it is most remarkable which Lycosthenes telleth of a * Woman-monster for excepting her two heads she was framed in the rest of her body to an exact perfection her two heads had the like desire to eat and drink to sleep to speak and to do every thing she begged from dore to door every one giving to her freely Yet at length she was banisht Bavaria lest that by the frequent looking upon her the imagination of women with childe strongly moved should make the like impression in the infants they bare in their wombs The effigies of a * Maid with two heads The effigies of two a Girls whose backs grew together In the year of our Lord 1475. at Verona in Italie two a Girls were born with their backs sticking together from the lower part of the shoulders unto the very buttocks The novelty and strangeness of the thing moved their parents being but poor to carry them through all the chie towns in Italy to get mony of all such as came to see them The figure of a man with another growing out of him In the year 1530. There was a man to be seen at Paris out of whose belly another perfect in all his members except head hanged forth as if he had been grafted there The man was fortie years old and he carried the other implanted or growing out of him in his arms with such admiration to the beholders that many ran very earnestly to see him The effigies of a harned or hooded monster At Quiers a small village some ten miles from Turine in Savoy in the year 1578. upon the seventeenth day of January about eight a clock at night an honest matron brought forth a childe having five horns like to Rams horns set opposite to one another upon his head he had also a long piece of flesh like in some sort to a French hood which women use to wear hanging down from his forehead by the nape of his neck almost the length of his back two other pieces of flesh like the collar of a shirt were wrapped about his neck the fingers ends of both his hands somewhat resembled a Hawks talons and his knees seemed to be in his hams the right leg and the right foot were of a very red colour the rest of the body was of a tawnie color it is said he gave so terrible a scritch when he was brought forth that the Midwives and the rest of the women that were at her labor were so frighted that they presently left the house and ran away When the Duke of Savoy heard of this monster he commanded it should be brought to him which performed one would hardly think what various censures the Courtiers gave of it The monster you see here delineated was found in the middle and innermost part of an* Egg with the face of a man but hairs yielding a horrid representation of Snakes the chin had three other snakes stretched forth like a beard It was first seen at Autun at the house of one Bancheron a Lawyer a maid breaking many eggs to butter the white of this egg given a Cat presently killed her Lastly this monster comming to the hands of the Baron Senecy was
some muscles arising from many parts are inserted into some one part as divers of those which move the arm and the shoulder which arising from many spondyls are inserted into the bone of the shoulder and the shoulder-blade Others arise from one part and insert themselves into more as those which arise from the bottom of the shoulder-blades are extended and inserted into some eight or nine of the upper ribs to help respiration and the benders and extenders of the fingers and toes Others arising from many bones are inserted into as many as some of those which serve for respiration to wit those which we call the hinder Saw-muscles and the Semispinatus which sends a tendon into all the ribs Others have their original from many bones end in grisles of the seven ribs as those two which lie under the Sternon Moreover also these differences of muscles may be drawn from the original and insertion that some proceed from bones and are inserted into the next bone to help and strengthen the motion thereof as the three muscles of the Hip Others arise from an upper bone are not inserted into the next but into some other as the long muscles Some are named from the part they move as the temporal muscles because they move the temples others from their office as the grinding muscles because they move the skin as a Mill Differences of Muscles takeâ— from their figure to grind asunder the meal From their form or figure because some are like Mice other like Lizards which have their legs cut off for that they imitate in their belly body or tendon the belly or tail of such creatures and from whence the name of Musculus and Lacertus are derived Such are those which bend the wrist and which are fastened to the bone of the Leg and which extend the foot others are triangular as that which lifts up the arm called Epemis or Deltoides and that which draws the arm to the brest called the pectoral muscle Others quadrangular as the Rhomboides or Lozenge-muscle of the shoulder-blade and the two hindsom-muscles serving for respiration and two of the wrists which turn down the hand others consist of more than four angles as the oblique descending and that muscle which joins it self to it from the shoulder-blade others are round and broad as the Midriff others circular as the Sphincter-muscle of the fundament and bladder others are of a pyramidical figure as the seventh muscle of the eye which compasses the optick nerve in beasts but not in men Others have a sem-circular form as that which shuts up the eye seated at the lesser corner thereof others resemble a Monk's cowl or hood as the Trapezius of the shoulder-blade Besides others at their first original are narrow but broad at their insertion as the Saw-muscle of the shoulder and the transverse of the Epigastrium others are quite contrary as the three muscles of the Hip others keep an equal breadth or bigness in all places as the intercostal muscles and those of the wrist others are long and slender as the long muscle of the thigh others are long and broad as the oblique descending muscles of the Epigastrium others are directly contrary Differences from their perforations as the Intercostal which are very narrow From their perforations for some are perforated From their magnitude as the midriff which hath three holes as also the oblique and transverse of the Epigastrium that so they may give passage forth to the preparing spermatick vessels and to the ejaculatory vessels the Coat Erythroides associating and strengthening them others are not perforated From their magnitude for some are most large as the two Muscles of the Hip others very small as the eight small muscles of the neck and the proper muscles of the Throtle and the wormy muscles From their colour Others are of an indifferent magnitude From their colour for some are white and red as the Temporal muscles which have Tendons coming from the midst of their belly others are livid as the three greater muscles of the calf of the leg which colour they have by the admixtion of the white or tendinous nervy coat with the red flesh for this coat by its thickness darkning the colour of the flesh so that it cannot shew its redness and fresh colour makes it seem of that livid colour From their site From their situation for some are superficiary as those which appear under the skin and fat others deep in and hid as the smooth and four twin muscles some are stretched out and as it were spred over in a streight and plain passage as the muscles of the thigh which move the leg except the Ham-muscle others oblique as those of the Epigastrium othersome transverse as the transverse of the Epigastrium where you must observe that although all the fibers of the muscles are direct yet we call them oblique and transverse by comparing them to the right muscles as which by the concourse of the fibers make a streight or acute angle From their Fibers From the sorts of fibers for some have one kind of fiber yet the greatest part enjoy two sorts running so up and down that they either are crossed like the letter X as happens in the pectoral and grinding muscles or else do not concurr as in the Trapezii Others have three sorts of fibers as the broad muscle of the face From their Connexion From their coherence or connexion or their texture of nervous fibers for some have fibers somewhat more distant and remote immediately at their original than in other places as you may see in the muscles of the buttocks Others in their midst and belly which by reason thereof in such muscles is more big or tumid their head and tail being slender as happens in most of the muscles of the arm and leg in which the dense mass of flesh interwoven with fibers disjoins the fibers in so great a distance in othersome the fibers are more distant in the tail as in the greater Saw-muscle arising from the bottom of the shoulder-blade in others they are equally distant through the whole muscle as in the muscles of the wrist and between the ribs From their Head From their head for in some it is fleshy interwoven with few fibers as in the muscles of the buttocks in others it is wholly nervous as in the most broad muscle common to the arm and shoulder-blade and in the three muscles of the thigh proceeding from the tuberosity of the hucklebone in some it is nervous and fleshy as in the internal and external muscle of the arm Besides some have one head others two as the bender of the elbow and the external of the leg others three as the Three-headed muscle of the Thigh But we must note that the word Nerve or Sinew is here taken in a large signification for a ligament nerve and tendon as Galen saith Lib. de Offilus and moreover we must observe
that the head of a Muscle is one while above another while below otherwhiles in the midst as in the Midriff as you may know by the insertion of the Nerve because it enters the muscle by its head From their Belly From their belly also there be some differences of muscles taken for some have their belly immediately at their beginning as the muscles of the buttocks others at their insertion as the Midriff others just at their head as those which put forth the Calf of the leg in others it is somewhat further off as in those which draw back the arm and which bend the leg in others the belly extends even from the head unto the tail as in the intercostal muscles and those of the wrist in others it is produced even to their insertion as in those of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet some have a double belly distinguished by a nervous substance as those which open the mouth and those which arise from the root of the lower process of the shoulder-blade From their Tendons Moreover the differences of muscles are drawn also from the Tendons for some have none at least which are manifest as the muscles of the lips and the sphincter-muscles the intercostal and those of the wrist others have them in part and want them in part as the Midriff for the Midriff wants a Tendon at the ends of the shorter ribs but hath two at the first Vertelra of the Loins in which it is terminated Others have a Tendon indeed But some of these move with the bone some not as the muscle of the eyes and besides some of these have broad and membranous tendons as the muscles of the eyes and Epigastrium except the right muscles In others they are thick and round as in the benders of the fingers in others they are less round but more broad than thick such is the Tendon arising from the twin muscles and Soleus of the leg others have short Tendons as the muscles which turn down the hand othersome long as those of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet besides others produce Tendons from the end of their belly which Tendons are manifest others from the midst as the Temporal Muscles Besides also others diffuse many Tendons from their belly as in the hands the benders of the fingers and extenders of the feet Othersome put forth but one which sometimes is divided into many as those which bend the third articulation of the foot otherwhile many muscles by their meeting together make one Tendon as the three muscles of the Calf of the leg and those which bend the cubit and leg All Tendons have their original when the nerves and ligaments dispersed through the fleshy substance of a muscle are by little and little drawn and meet together until at last carried to the joint they are there fastned for the fit bending and extension thereof From the contrariety of their Actions for some parts have contrary muscles benders and extenders From their action From their function other parts have none for the Cods and Fundament have only lifters up From their function for some are made for direct motions as those which extend the fingers and toes others for oblique as the Supinators of the hand and the Pronators others perform both as the pectoral muscle which moves the Arm obliquely upward and downward as the upper and lowers fibers are contracted and also outright if all the fibers be contracted together which also happens to the Deltoides and Trapezius I have thought it good to handle particularly these differences of muscles because that by understanding them the prognostick will be more certain and also the application of remedies to each part and if any occasion be either to make incision or future we may be more certain whether the part affected be more or less nervous CHAP. IX Of the parts of a Muscle HAving declared the nature and differences of a Muscle we must note that some of the parts thereof are compound and universal others simple or particular The compound and simple parts of a Muscle The compound are the head belly and tail The simple are ligaments a nerve flesh a vein artery and coat For the compound parts by the head we understand the beginning and original of a muscle which is one while ligamentous and nervous otherwhiles also fleshy By the belly that portion which is absolutely fleshy But by the tail we understand a Tendon consisting partly of a nerve partly of a ligament promiscuously coming forth from the belly of the Muscle For as much as belongs to the simple which are six in number three are called proper and three common The proper are a Ligament from a bone a nerve proceeding from the Brain or spinal marrow and flesh compact by the concretion of blood The common are a vein from the Liver or trunk arising from thence an artery proceeding from the Heart What use each simple particle hath in a muscle a Coat produced by the nervous and ligamentous fibers spreading over the superficies of the muscle But for the simple use of all such parts the nerve is as it were the principal part of a Muscle which gives it sense and motion the ligament gives strength the flesh contains the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the Muscle and strengthens it filling up all the void spaces and also it preserves the native humidity of these parts and cherisheth the heat implanted in them and to conclude defends it from all external injuries for like a fan it opposeth it self against the heat of the Sun and is a garment against the cold and is as a cushion in all falls and bruises and as a buckler of defence against wounding-weapons The vein nourishes the muscle the artery gives it life the coat preserves the harmony of all the parts thereof lest they should be any ways disjoined or corrupted by purulent abscesses breaking into the empty or void spaces of the Muscles as we see it hapneth in a Gangrene where the corruption hath invaded this membrane by the breathing out of the more acid matter or filth CHAP. X. A more particular inquisition into each part of a Muscle HAving gone thus far it remains that we more particularly inquire into each part of a Muscle that if it be possible nothing may be wanting to this discourse The nature of a Ligament Wherefore a Ligament properly so called is a simple part of mans body next of a bone and grislle the most terrestrial dry hard cold white taking its original immediatly or by the interposition of some Medium from the Bones or Grisles from whence also the Muscles have their beginning whereby it comes to pass that a ligament is void of sense unless it receive a nerve from some other place for so the ligaments which compose and strengthen the tongue and yard are partakers of sense and it inserts it self into the bone and grisle that
so it may bind them together and strengthen and beautifie the whole joint or connexion for these three be the principal uses of a ligament then diffusing it self into the membranes and muscles to strengthen those parts The treefold use of a Ligament What a Nerve is A Nâ—rve to speak properly is also a simple part of our body bred and nourished by a gross and pâ—legmatick humour such as the brain the original of all the nerves and also the Spinal marrow endued with the faculty of feeling and oftentimes also of moving For there be divers parts of the body which have nerves yet are destitute of all voluntary motion having the sense only of â—eeling as the membranes veins arteries guts and all the entrails A nerve is covered with a double cover from the two membranes of the brain and besides also with a third proceeding from the ligaments which fasten the hinder part of the head to the Vertebra's or else from the Pericranium What we mean by the nervous and ligamentous fibers We understand no other things by the fibers of a Nerve or of a Ligament than long and slender threds white solid cold strong more or less according to the quantity of the substance which is partly nervous and sensible partly ligamentous and insensible You must imagine the same of the fleshy fibers in their kind but of these threds some are streight for attraction others oblique for retention of that which is convenient for the creature and lastly some transverse for expulsion of that which is unprofitable But when these transverse threds are extended in length they are lessened in bredth but when they are directly contracted they are shortned in length But when they are extended all together as it were with an unanimous consent the whole member is wrinkled as contracted into it self as on the contrary it is extended when they are relaxed Some of these are bestowed upon the animal parts to perform voluntary motions others upon the vital to perform the agitation of the heart and arteries others upon the natural for attraction By what power the similar parts principally draw or attract What and of how many sorts the flesh is retention and expulsion Yet we must observe that the attraction of no similar part is performed by the help of the foresaid fibers or threds but rather by the heat implanted in them or by the shunning of emptiness or the familiarity of the substance The flesh also is a simple and soft part composed of the pure portion of the blood insinuating it self into the spaces between the fibers so to invest them for the uses formerly mentioned This is as it were a certain wall and bulwark against the injuries of heat and cold against all falls and bruises as it were a certain soft pillow or cushion yielding to any violent impression There be three sorts of flesh one more ruddy as the musculous flesh of perfect creatures and such as have blood for the flesh of all tender and young things having blood as Calves and also of all sorts of fish is whitish by reason of the too much humidity of the blood The second kind is more pallid even in perfect creatures having blood such is the flesh of the heart stomach weason guts bladder womb The third is belonging to the entrails or the proper substance of each entrail as that which remains of the Liver the veins arteries and coat being taken away of the bladder of the gall brains kidnies milt Some add a fourth sort of flesh which is spongy that they say is proper to the tongue alone What a vein is A Vein is the vessel pipe or channel of the blood or bloody matter it hath a spermatick substance consists of one coat composed of three sorts of fibers What an Artery is An Artery is also the receptacle of blood but that spirituous and yellowish consisting in like manner of a spermatick substance But it hath two coats with three sorts of fibers the utmost whereof is most thin consisting of right fibers and some oblique But the inner is five times more thick and dense than the utmost interwoven with transverse fibers and it doth not only contain blood and spirit but also a serous humour which we may believe because there be two emulgent Arteries as well as Veins Why an artery is more thick and dense than a vein But the inner coat of an Artery is therefore more thick because it may contain blood which is more hot subtil and spirituous for the spirit seeing it is naturully more thin and light and in perpetual motion would quickly fly away unless it were held in a stronger hold There is other reason for a Vein as that which contains blood gross ponderous and slow of motion Wherefore if it had acquired a dense and gross coat it could scarce be distributed to the neighbouring parts The mutual Anastomasis of the veins and arteries Where it is manifest God the maker of the Universe foreseeing this made the coats of the vessels contrary to the consistence of the bodies contained in them The Anastomasis of the Veins and Arteries that is to say the application of the mouths of the one to the other is very remarkable by benefit of which they mutually communicate and draw the matters contained in them and so also transfuse them by insensible passages although that Anastomasis is apparent in the Vein and Artery that meet together at the joint and bending of the arm which I have sometimes shewed in the Physick schools at such time as I there dissected Anatomies From whence a muscle hath its beginning or head But the action or function of a Muscle is either to move or confirm the part according to our will into which it is implanted which it doth when it draws it self toward its original that is to say its head But we define the head by the insertion of the nerve which we understand by the manner of the working of the Muscle CHAP. XI Of the Muscles of the Epigastrium or lower Belly NOw seeing that we have taught what a Muscle is and what the differences thereof are and what simple and compound parts it hath and what the use action and manner of action in each part is it remains that we come to the particular explication of each Muscle beginning with those of the lower belly as those which we first meet withal in dissection Eight muscles of the Epigastrium These are eight in number four oblique two on each side two right or direct one on the right another on the left side and in like manner two transverse All these are alike in force magnitude and action so mutually composed that the oblique descendant of one side is conjoined with the other oblique descendant on the other side and so of the rest We may add to this number the two little Supplying or Assisting muscles which are of a Pyramidal form The oblique
hath bestowed some surcles upon the rough artery T the external Jugular vein V the division of this vein under the root of the ear X a branch of the external Jugular which goeth into the inside of the mouth and is diversly divided into the parts therein contained Y the exterior branch distributed near the Fauces into the muscles of the chops and the hole skin of the head Z a portion of the branch y reaching unto the face a ae the vein of the fore-head a a portion of it creeping through the temples ae * a propagation that goeth unto the skin of the Nowl or Occiput a. a the vein called Cephalica or the external vein of the arm which others call Humeraria b Muscula superior a propagation of the Cephalica vein which goeth unto the backward muscles of the neck Betwixt b. and d. on the back-side issueth a branch from the Cephalica which passeth unto the outside of the blade and a portion thereof runneth betwixt the flesh and the skin d d a vein from the Cephalica which attaineth unto the top of the shoulder and is consumed into the muscle that elevateth or lifteth up the arm and into his skin e e a small vein from the Cephalica dispersed through the skin and the muscles of the arm f the division of the Cephalica into three parts g the first branch runneth deep unto the muscles which arise out of the external protuberation of the arm h the second branch which goeth to make the median vein i i the third branch running obliquely above the wand and the outside of the arm k from his branch certain circles are divided into the skin the chief whereof is marked with k. l the third branch at the wrist which is joined at l. with the branch of the Basilica marked with x. m the Basilica which on the right hand is called Hepatica on the left hand Lienaris n o a branch of the Basilica going to the heads of the muscles of the cubit at n. and to the muscles themselves at o. p a notable branch of the Basilica running obliquely and bestowing surcles upon the muscles that issue from the external protuberation This branch descendeth together with the fourth nerve q division of the Basilica into two branches and that which is noted with q is ever accompanyed with an artery s a branch of this vein bestowed upon the arm t a branch of the Basilica which together with the branch of the Cephalica marked with h. makes the mediana or middle vein marked with a. u a branch of the Basilica going to the inner head of the arm xx a branch issuing out of the former that creepeth along unto the wrist and toward the little finger conjoyning it self with a branch of the Cephalica y A vein running out unto the skin at the outside of the cubit Upper z. a propagation issuing out of a branch of the Basilica marked with t lower z a branch of the Basilica x going to the inside of the arm α the Median or common vein β the partition of the Median vein above the wrist This division should have been made above γ. γ the external branch of the partition which goeth to the outside of the head δ from which issueth a small branch to the inside ε the internal branch under ε. which toward the middle and the ring-finger is especially disposed que the vein of the thumb dispersed into the mountainet or hillock which is conjoynd with the branch noted with δ. ζ the trunk of the hollow-vein from which issue branches unto the parts seated under the liver η the fatty vein called Adiposa sinistra which goeth unto the fat of the kidneys θ ι the two Emulgents which lead whey-blood unto the kidneys λ μ the two spermatical veins leading the matter of the seed unto the testicles V the beginning of the bodden vessel called Vas varicosum ξ the veins of the loins called Lumbares which are sent in the knots or knees to the rack-bones to the marrow of the back to the muscles that lie upon the loins and to the Peritonaeum ο. the bifurcation of the hollow-vein into the Iliack branches which bifurcation is not unlike λ. Ï€ Muscula superior a transverse branch going to the muscles of the Abdomen and to the Peritonaeum Ï Ïƒ the division of the left Iliack vein into an inner branch at Ï. and an utter at σ. Ï„ Muscula media the utter propagation of the branch Ï‚. distributed through the muscles of the coxa and the skin of the buttocks Ï… an inner propagation of the same branch Ï. which goeth unto the holes of the holy-bone φ the vein called Sacra which goeth unto the upper holes of the holy-bone χ ψ the vein Hypogastrica distributed to the bladder to the muscles of the fundament and the neck of the womb ω a vein arising from the utter branch marked with σ. which is joyned with some branches of the internal vein near the holes or perforations of the share-bone 31 a vein which when it is passed the share-bone distributeth one branch into the cup of the coxendix to the muscles of that place κ another small branch which runneth under the skin at the inside of the thigh χ. the congress or meeting of the fore-said vein with a branch marked with char 2. and distributed into the leg 1. the Epigastrick vein a propagation of the utter branch σ. perforating the Peritonaeum whereto as also the muscles of the Abdomen and the skin it offereth branches the chief branch of this vein is joyned with the descending mammary above the Navel at M. Δ Pudenda an inner propagation of the branch σ running overthwart unto the privities Θ Ï Saphaena or the ancle-vein or the inner branch of the crural trunk which creepeth through the inside of the leg under the skin unto the tops of the toes Λ the first interior propagation of the Saphaena offered to the groin Ξ the utter propagation thereof divided to the foreside or outside of the thigh Î . the second propagation of the Saphaena going to the first muscle of the leg Σ the third propagation of the Saphaena going to the skin of the whirle-bone and unto the ham φ the fourth propagation of the Saphaena dispersing his muscles forward and backward Ψ branches from this unto the foreside of the inward ankle to the upper part of the foot and to all the toes Ω Ischias minor called also Muscula interior the utter branch of the crural trunk diuided into the muscles of the coxendix and to the skin of that place 1 2. and this also may be called muscula 1 the exterior and lesser which passeth into some muscles of the leg 2 the interior greater and deeper unto the muscles of the thigh 3 4 the vein called Poplitea made of two crural veins divided under the knee 5. From this a surcle is reached upward unto the skin of the thigh 6 but the greater part runs
written that the Internal-muscles whether Intercostal or Intercartilaginei ascend from the upper-side of the lower rib forwards and backwards Muscles alwayes receive their nerves in their heads The Midriff The Muscles of the Loins They are three pair Triangulus But if this were true it would follow that these Muscles admitted their Nerves in their Tail and not in their Head seeing the Nerve alwayes goes under the Rib and not above it The last Muscle of the Chest that is the Diaphragma or Midriffe is sufficiently described before wherefore it remains we describe the Muscles of the Loins These are six in number on each side three equal in thickness strength and situation one of these bends and the other two extend the Loins it is called by reason of the figure the Triangulus or Triangular which bends the loins it ascends from a great part of the hind-side of the hanch-bone into the transverse processes of the loins and the last of the chest on the inside for which cause it is made of fibers short long and indifferent answering to the nearness or distance of the said processes The first of the extenders is called Semispinatus Semi-spinatus because even to the middle of its body it takes the original from the Spines of the Holy-bones and Loins this with its oblique fibers ascends from all the said Spines to the transverse processes Sacer. as well of the loins as chest The other is called Sacer the Holy-muscle because it takes its orignial from the Holy-bone or the sides thereof it ascends with its oblique fibers to the Spines of the Loins and of the eleven lower Rack-bones of the Chest CHAP. XIX Of the Muscles of the Shoulder-blade NOw we must describe the Muscles of the extreme parts and first of the Arm taking our beginning from those of the Shoulder-blade But first that we may the better understand their description we must observe the nature and condition of the Shoulder-blade Therefore the Blade-bone on that part which lies next unto the Ribs is somewhat hollowed The description of the blade-bone or Shoulder-blade wherefore on the other side it somewhat bunches out It hath two Ribs one above another below by the upper is meant nothing else than a border or right-line which looking towards the Temples is extended from the exterior angle thereof under the Collar-bone even to the Process Coracoides which this Rib produces in the end thereof By the lower the underside which lies towards the Lower-belly and the Short-ribs Besides in this Shoulder-blade we observe the Basis Head and Spine The basis of the Blades By the basis we understand the broader part of the Shoulder-blade which looks towards the Back-bone By the Head we understand the narrower part thereof in which it receives the head of the Arm in a cavity The head of the Shoulder-blade inned ferently hollow which it produces both by it self as also by certain Gristles which there fast-encompass that cavity This kind of cavity is called Glene This receives and contains the Bone of the Arm by a certain strong Ligament encompassing and strengthening the Joynt which kind of Ligament is common to all other Joynts this Ligament arises from the bottom of the cavity of the Shoulder-blade and circularly encompasses the whole joynt fastning it self to the head of the Arm there are also other Ligaments beside this which encompass and strengthen this articulation By the Spine is meant a process The Spine of the blade which rising by little and little upon the gibbous part of the blade from the basis thereof where it was low and deprest becomes higher until it ends in the Acromion or upper part thereof The processes Nature hath made two productions in this Bone that is to say the Acromion from the Spine Acromion and Coracoidesâ— The Muscles of the Shoulder-blade and the Coracoides from the upper side for the strengthening of the articulation of the Arm and Shoulder-blade that is lest the Arm should be easily strained upward or forwards besides it is fastned to the clavicle by the process Acromion The Muscles which move the Shoulder-blade are six in number of which four are proper and two common The first of the four proper seated in the fore-part ascends from the bones of five or six of the upper Ribs to the Coracoides which it draws forwards and is called Serratus minor Serratus minor i. e. the lesser Saw-muscle which that you may plainly shew it is fit you pull the pectoral Muscle from the the Collar-bone almost to the middle of the Sternon The other first opposite against it is placed on the fore-side and draws its original from the three lower Spines of the Neck and the three upper of the Chest from whence it extends it self and ends into all the gristly basis of the Shoulder-blade drawing it backwards It is called the Rhomboides The third from its action Rhomboides is called the Levator or the Heaver or lifter up seated in the upper-part Levator it descends from the transverse processes of the four first Vertebrae of the Neck into the upper Angle and Spine of the blade The fourth called Trapezius or the Table-muscle is seated in the back-part Trapezius and is membranous at the original but presently becomes fleshy it arises from almost all the back-part of the head from all the Spines of the Neck and the eight upper Vertebrae of the Chest and then is inserted by his nervous part almost into the whole basis of the blade extending it self above the Muscles thereof even to the midst of the Spine where being fleshy it is inserted even to the Acromion the upper part of the Clavicle and in some sort to the upper-rib This Muscle hath a threefold action by reason of its Triple original The first is to draw the Shoulder-blade towards its original that is to the Nowl and Spine of the Neck the other is to draw it towards the Back because of the contraction of the middle or transverse fibers which lead it directly thither and the other to draw it downwards by reason of the original it hath from the fifth sixth seventh and eighth Spine of the Vertebrae of the Chest But we must note that these divers actions are not performed by this Muscle by the assistance of one only Nerve but by more which come into it by the Spinal-marrow by the holes of the Vertebrae as well of the Neck as the Chest from whence it takes the original For the two other which are the common Muscles of the Blade and Arm or Shoulder we will describe them with the Muscles of the Shoulder or Arm for one of these which is called the Latissimus that is Latissimus the broadest ascends from the Holy-bone to the Shoulder-blade and Arm. The other named the Pectoralis comes from the Sternon and Collar-bone Pectoralis to the Shoulder-blade and Arm. CHAP. XX. The description of
there proceeds seven pair of Nerves the first of which proceeds from the Nowl-bone and the first Vertebra of the Neck as also of the first pair of the Back from the last Vertebra of the Neck and the first of the Chest But all these Nerves divided into two or more branches of the first pair that is to say on each side go the one to the small right Muscle ascending from the first Rack-bone of the Neck to the Nowl-bone the other to the long Muscle on the fore-side of the Neck The second pair The branches of the second pair are distributed some with a portion which they receive from the third pair over all the skin of the head the two others go as well to the Muscles which are from the second Vertebra to the back-part of the Head and from the same to the first Vertebrae as also to the long Muscle before-mentioned The third pair One of the third pair of sinews is communicated to the Head as we said before but others to the Muscles which extend or erect the Head and the Neck there is also one of these distributed into the neighbouring side-Muscle and part of the long The fourth pair The Nerves of the fourth pair go one to the Muscles as well of the Neck as the Head and to the broad Muscle the other after it hath sent some portion thereof into the long Muscle and the side Muscles of the Neck it descends with a portion of the fift and sixt pair to the Midriffe One of the branches of the fift pair is bestowed on the hind-Muscles of the Neck and Head The fift pair the other upon the Long-muscle and Midriffe the third is communicated to the Levatores or Heaving-Muscles of the Arm and Shoulder The sixt pair One of the Nerves of the sixt pair goes to the hind-muscles of the Neck and Head another to the Midriffe the third with a portion of the seventh pair of the Neck and of the first and second of the Chest go to the Arms and heaving-Muscles of the Shoulder-blade The seventh pair One of the branches of the seventh pair runs to the broad-Muscle and to the neighbouring Muscles both of the Neck and Head another encreased with a portion of the fift and sixt pair of the neck and a third joyned to the second and third pair of the Chest descending into the Arm go to the hand But you must note that the Muscles which take their Original from many Vertebrae whether from above downwards or from below upwards admit Nerves not only from the Vertebrae from whence they take their Original but also from them which they come neer in their descent or ascent The 12. pair of nerves of the chest There pass twelve Conjugations of Nerves from the Rack-bones of the Chest The first pair The first entring forth from between the last Rack-bone of the Neck and the first of the Chest is divided that is on each side each Nerve from his side into two or more portions as also all the rest Therefore the branches of this first Conjugation go some of them to the Arms as we said before others to the Muscles as well these of the Chest as others arising there or running that way The second pair The branches of the second Conjugation are distributed to the same parts that these of the first were The other pairs But the branches of all the other Conjugations even to the twelfth are communicated some to the intercostal Muscles running within under the true ribs even to the Sternon and under the Bastard-ribs even to the right and long Muscles and the costal Nerves of the sixt Conjugation are augmented by meeting these intercostal branches by the way as they descend by the roots of the Ribs Other particles of the said Nerves are communicated to the Muscles as well of the Chest as Spine as the same Muscles pass forth or run alongst by the Vertebrae from whence these Nerves have either their original or passage forth Having thus therefore shewed the original of the sinews of the Arm The nerves which are carryed to the arms it remains that we shew their number and distribution Their number is five or six proceeding from the fifth sixth and seventh Vertebra of the Neck and the first and second of the Chest The first of which not mixed with any other from the fifth Vertebra of the Neck goes to the muscle Deltoides and the skin which covers it The other four or five when they have mutually embraced each other not only from their first original but even to the shoulder where they free themselves from this convolution are distributed after the following manner The first and second descending to the Muscle mentioned a little before and thence sometimes even to the hand is by the way communicated to the Muscle Biceps and then under the said Muscle it meets and is joyned with the third Nerve Thirdly it is communicated with the longest Muscle of the cubit in the bending whereof it is divided into two branches descending alongst the two bones of the cubit until at last born up by the fleshy pannicle it is spent upon the skin and inner side of the hand The third lower than this is first united with the second under the Muscle Biceps and then straightway separated from it it sends a portion thereof to the Arm which lies under it and to the skin thereof lastly at the bending of the cubit on the fore-side it is mingled with the fift pair The fourth the largest of all the rest coming down below the third branch under the Biceps with the internal Axillary Vein and Artery is turned towards the outward and back-part of the Arm there to communicate it self to the Muscles extending the cubit and also to the inner skin of the Arm and the exterior of the cubit the remainder of this branch when in its discent it hath arrived at the joynt of the cubit below the bending thereof it is divided into two branches the one whereof descending alongst the cubit is spent on the outside of the wrist the other associating the wand is on the outside in like manner in two branches bestowed upon the thumb and in as many upon the fore-finger and by a fift upon the middle finger though more obscurely The fift branch being also lower than the rest sliding between the Muscles bending and extending the cubit when it comes behind the inner protuberation of the cubit in which place we said before the third branch meets with this it is communicated to the Internal Muscles of the same and then divided into three portions one of which on the outside alongst the middle of the cubit goes in two sprigs to the little finger and so many to the middle finger and one to the ring-finger the other two the one without and the other within the Ring go to the hand where after each of them hath bestowed what was
requisite on the Muscles of the hand they are wasted into other five small portions of which these which are from that portion which descends without the Ring send two sprigs to the little two to the fore and one to the middle finger but those which come from that which passes under the Ring by such a distribution communicates it self to other fingers as two sprigs to the thumb two to the fore and one to the middle-finger The sixth the lowest and last runs between the skin and fleshy pannicle by the inner protuberation of the Arm and then is spent upon the skin of the Cubit CHAP. XXV The description of the Bone of the Arm and the Muscles which move it BEcause we cannot perfectly demonstrate the original of the Muscles of the Arm especially of the two Arm-muscles not knowing the description of this Bone first therefore we will describe it then return to the original of the Muscles arising from thence The bone of the Arm is the greatest of all the bones in the body except the Thigh-bone it is round The greatness and figure hollow and filled with marrow with a great Appendix or Head on the top thereof having an indifferent Neck to which it is knit by Symphysis The Appendix of the Arm. for appendices are no otherwise united to their Bones In the lower part thereof it hath two processes or protuberations one on the fore-side The processes of the arm another on the hind between which swellings there is a cavity like to half the compass of a wheel about which the cubit is moved The extremities of this cavity ends in two holes of which one is the more external the other more internal these cavities receive the heads of the cubit that is the fore or internal receives the fore process when the arm is bended inwards but the external or hinder the exterior as it is extended For the head of the Arm it hath a double connexion the one with its own Neck by Symphysis that is a natural union of the bones without any motion the other with the lightly ingraven cavity of the Shoulder-blade which we call Glene by that kind of de-articulation which is called Arthrodia this connexion is made firm and stable by the Muscles descending into the Arm from the shoulder-blade as also by the proper ligaments descending from the circle and brow of the cavity of the Acromion and Coracoides to this head of the Arm this same head of the Arm is as it were more cleft and open on the inner side than on the fore-side that so it may give way to one of the ligaments coming from the Shoulder-blade to the Muscle Biceps Forasmuch as belongs to the lower end of the Bone of the Arm which we said hath two processes we may say that it is fastened to the bones of the cubit by two sorts of articulation that is by Ginglymos with the Ell or proper Bone of the cubit and by Arthrodia with the Radius or Wand which in a lightly engraved cavity receives the fore process of the Arm and is turned about it for the motion of the hand The hinder-process is chiefly added for the safety and preservation of the Veins Arteries and Nerves The figure of the Arm. These things thus shown it is worth our labour to know the figure of the Arm it self as it lies between the fore-mentioned appendices and processes that in the case of a fracture we may know how conveniently to restore it therefore first we must understand that this bone is somewhat bended and hollowed on the inside under the cleft of the head thereof but bunching out on the out and fore-side The 8 muscles thereof Wherefore seeing it must be moveable forwards and backwards upwards and downwards Nature for the performance of so many motions hath furnished it with eight Muscles which are six proper and two common with the Shoulder-blade Of which number two move it forwards two backwards two upwards two downwards Which must not be understood so as that these two Muscles should move it directly forwards inclining neither upwards nor downwards and the other two should move it so upwards as it should incline neither forward nor backwards but thus That it cannot be moved neither to this nor that part unless by the help and proper action of this or that Muscle Thus therefore if the pectoral with his associate perform their duty or action the Arm is alwayes moved forwards as it is lifted up by the action of the Deltoides and his companion and so of the rest Table 24. sheweth the Brain together with the After-brain the Spinal Marrow and the Nerves of the whole Body A That part of the brain that is next the nostrils B that part which is at the side of the ventricles C the back part of the brain D the Cerebellum or After-brain F the mamillary process in the right-sidâ— F the original of the Optick-nerve G their conjunctions H the Coat into which the Optick-nerve is extended I the second pair of the sinews of the brain K the lesser root of the third conjugation L the thick root of the same conjugation according to the common opinion M the fourth conjugation of the sinews N the lesser root of the fift pair O the bigger root of the same pair P the small membrane of the ear which they call the Tympany Q the lower branch of the bigger root of the fifth conjujugation S the sixth pair of sinews T the seventh pair V the beginning of the spinal marrow out of the middle of the basis of the brain X the right sinew of the midriffe cut off Y a branch from the fift pair creeping to the top of the shoulder Z the first nerve of the arm from whence there goeth a branch to the skin A the second nerve of the arm and a branch therefrom into the first muscle of the cubit B the third nerve of the arm and a branch going to the skin on the outside C a branch from the third nerve to the second muscle of the cubit D the congress or meeting of the second nerve with the third E a small branch from the third nerve to the second muscle of the Radius F the distribution of the second nerve into two branches * the lesser branch of this division lengthened out to the skin as far as the thumb a the place of the spinal marrow where it issueth out of the brain 1 2 3 c. Thirty pair of nerves arising from the spinal marrow are here noted by their Char. that is to say 7. of the neck 12. of the Chest 5. of the Loins and 6. of the holy-bone b the thicker branch of the second nerve divided into two parts c branches of the the third nerve sprinkled here and there d nerves from the third pair to the thumb the fore-finger and the middle-finger ee the fourth nerve of the arm f the passage hereof through the inside of the
shoulder g a tripartition of this branch where it toucheth the cubit hh a branch distributed from the fourth nerve to the outward skin of the cubit i the upper branch of the division of the fourth Nerve kk a branch of i reaching to the outside of the hand ll the lower branch of the division of the fourth nerve passing through the back-side of the cubit m the fifth nerve of the arm n branches of this nerve dispersed here and there oo a branch of the fifth nerve reaching to the inside of the hand and the fingers p a surcle of the branch o derived to the out-side of the hand and fingers qq the sixth nerve of the arm and the course thereof under the skin rr the intercostal nerves there cut off where they are together with the ribs reflected forward ss branches on each side running backward tt nerves attaining unto the chest uu the commixtion of the nerves rr with the descending branch of the sixt conjugation of the brain xx nerves from the loins led unto this place y a branch going to the testicle here cut off z a nerve reaching to the first muscle of the thigh c the first nerves of the leg αβ a surcle of the former nerve derived to the skin at α and inserted into the Muscles at β. γ the second nerve of the leg δδδ a nerve from the former allowed unto the skin as low as to the foot and passing along the inside of the leg â— a branch of the second nerve running unto the Muscles ζ the third nerve of the leg η a surcle thereof unto the skin θ another surcle unto the muscles ιι the fourth nerve of the leg ηη the anterior propagations of the nerves proceeding from the holy-bone λ the end of the spinal-marrow μ a branch from the fourth nerve inserted into the muscles arising from the Coxendix or hip-bone ν another branch going to the skin of the thigh on the back-side ξ a propagation derived to the fourth Muscle of the leg and to the skin of the knee οο nerves attaining to the heads of the muscles of the foot Ï€Ï the division of the fourth crural nerve into two trunks σ a branch from the trunk Ï€ dispersed into the outward skin of the leg Ï„ a surcle of the trunk Ï€ derived to the muscles Ï… another surcle to the skin of the leg on the fore-side φ a branch of the trunk Ï to the skin of the inside of the leg and of the foot χ a surcle of the trunk Ï to the hind-most skin of the leg ψ a branch of the whole trunk Ï led along to the forward part of the leg and the foot â— the descent of the trunk Ï into the foot But to come to the original and insertion of these Muscles The original and insertion of the pectoral muscle the one of these two which move the arm forwards called by reason of his original the Pectoral arising from more than half of the Collar-bone and almost all the Sternon and the 6 7 and 8. rib goes up and fastens it self to the Coracoides by a membrane or a membranous tendon sufficiently strong for which cause it is said to be common to the shoulder and arm and it goes into the arm between the Muscles Deltoides and Biceps with a strong tendon composed of fibers crossing each other of which some descend from the Collar-bone and the upper part of the Sternon others ascend from the lower original hereof that is from the 6 7 and 8 ribs and although the action of this Muscle be divers by reason of the diversity of its fibers arising from divers places yet alwayes it draws the arm forwards whether it be moved upwards downwards or to the brest the other which is his companion descends from the whole lip or brow of the simous or hollow part of the blade which it fills in the fore-part of the Arm near the Head thereof For the two Levatores or the lifters up of the Arm The Deltoides the first named Deltoides descends almost from half the clavicle the process Acromion and all the Spine of the Shoulder-blade into the fore-side of the Arm the bredth of four Fingers below the joynt It hath divers actions according to the diversity of the fibers as also every Muscle hath yet howsoever it is contracted whether by the fibers from the clavicle alone or by the Spinal alone or by both at once it alwayes lifts and heaves the arm upwards The other which is his Associate descends from the gibbous part of the Shoulder-blade The Epomis or Scapularis contained between the upper rib thereof and the Spine between the processes Acromion and Coracoides to the neck of the Arm and this we will call the the Epomis or Scapularis that is the Shoulder-muscle But the first and larger of the two Muscles which draw the Arm backwards arises from the greatest part of the utter lip of the gibbons part of the Shoulder-blade which is under the Spine thereof and lying upon the blade it self it goes into the hind-part of the Arm above the Neck thereof The other which is contiguous to it and his partner in working but lesser passes from the upper and exterior part of the lower rib of the Shoulder-blade and thence as it were in some sort extending it self upon the gibbous part thereof neer unto that rib it goes into the Arm. This Muscle seems to be same with the former being fleshy without even above the top of the Shoulder One and the lesser of these two which draw downwards enters out from the streight line of the lower rib of the blade and goes into the lower part of the Arm about the Neck thereof The other called the Latissimus or broadest ascends from the Spines of the Holy-bone of the Loins and often also from the nine lower of the Chest by the lower corner of the Shoulder-blade into which is inserted by a membranous tendon as also it is into the inner part of the Arm neer unto the Neck by another strong tendon whereupon this Muscle is called a common Muscle of the Shoulder and Arm. But when this Muscle happens to be wounded the Arm cannot easily be stretched forth or lifted up CHAP. XXVI The description of the Bones of the Cubit and the Muscles moving them AFter these Muscles follow those which bend and extend the Cubit but because their insertion cannot be fitly demonstrated unless the bones of the cubit be first described therefore first of all we will delineate the bones themselves But verily lest this doubtful word cubit should cause obscurity first we must note that it hath a threefold signification for oft-times it is used for all that part of the hand which lies between the arm and wrist oft-times for the lower bone of this part What is meant by the Cubit sometimes for the upper part of this bone which is turned within the orb or cavity of the arm no otherwise than a
cord in the wheel of a Pulley and this is called the Olecranen What the Olecranum is Here truly we use this word cubit in the first signification Wherefore we say the Cubit is composed of two Bones the one of which we call the Radius or Wand or the lesser Focile of the Arm The two Bones of the Cubit the other we properly call the Cubit or Ell. These two Bones stick together at their ends being firmly bound together by strong ligaments but the middle-parts of them are a pretty way distant from each other and chiefly towards their lower ends for the better situation and passage of the Muscles and Vessels from the inner side to the Exterior as shall be shewed in fit place The Wand hath two Epiphyses or Appendices the one at the upper end the other at the lower The two Appendices of the Wand The upper is round and hollowed on the surface like a Bason it receives the fore process of the Bone of the Arm bound to the same by strong ligaments descending as well from that process of the Arm as the Olecranon into the circumjacent parts of this Appendix of the Wand The figure and site of the Wand This connexion is made for this use that we may turn our Hand upwards and downwards by the Cubit turned and twined about this process But the lower Appendix of this Wand is hollowed on the inside that so it might more commodiously receive the Bones of the Wrist but gibbous without that it might be safer now this Wand is softer and thicker at the lower end but lesser and harder above where on the inside it hath a swelling out whereby to receive the Muscle Biceps besides on the out-side of the middle thereof it is somewhat gibbous and round so to become more safe from the injuries of external bodies but it is hollowed or bended on the inside for the better taking and holding any thing in the Hand But that side which lies next to the Ell is flatted for the fitter original and seat of the Muscles lastly it is seated upon the bone of the Cubit or Ell just against the Thumb But the Ell or Bone of the Cubit properly and particularly so called The Appendices of the Bone of the Cubit hath in like manner two Appendices the one above the other beneath The upper which also is the greater is fitted to the Orb of the Arm in which it goes to and again for the extention and bending of the Arm no otherwise than a Rope runs in a Pulley but that it turns not absolutely and perfectly round which is caused by the two processes of unequal bigness the which are therefore stayed in the holes or cavities of the Bone of the Arm the greater process which we called Olecranon is letted by the exterior hole that so the extension of the Arm can be no further but the lesser process by the inner hole makes the bending thereof the less perfect The composure of these Bones is by Ginglymos and it is strengthned not only by common ligaments coming from the Muscles which move the Bones themselves but also by proper Ligaments descending from the processes of the Arm and the Lips of the holes and cavities standing about the Appendix of the Cubit The other lower and lesser Appendix is in some sort hollow on the inside for the fitter receiving the Bones of the Wrist but the outside is round and ends in a point The figure of the Cubit-bone or Ell. when it is called by the Greeks Styloides But now this Ell contrary in this to the Wand is thicker towards the Arm but slenderer towards the Wrist And besides in the thicker part thereof it is hollowed or bended towards the inside and in the same place is gibbous or bunching forth on the outside but it is round and straight unless on that side which lies next the Wand for the rest it is hollow and full of marrow like the Wand The site of the Radius or Wand is oblique but that of the Cubit or Ell is right that the Arm might be the better and more easily moved because the motion by which the Arm is extended and bended is according to a right-line but that by which the inside of the hand is turned upwards and downwards is performed obliquely and circularly Wherefore it was expedient that the Wand should be oblique and the Cubit streight for the Cubit-bone is appointed for to extend and bend the Arm but the Wand to perform the wheeling and turning about thereof and this is the cause that it was fitting there should be a different connexion of these Bones with the Arm. These things were fitting to be spoken concerning the nature of these Bones that in the cure of fractures we may work the more safely and happily taking indication from that which is agreeable to Nature wherefore now it remains that we come to the description of the Muscles which are seated in the Arm the Cubit-bone The Muscles moving the Cubit or Ell. These are four in number two extending it and two bending it The first of the benders is called Biceps by reason of its two heads the one whereof descends from the Coracoides The Biceps or two-headed Muscle the other from the lip of the cavity of the Shoulder-blade by the fissure or clift of the Head of the Bone of the Arm. These two Heads under the Neck of this Arm becoming fleshy are firmly united at the Belly and midst of the Arm and thus united are at the length implanted by a strong Tendon to the inner protuberation of the Wand The Brachiaeus The other is called the Brachiaeus by reason of the strait coherence thereof with the Bone of the Arm this fastened under the Biceps descends obliquely on the Back and upper part of the Bone of the Arm into the top of the Wand and the inner side of the Ell. The Longus But the first of the Extenders is called the Longus or long-Muscle this descends from the lower Rib of the Shoulder and cleaving to the Bone of the Arm goes thither fastned and as it were alwayes straitly joyned with his fellow-Muscle specially neer the Cubit whereof you shall presently hear The Brevis The other termed the Brevis or short Muscle being the companion of the Long descends on the hind-part of the Neck of the Bone of the Arm as it were growing to and lying under the former Long-Muscle so that making one common broad Tendon outwardly fleshy inwardly nervous they are inserted into the Olecranum so by mutual assistance to extend the Cubit CHAP. XXVII The Description of the Bones of the Wrist After-wrist and Fingers WE said before that the Hand taken more particularly and properly What the Hand properly so called is is divided into the Wrist After-wrist and Fingers and that the Hand in this signification is bounded by the ends of the Bones of the Cubit and Fingers All
inflammation of the brain and Meninges Galen wishes to wash besmear and anoint the head nose temples and ears with refrigerating and humecting things for these stupefie and make drowsie the brain and membranes thereof being more hot then they ought to be Medicines procuring sleep Wherefore for this purpose let the temples be anointed with Unguentum populeon or Unguentum Rosatum with a little Rose-vinegar or Oxycrate let a spunge moistned in the decoction of white or black Poppy-seed of the rinds of the roots of Mandrages of the Seeds of Henbane Lettuce Purslane Plantain Night-shade and the like He may also have a Broath or Barly-cream into which you may put an emulsion made of the Seeds of white Poppy The commodities of sleep or let him have a potion made with â„¥ i or â„¥ i ss of the syrup of Poppy with â„¥ ij of Lettuce-water Let the Patient use these things four hours after meat to procure sleep For sleep doth much help concoction it repairs the efflux of the triple substance caused by watching asswageth pain refresheth the weary mitigates anger and sorrow restores the depraved reason so that for these respects it is absolutely necessary that the Patient take his natural rest If the Patient shall be plethorick let the plenitude be lessened by bloud-letting purging and a slender diet according to the discretion of the Physitian who shall over-see the cure But we must take heed of strong purgations in these kinds of wounds especially at the beginning lest the feaver inflammation pain and other such like symptoms be increased by stirring up the humors Lib. 4. meth Phlebotomy according to Galen's opinion must not only be made respectively to the plenty of bloud but also agreeable to the greatness of the present disease or that which is to come to divert and draw back that humor which flows down by a way contrary to that which is impact in the part and which must be there evacuated or drawn to the next Wherefore for example if the right side of the head be wounded the Cephalick-vein of the right arm shall be opened unless a great Plethora or plenitude cause us to open the Basilica or Median yet if neither of them can be fitly opened the Basilica may be opened although the body be not plethorick The like course must be observed in wounds of the left side of the head for that is far better by reason of the straitness of the fibers than to draw bloud on the opposite side in performance whereof you must have diligent care of the strength of the Patient still feeling his pulse unless the Physitian be present to whose judgment you must then commit all that business For the pulse is in Galen's opinion the certainest shewer of the strength Lib. de cur per sanguinis miss Wherefore we must consider the changes and inequalities thereof for as soon as we find it to become lesser and more slow when the forehead begins to sweat a little when he feels a pain at his heart when he is taken with a desire to vomit or to go to stool or with yawning and when he shall change his colour and his lips look pale then you must stop the bloud as speedily as you can otherwise there will be danger lest he pour forth his life together with his bloud Then he must be refreshed with bread steeped in wine and put into his mouth and by rubbing his temples and nostrils with strong vinegar and by lying upon his back But the part shall be eased freed from some portion of the impact and conjunct humor by gently scarifying the lips of the wound or applying of leeches But it shal be diverted by opening those veins which are nighest to the wounded part as the Vena puppis or that in the midst of the forehead or of the temples or those which are under the tongue besides also cupping-glasses shal also be applyed to the shoulder sometimes with scarification The use of Frictions sometimes without neither must strong long frictions with coarse clothes of all the whole body the head excepted be omitted during the whole time of the cure for these will be available though but for this that is to draw back and dissipate by insensible transpiration the vapours which otherwise would ascend into the head which matters certainly in a body that lyes still and wants both the use and benefit of accustomed exercise are much increased But it shall be made manifest by this following and notable example A History how powerful Bloud-letting is to lessen and mitigate the inflammation of the Brain or the membranes thereof in wounds of the head I was lately called into the suburbs of Saint German there to visit a young man twenty eight years old who lodged there in the house of John Martial at the sign of Saint Michael This young man was one of the houshold-servants of Master Doucador the steward of the Lady Admiral of Brion He fell down head-long upon the left Bregma upon a marble-pavement whence he received a contused wound without any fracture of the skull and being he was of a sanguine temperature by occasion of this wound a Feaver took him on the seventh day with a continual delirium and inflammation of phlegmonous tumor of the wounded Pericranium This same tumor possessing his whole head and neck by continuation and sympathy of the parts was grown to such a bigness that his visage was so much altered that his friends knew him not neither could he speak hear or swallow any thing but what was very liquid Which I observing although I knew that the day past which was the eighth day of his disease he had four sawcers of bloud taken from him by Germain Agace Barber-surgeon of the same Suburbs yet considering the integrity and constancy of the strength of the Patient I thought good to bleed him again wherefore I drew from him fourteen Saucers at that one time when I came to him the day after and saw that neither the Feaver nor any of the fore-mentioned symptoms were any whit remitted or asswaged I forthwith took from him four Saucers more which in all made two and twenty the day following when I had observed that the symptoms were no whit lessened I durst not presume by my own only advice to let him the fourth time bloud as I desired Wherefore I brought unto him that most famous Physitian Doctor Violene who assoon as he felt his pulse knowing by the vehemency thereof the strength of the Patient and moreover considering the greatness of the inflammation and tumor which offered it self to his sight he bid me presently take out my Lancet and open a vein But I lingered on set purpose and told him that he had already twenty two Saucers of bloud taken from him Then said he grant it be so and though more have been drawn yet must we not therefore desist from our enterprise especially seeing the two chief Indications
like things are often without contusion But are oft-times poysoned WOunds made by Arrows and Bolts shot out of Cross-bows and such like things differ chiefly in two things from those which are made by Gunshot The first is for that they are oft-times without contusion which the other never are The other is for that they oft-times are poysoned In both these respects their cure is different from the other But the cure of these wounds made by Arrows is different in it self by reason of the variety and divers sorts of Darts or Arrows CHAP. XVI Of the diversity of Arrows and Darts ARrows and Darts are different amongst themselves both in matter and in form or figure The differences of Arrows In matter in number making faculty or strength In matter for that some of them are of wood some of reeds some are blunt headed others have piles or heads of iron brass lead tin horn glass bone In figure for that some are round others cornered In sign some are sharp pointed The figure of divers sorts of Arrows some barbed with the barbs standing either to the point or shafts or else across or both ways but some are broad and cut like a Chissel For their bigness In bigness some are three foot long some less For their number In number they differ in that because some have one head others more In making But they vary in making for that some of them have the shaft put into the head others the head into the shaft some have their heads nailed to the shaft others not but have their heads so loosly set on that by gentle plucking the shaft In force they leave their heads behind them whence dangerous wounds proceed But they differ in force for that some hurt by their Iron only others besides that by poyson wherewith they are infected You may see the other various shapes represented to you in this Figure CHAP. XVII Of the difference of the wounded parts THe wounded parts are either fleshy or bony some are near the joints others seated upon the very joynts some are principal others serve them some are external others internal Now in wounds where deadly signs appear it 's fit you give an absolute judgement to that effect lest you make the Art to be scandalled by the ignorant You must not leave the weapon in the wound But it is an inhumane part and much digressing from Art to leave the Iron in the wound it is sometimes difficult to take it out yet a charitable and artificial work For it is much better to try a doubtful remedy than none at all CHAP. XVIII Of drawing forth Arrows YOu must in drawing forth Arrows shun Incisions and Dilacerations of veins and Arteries Nerves and Tendons The manner of drawing forth Arrows and such weapons For it is a shameful and bungling part to do more harm with your hand than the Iron hath done Now Arrows are drawn forth two wayes that is either by extraction or impulsion Now you must presently at the first dressing pull forth all strange bodies which that you may more easily and happily perform you shall set the Patient in the same posture as he stood when he received his wound and he must have also his Instruments in a readiness chiefly that which hath a slit pipe and toothed without into which there is put a sharp Iron style like the Gimblets we formerly mentioned for the taking forth of Bullets but that it hath no screw at the end but is larger and thicker so to widen the Pipe that so widened it may fill up the hole of the Arrows head whereinto the shaft was put and so bring it forth with it both out of the fleshy as also out of the bony parts if so be that the end of the shaft be not broken and left in the hole of the head That also is a fit Instrument for this purpose which opens the other end toothed on the outside by pressing together of the handle You shall find the Iron or head that lies hid by these signs there will be a certain roughness and inequality on that part if you feel it up and down with your hand the flesh there will be bruised livid or black and there is heaviness and pain felt by the Patient both there and in the wound A delineation of Instruments fit to draw forth the heads of Arrows and Darts which are left in the wounds without shafts A hooked Instrument fit for to draw forth strange bodies as pieces of Man and such other things as it can catch hold of which may also be used in Wounds made by Gunshot But if by chance either Arrows Darts or Lances or any winged head of any other weapon be run through and left sticking in any part of the body as the thigh with a portion of the shaft or staffe slivered in pieces or broken off then it is fit the Chirurgeon with his cutting Mullets should cut off the end of the staffe or shaft and then with his other Mullets pluck forth the head as you may see by this Figure CHAP. XIX How Arrows broken in a Wound may be drawn forth BUt if it chance that the weapon is so broken in the wound that it cannot be taken hold on by the formerly mentioned Mullets then must you draw or pluck it out with your Crane or Crows-bill When to draw forth the weapon on the contrary side and other formerly described Instruments But if the shaft be broken near the head so that you cannot take hold thereof with your Cranes-bill then you shall draw it forth with your Gimblet which we described before to draw forth Bullets for if such a Gimblet can be fastned in Bullets it may far better take hold of wood But if the head be barbed as usually the English Arrows are then if it may A Dilater hollowed on the inside with a Cranes-bill to take hold on the barbed head be conveniently done it will be very fitting to thrust them through the parts For if they should be drawn out the same way they went in there would be no small danger of breaking or tearing the Vessels and Nerves by these hooked barbes Wherefore it is better to make a section on the other side whither the head tended and so give it passage forth if it may be easily done for so the wound will be the more easily clensed and consolidated But on the contrary When by the same way it went in if the point tend to any bone or have many muscles or thick flesh against the head thereof as it happens sometimes in the Thighs Legs and Arms then you must not thrust the head through but rather draw it out the same way it came in dilating the wound with fit Instruments and by skill in Anatomy shunning the larger Nerves and Vessels Therefore for this purpose put a hollow Dilater into the wound and therewith take hold of both the barbs or wings of the
breasts groins testicles fundament hips thighs legs feet and toes For the parts of Bandages we tearm one part their body another their heads By the body we mean their due length and breadth Com. ad sect 22. sect 2. de offic chir but their ends whether they run long-wayes or a-cross we according to Galen tearm them their heads CHAP. II. Sheweth the Indications and general precepts of fitting of Bandages and Ligatures THere are in Hippocrates opinion two indications of fitting Bandages or Ligatures 1 2 sect lib. de fract the one whereof is taken from the part affected the other from the affect it self From the part affected so the leg if you at any time binde it up must be bound long-wayes for if you binde it over-thwart the binding will loosen as soon as the Patient begins to go and put forth his leg for then the muscles take upon them another figure On the contrary the Arm or Elbow must be bound up bending in and turned to the breast for otherwise at the first bending if it be bound when it is stretched forth the Ligature will be slacked for that as we formerly said the figure of the muscles is perverted Now for this indication let each one perswade himself thus much that the part must be bound up in that figure wherein we would have it remain Now for that Indication which is drawn from the disease if there be a hollow Ulcer sinuous and cuniculous We must alwayes begin our ligatures at the bottom of a sinus casting forth great store of Sanies then must you begin the ligature and binding from the bottom of the sinus and end at the orifice of the Ulcer and this Precept must you alwayes observe whether the sinus be sealed in the top bottom middle or sides of the Ulcer For thus the filth therein contained shall be emptied and cast forth and the lips of the Ulcer too far separated shall be joined together otherwise the contained filth will eat into all that lyes neer it increase the Ulcer and make it uncurable by rotting the bones which lye under it with this acrid sanies or filth But some Ligatures are remedies of themselves as those which perform their duties of themselves and whereto the cure is committed as are these which restore their native unity those parts which are disjoyned others are not used for their own sakes but only to serve to hold fast such medicins as have a curative faculty This kind of Ligature is either yet a doing Hip. cent 4. Sect. 2. offic Initio 2. sect off and is termed by Hippocrates Deligatio operans or else done and finished and is called Deligatio operata For the first that the Ligature may be well made it is fit that it be close rowled together and besides that the Surgeon hold it stiffe and strait in his hand and not carelesly for so he shall binde up the member the better Also he must in the binding observe that the ends of the Rowler and consequently their fastning may not fall to be on the affected or grieved part for it is better that they come above or below or else on the side Besides also he must have a special care that there be no knot tied upon the same place or upon the region of the back buttocks sides joints or back-part of the head or to conclude in any other part upon which the Patient uses to lean rest or lye Also on that part where we intend to sow or fasten the Rowlers you must double in their ends that so the fastning or suture may be the stronger otherwise how close soever they shall be wrapped or rowled about the member Ligatures must not be only lightly but also neatly performed yet will they not remain firm especially if they be of a great breadth For the second kind of Ligature to wit that which is already done and finished the Surgeon the performer thereof must consider to what end it was done and whether he hath performed it well and fitly as also neatly and elegantly to the satisfaction both of himself and the beholders For it is the part of a skilfull Workman every where handsomely and rightly to perform that which may so be done In fractures and luxations and all dislocations of bones as also in wounds and contusions you must begin your bandage with two or three windings or wraps about upon the place and that if you can more straitly than in other places that so the set bones may be the better kept in their places and that the humors if any be already fallen thither may by this strait compression be pressed forth as also to hinder and prevent the entrance in of any other which may be ready to fall down But in fractures as those which never happen without contusion the blood flowes and is pressed forth of its proper vessels as those which are violently battered and torn which causes sugillation in the neighbouring flesh which first looks red but afterwards black and blew by reason of the corruption of the blood poured forth under the skin Wherefore after these first windings which I formerly mentioned you must continue your rowling a great way from the broken or luxated part he which does otherwise will more and more draw the blood and humors into the affected part Gal. com ad sent 25. sect 1. lib. de fract and cause Impostumes and other malign accidents Now the blood which flowes goes but one way downwards but that which is pressed is carryed as it were in two paths to wit from above downwards and from below upwards Yet you must have a care that you rather drive it back into the body and bowels then towards the extremities thereof as being parts which are uncapable of so much matter and not furnished with sufficient strength to suffer that burden which threatens to fall upon it without danger and the increase of preternatural accidents But when this mass and burden of humors is thrust back into the body it is then ruled and kept from doing harm by the strength and benefit of the faculties remaining in the bowels and the native heat CHAP. III. Of the three kinds of Bandages necessary in Fractures Sent. 24. sect 2. offic TWo sorts of Ligatures are principally necessary for the Surgeon according to Hippocrates by which the bones as well broken as dislocated may be held firm when they are restored to their natural place Hypodesmides Of these some are called Hypodesmides that is Under-binders others Epidesmi that is Over-binders There are sometimes but two under-binders used but more commonly three The first must first of all be cast over the fracture and wrapped there some three or four times about then the Surgeon must mark and observe the figure of the fracture for as that shall be so must he vary the manner of his binding For the Ligature must be drawn strait upon the side opposite to that whereto the
broken or severed from their periosteum shall be smoothed and set in order with your fingers as is fitting Other things shall be done according as art and necessity shall perswade and require CHAP. XVII Of a Fracture of the Shoulder or Arm-bone THe Arm-bone is round hollow full of marrow rising up with an indifferent neck The description of the arm or shoulder-bone and ending on the upper part into somewhat a thick head On the lower part it hath two processes the one before the other behinde between which there is as it were an half-circle or the cavity of a pulley each end whereof leads into its cavity of which one is interior another exterior that by these as it were hollow stops the bending and extension of the arm might be limited lest that the bone of the cubit if the circle should have been perfect sliding equally this way and that way might by its turning have gone quite round as a rope runs in a pulley which thing would much have confused the motion of the cubit For so the extension or bending it back would have been equal to the necessary bending it inwards It is very expedient that a Surgeon know these things that so he may the better know how to restore the fractures and luxations of this part The cure If one of the fragments of this broken bone shall lye much over the other and the Patient have a good strong body then the arm shall be much extended the Patient being so set upon a low seat that he may not rise when the fracture shall be a setting and so hinder the begun work and also that so the Surgeon may the more easily perform his operation upon the Patient seated under him yet Hippocrates regarding another thing would have the Patient to sit higher But you must have a care that the shoulder-bone it self be drawn directly downwards and the cubit so bended as when you put it into a scarf For if any one set this bone lifting the arm upwards or otherwise extending it then must it be kept in that posture for otherwise if the figure be changed the setting will quickly be spoiled when as you come to put the arm in a scarf Wherefore the Surgeon must diligently and carefully observe How the arm must be placed when the bone is set Sect. 3. offic sect 1. de fract that in setting a broken arm he put it in such a posture that resting on the breast it look down towards the girdle You must have a care in laying the splints and rowling your ligatures that they hurt not nor press too hard upon the joints For in the opinion of Hippocrates by the pressure of parts which are nervous fleshless and consequently endued with exquisite sense by the splints there is danger of most grievous pain inflammation denudation both of the bone and nerve but chiefly if such compression hurt the inner part towards which the arm is bended wherefore the splints made for this place must be the shorter Therefore after the arm-bone is set the arm shall be laid upon the breast in a right angle and there bound up in a scarf lest that the Patient when he hath need to stir spoil and undo the setting and figure of the broken bone In what time it will knit But the arm must be kept in quiet untill such time as the fragments shall be confirmed with a Callus which usually is in forty dayes sooner or later according to the different constitutions of bodies CHAP. XVII Of the Fracture of the Cubit or the Ell and Wand The differences IT sometimes happeneth that the cubit and wand are broken together and at once and otherwhiles that but the one of them is fractured Now they are broken either in their midst or ends their ends I say which are either towards the elbow or else towards the wrist That fracture is worst of all wherein both the bones are broken for then the member is made wholly impotent to perform any sort of action and the cure is also more difficult for the member cannot so easily be contained in its state for that bone which remains whole serves for a stay to the arm and hinders the muscles from being drawn back which usually draw back and shrink up themselves whensoever both bones are broken Hence it is that that fracture is judged the worst The cure wherein the cubit or ell-bone is broken But that is easiest of all wherein only the wand is broken for so the fractured part is sustained by the ell-bone when both the bones are broken there must be made a stronger extension for that the muscles are the more contracted Therefore whensoever either of them remains whole it doth more service in sustaining the other then any either ligatures or splints for that it keeps the muscles right in their places Wherefore after the bones shall be set and rowled up with ligatures and splints the arm must be so carryed up in a scarf put about the neck that the hand may not be much higher than the elbow lest the blood and other humours may fall down thereinto But the hand shall be set in that posture which is between prone and supine for so the wand shall lye directly under the ell Sent. 3. sect 1. de fract as we have read it observed by Hippocrates The reason is for that by a supine figure or situation both the bone and muscles are perverted for first for the bone the Apophysis styloides and Olecranum of the cubit ought to be in an equal plain and to be seated each against other which is not so in a supine figure as wherein the Processus styloides of the cubit is set against the inner process of the arm-bone But in muscles for that like as the insertion and site of the head of a muscle is such also is the site of the belly thereof and lastly such the insertion of the tail thereof but by a supine figure the muscles arising from the inner process of the arm-bone and bending the cubit shall have the tail placed in an higher and more exteriour site In the interim you must not omit but that the Patients arm The figure of a fractured Arm with a wound bound up and seated as is fit may with as little pain as possible you can be bended and extended now and then lest by the too long rest of the tyed up part and the intermission of its proper function the bones of the joint may be sowdred together by the interposition and as it were glue of the defluxion which falls abundantly into the joint of the elbow and neighbouring parts whence the stifness unmoveableness thereof as if there were a Callus grown there from whence it may happen that the arm thereafter may neither be bended nor extended which I have observed to have happened to many Com. in lib. de art Whereof also Galen makes mention and calls this kind of vitiated conformation Ancyle
bone But you shall find very few who will suffer such strait ligation so long though it be never so necessary Verily this kind of luxation is hard to be known but far more difficult to be healed I have known many Surgeons deceived who have taken the luxation of the collar bone for the dislocation of the top of the shoulder For then the Epomis or top of the shoulder swels and the place from whence the collar bone is flown is depressed with a manifest cavity with vehement pain inflamation and impotency of lifting up or otherwise moving the arm or performing other actions which are done by the help of the shoulder Certainly if this bone when it is dislocated be not set the Patient shall be lame during his life so that he shall not be able neither to put his hand to his head nor mouth CHAP. XII Of the luxation of the Spine or Back bone THe back bone consists of many bony vertebrae An anatomical description of the Spine like rowls or wheels mutually joynted or knit together by their smoothness and circular form conspiring to an aptness of moving or bending forwards For if it should consist of one bone we should stand continually with the trunk of our bodies immoveable as thrust through with a stake The vertebrae have a hole passing through the midst of them whereby the marrow passing this way out â—â—om the brain as by a pipe may serve for the generation of the sensitive and motive nerves and their distribution into all parts beneath the head For which purpose it is perforated with many holes on the sides through each whereof certain conjugations of the nerves pass forth into the rest of the body and veins and arteries pass in for the propagation of nourishment and life The whole exteriour face of the Spine is rough The variety of the processes of the Spine and as it were armed with four sorts of apophyses or processes whereof some stand up others down some direct others transverse Wherefore from these thorny and sharp processes the whole hath acquired the name of the Spina The vertebrae the further from the neck they are the greater they grow so that those which are the lowest are the largest for it is agreeable to reason that that which bears should be greater then that which is born Hence we see that the holy bone is placed under the rest as a foundation The side processes of the rack bones of the chest Gal. cap. 7. lib. 13. de usu partium besides the benefit of defending the spinal marrow shut up therein from external injuries have also another which is they firm and fasten the bones of the ribs by a strong tye There lies a gristle and a tough and as it were albuminous humour between the vertebrae which makes them as also all the other joints of the body slippery and fit for motion the spine is flexible with notable agility forwards only but not backwards for that so there would be continual danger of breaking the hollow ascendent vein and the great descending artery running thereunder Therefore the dearticulations of the vertebrae mutually strengthened with strong ligaments do look more backwards I have thought good to premise these things of the nature of the spine before I come to dislocations happening thereto I willingly omit divers other things which are most copiously delivered by Galen Lib. 13. de usu partium content only to add thus much that there is nothing to be sound in the whole structure of mans bones which more clearly manifests the industry of Gods great workmanship than this composure of the spine and the vertebrae thereof CHAP. XIII Of the dislocation of the head The connexion of the head with the first Rack bone of the neck Prognosticks THe head stands upon the neck knit by dearticulation to the first vertebra thereof by the interposition of two processes which arise from the basis thereof near the hole through which the marrow of the brain passes down into the back bone and they are received by fit cavities hollowed in this first vertebra These processes sometimes fall out of their cavities and cause a dislocation behind whereby the spinal marrow is too violently and hard compressed bruised and extended the chin is fastned to the brest and the Patient can neither drink nor speak wherefore death speedily follows upon this kind of luxation not through any fault of the Surgeon but by the greatness of the disease refusing all cure CHAP. XIV Of the dislocation of the vertebrae or rack bones of the neck The danger hereof THe other vertebrae of the neck may be both dislocated and strained Dislocation verily unless it be speedily helped brings sudden death for by this means the spinal marrow is presently opprest at the very original thereof and the nerves therehence arising suffer also together therewith and principally those which serve for respiration whereby it cometh to pass that the animal spirit cannot come and disperse it self into the rest of the body lying thereunder hence proceed sudden inflamation the squinsie and a difficulty or rather a defect of breathing But a strain or incompleat luxation brings not the like calamity by this the vertebrae Signs and symptoms of their subluxation The cure a little moved out of their seats are turned a little to the hind or fore-part then the neck is wrested aside the face looks black and there is difficulty of speaking and breathing Such whether dislocation or strain is thus restored The Patient must be set upon a low seat and then one must lean and lie with his whole weight upon his shoulders and the mean while the Surgeon must take the Patients head about his ears betwixt his hands and so shake and move it to every part until the vertebra be restored to its place Signs of their restitution We may know it is set by the sudden ceasing of the pain which before grievously afflicted the Patient and by the free turning and moving his head and neck every way After the restoring it the head must be inclined to the part opposite to the Luxation and the neck must be bound up about the dearticulation of the shoulder but yet so that the ligature be not too strait lest by pressing the weazon and gullet it straiten the passages of breathing and swallowing CHAP. XV. Of the dislocated vertebrae of the Back Differences and signs THe Rack bones of the back may be dislocated inwards outwards to the right side and to the left We know they are dislocated inwards when as they leave a depressed cavity in the spine outwardly when they make a bunch on the back and we know they are luxated to the right or left side Causes when as they obliquely bunch forth to this or that side The vertebrae are dislocated by a cause either internal or external as is common to all other Luxations the internal is either the defluxion of humours
subject to generate this internal cause of defluxion If external occasions shall concur with these internal causes The error of Nurses in binding and lacing of Children the vertebrae will sooner be dislocated Thus Nurses whilest they too straitly lace the breasts and sides of girles so to make them slender cause the breast-bone to cast its self in forwards or backwards or else the one shoulder to be bigger or fuller the other more spare and lean The same error is committed if they lay children more frequently and long upon their sides than upon their backs or if taking them up when they wake they take them only by the feet or legs and never put their other hand under their backs never so much as thinking that children grow most towards their heads CHAP. XVIII Prognosticks of the Dislocated Vertebrae of the back IF in Infancy it happen that the vertebrae of the back shall be dislocated the ribs will grow little or nothing in breadth but run outwards before therefore the chest loseth its natural latitude Hipp. sent 6. sect 3. de art and stands out with a sharp point Hence they become asthmatick the lungs and muscles which serve for breathing being pressed together and straitned and that they may the easilier breathe they are forced to hold up their heads whence also they seem to have great throats Now because the Weazon being thus pressed the breath is carryed through a strait passage therefore they whease as they breathe and short in their sleep for that their lungs which receive and send forth the breath or air be of less bigness besides also they are subject to great distillations upon their lungs whereby it cometh to pass that they are shorter lived But such as are bunch-backed below the midriffe are incident to diseases of the kidneys and bladder and have smaller and slenderer thighs and legs and they more slowly and sparingly cast forth hair and have beards to conclude they are less fruitfull and more subject to barrenness than such as have their crookedness above their midriffe The Bunches which proceed from external causes are oft-times curable but such as have their original from an inward cause are absolutely uncurable unless they be withstood at the first with great care and industry Wherefore such as have it by kinde Why when the spine is luxated the parts belonging to the chest are nourished and grow the less never are helped Such as whilest they are yet children before their bodies be come to perfect growth have their spine crooked and bunching out their bodies use not to grow at the spine but their legs and arms come to their perfect and full growth yet the parts belonging to their breasts and back become more slender Neither is it any wonder for seeing the veins arteries and nerves are not in their places the spirits do neither freely nor the alimentary juices plenteously flow by these straitened passages whence leanness must needs ensue but the limbs shall thence have no wrong for that not the whole body but the neighbouring parts only are infected with the contagion of this evil When divers vertebrae following each other in order are together and at one time dislocated the dislocation is less dangerous Why the luxation of one vertebra is more dangerous than of many than if one alone were luxated For when one only vertebra is dislocated it carries the spinal marrow so away with it that it forces it almost into a sharp angle wherefore being more straitly pressed it must necessarily be either broken or hurt which is absolutely deadly for that it is the brains substitute But when divers vertebrae are dislocated at once it must of necessity be forced only into an obtuse angle or rather a semicircle by which compression it certainly suffers but not so as that death must necessarily ensue thereon Hereto may seem to belong that which is pronounced by Hippocrates Sent. 51. sect 3. lib. de art a circular moving of the vertebrae out of their places is less dangerous than an angular CHAP. XIX Of the dislocation of the Rump The signs THe rump oft-times is after a sort dislocated inwards by a violent fall upon the buttocks or a great blow in this affect the Patient cannot bring his heel to his buttocks neither unless with much force bend his knee Going to stool is painfull to him neither can he sit unless in a hollow chair The cure That this as it were dislocation may be restored you must thrust your finger in by the Fundament even to the place affected as we have said in a fracture then must you strongly raise up the bone and with your other hand at the same time join it rightly on the outside with the neighbouring parts Lastly it must be strengthened with the formerly mentioned remedies and kept in its place Now it will be recovered about the twentieth day after it is set During all which time the Patient must not go to stool unless sitting upon a hollow seat lest the bone as yet scarce well recovered should fall again out of its place CHAP. XX. Of the luxation of the ribs THe ribs may by a great and brusing stroak be dislocated Causes and fall from the vertebra whereto they are articulated and they may be driven inwards or sideways Of which kind of luxation though there be no particular mention made by the Ancients yet they confess that all the bones may fall or be removed from their seats or cavities wherein they are received and articulated The sign of a rib dislocated and slipped on one side is a manifest inequality Signs which here makes a hollowness and there a bunching forth but it is a sign that it is driven in when as there is only a depressed cavity where it is knit and fastned to the vertebrae Such dislocations cause divers symptomes as difficulty of breathing the hurt rib hindring the free moving of the chest a painfulness in bowing down or lifting up the body occasioned by a pain counterfeiting a pleurisie the rising or puffing up of the musculous flesh about the rib by a mucous and flatulent humour there generated the reasons whereof we formerly mentioned in our Treatise of Fractures To withstand all these the dislocation must be forthwith restored Cure then the puffing up of the flesh must be helped Wherefore if the dislocated rib shall fall upon the upper side of the vertebra the Patient shall be set upright hanging by his arms upon the top of some high door or window then the head of the rib where it stands forth shall be pressed down until it be put into its cavity Again if the rib shall fall out upon the lower side of the vertebra it will be requisite that the Patient bend his face downwards setting his hands upon his knees then the dislocation may be restored by pressing or thrusting in the knot or bunch which stands forth Gal. com ad sent 3. sect 1.
lower end of the ligature which was fastned about the Patients arm above his elbow then put it so tied under one of the steps of the Ladder as low as he could and got astride thereupon and sate thereon with his whole weight and at the same instant made his wife to pluck the stool from under his feet which being done the bone presently came into its place as you may see by the following figure Another figure expressing the fourth manner of restoring a dislocated shoulder Another figure to the same purpose If you have never a Ladder you may use a piece of wood laid across upon two posts Also you may use a door as the other figure shews wherein you must observe a flat piece of wood or spatula with strings thereat whose use shall be shewn in the following Chapter CHAP. XXVII The sixth manner of restoring a shoulder luxated into the arm-pit Hippocrates his Glossâ—comium termed Ambi. To the former figures I have thought good to adde this which expresseth the manner of restoring a shoulder luxated into the arm-pit with a spatula after the manner of Hippocrates Hiipp sent 64. 4. de artic This spatula fastned with an Iron pin to the standing frame may be turned lifted up and pressed down at your pleasure A. shewes the wooden spatula B. the frame or standing posts The figure of an Ambi fitted to a dislocated Shoulder There are other additions to this Ambi whose figure I now exhibited to your view by the invention of Nicholas Picart the Duke of Lorrain's Surgeon the use and knowledge whereof bestowed upon me by the inventor himself I would not envy the studious Reader Another figure of an Ambi with the edditaments AA Shews the two ears as it were stâ—ps mâ—de to hold and kâ—â—p in the top of the shouâ—der lest it sâ—ouâ—d sâ—â—p out when it is put into the frame or sâ—pporter BB. The frame or supporter whereon the Ambi rests CC. The pin or axeltree which fastens the Ambi to the supporter DD. Screw-pins to fasten the foot of the supporter that it stir not in the operation EE The holes in the foot of the supporter whereby you may fasten the Screw-pins to the floor CHAP. XXVIII How to restore a Shoulder dislocated forwards IT is seldom that the shoulder is luxated towards the foreside yet there is nothing so stable and firm in our bodies which may not be violated by a violent assault so that those bones do also fall out of joint whose articulations are strengthned for the firmer connexion with fleshly nervous gristly and bony stayes or bars This you may perceive by this kind of dislocated shoulder strengthned as it were with a strong wall on every hand to wit the Acromium and the end of the collar-bone seeming to hinder it as also the great and strong muscles Epomis and Biceps Hippocrates shut up within the strait bounds of the lesser Asia never saw this kind of dislocation which was observed five times by Galen I profess I have seen it but once and that was in a certain Nun which weary of the Nunnery cast her self down out of a window Com. ad sent 2â— 23 sâ—ct 1. de articulis Signs and bore the fall and weight of her body upon her elbow so that her shoulder was dislocated forwards This kind of dislocation is known by the depravation of the conformation or figure of the member by the head of the shoulder wrested out towards the breast as also the Patient cannot bend his elbow It is restored by the same means as other luxations of other parts to wit Cure by strait holding extending and forcing in Therefore the Patient must be placed upon the ground with his face upwards and then you must extend the shoulder otherwise than you do when it is luxated into the arm-pit For when it falleth into the arm-hole it is first drawn forwards then forced upwards untill it be brought just against the cavity whereinto it must enter But in this kind of luxation because the top of the shoulder is in the foreparts of the dearticulation shut up with muscles opened both to the outer as also the inner part you must work to the contrary to wit to the hinde part But first of all you must place a servant at the back of the Patient who may draw back a strong and broad Bandage cast about the arm-pit such as is the Carchesius which consists of two contrary and continued strings lest that when the arm shall be extended the shoulder follow also you must put a clew of yarn to fill up the arm-pit Sent. 23. sect 1. de art Then must you extend the arm casting another ligature a little above the elbow and in the interim have a care that the head thereof fall not into the arm-pit which may be done both by putting the forementioned clew under the arm and drawing the head another way then must you permit by slacking your extension the joint freed from the encompassing muscles to be drawn and forced into its cavity by the muscles forcible recoiling as with an unanimous consent into themselves and their originals for thus it will easily be restored and such extension only is sufficient thereto CHAP. XXIX Of the Shoulder luxated outwardly THe dislocation also of the shoulder to the outward parts seldom happens but yet Signs if it may at any time happen the extension of the arm will be very difficult but yet more difficult towards the outward part than towards the inward there is a depressed cavity perceived towards the chest but externally a bunching forth to wit in that part from whence the head of the shoulder-bone is fled For the restoring hereof the Patient must be laid flat on his belly and the elbow must be forcibly drawn contrary to that whereto it is fled to wit The cure inwardly to the breast and also the standing forth head of the arm-bone must be forced into its cavity for thus it shall be easily restored But into what part soever the shoulder-bone is dislocated What to be done to hold in the shoulder after it is restored the arm must be extended and drawn directly downwards After the restitution fitting medicins shall be put about the joint Let there be somewhat put into the arm-pit which may fill it up and let compresses or boulsters be applyed to that part to which the luxated bone fell then all these things shall be strengthned and held fast with a strong and broad two headed ligature put under the arm-pit and so brought across upon the joint of the shoulder and thence carried unto the opposite arm-pit by so many windings as shall be judged requisite Then the arm must be put and carried in a scarf to right angles which figure must be observed not only in every luxation of the shoulder but in each fracture of the arm also for that it is less painfull and consequently such as the arm may stand the
may be given Clysters that provoke sleep must be used which may be thus prepared Take of Barly-water half a pirate oil of Violets and water-Lillies of each two ounces of the water of Plantain and Purslain or rather of their juice three ounces of Camphire seven grains and the whites of three eggs make thereof a Clyster The head must be fomented with Rose-vinegar the hair being first shaved away leaving a double cloth wet therein on the same and often renewed Sheeps-lungs taken warm out of the bodies may be applyed to the head as long as they are warm Cupping-glasses with and without scarification may be applied to the neck and shoulder-blades The arms and legs must be strongly bound being first well rubbed to divert the sharp vapors and humors from the head Frontals may also be made on this manner Take of the oil of Rose and water-Lillies of each two ounces of the oil of Poppy half an ounce of Opium one dram of Rose-vinegar one ounce of Camphire half a dram mix them together Also Nodulaes may be made of the flowers of Poppies Henbane water-Lillies Mandrags beaten in Rose-water with a little Vinegar and a little Camphire and let them be often applied to the nostrils for this purpose Cataplasms also may be laid to the forehead As Take of the mucilage of the seeds of Psilium id est Flea-wort and Quince-seeds extracted in Rose-water three ounces of Barly-meal four ounces of the powder of Rose-leaves the flowers of water-Lillies and Violets of each half an ounce of the seeds of Poppies and purslain of each two ounces A Cataplasm of the water and vinegar of Roses of each ounces make thereof a Cataplasm and apply it warm to the head Or take of the juice of Lettuce of water-Lillies Henbane purslain of each half a pinte of Rose-leaves in powder the seeds of Poppy of each half an ounce oil of Roses three ounces of vinegar two ounces of Barlie-meal as much as shall suffice make thereof a Cataplasm in the form of a liquid Pultis When the heat of the head is mitigated by these medicines and the inflamtion of the brain asswaged we must come unto digesting and resolving fomentations which may disperse the matter of the vapours But commonly in pain of the head they do use to binde the forehead and hinder part of the head very strongly which in this case must be avoided CHAP. XXVII Of the heat of the Kidneyes THe heat of the kidnies tempered by anointing with unguent refrigerans Galeni newly made adding thereto the whites of eggs well beaten that so the ointment may keep moist the longer let this liniment be renewed every quarter of an hour wiping away the reliques â—â—â—e old Or â„ž aq ros lb. ss succi plant â„¥ iv alb ovorum iv olei rosacei nenuph. an â„¥ ii An ointment for the reins acetires â„¥ iii. misce ad usum When you have annointed the part lay thereon the leaves of water-Lillies or the like old herbs and then presently thereupon a double linnen cloth dipped in oxycrate and wrung out again and often changed the patient shall not lie upon a fether-bed but on a quilt stuffed with the chaff of Oats or upon a Mat with many doubted cloaths or Chamlet spread thereon An ointment for the heart To the region of the heart may in the mean time he applied a refrigerating and alexiterial medicine as this which followeth â„ž ung rosat â„¥ iii. olei nonupharini â„¥ i. acet ros aq ros an â„¥ i. theriacae Ê’i croci Ê’ ss Of these melted and mixed otgether make a soft ointment which spred upon a scarlet cloth maybe applied to the region of the heart Or â„ž theriaca opt Ê’i ss The noise of dropping water draws on sleep succi citri acidi limonis an â„¥ ss coral rub sem rosar rub an Ê’ss camphurae croci an grain iii. let them be all mixed together and make an ointment or liniment At the head of the patient as he lies in his bed shall be set an Ewer or cock with a basin under it to receive the water which by the dropping may resemble rain Let the soles of the feet and palms of the hands be gently scratched and the patient lie far from noise and so at length he may fall to some rest CHAP. XXVIII Of the Eruptions and Spots which commonly are called by the name of Purples and Tokens THe skin in pestilent Fevers The differences of the spots in the Plague is marked and variegated in divers places with spots like unto the bitings of Fleas or Gnats which are not alwaies simple but many times arise in form like unto a grain of miller The more spots appear the better it is for the patient they are of divers colours according to the virulencie of the malignity and condition of the matter as red yellow brown violet or purple blew and black Their several names and the reasons of them And because for the most part they are of a purple colour therefore we call them purples Others call them Lenticulae because they have the colour and form of Lentiles They are also called Papiliones i. Butterflies because they do suddenly seize or fall upon divers regions of the body like unto winged Butterflies somtimes the face sometimes the arms and legs and sometimes all the whole body oftentimes they do not only affect the upper part of the skin but go deeper into the flesh When signs of death specially when they proceed matter that is gross and adust They do sometimes appear great and broad affecting the whole arm leg or face like unto an Erysipelas to conclude they are divers according to the variety of the humor that offends in quantity or quality If they are of a purple or black colour with often swounding and sink in suddenly without any manifest cause they fore-shew death The cause of the breaking out of those Spots is the working or heat of the blood by reason of the cruelty of the venom receieed or admitted They often arise at the beginning of a pestilent Fever many times before the breaking out of the Sore or Botch or Carbuncle and many times after but then they shew so great a corruption of the humors in the bodie that neither the sores nor carbuncles will suffice to receive them and therefore they appear as fore-runners of death Somtimes they break out alone without a botch or carbuncle which if they be red and have no evil symptoms joyned with them they are not went to prove deadly they appear for the most part on the third or fourth day of the disease and sometimeslater and sometimes they appear not before the patient be dead because the working or heat of the humours being the off-spring of putrefaction is not as yet restrained and ceased Why they sometimes appear after the death of the patient Wherefore then principally the putrid heat which is greatest a little
tree neither is it easie to be consumed or wasted for when the boughs or branches of trees are broken torn or cut away they live nevertheless and will grow again when they are set and grafted neither is there any seat for the heart rightly prepared in them from whence the hear must necessarily run and disperse it self continually into all the parts thereof But contrariwise the separated parts of more perfect living creatures as of men are incontinently deprived of life because they have their nourishment life sense and whole sustentation not of themselves by faculties flowing or comming unto them from some other parts neither are they governed by their own heat as plants but by a borrowed heat so that above or beside the natural faculty of the liver another vitall faculty cometh unto it from the heart Wherefore in stead of the Nose cut away or consumed it is requisite to substitute another made by art because that nature cannot supply that defect this Nose so artificially made must be of gold silver paper or linnen clothes glewed together it must be so coloured counterfeited and made both of fashion figure and bigness that it may as aptly as is possible resemble the natural Nose it must be bound or stayed with little threds or laces unto the hinder part of the head or the hat Also if there be any portion of the upper lip cut off with the nose you may shadow it with annexing some such thing that is wanting unto the nose and cover it with the hair on his upper lip that he may not want any thing that may adorn or beautifie the face Therefore I have thought it necessary to set down the figure or form of both these kinds The form of a nose artificially made both alone by it self and also with the upper-lip covered as it were with the hair of the beard A strange cure for a cut-off nose There was a Surgeon of Italy of late years which would restore or repair the portion of the nose that was cut away after this manner He first scarified the callous edges of the maimed noâ—e round about as is usually done in the cure of hare-lips then he made a gash or cavity in the muscle of the arm which is called Biceps as large as the greatness of the portion of the nose which was cut away did require and into that gash or cavity so made he would put that part of the nose so wounded and bind the patients head to his arm as if it were to a post so fast that it might remain firm stable and immoveable and not lean or bow any way and about forty daies after or at that time when he judged the flesh of the nose was perfectly apglutinated with the flesh of the arm he cut out as much of the flesh of the arm cleaving fast unto the nose as was sufficient to supply the defect of that which was lost and then he would make it even and bring it as by licking to the fashion and form of a nose as near as art would permit and in the mean while he did feed his patient with panadoes gellies and all such things as were easie to be swallowed and digested And he did this work of curing the place where the flesh was so cut out only with certain balms and agglutinative liquors An historie A younger brother of the family of St. Thean being weary of a silver-nose which being artificially made he had worn in the place of his nose that was cut off went to this Chirurgion into Italy and by the means of the sore-named practice he recovered a nose of flesh again to the great admiration of all those that knew him before This thing truly is possible to be done but it is very difficult both to the patient suffering and also to the Chyrurgion working For that the flesh that is taken out of the arm is not of the like temperature as the flesh of the nose is also the holes of the restored nose cannot be made as they were before CHAP. III. Of the placing of Teeth artificially made in stead of those that are lost or wanting IT oftentimes happeneth that the fore-teeth are moved broken or stricken out of their places by some violent blow which causeth deformity of the mouth and hinders plain pronunciation Therefore when the jaw is restored if it were luxated or fractured and the gums brought into their former hardness other teeth artificially made of bone or Ivory may be put in the place of those that are wanting and they must be joined one fast unto another and also so fastned unto the natural teeth adjoining Sect. 2 lib. de art senâ— 15. that are whole and this must chiefly be done with a thred of gold or silver or for want of either with a common thred of silk or flax as it is declared at large by Hippocrates and also described in this figure following The figure of Teeth bound or fastened together CHAP. IV. Of filling the hollowness of the Palat. MAny times it happeneth that a portion or part of the bone of the Palat The causes and hurt that ensues of the lost palat being broken with the shot of a gun or corroded by the virulency of the Lues Venerea falls away which makes the patients to whom this happeneth that they cannot pronounce their words distinctly but obscurely and snuffling therefore I have thought it a thing worthy the labor to shew the means how it may be helped by art It must be done by filling the cavity of the Palat with a plate of gold or silver a little bigger then the cavity it self is But it must be as thick as a French Crown and made like unto a dish in figure and on the upper side which shall be towards the brain a little sponge must bâ— fastened which when it is moistened with the moisture distilling from the brain will become more swoln and puffed up so that it will fill the concavity of the Palat that the artificial Palat cannot fall down but stand fast and firm as if it stood of it self This is the true figure of those instruments whose certain use I have observed not by once or twice but by manifold trials in the battel 's fought beyond the Alps. The figure of plates to fill or supply the defects of the Palat. The figure of another Plate of the Palate on whose upper side there is a button which may be turned when it is put into the place with a small Ravens bill like this whose figure is here expressed CHAP. V. How to heâ—â— such as cannot speak by reason of the loss of some part of the tongue A remedy found out by accident CHance gave place and authority to this remedy as to many other in our Art A certain man dwelling in a village named Yvoy le Chaestean being some twenty four miles from Bourges had a great piece of his tongue cut off by which occasion he
or in swallowing the milke What is to be observed in the milk We may judg of or know the nature and condition of milk by the quantity quality colour savor and taste when the quantity of the milk is so little that it wil not suffice to nourish the infant it cannot be good and laudable for it aâ—gueth some distemperature either of the whole body or at least of the dugs especially a hot and dry distemperature But when it superaboundeth and is more then the infant can spend it exhausteth the juice of the nurses body and when it cannot all be drawn out by the infant it clutteâ—eth and congealeth or corrupteth in the dugs Yet I would rather wish it to abound then to be defective for the superabounding quantity may be pressed out before the childe be set to the breast The laudable consistence of milk That milk that is of a mean consistence between thick and thin is esteemed to be the best For it betokeneth the strength and vigor of the faculty that ingendreth it in the breasts Therefore if one drop of the milk be laid on the nail of ones thumb being first made very clean and fair if the thumb be not moved and it run off the nail it signifieth that it is watery milk but if it sâ—â—ck to the nail although the end of the thumb be bowed downwards it sheweth that it is too gross and thick but if it remain on the nail so long as you hold it upright and fall from it when you hold it a little aside or downwards by little and little it sheweth it is very good milk And that which is exquisitely white is best of all For the milk is no other thing then blood made white Therefore if it be of any other colour it argueth a default in the blood so that if it be brown Why the milk ougâ—t to be very white it betokeneth melancholick blood if it be yellow it signifieth cholerick blood if it be wan and pale it betokeneth phlegmatick blood if it be somewhat red it argueth the weakness of the faculty that engendreth the milk It ought to be sweet fragrant and pleasant in smell for if it strike into the nostrils with a certain sharpness as for the most part the milke of women that have red hair and little freckles on their faces doth it prognosticates a hot and cholerick nature Why a woman that hath red hair or frecles on her face cannot be a good Nurse if with a certain sowerness it portendeth a cold and melancholick nature In taste it ought to be sweet and as it were sugered for the bitter saltish sharp and stiptick is nought And here I cannot but admire the providence of nature which hath caused the blood wherewith the childe should be nourished to be turned into milk which unless it were so who is he that would not turn his face from and abhor so grievous and terrible a spectacle of the childes mouth so imbrued and besmeared with blood what mother or Nurse would not be amazed at every moment with the fear of the blood so often shed out or sucked by the infant for his nourishment Moreover we should want two helps of sustentation that is to say Butter and Cheese Neither ought the childe to be permitted to suck within five or six daies after it is born both for the reason before alledged and also because he hath need of so much time to rest quiet and ease himself after the pains he hath sustained in his birth in the mean season the mother must have her breasts drawn by some maid that drinketh no wine or else she may suck or draw them her self with an artificiall instrument which I will describe hereafter That Nurse that hath born a man childe is to be preferred before another What that Nurse that hath born a man-childe is to be p eferred before another because her milk is the better concocted the heat of the male-childe doubling the mothers heat And moreover the women that are great with childe of a male-childe are better colored and in better strength and better able to do any thing all the time of their greatness which proveth the same and moreover the blood is more laudable and the milk better Furthermore it behoveth the Nurse to be brought on bed or to travail at her just and prefixed or natural time Why she cannot be a good Nurse whoâ—e childe was born befoâ—e the time for when the childe is born before his time of some inward cause it argueth that there is some default lurking and hidden in the body and humors thereof CHAP. XXII What diet the Nurse ought to use and in what situation she ought to place the infant in the Cradle BOth in eating drinking sleeping watching exercising and resting the Nurses diet must be divers according as the nature of the childe both in habit and temperature shall be as for example if the childe be altogether of a more hot blood the Nurse both in feeding and ordering herself ought to follow a cooling diet In general let her eat meats of good juice moderate in quantity and quality let her live in a pure and clear air let her abstain from all spices and all salted and spiced meats and all sharp things wine especially that which is not allayed or mixed with water and carnal copulation with a man let her avoid all perturbations of the minde but anger especially let her use moderate exercise Anger â—reatly hu teth the Nurse The exercise of the arms is best for the Nurse How the childe should be placed in the Cradâ—e unless it be the exercise of her armes and upper parts rather then the leggs and lower parts whereby the greater attraction of the blood that must be turned into milk may be made towards the dugs Let her place her childe so in the Cradle that his head may be higher then all the body that so the excremental humors may be the better sent from the brain unto the passages that are beneath it Let her swathe it so as the neck and all the back-bone may be strait and equal As long as the childe sucketh and is not fed with stronger meat it is better to lay him alway on his back then any other way for the back is as it were the keel in a ship the ground-work and foundation of all the whole body whereon the infant may safely and easily rest But if he lie oâ— the side it were danger left that the bones of the ribs being soft and tender not strong enough and united with stack bands should bow under the weight of the rest and so wax crooked whereby the infant might become crook-backed But when he beginneth to breed teeth and to be fed with more strong meat and also the bones and connexions of them begin to wax more firm and hard he must be laved one while on this side another while on that and now and then also on his
may note the same thing in bodies that are gangrenate for they cast forth many sharp vapors yet nevertheless they are swollen and puffed up Now so soon as the Chirurgian shall know that the childe is dead by all these fore-named signs he shall with all diligence endeavor to save the mother so speedily as he can and if the Physicians cannot prevail with potions baths fumigations sternutatories vomits and liniments appointed to expel the infant let him prepare himself to the work following but first let him consider the strength of the woman for if he perceive that she be weak and feeble by the smalness of her pulse The signs of a woman that is weak by her small seldom and cold breathing and by the altered and death-like color in her face by her cold sweats and by the coldness of the extreme parts let him abstain from the work and only affirm that she will die shortly contrariwise if her strength be yet good let him with all confidence and industry deliver her on this wise from the danger of death CHAP. XXVI Of the Chirurgical extractions of the childe from the womb either dead or alive After what sort the woman in travail must be placed when the child being dead in her womb must be drawn out THerefore first of all the air of the chamber must be made temperate and reduced unto a certain mediocrity so that it may neither be too hot nor too cold Then she must be aptly placed that is to say overthwart the bed-side with her buttocks somewhat high having a hard stuffed pillow or boulster under them so that she may be in a mean figure of situation neither sitting altogether upright nor altogether lying along on her back for so she may rest quietly and draw her breath with ease neither shall the ligaments of the womb be extended so as they would if she lay upright on her back her heels must be drawn up close to her buttocks and there bound with broad and soft linnen rowlers The rowler must first come about her neck How she must be bound and then cross-wise over her shoulders and so to the feet and there it must cross again and so be rowled about the legs thighs and then it must be brought up to the neck again and there made fast so that she may not be able to move her self even as one should be tied when he is to be cut of the stone But that she may not be wearied or lest that her body should yeeld or sink down as the Chirurgian draweth the body of the infant from her and so hinder the work let him cause her feet to be set against the side of the bed How the Chirurgian ought to prepare himself and his patient to the drawing out of the child from the womb How the infant that is dead in the womb must be turned bound and drawn out and then let some of the strong standers by hold her fast by the legs and shoulders Then that the air may not enter into the womb and that the work may be done with the more decency her privy parts and thighs must be covered with a warm double linnen cloth Then must the Chirurgian having his nails closely pared and his rings if he wear any drawn off his fingers and his arms naked bare and well annointed with oil gently draw the slaps of the neck of the womb asunder and then let him put his hand gently into the mouth of the womb having first made it gentle and slippery with much oil and when his hand is in let him finde out the form and situation of the childe whether it be one or two or whether it be a Mole or not And when he findeth that he commeth naturally with his head toward the mouth or orifice of the womb he must lift him up gently and so turn him that his feet may come forwards and when he hath brought his feet forwards he must draw one of them gently out at the neck of the womb and then he must bind it with some broad and soft or silken band a little above the heel with an indifferent flick knot and when he hath so bound it he must put it up again into the womb then he must put his hand in again and finde out the other foot and draw it also out of the womb and when it is out of the womb let him draw out the other again whereunto he had before tied the one end of the band and when he hath them both out let him joyn them both close together and so by little and little let him draw all the whole body from the womb Also other women or Midwives may help the endeavor of the Chirurgian by pressing the patients belly with their hands downwards as the infant goeth out and the woman her self by holding her breath and closeing her mouth and nostrils and by driving her breath downwards with great violence may very much help the expulâ—ion I wish him to put back the foot into the womb again after he hath tied it because if that he should permit it to remain in the neck of the womb it would hinder the entrance of his hand when he putteth it in to draw out the other But if there be two children in the womb at once let the Chirurgian take heed lest that he take not of either of them a leg for by drawing them so he shall profit nothing at all and yet exceedingly hurt the woman Therefore that he may not be so deceived when he hath drawn out one foot and tied it and put it up again let him with his hand follow the band wherewithall the foot is tied and so go unto the foot then to the groin of the childe and then from thence he may soon finde out the other foot of the same childe for if it should happen otherwise he might draw the legs and the thighs out but it would come no further neither is it meet that he should come out with his armes along by his sides or be drawn out on that sort but one of his armes must be stretched out above his head A caution to avâ—id strangling of the infant in drawing out the body and the other down by his side for otherwise the orifice of the womb when it were delivered of such a gross trunk as it would be when his body should be drawn out with his arms along by his sides would so shrink and draw it self when the body should come unto the neck only by the accord of nature requiring union that it would strangle and kill the infant so that it cannot be drawn therehence unless it be with a hook put under or fastned under his chin in his mouth or in the hollowness of his eye But if the infant lieth as if he would come with his hands forwards Why the child must not be drawn out with his hands forwards An history or if his hands be forth
gums by the comming forth of the teeth The signes of that pain is an unaccustomed burning or heat of the childes mouth The cause of the pain in breeding teeth The signs which may be perceived by the nurse that giveth it suck a swelling of the gumbs and cheeks and the childes being more way-ward and crying then it was wont and it will put its fingers to its mouth and it will â—ub them on its gums as though it were about to scratch and it slavereth much That the Physiaian may remedy this he must cure the nurse as if she had the fever and she must not suffer the childe to suck so often The cure but make him cool and moist when he thirsteth by giving him at certain times syrupus Alexandrinus syrup de limonibus or the syrup of pomgranats with boyled water yet the childe must not hold those things that are actually cold long in his mouth for such by binding the gums do in some sort stay the teeth that are newly comming forth but things that lenifie and mollifie are rather to be used that is to say such things as do by little and little relax the loose flesh of the gums and also asswage the pain Therefore the Nurse shall oftentimes rub the childes gums with her fingers annointed or besmeared with oil of sweet almonds fresh-butter honie sugar mucilage of the seeds of psilium or of the seeds of marsh-mallows extracted in the water of Pellitorie of the wall Some think that the brain of a hare or of a sucking pig roasted or sodden through a secret property are effectual for the same and on the outside shall be applyed a cataplasm of barlie-meal milk oil of roses and the yelks of eggs Also a stick of liquorice shaven and bruised and annointed with honie or any of the forenamed syrups and often rubbed in the mouth or on the gums is likewise profitable What power scratching of the gums hath to asswage the pain of them so is also any toy for the childe to play withall wherein a wolves tooth is set for this by scratching doth asswage the painfull itching raryfie the gums and in some weareth them that the teeth appear the sooner But manie times it happeneth that all these and such like medicines profit nothing at all by reason of the contumacy of the gums by hardness or the weakness of the childes nature therefore in such a case before the fore named mortal accidents come I would perswade the Chirurgian to open â—he gums in such places as the teeth bunch out with a little swelling with a knife or lancet so breaking and opening a way for them notwithstanding that a little flux of blood will follow by the tention of the gums of which kinde of remedy I have with prosperous and happy success made tryal in some of mine own children in the presence of Feureus Altinus and Cortinus Doctors of Physick and Cuillemeau the Kings Chirurgian which is much better and more safe then to do as some nurses do who taught only by the instinct of nature with their nails and scratching break and tear or rent the childrens gums An historie The Duke of Neves had a son of eight moneths old which died of late and when we with the Physicians that were present diligently sought for the cause of his death we could impute it unto nothing else then to the contumacious hardness of the gums which was greater then was convenient for a childe of that age for therefore the teeth could not break forth not make a passage for themselves to come forth of which our judgment this was the trial that when we cut his gums with a knife we found all his teeth appearing as it were in an arraie redie to come forth which if it had been done when he lived doubtless he might have been preserved The end of the twentie fourth Book THE FIVE and TWENTIETH BOOK Of Monsters and Prodigies THE PREFACE WEe call Monsters what things soever are brought forth contrary to the common decree and order of nature What a Monster is What a Prodigie is So we term that infant monstrous which is born with one arm alone or with two heads But we define Prodigies those things which happen contrary to the whole course of nature that is altogether differing and dissenting from nature as if a man should be delivered of a Snakeâ— or a Dog Of the first sort are thought all those in which any of those things which ought and are accustomed to be according to nature is wanting or doth abound is changed worn covered or deformed hurt or not put in his right place for sometimes some are born with more fingers then they should othersome but with one finger some with those parts divided which should be joyned others with those parts joined which should be divided some are born with the privities of both sexes male and female And Aristotle saw a Goat with a horn upon her knee No liveing creature was ever born which wanted the Heart but some have been seen wanting the spleen others with two spleens and some wanting one of the Reins Lib. 4 gen anim cap. 4. And none have been known to have wanted the whole Liver although some have been found that had it not perfect and whole and there have been those which wanted the Gall when by nature they should have had it and besides it hath been seen that the Liver contrary to his natural site hath lien on the left side and the Spleen on the right Some women also have had their privities closed not perforated the membranous obstacle which they call the Hymen hindering And men are sometimes born with their fundaments ears noses and the rest of the passages shut and accounted monstrous nature erring from its intended scope But to conclude those Monsters are thought to portend some ill which are much differing from their nature CHAP. I Of the causes of Monsters and first of those Monsters which appear for the glorie of God and the punishment of mens wickedness THere are reckoned up many causes of Monsters the first whereof is the glorie of God that his immense power may be manifest to those which are ignorant of it by the sending of those things which happen contrary to nature for thus our Saviour Christ answered the Disciples asking whether he or his parents had offended who being born blinde received his sight from him that neither he nor his parents had committed any fault so great but this so happened only that the glorie and majestie of God should be divulged by that miracle and such great works Another cause is that God may either punish mens wickedness or shew signs of punishment at hand because parents sometimes lie and join themselves together without law and measure or luxuriously and beastly or at such times as they ought to forbear by the command of God and the Church such monstrous horrid and unnatural births do happen The
brought to King Charls the ninth being then at Metz. * The shape of a monster found in an Egg. The effigies of a monstrous b Childe having two heads two arms and four legs In the year 1546. a woman at Paris in her sixth month of her account brought forth a b Childe having two heads two armes and four legs I dissecting the body of it found but one heart by which one may know it was but one infant For you may know this from Aristotle whether the monstrous birth be one or more joyned together by the principal part for if the body have but one heart it is but one if two it is double by the joyning together in the conception In the year 1569. a certain woman of Towers was delivered of * Twins joyned together with one head and naturally embracing each other Renatus Ciretus the famous Chirurgian of thoâ—e paâ—ts sent me their Sceleton The pâ—rtraiture of * Twins joined together with one head The effigies of two c Girls being twins jâ—ined together by their fore-heads Munster writes that in the village Bristan not far from Worms in the year 1495. he saw two c Girls perfect and entire in every part of their bodies but they had their foreheads so joined together that they could not be parted or severed by any art they lived together ten years then the one dying it was needful to separate the living from the dead but she did not long out-live her sister by reason of the malignity of the wound made in parting them asunder In the year of our Lord 1570. the twentieth of Julie at Paris in the street Gravilliers at the sign of the Bell these two infants weâ—e boâ—n differing in sex with that shape of body that you see here expressed in the figure They were baptized in the Church of St. Nicolas of the fâ—elds and named Ludâ—vicus and Ludâ—vica their father was a Mason his name was Peter Germane his surname Petit Dieu i. little-God his mothers name was Mathea Petronilla The shape of the infants lately born at Paris In the year 1572. in Pont de See near Anger 's a little town were born upon the tenth daie of Julie two girles perfect in their limbs but that they had out four fingerr a piece on their left hands they clave together in their fore parts from their breast to their navel which was but one as their heart also but one their liver was divided into four lobes they lived half an hour and were baptized The figure of two girls joined together in their breasts and belly The figure of a childe with two heads and the body as big as one of four moneths old Var. lect lib. 24. cap. â— Caelius Rhodiginus tells that in a town of his country called Sarzano Italie being troubled with civil Wars there was born a monster of unusual bigness for he had two heads having all his limbs answerable in greatness and tallness to a childe of four months old between his two heads which were both alike at the setting on of the shoulder it had a third hand put forth which did not exceed the ears in length for it was not all seen it was born the 5. of the Ides of March 1514. The figure of one with four legs and as manie arms Jovianus Pontanus tells in the year 1529. the ninth daie of Januarie there was a man childe born in Germanie having four arms and as many legs The figure of a man out of whose belly another head shewed it self In the year that Francis the first King of France entered into league with the Swisses there was born a monster in Germanie out the midst of whose bellie there stood a great head it came to mans age and his lower and as it were inserted head was nourished as much as the true and upper head The shape of two Monstrous Twins being but of one only Sex The shape of a monstrous Pig In the year 1572. the last day of February in the parish of Vinban in the way as you go from Carnuta to Paris in a small village called Bordes one called Cypriana Giranda the wife of James Merchant a husbandman brought forth this monster whose shape you see here delineated which lived until the Sunday following being but of one only sex which was the female In the year 1572. on Easter Munday at Metz in Lorain in the Inn whose signe is the Holie Ghost a Sow pigged a pig which had eight legs four ears and the head of a dog the hinder part from the belly downward was parted in two as in twins but the fore-parts grew into one it had two tongues in the mouth with four teeth in the upper jaw and as many in the lower The sex was not to be distinguished whether it were a Bore or Sow pig for there was one slit under the tail and the hinder parts were all rent and open The shape of this Monster as it is here set down was sent me by Borgesius the famous Physician of Metz. CHAP. III. Of women bringing many Children at one birth WOman is a creature bringing usually but one at a birth but there have been some who have brought forth two some three some four some five six or more at one birth Empedocles thought that the abundance of seed was the cause of such numerous births the Stoiks affirm the divers cells or partitions of the womb to be the cause 4 De gen anim c. p. 4. for the seed being variously parted into these partitions and the conception divided there are more children brought forth no otherwise then in rivers the water beating against the rocks is turned into divers circles or rounds But Aristotle saith there is no reason to think so for in women that parting of the womb into cells as in dogs and sows taketh no place for womens wombs have but one cavitie parted into two recesses the right and left nothing comming between except by chance distinguished by a certain line for often twins lie in the same side of the womb Aristotles opinion is that a woman cannot bring forth more then five children at one birth The maid of Augustus Cesar brought forth five at a birth and a short while after she and her children died In the year 1554. at Bearn in Switzerland the wife of Dr. John Gelenger brought forth five children at one birth three boyes and two girls Albucrasis affirms a woman to have been the mother of seven children at one birth and another who by some external injurie did abort brought forth fifteen perfectly shaped in all their parts Lib. 7. Cap 11. Cap 3. Plinie reports that it was extant in the writings of Physicians that twelve children were born at one birth and that there was another in Peloponnesus which four several times was delivered of five children at one birth and that the greater part of those children lived It is reported by Dalechampiâ—â— that Bonaventura the slave of one Savil a gentleman of
aside her womans habit was cloathed in mans and changing her name was called Emanuel who when he had got much wealth by many and great negotiations and commerce in India returned into his country and married a wife but Lusitanus saith he did not certainly know whether he had any children but that he was certain he remained alwaies beardless Anthony Loqueneux the Kings keeper or receiver of his rents of St. Quintain at Vermandois lately affirmed to me that he saw a man at Reimes at the Inn having the sign of the Swan the year 1560. who was taken for a woman until the fourteenth year of his age for then it happened as he played somewhat wantonly with a maid which lay in the same bed with him his members hitherto lying hid started forth and unfolded themselves which when his parents knew by help of the Ecclesiastick power they changed his name from Joan to John and put him in mans apparel Some years agone being in the train of King Charles the Ninth in the French Glass-house I was shewed a man called Germane Garnierus but by some Germane Maria because in former times when he was a woman he was called Marie he was of an indifferent stature and well set body with a thick and red beard he was taken for a giâ—l until the fifteenth year of his age because there was no sign of being a man seen in his body and for that amongst women he in like attire did those things which pertain to women in the fifteenth year of his age whilest he somewhat earnestly pursued hogs given into his charge to be kept who running into the corn he leaped violently over a ditch whereby it came to pass thar the stayes and foldings being broken his hidden members suddenly broke forth but not without pain going home he weeping complained to his mother that his guts came forth with which his mother amazed calling Physicians and Surgeons to counsel heard he was turned into a man therefore the whole business being brought to the Cardinal the Bishop of Lenuncure an assembly being called he received the name and habite of a man Pliny reports that the son of Cassinus of a girl became a boy living with his parents but by the command of the Sooth-sayers he was carried into a desert Isle because they thought such monsters did alwaies shew or portend some monstrous thing Certainly women have so many and like parts lying in their womb as men having hanging forth only a strong and lively heat seems to be wanting which may drive forth that which lies hid within therefore in process of time the heat being increased and flourishing and the humidity which is predominant in childehood overcome it is not impossible that the virile members which hitherto sluggish by defect of heat lay hid may be put forth especially if to that strength of the growing heat some vehemenâ— concussion or jactation of the body be joyned Therefore I think it manifest by these experiments and reasons that it is not fabulous that some women have been changed into men but you shall finde in no history men that have degenerated into women for nature alwaies intends and goes from the imperfect to the more perfect but not basely from the more perfect to the imperfect CHAP. VI. Of Monsters caused by the defect of Seed IF on the contrary the seed be any thing deficient in quantity for the conformation of the infants or infants some one or more members will be wanting or more short and decrepite Hereupon it happens that nature intending twins a childe is born with two heads and but one arm or altogether lame in the rest of his limbs The effigies of a monstrous childe by reason of the defect of the matter of seed Anno Dom. 1573. I saw at Saint Andrews Church in Paris a boy nine years old born in the village Parpavillae six miles from Gu se his fathers name was Peter Renard and his mother Marquete he had but two fingers on his right hand his arm was well proportioned from the top of his shoulder almost to his wrist but from thence to his two fingers ends it was very deformed he wanted his legs and thighs although from the right buttock a certain unperfect figure having only four toes seemed to put it self forth from the midst of the left buttock two toes sprung out the one of which was not much unlike a mans yard as you may see by the figure In the year 1562. in the Calends of November at Villa Franca in Gascony this monster a headless woman whose figure thou here seest was born which figure Dr. John Altinus the Physician gave to me when I went about this book of Monsters he having received it from Fontanus the Physician of Angolestre who seriously affirmed he saw it The figure of a Monstrous woman without a head before and behinde The effigies of a man without arms doing all that is usually done with hands The effigies of a monster with two heads two legs and but one arm A few years agone there was a man of forty years old to be seen at Paris who although he wanted his arms notwithstanding did indifferently perform all those things which are usually done with the hands for with the top of his shoulder head and neck he would strike an Axe or Hatchet with as sure and strong a blow into a post as any other man could do with his hand and he would lash a Coach-mans whip that he would make in give a great crack by the strong resraction of the air but he ate drank plaid at cards and such like with his feet But at last he was taken for a thief and murderer was hanged and fastened to a wheel Also not long ago there was a woman at Paris without arms which nevertheless did cut few and do many other things as if she had her hands We read in Hippocrates that Attagenis his wife brought forth a childe all of flesh without any bone and notwithstanding it had all the parts well formed CHAP. VII Of Monsters which take their cause and shape by imagination THe Antients having diligently sought into all the secrets of nature The force of imagination upon the body and humors have marked and observed other causes of the generation of Monsters for understanding the force of imagination to be so powerful in us as for the most part it may alter the body of them that imagine they soon perswaded themselves that the faculty which formeth the infant may be led and governed by the firm and strong cogitation of the Parents begetting them often deluded by nocturnal and deceitful apparitions or by the mother conceiving them and so that which is strongly conceived in the minde imprints the force into the infant conceived in the womb which thing many think to be confirmed by Moses because he tells that Jacob encreased and bettered the part of the sheep granted to him by Laban his wives father by putting rods Gen.
diseases and remedies THat I may refresh the minde of the Reader invited to these histories of monsters raised up by the art of the devil witches and conjurers his servants I have thought good to add the following history of certain diseases and remedies supernatural and wholly magical out of Fernelius There are diseases Lib. 2 de abdit caus cap. 16. which as they are sent amongst men by God being offended so they cannot expect cure otherwise then from God from whence they are thought susupernaturally to have their essence and cure Thus the air oft-times yet chiefly in the time of King David being defiled with the pestilence killed sixty odd thousand persons Thus Hezechias was stuck with a grievous disease Job was defiled with filthy ulcers by Sathan at Gods command And as the Devil the cruel enemy of mankinde Witches hurt by the devils assistance commonly useth by Gods permission to afflict those so wicked persons by the wondrous subtility of the devil offer violence and do harm to many Some invoke I know not what spirits and adjure them with herbs oxorcisms imprecations incantations charms and others hang about their necks or otherwise carry certain writings characters rings images and other such impious stuff Some use songs sounds or numbers sometimes potions perfumes and smells sometimes gestures and jugling There be some that make the portraiture of the absent party in wax and boast that they can cause or bring a disease into what soever part thereof they prick by the force of their words and stars into the like part of the party absent and they have no few other tricks to bring disease We know for certain that magicians witches and conjurers have by charms so bound some that they could not have to do with their wives and have made others so impotent as if they had been gelt or made eunuchs Neither do wicked men only send diseases into mans body but also devils themselves These truly are soon distracted with a certain fury but in this one thing they differ from simple madness for that they speak things of great difficulty tell things past and hid disclose the secrets of such as are present and revile them mâ—ny waies and are terrified tremble and grow angry by the power of divine words A historie One not very long agon being by reason of heat exceeding drie in the night time riâ—ing out of his sleep and not finding drink took an apple that he found by chance and eating it he thought his jaws were shut and held fast as by ones hands and that he was almost strangled and also now possessed of a devil entring into him he seemed in the dark to be devoured of a huge exceeding black dog which he afterwards restored to his former health orderly related to me There were divers who by his pulse heat and the roughness of his tongue thought him to be in a fever and by his watching and the perturbation of his minde thought him only to rave A historie Another young Noble man some few years since was troubled at set times with a shaking of the body and as it were a convulsion wherewith one while he would move only his left arm another while the right arm and also some times but one finger only somewhiles but one leg some times the other and at other times the whole trunk of his body with such force and agility that lying in his bed he could scarce be held by four men his head lay without any shaking his tongue and speech was free his understanding sound and all his senses perfect even in the height of his fit He was taken at the least ten times a day well in spaces between but wearied with labour it might have been judged a true Epilepsie if the understanding and senses had failed The most judicious Physicians who were called to him judged it a convulsion cosen-germane to the falling sickness proceeding from a malign and venemous vapor impact in the spine of the back whence a vapor disspersed it self over all the nervs which pass from the spine every way into the limbs but not into the brain To remove this which they judged the cause frequent glysters are ordained and strong purges of all sorts cupping-glasses are applied to the beginnins of the nervs fomentations unctions emplasters first to discuss them to strengthen and wear away thâ— malign quality These things doing little good he was sweated with bathes stoves a decoction of Guajacum which did no more good then the former for that we were all far from the knowledg of the true cause of his disease for in the third moneth a certain devil was found to be the author of all this ill The devil shews himself by speaking of greek bewraying himself by voice and unaccustomed words and sentences as well Latin as Greek though the patient were ignorant of the Greek tongue he layed open many secrets of the by-standers and chiefly of the Physicians deriding them for that he had abused them to the patients great harm because they had brought his body so low by needless purgations When his father came to visit him he would cry out long before he came at him or saw him Drive away this visitant and keep him from comming in here or else pluck his chain from about his neck for on this as it is the custom of the French order of Knights there hangs the image of St Michael If holy and divine things were read before him he shook and trembled more violently When his fit was over he remembred all that was done and affirmed that he did it against his will Devils wax angrie and are terrified by divine things and that he was sorry for it The devil forced by ceremonies and exorcisms denied that he was damned for any crime and said that he was a spirit being asked who he was and by what means and power he did these things he said that he had many habitations into which he could betake himself and in the time of his rest he could torment others that he was cast into this body by a certain person whom he would not name and that he entred by his feet up to his neck and that he would go forth again the same way when as his appointed time was come He spoke of sundry other things as others which are possessed use to do Now I speak not these things as new or strange but that it may appear that devils sometimes entring into the body do somewhiles torment it by diverse and uncough waies other whiles they do not enter in but either agitate the good humors of the body or draw the ill into the principal parts or with them obstruct the veins or other passages or change the structure of the instruments from which causes innumerable diseases proceed of these devils are the authors and wretched and forlorn persons the ministers and the reason of these things is beyond the search of nature
joyned by Anastomosis or ineculation 10. 10. The second called Pudenda 11. spent upon the privy parts 11. The third Coxalis 12 upon the Muscles of the Hip. 12. Here the outer Iliacal vein having past through the Peritoneum or rim of the Belly enters the Crus and begins to be called the Crural Trunk Γ Γ. that is undivided as far as to the two lower heads of the Thigh But it reaches forth four propagations before its division The first 13 13. is called Saphena which creeps through the inside of the Leg under the skin as far as to the ends of the Toes 14. Another 14 called Ichia is spread out into the skin upon the Hip-bone The third 15 named Muscula is sent to the Muscles 15. which extend the Leg. 16. The fourth 16 named Poplitea is distributed into the Calf of the Leg. 13. The vein Saphena also scatters from it self four surcles 17 the first 17 into the upper part of the skin of the inside of the Thigh 18. the second 18 about the middle of the Thigh 19. the third 19 into the Knee the fourth 20 is carried forward and backward to the middle of the Leg. 20. Δ. The division of the Crural Trunk near to the two lower heads of the Thigh into an inner branch Θ Θ. and an outer one Λ. Λ. Θ. The inner distributes little branches to the Muscles of the Calf 21 12. and then runs down under the inner ankle to the great Toe 22. 22. Λ. The outer presently is cleft into two branches an inner one Ξ Ξ. and an outer Π. That is spent wholly upon the Muscles of the Calf Π. this passes on near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the Leg through the outer and back-side of the Leg. The second Treatise Concerning The ARTERIES CHAP. I. Shews the upper or ascendent Trunk of the great Artery with its propagations that are distributed through the Head THere is no controversie among writers of Anatomy concerning the number and original of the Arteries The Original of the great Artery but an unanimous consent that all the propagations which are scattered throughout the body take their rise from one which they call Aorta and that this is derived out of the Heart But the Heart consisting of two sinus or cavities a right and a left one this great Artery grows out of the left sinus or ventricle A where it is largest and more hard and griestly then elswhere But as soon as it is grown out and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries it presently propagates two small sprigs a a one of each side which they call Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries because together with the vena Coronalis or Crown-vein they compass the basis of the Heart in manner of a Crown and from these many propagations are scattered downward all along the Heart But they are more and greater about the left then the right ventricle as we have also formerly said concerning the vein because the Heart needs a greater plenty of blood on that side as which beats with a perpetual and more violent motion wherein more blood is digested then the right sinus or ventricle does yet that propagation is bigger and longer which arises on t of the right side of the Artery sometimes also there is only one at whose orifice a little valve is found Those propagations being thus disseminated the Artery ascends somewhat under the Trunk of the vena Arteriosa The divisions of the great Artery into two Trunks or Arterial vein and pierces through the Pericardium and having got above it is cleft B into two branches which because of their natural greatness we will call Trunks and because one ascends C and the other runs downward Q that shall be the Ascendent Trunk this the Descendent Yet the Descendent and lower one is bigger by much then the upper What parts both the Trunks nourish The order of that which is to be said because that serves more parts then this For the Ascendent one goes only to some parts of the Chest to the Head and Arms but the lower to very many parts of the Chest to all the lowest belly and the Legs That therefore we may treat of the great Artery with more perspicuity we will first shew the Ascendent Trunk and its progress through the Chest and Head and after that its branches distributed through the Arms. Then we will fall upon the Descendent one add explain the manner of its distribution through the Chest and lowest belly and lastly through the Legs The Ascendent therefore or upper Trunk of the Aorta C being fastened to the Oe sophagus or Gullet climbs upward betwixt the rough Artery and Hollow-vein and the mediastinum or partition of the Chest Which situation of it they ought diligently to observe who desire to know the reason of that Aphorism which is the four and twentieth of the fifth Section in Hippocrates For sayes he cold things as snow and ice are enemies to the Breast provoke coughs and cause eruptions of blood and distillations Truly they are enemies to the Breast because whilest they are swallowed down through the Gullet they cool the rough Artery that lyes next to it together with the Gullet which part being of it self cold does easily take harm from so violent a cold hence the cough and other diseases of the Brest follow one another in a long row But issues of blood happen in like manner the great Artery being cooled whereby the vital Spirits and the blood are driven back to the Heart and from thence are sent up forcibly to the Head which being stuft eruptions of blood are caused by its dropping forth at the Nostrils as also catarrhs and distillations it being driven down undigested to the inferiour parts And hence also a reason may be rendered why some upon drinking of cold water after vehement motions and exercise of body have presently been suffocated the passion of the heart and grievous swoundings following thereupon For the Artery being vehemently coold the blood is congealed as well that which was in the Aorta or Great artery as that which abides in the heart from whence happen at first fearful symptoms and then suddain death But we have seen in these men that a vein being opened the blood hath come out thick and cold and with very great difficulty whence also we have not found a more present remedy for them then such things as by reason of the thinness of their parts have a power of dissolving the clots of blood Hence also a reason may be given why in burning fevers the tongue becomes black the diseased can hardly swallow For although it be true which is the cause commonly assign'd that many vapors are sent up from the whole body to the head yet we may ascribe a main
tab 1. numb 6 goes out under the fifth rack-bone and in like manner as the other pairs are is divided into two branches The forwarder and greater tab 1. f after it has propagated that sprig tab 1. g which we said is joyned with the fourth and fifth pair tab 1. S and Χ to the making up of the nerve of the midriff tab 1. i passing on farther is united with the two next following pairs the seventh of the neck and the first of the chest and is again separated from them and then again being joined with them it so weaves a certain net-like texture It s hinder branch The seventh pair The fore-branch The hinder from which nerves are issued forth that go to the arm The hinder tab 2. fig. 1. Ι is carried to the hind muscles which extend the head and neck The seventh pair tab 1. η. 7 is derived from the marrow of the neck and issues forth through the common hole of the sixth and seventh rack-bones The forwarder and greater branch thereof tab 1. m is joined presently after its egress with the sixth nerve of the neck and the first of the chest and for the greater part is carried with the rest to the arm The hinder lesser branch tab 2. fig. 1. n goes to the muscles that lye upon the neck and to the square one that draws down the cheeks CHAP. III. Concerning the Nerves of the marrow of the rack-bones of the Chest TWelve conjugations of nerves issue forth from the spinal marrow whilst it runs through the rack-bones of the back as the most learned Vesalius has rightly opinioned however there are but eleven holes bored in the twelve rack-bones thereof as Columbus objected because the first pair passes out between the last rack-bone of the neck and the first of the back wherefore it ought to be numbered rather among the pairs of the chest then those of the neck All these conjugations after their egress are divided into two and the one branch which is the greater alwayes bends forward the other which is the less is bent to the hinder parts and to the muscles that lie upon the back The first pair The first pair then tab 1. numb 8. of the nerves which issue forth from the marrow of the chest goes out of the common hole of the seventh rack-bone of the neck and the first of the chest in the same manner as the five pairs last mentioned do and in like sort also is forthwith divided into two branches It s fore-branch The forwarder and greater tab 1. ο is united tab 1. Ï partly with the seventh nerve of the neck partly with the second of the chest in that manner which we have before explained and so afterward is wholly consumed upon the arms excepting one propagation tab 1. q which arising at the beginning of it is joined with the said nerves and runs into the foreparts near the length of the first rib of the chest to the breast bone bestowing a sprig upon the subclavian muscle after that being reflected upward it is spent upon the muscles which take their original from the top of the brest-bone such are the muscle that bends the head called Mastoideus that which draws down the bone hyoides or sternohuoideus and the first of them which extend the buckler-like gristle of the throttle called thyroides or the muscle sternothyroideus But to the two last sometimes branches are sent over from the sixt conjugation of the brain and the third of the chest The same branch also when it has past the arm-pit being ready to go to the arm issues forth a certain other propagation from its hinder part which goes to the muscles seated in the hollowness of the shoulder-blade It s hinder branch The hinder and less branch ta 2. fig. 1. r lies hid under the muscles which grow to the rack-bones and imparts some propagations to the second bending muscle of the neck and to them which extend the head and neck but when it has attained to the spine of the seventh rack-bone it goes overthwart to the lower side and distributes surcles into the first muscle of the shoulder-blade or that like a Monk's cowl and in the third of the same called Rhomboides as also into the upper of the hindmost saw-muscles The second pair ta 1. num 9. The second pair The fore-branch breaks out betwixt the first and second rack-bones of the chest and is cleft likewise into two branches The forewarder t. 1. s. is united with the first pair of the chest and thus the first and second pairs of the chest are united by turns with the fifth sixth and seventh of the neck that the one are not discerned from the other but make a net not unlike to those things which hang at Cardinals hats from which afterward all the nerves that go to the arms issue forth and take their original This spreads out a branch t. 1. t. which goes forward through the first distance betwixt the ribs according to the course of the first rim as far as to the breast-bone making the first Intercostal nerve from which surcles t. 1. The hinder one u are distributed into the muscles that lye upon the chest The hinder branch t. 2. f. 1. x has the same dissemination with that of the foregoing pair The other ten pairs tab 1. numb 10 11 12. and so on to 19 inclusively of the nerves of the chest observe the same manner both of their rise and distribution The other ten pairs For they all issue out of the common holes of the rack-bones at the sides and presently after their egress are cleft into two branches of unequal bigness one of which is the forwarder and greater the other the inner and less The forward branches ta 1. y. Their fore-branches which make the nerves between the ribs are carried into the fore-side and each of them affords a little branch in order according to its length to the inner branch of the sixth pair which descends under the pleura to the roots of the rib These branches are joined with the Intercostal veins and arteries together with which they pass along the rib of the forepart through the sinus or channel which is cut out on the lower and inside of the ribs But they which belong to the true ribs go on as far as to the breast-bone but they which belong to the bastard ones are carried into the forepart of the Abdomen above the peritoneum or rim of the belly From these nerves many branches are disseminated into the muscles between the ribs not only in the inner but the outer ones also as wel into the other ta 1. z which lye upon the chest such as are the fourth and fifth muscles of the shoulder blade or the two formost saw-muscles as also to the broad one called Latissimus tab 1. β that moves the arm backward from the breast In like manner a propagation goes
another to the hinder The three uppermost of the fore-branches as that of the first pair also go to the Crus or parts of the body below the buttocks the two lowest go into the muscles of the fundament and bladder and in women to the neck of the womb in men to the yard but in both sexes to the outer privy parts The hinder branches are distributed to the muscles seated on the backside of the bones Ilium and sacrum Of this sort are the first and third extending muscles of the chest or Dorsi longissimus the long muscle of the back and sacrelumbus that which bends the loins called sacer and the broad muscle that leads the arm away from the breast as also the three which extend the thigh being the authors of the buttocks and therefore called glutaei the buttock-muscles And this is the utmost end of the spinal marrow which reaching into the rump-bone called Os coccygis is in this manner terminated And this is the history of the thirty pairs of the nerves which go out of the spinal marrow which is diligently and accurately to be committed to the memory that we may know to what place remedies ought to be applyed if at any time from some external cause as by a fall from a lost or a bruise or some notable compression any part shall have lost either motion or sense or both For the remedies must be applyed alwaies to the beginning of that nerve not to the place in which the sumprom is perceived CHAP. VI. Concerning the Nerves which are distributed through the Armes THose nerves being now enumerated which are dispersed through the muscles of the three bellyes and the parts contained in them it remains that we describe those also which are propagated through the artus or extream parts of the body Here we meet with them first which are distributed through the arms whereof there are six pairs commonly set down by Anatomists arising from the fifth sixth and seventh pair of the nerves that come out of the marrow of the neck and from the first and second of those which issue out of the chest These nerves go out through the common holes of the rack-bones on both sides and presently after their going out are united one among another with their forwarder and greater branches by and by are separated one from another again and joined again and finally separated so that they seem to make out a certain net-like texture which cannot be better likened then to those strings of Cardinals hats This implication of nerves goes forth under the clavicle or collar-bone about that place where the axillary veins and arteries go out of the hollow of the chest and from this all the nerves of the arm take their original But their rise is very uncertain by reason of their being so knit together wherefore we in our relation of them will rather follow the footsteps of other men then our own observations lest we should seem to affect new opinions rashly and without necessity The first nerve then tab 1. e which is carried to the arm is a double propagation The first nerve of the arm namely the third and fourth of the fore-branch of the fifth pair of the neck For the one branch tab 1. Î¥. is carried to the second muscle of the upper part of the arm called Deltoides and to the skin that lies upon it the other tab 1. b goes toward the neck of the shoulder-blade where it is cleft into two branches the former of which tab 1. c goes into the muscle Deltoides where it arises from the collar-bone the latter tab 1. d is inserted into the fourth pair of the Muscles of the bone Hyoides called Coracohyoideum and from thence affords a little branch to the upper superscapular muscle and the Deltoides at what place it arises from the spine of the shoulder-blade This nerve runs out through the hinder side of the arm but the other five are carried through the arm-pit into the arm and in the same are scattered into more branches The second nerve tab 1. ζ is thicker The second It s progress and take its original from that net-like complication of which we spake yet from what nerve cannot be evident enough This is carried down through the middle and fore-part of the arm into which it enters under the first bender of the cubit or the double-headed muscle at that part where its two heads are united one with the other and where the tendons are inserted both of the pectoral muscle that leads the arm forward to the breast and of the Deltoides that lifts it up Being hid then under this muscle it sends forth two propagations tab 1. η one of each side Its propagations which enters into the two heads of the muscle biceps and after that about the middle of the length of the upper part of the arm going under the same double headed-muscle it shoots forth another sprig tab 1. †by means whereof it is joined with the third nerve and from thence descending it distributes in its progress a surcle tab 1. θ from its outside to the head of the longer of the two muscles of the radius or wand that turns the palm of the hand downward When it is come to the bending of the cubit being led to the fleshy membrane near to the outside of the tendon of the said double-headed muscle it is distributed into the skin being divided into two branches of which one is the outer the other the inner that is the slenderer this the thicker The outer then tab 1. ι. Its branches The outer The inner being carried down a good way with a branch of the Cephalick vein through the inside of the cubit is distributed tab 1. λ. to the second bone of the thumb The inner branch tab 1. κ. is subdivided under the common vein of the arm or the middle one called Mediana into two branches the outer whereof tab 1. going on obliquely under the skin leaving the vein goe away toward the radius as far as to the wrist but the inner tab 1. ν being fastened to the inner branch of the Cephalick vein when it goes more obliquely in the region of the cubit is cleft into two special branches of which one tab 1. Ï€ is distributed through the region of the lesser bone of the cubit the other tab 1. ο through the region of the greater bone to the wrist and from thence that being past into the skin of the inside of the hand The hinder nerve of the arm tab 1 Ï or the third which is carried to the arm The third lies next under the second and in like manner with it arises from that net-like texture This nerve whilst it passes through the arm pit before it has yet attained to the arm brings forth a propagation tab 1. σ which is dispersed under the skin betwixt the Pectoral muscle that leads the arm to the breast and the
muscle Deltoides that lifts up the same But when it hath first attained to the arm it hides itself under the muscle Biceps or first bender of the cubit and passing on downward together with the second nerve it â—ends out a little branch tab 1. Ï„ into the head of the second bending muscle of the cubit After this descending it receives a branch tab 1. Ï… from the second nerve by means whereof they are joyned one with the other and then it goes further through the forepart of the arm unto the bending of the cubit being alwayes equally distant from the second nerve and is carried into the protuberation the inside of the arm and the fore-part thereof When it hath past this it issues forth many propagations tab 1. φ which together with the branches that are derived from the fifth nerve which is carried through the hinder region of the same protuberation are distributed into the muscles that are seated on the inside of the cubit and arise from the inner protuberation of the arm such are the two that bend the uttermost bones of the fore-fingers and that which bends the third joint of the thumb After this it sends out another propagat on which is carried down between the said muscles through the radius together with a vein and artery to the wrist and passing through under the transverse ligament scatters some small sprigs into the muscle that moves the thumb outward from the fingers and the two that bead the first joint of the same After this when it is come to the palm of the hand it is divided tab 1. χ into three branches the first of which scatters two twigs into the thumb the second as many into the fore-finger the third sends one to the middle finger on the inside The fourth The fourth nerve tab 2. fig. 1. ψ is the biggest of all them which are carried to the arm as being almost thrice thicker then the rest This arises as well as the other from the net-like complication and from thenâ—e is carried down through the arm in like manner as the third is lying deep everywhere among the muscles having the basilick-vein and axillary artery for its companions Its propagations But presently after it hath entred the arm it derives many but small sprigs tab 2. fig. ω into the heads of the muscles that extend the cubit and before it is come to half the length of the upper part of the arm it is conâ—orted obâ—iquely downward to the bone thereof and passes on betwixt that the muscles which extend the cubit But before it be wholly reflected it sends forth a surcle tab 2. fig. 1. Γ from its inside which goes betwixt the said muscles as also the second of them that bend the cubit and is spent upon the skin that clothes the inside of the arm some fibres being propagated upward and downward Having disseminated this propagation it goes by degrees through the hinder part to the outside of the arm being carried through the cavity of the outer protuberation of the upper bone of the arm that is cut out in the back-side thereof where likewise it sends out a surcle tab 2. fig. 1. Δ going to the skin that covers the lower part of the outside of the arm and then another tab 2. fig. 1. Θ which is distributed into the skin Is two branches The outer as far as to the wrist After that near to the joint of the cubit it is divided into two branches an outer and an inner one which being hid deep and among the muscles as the whole trunk also descend to the wrist The outer branch tab 2. fig. 1. Λ goes along the radius or wand and when it is come to the wrist passes through the transverse ligament on the outer part and by and by is subdivided tab 2. fig 1 Ξ into two branches of which one goes with a double sprig into the outside of the thumb the other is spent partly upon the fore-finger The inner partly on the middle one But the inner branch t 2. f. 1. Î reaching along the cubit scatteâ—s more propagations the first tab 2. fig. 1. Σ into the first muscle that extends the fingers the second tab 2. fig. 1. φ into the second that extends the fingers the third t. 2. f. 1. Ψ into the iâ—ner muscle that extend the wrist But in its progress t. 2. f. 1. Ω it affords propagations to the three beginnings of the muscles that take their original from t e ulna or greater bone of the cubit The remainder of it ends in the wrist tab 2 fig. 1. 31 The fifth nerve The fifth nerve tab 1. numb 32 arising lower then any of the fore-mentioned out of the same net-like compl cation and being joined to the fourth descends through the inside of the arm between the muscles that bend and extend the cubit This scatters no propagation from it self but remains intire til it be come to the inner protuberation of the arm at whose hinder cavity it is reflected and is distributed afterward in the same manner with the thi d nerve which passes through the fore-side of the same protuberation For both of them bestow propagations tab 1. 33 upon the muscles which grow out of the inner protuberation of the arm and keep the inside of the cubit It issues forth a propagation also tab 1. 34 which being carried through the radius or wand goes between the muscles which bend the second and third joints of the fingers and so to the palm of the hand and sends out the first branch which being parted in two is implanted into the inside of the little finger then another which being also cut in two goes into the ring-finger and at last another that goes to the outer part of the inside of the middle finger But from this same fifth nerve and from the outside near to the middle of the length of the radius or wand there grows out a certain other surcle t. 1. 35. which being divided into three branches is disseminated into the outerpart of the middle the ring-finger and the little one The sixth nerve tab 1. n. 36. issues out of the lowest part of the net-like complication The six h. and going through the arm-pit and inside of the upper part of the arm and of the cubit under the skin it makes haste to the inner protuberation of the upper bone of the arm dispersing many surcles in its way to the neighbouring skin t. 1. 37. 37 But as soon as it has attained to this protuberation it is cleft into many propagations some of which lye under the branches of the basilick vein some lye over and so being carried under the skin when they are come down to the wrist they end ta 1. 38. CHAP. VIII Of the nerves that are distributed through the Crura or thighs legs and feet THere are four pairs of nerves which are propagated through the Crura They arise from
to the sole of the foot and distributes propagations into both the sides of the lower part of the toes An Explanation of the two Tables of the Nerves THe thirty pairs of the nerves of the marrow of the brain whilest it is carried through the spine or ridge are exprest in these two Tables the present and the following one We have inscribed common characters on both of them though many also be peculiar to one after which we have presently set the number of the Table But the first shews the rack-bones of the spine and the nerves that issue from thence on the foreside the second on the backside nu 1. t. 1 c. 8 as far as 20 as far as 25 as far as as far as to 7. The seven rack-bones of the neck to 19. The twelve rack-bones of the chest to 24. The five rack-bones of the loins to 30. The six bones of the Os sacrum These same figures do stand for the pairs of the spinal marrow A ta 1. 2. The seat of the spinal marrow where it first enters into the rack-bones 1. 1. The first pair of the neck whose forwarder propagations is B B 1. C 2. the hinder C. The second pair whose fore-propagation is D 2. 1. D. E 2. its hinder E from this two branches grow out the slender one marked with the letter E E 2. F. the other thick one with F which is mixed with a branch of the third pair M G about G. But the course thereof to the skin of the crown and back side of the head is marked with the letter H. H 3.1 The third pair of the neck whose fore-branch I is divided into four propagations I. 1. The first K is implanted into the muscles K. 1. that bend the neck M. 1. The second L is mixt with a twig of the fourth pair Q. The third M is mixt with the thicker propagation of the hinder branch of the second pair F. The fourth N is inserted into the muscles that are joined to the trans-verse processes of the rack-bones N. O 2. The hinder branch O. 4.1 The fourth pair of the neck whose fore-branch P is cleft into three propagations P. The first Q joins with the second propagation of the third pair L. Q 1. R 1. The second R goes into the transverse muscle of the neck S 1. The third S. T 2. The hinder branch T. 5.1 The fifth pair of the neck whose fore-branch V issues out some surcles V 1. The first goes to the muscles that bend the neck being to be seen in the first table between V and the number 6. X 1. The second X making the greatest part of the nerve of the midriff Y. The third Y goes to the muscle Deltoides of which there is a propagation a 1. a which goes to the skin that covers the muscles Deltoides â— 1. and Biceps The fourth b at the neck of the shoulder-blade is cleft into two branches c 1. one of which c enters into the muscle Deltoides at what part it grows out of the Collar-bone d 1. the other d is implanted into the same in the place where it grows out of the spine of the shoulder-blade e 2. The hinder branch e. 6. 1 The sixth pair of the neck whose fore-branch f f 1. when it has propagated that surcle g g 1. which with the fourth and fifth pair S and X makes the nerve of the midriff is joined with the two following h 1. h and thus it makes up the nerve of the midriff i i 1. so that this arises out of three surcles S X and g. The hinder branch l. I 2. 7. 1. The seventh pair of the neck whose fore-branch is m m 1. n 2. its hinder one n. 8â— The first pair of the chest whose fore-branch o o 1. p 2. it united p with the seventh pair of the neck and second of the chest spreading a propagation q q 1. through the upper side of the first rib r 2. The hinder branch r. 9 1. The second pair of the chest whose fore-branch sends forth a surcle t t 1. running out through the first space betwixt the ribs and sending surcles u to the muscles of the chest u. 1. x 2. The hinder branch x. 10 11 12. The pairs of nerves from the ninth to the twentieth which have the same series of propagations c. to 19 inclusively 1. and especially to the distances of the ribs The fore-branches of those fig. 1. are scattered into the muscles seated on the forepart of the chest and partly into their upper region as y y 1 z 1. partly in their lower z which in women go also to the breasts and then they send other surcles into the heads of the oblique descending muscles of the abdomen α α 1. and into that which leads the arm from the breast β β 1. another goes to the nipple of the breast γ. γ 1. δ 1. The hinder branches δ. â— 1. The first nerve that goes to the arm which is scattered into the skin of the outside of the arm ζ â— The second nerve that goes to the arm whose two first propagations η η goe to the two heads of the muscle Biceps η η 1. then it joins with the third nerve by a surcle †◠Thirdly it carries a propagation to the longer muscle that turns the palm of the hand downward θ. θ 1. But about the bending of the cubit it is divided into two branches â— 1. an outer and an inner one χ. χ 1. That descending along the radius or wand is inserted at the out side of the seond joint of the the thumb λ. λ 1. This χ is by and by subdivided intr an outer μ μ 1. and an inner branch ν. ν 1. This ν is again cleft in the region of the cubit into an outer branch ο ο 1. and an inner one Ï€. Ï€ 1. Ï The third nerve entring the armâ— before it attains to the arm scatters a sprig betwixt the Pectoral muscle σ 1. and Deltoides σ. By and by having entred the arm Ï„ 1. it distributes another Ï„ into the second muscle that bends the cubit After that discending it receives a branch from the second nerve Ï… 1. when it is past the bought of the arm φ 1. it is distributed into many surcles φ φ. 1. Χ. 1. Ψ 2. at length about the palm of the hand it is divided into three branches Χ. The fourth nerve entring the arm which is the greatest of all them that go to the arm is not marked with any letters in the second table but in the third only lest the second should be too much blurred with Letters This sodainly after it has
which sometimes in space of time contracts a Callus others only swell and cast forth no moisture some are manifest others lye only hid within Those which run commonly cast forth blood mixed with yellowish serous moisture which stimulates the blood to break forth and by its acrimony opens the mouths of the veins But such as do not run are either like blisters such as happen in burns and by practitioners are usually called vesicales and are caused by the defluxion of a phlegmatick and serous humor or else represent a Grape whence they are called Uvales generated by the afflux of blood laudable in quality but overabundant in quantity or else they express the manner of a disease whence they are termed morales proceeding from the suppression of melancholick blood or else they represent Warts whence they are stiled Verrucales enjoying the same material cause of the generation as the morales do This affect is cause of many accidents in men Symptomes for the perpetual efflux of blood extinguisheth the vivid and lively colour of the face calls on a Dropsie overthrows the strength of the whole body The flux of Haemorrhoides is commonly every moneth sometimes only four times in a year Great pain inflammation an Abscesse which may at length end in a Fistula unless it be resisted by convenient remedies do oft-times fore-run the evacuation of the Haemorrhoides But if the Haemorrhoides flow in a moderate quantity if the Patients brook it well they ought not to be stayed for that they free the Patients from the fear of eminent evils as melancholy leprosie Sent. 37. sect 6. epid strangury and the like Besides if they be stopped without a cause they by their reflux into the Lungs cause their inflammation or else break the vessels thereof and by flowing to the Liver cause a dropsie by the suffocation of the native heat they cause a Dropsie and universal leanness on the contrary if they flow immoderately by refrigerating the Liver by loss of too much blood wherefore when as they flow too immoderately they must be stayed with a pledget of Hares-down dipped in the ensuing medicin A remedy for the immoderate flowing of the Haemorrhoides ℞ pul aloes thuris baulast sang draconis an ℥ ss incorporentur simul cum ovi albumine fiat medicamentum ad usum When they are stretched out and swoln without bleeding it is convenient to beat an Onion roasted in the embers with an Oxes gall and apply this medicin to the swoln places and renew it every five hours For supprest Haemorrhoides This kind of remedy is very prevalent for internal Haemorrhoides but such as are manifest may be opened with Horse-leaches or a Lancet The juice or mass of the hearb called commonly Dead-nettle or Arch-angel applyed to the swoln Haemorrhoides opens them and makes the congealed blood flow there-hence The Fungus and Thymus being diseases about the Fundament are cured by the same remedy If acrimony heat and pain do too cruelly afflict the Patient you must make him enter into a bath and presently after apply to the Ulcers if any such be this following remedy ℞ Olei ros ℥ iiij cerusae ℥ i. Litharg ℥ ss cerae novae ʒ vj. opii ℈ j. fiat unguent secundum artem Or else ℞ thuris myrrhae croci an ʒ j. opii ℈ j. fiat unguentum cum oleo rosarum mucilagine sem psillii addendo vitellum unius ovi You may easily prosecute the residue of the cure according to the general rules of Art The End of the Thirteenth Book The FOURTEENTH BOOK Of Bandages or Ligatures CHAP. I. Of the differences of Bandages BAndages wherewith we use to binde do much differ amongst themselves Lib. de fasciis But their differences in Galens opinion are chiefly drawn from six things to wit their matter figure length breadth making and parts whereof they consist Now the matter of Bandages is threefold Membranous or of skins which is accommodated peculiarly to the fractured grisles of the Nose of Woollen proper to inflamed parts as those which have need of no astriction of Linnen as when any thing is to be fast bound and of Linnen cloaths some are made of flax other some of hemp as Hippocrates observes Sect. 3. de Chir. offic But Bandages do thus differ amongst themselves in structure for that some thereof consist of that matter which is sufficiently close and strong of it self such are the membranous others are woven as the linnen ones But that Linnen is to be made choice of for this use and judged the best What cloth best for rowlers not which is new never formerly used but that which hath already been worn and served for other uses that so the Bandages made thereof may be the more soft and pliable yet must they be of such strength that they may not break with stretching and that they may straitly contain and repell the humor ready to flow down and so hinder it from entring the part These besides must not be hemmed nor stitched must have no lace nor seam for hems and seams by their hardness press into and hurt the flesh that lies under them Lace whether in the midst or edges of the rowler makes the Ligature unequal For the Member where it is touched with the lace as that which will not yield is pressed more hard but with the cloth in the middle more gently as that which is more lax Furthermore these Ligatures must be of clean cloth that if occasion be they may be moistened or steeped in liquor appropriate to the disease and that they may not corrupt or make worse that liquor by their moistening therein Now the Bandages which are made of Linnen clothes must be cut long-wayes and not athwart for so they shall keep more firm and strong that which they bind and besides they will be alwayes alike and not broader in one place then in another But they thus differ in figure for that some of them are rolled up to which nothing must be sowed for that they ought to be of a due length to bind up the member others are cut or divided which truely consist of one piece but that divided in the end such are usually taken to binde up the breasts or else in the midst others are sowed together which consist of many branches sowed together and ending in divers heads and representing divers figures such are the Bandages appropriated to the head But they thus differ in length for that some of them are shorter others longer so in like sort for breadth for some are broader others narrower Yet we cannot certainly define nor set down neither the length nor breadth of Rowlers for that they must be various according to the different length and thickness of the members or parts Generally they ought both in length and breadth to fit the parts whereunto they are used For these parts require a binding different each from other the head the neck shoulders arms