Mother shall have during her life The Vse of the Vmbilical Vessels The Use of the Umbilical Vessels is to carry the Maternal Blood by the Veins to the Foetus for its nourishment that which is unfit for this Use is carried back by the Arteries to the Placenta whilst the Foetus is still supplied with more by the Vein so that there is a continual Circulation betwixt the Mother and the Foetus Of the Placenta The Placenta is a glandulous Body fixed to the bottom of the Womb by several small Protuberances or Roots it grows in proportion as the Foetus grows it is of a circular Figure at its biggest 't is two fingers thick and six or seven in Diameter its Concave side is smooth its Convex by which it is tied to the Womb is rough and unequal there are as many of them as there are Foetus the Umbilical Vessels terminate in it The use of the Placenta is to separate and prepare from the Arteries of the Womb that part of the maternal Blood which is fittest for the nourishment of the Foetus and to send back by the Veins of the Womb the Blood which is brought by the Umbilical Arteries Of the Posture of the Foetus The Foetus is almost of an oval Figure whilst it lies in the Womb for its Head hangs down with its Chin upon its Breast its Back is round and turned opposite to its Mothers Back with its Arms it embraces its Knees which are drawn up to its Belly and its Heels are close to its Buttocks its Head upwards and its Feet downwards But about the ninth Month it changes its Posture the weight of the Head makes it to tumble so its Head falls down its Feet get up and its Face turns towards its Mothers Back but because then it is an irksom tho' favourable Posture for its Exit the motion it makes for its relief give frequent Pains to its Mother which causes a Contraction of the Womb for the Expulsion of the Foetus When the Child presents in any other Posture it should be carefully put back again and if possible turn'd to the right way if that can't be done it should be brought out by the Feet CHAP. III. Of the Thorax or Middle Cavity SECT I. Of the Dugs HAving already described the Figure Bounds and External Parts of the Thorax we come now to examine the Substance and Use of its several Parts amongst which the first that presents it self is the Dugs The Dugs are like two Semispheres situated upon the Pectoral Muscles in the upper Part of the Chest one on each side they have each a small Protuberance in their middle called the Nipple about which there is ordinarily a darkish coloured circle called Areola The Substance of the Dugs is composed of a great number of Glands of an oval Figure of which some are much bigger than others these Glands lie in a great quantity of Fat of Veins Arteries and Nerves the Vessels make several Plexus's about them and terminate also in them They have each an Excretory Duct which as they approach the Nipple join and unite together till at last they form 7 8 or more small Pipes called Tubuli Lactiferi which have several cross Canals by which they communicate with one another that if any one of them be stopt the Milk which was brought to it might not stagnate but pass thorow by the other Pipes which all terminate in the Extremity of the Nipple The Nipple is made of a fibrous and spongious Substance thorow which the Tubuli Lactiferi pass It has several Nerves Veins and Arteries which give it an exquisite sense and a small erection when it is handled The Dugs have Arteries and Veins called Mammariae from the Subclavian Vessels they have others also from the Thoracica Superior which are spread chiefly in their External Substance They have Nerves from the Vertebral Pairs and from the sixth Part of the Brain The use of the Dugs is to separate the Milk for the Nourishment of the Foetus The Arteries which terminate in the Glands which compose the Substance of the Dugs bring the Blood pregnate with a Chyle which has received its last Perfection by its Circulation thorow the Lungs this Chyle being separated by the Glands of the Dugs runs thorow the Tubuli Lactiferi upon the Suction of the Child The Dugs in Men are very small they are chiefly for an Ornament I have seen some Men who have had Milk in them SECT II. Of the Diaphragma or Midriff UNder the Dugs lie the Muscles and Bones which compose the forepart of the Thorax these are described in their proper Places having therefore cut them up and having laid the Cavity of the Thorax open the Diaphragma Pleura Mediastinum Heart and Lungs appear Of the two Muscles which compose the Midriff The Diaphragma is composed of two Muscles which divide the middle and lower Cavity The First and Superiour Muscle is Circular where it beginneth from the Sternum and the last Ribs on each side and ends in a Tendon or Aponeurosis which hath always been taken for the nervous Part of the Midriff The Second and Inferiour Muscle comes from the Vertebrae of the Loins by two Productions of which that on the right side comes from the first second and third Vertebrae of the Loins that on the left side is somewhat shorter and both these Productions join and make the lower Part of the Midriff which joins its Tendon with the Tendon of the other so as that they make but one Membrane or rather Partition The Midriff is covered with a Membrane from the Pleura on its upper side and by the Peritonaeum on its lower side it is pierced in its middle for the Passage of the Vena Cava in its lower Part for the Oesophagus and the Nerves which go to the upper Orifice of the Stomach and betwixt the Productions of the Inferiour Muscle passes the Aorta the Thoracick Duct and the Vena Azygos Of its Vessels The Midriff receives Arteries and Veins called Phrenicae from the Cava and Aorta and sometimes on its lower Part two branches from the Vena Adiposa and two Arteries from the Lumbares It has two Nerves which come from the third Vertebrae of the Neck which pass thorow the Cavity of the Thorax and are dispersed in the Muscles of the Midriff Some say that these Diaphragmatick Nerves are the Organ of Laughter of Weeping of Sneezing and of Singing because of the Connexion they have with the Nerves which go to the Muscles which perform these Motions Of its Vse The Midriff in its natural Situation is Convex on the upper side towards the Breast and Concave on its lower side towards the Belly therefore when its Fibres swell and contract it must become plain on each side and consequently the Cavity of the Breast is enlarged to give liberty to the Lungs to receive the Air in the Inspiration and the Stomach and Intestines are
Definitions of a Part as being of no great Use and for the same Reason I will not trouble the Reader with the several Divisions which Anatomists make of the Parts of the Humane Body All the Parts are made up of Fibres It is sufficient to know that all the Parts are made up of Threads or Fibres of which there be different Kinds for there are some soft and flexible and these are either hollow like small Pipes or spongious and full of little cells as the nervous and fleshy Fibres others there are more Solid flexible but with a natural Elasticity or Spring as the Membranous and Cartilaginous Fibres And a Third sort are hard and inflexible as the Fibres of the Bones And of all these some are very sensible and others are destitute of all sense some so very small as not to be easily perceived and others on the contrary so big as to be plainly seen Now the several Parts of the Body are formed by the various texture and different Combination of some or more of these Fibres and therefore tho' commonly the Bones Nerves Ligaments Cartilages Veins and Arteries are reckoned Similar Parts No Similar Parts that is Parts made up of one sort of Fibres yet all of them have either more or less of different sorts of Fibres and may be called Dissimilar Parts as well as the Lungs or Stomach SECT II. Of the External Parts The Division of the Body THE Body is divided into four Principal Parts which are the Head the Thorax the Abdomen and the Extremities viz. the Arms and Legs The external Parts of the Head The External Parts of the Head or upper Cavity are the Face and the Calva or Hairy Scalp The Parts of the Face are the Brow the Ears the Eyes the Cheeks the Nose the Philtrum and its sides the Mustaches the Lips the Mouth and the Chin. The Parts of the Hairy Scalp are the Sinciput or Forehead under which lieth the Os frontis it reaches to the Coronal Suture The Occiput or Hind-head under which lies the Os Occipitis it reaches from the angle of the Sutura Lambdoidalis to the first Vertebra of the Neck The Vertex or Crown of the Head under which is the Sutura Sagittalis and part of the two Parietal Bones The Temples or the sides of the hairy Scalp under which are the Crotaphite Muscles the Ossa Petrosa they reach to the Suturae Squammosae Of the Ear. The External Ear is divided into two Parts of which the upper is called Pinna or the Wing the lower Fibra or Lobe The Parts of the Pinna are the Helix which is the outward circle or border of the Ear the Anti-helix which is the Semicircle within the other and almost parallel to it The lower end of this Semicircle makes a little Prominence which is called Antitragus there is another Prominence just opposite to it which is called Tragus because of some Hair that is upon it The Cavity made by the Anti-helix is called Concha the hole in the middle of the Ear which goes to the Tympanum is called Alvearium Of the Eyes The External Parts of the Eyes are the Supercilia or Eye-brows the Canthus Internus or the great Angle where the Caruncula Lachrymalis is the Canthus Externus or the little Angle which is the furthest from the Nose the Palpebrae or the upper and lower Eye-lids which cover the Eyes the Cilia which are little Cartilages on the edge of the Eye-lids the Puncta Lachrymalia which are two little holes near the big Angle of the Eye there are Hairs upon the Cilia in form of a Pallisado The Orbite is a Cavity made by the Bones in which the Globe of the Eye is contained with its six Muscles the Tunica Conjunctiva which is the white of the Eye the Cornea the Iris in the middle of which is Pupilla or Pupil or Sight Of the Nose Lips c. The Nose has its Spina or ridge It reaches from the Brow to the Cartilage Acromion The Acromion reaches from the end of the Spine to the Globulus or tip of the Nose The Nostrils are the Passages into the Nose The Alae or wings of the Nose are the sides of the Nostrils The Columna is the little fleshy Portion which reaches from the tip of the Nose to the Philtrum it divides the Nostrils The Philtrum is the little Canal which comes from the lower part of the Nose upon the upper Lip The Cheeks reach from the lower part of the Eyes to the Lips The Mentum or Chin is the fore part of the Lower-Jaw The Lower-Jaw reaches from the two Ears to the Chin inclusively The Lips are the Musculous Flesh at the entry of the Mouth their External Part is called Prolabium and that which is tinctured red Prostomia The Gums are the Flesh which cover the lower part of the Teeth Of the Neck The Neck reaches from the Head to the Claviculae or Chanel Bones Its Parts are the Throat which is its forepart along which descends the Trachea Arteria or Wind-pipe and the Oesophagus or Gullet The Pomum Adami is the eminence which appears in the upper Part of the Throat The Cervix is the hind-part of the Neck its upper part is called Lophia the middle Fossa and the lower Epomis The Parotides make the upper and lateral Part of the Neck Terthra the middle and Paralophia the lower The Claviculae or Chanel-bones are the two little Bones situated at the Basis of the Neck above the Breast Of the External Parts of the Thorax 〈◊〉 middle Cavity All that lies betwixt the Claviculae or Chanel Bones and the Diaphragma or Midriff is taken for the Thorax that is to say from the Basis of the Neck to the last of the false Ribs inclusively The forepart of the Thorax is called the Breast it is composed of the Claviculae and the Sternum or Breast Bone which is in the middle it begins at the Claviculae and terminates in the Cartilago Xiphoides or Sword like Cartilage Under the Sternum lies the Mediastinum and the Heart in its Pericardium The Mammae or Dugs are two round Tumours which appear upon the forepart of the Chest under which are situated part of the Ribs the Pleura and the Lungs There stands upon their Centre a little Protuberance called Papilla or Nipple which is encompassed with a reddish circle called Areola The hinder Part of the Thorax is called the Back composed of 12 Vertebrae or Joints and two Scapulae or Shoulder Blades which are the two upper Parts of the Back on the sides of the Vertebrae The lateral Parts of the Thorax are called Peristerna Of the External Parts of â—he Abdomen 〈◊〉 lower Belly The Lower Belly extendeth from the Cartilago Xiphoides to the Os Pubis the forepart is called Abdomen and the hind-part the Backside The Abdomen is divided into upper middle and lower Parts The upper reaches from the Cartilago
of the Skin WE remark in the Skin the Scarfskin being raised Three Parts The First is an infinite Number of Papille Pyramidales they are the Ends of all the Nerves of the Skin each of which are enclosed in two or three Covers of a Pyramidale Figure and these Covers are each above another They may be easily seen and separated in the Skin of an Elephant and in the Skin of the Feet of several other Animals Between these Papillae are an infinite number of holes which are nothing but the Orifices of the excretory Vessels of the Miliary Glands underneath The Second Part is a web of nervous Fibres and other Vessels differently interwoven it is always covered with a mucous Substance which serves to support and moisten the Papillae Pyramidales and it is the Parenchima or that part of the Skin that the Parchment is made of The Third Part is an infinite number of Miliary Glands about which there is much fat they 〈◊〉 under the other two Parts they seâ—â—te the matter of Sweat and insenâ—â—â— transpiration Each Gland receives â—erve and Artery and sends out a 〈◊〉 and excretory Vessel which last â—â—es thorow the other two Parts to the â—â—icula for the discharging the Body â—his Matter and for the moistening the â—â—icula and the Papillae Pyramidales that 〈◊〉 may not be dry which would very â—â—h hurt the sense of touching Upon 〈◊〉 surface of the Skin there are many â—allel Lines which are cut by as many â—allel ones These Intersections make â—â—es of a Rhomboidale figure and â—â—on the Ends of the Fingers these â—â—es are Spiral There is a Pore â—â—â—h a hair in the most part of the â—ersections the more there are of â—â—se Lines and the deeper they are 〈◊〉 rougher and the more wrinkled is 〈◊〉 Skin The thickness of the Skin The Skin is six times thicker 〈◊〉 the Scarfskin And in the Sole of 〈◊〉 Foot it is much thicker than in the â—â—e Hands and other Parts In the â—mmer it is thinner and softer because 〈◊〉 Pores are wider In the Winter it is â—re compact and harder because the â—res are more close therefore the hairs 〈◊〉 Beasts stick faster and Furs made of â—em are better in that Season In some â—e Skin is white in others black and â—uny which probably comes from the different colours of the Mucosity which covers the Parenchima of the Skin 〈◊〉 the Fibres of the Skin in all are white and there is little or no difference in the colour of different Bloods The Skin has communication with all the rest of the Body by the Veins Nerves Arteries and Lymphaticks which it receives from all Parts of the Body in abundance It s Use is to cover and wrap up all the Parts of the Body The use of the Skin to be the Organ of the sense of touching and the emunctory of the whole Body SECT V. Of the Hair THE Hair may justly be reckoned one of the common Teguments of the Body not only for its Use but also because it is to be found upon all the Parts of the Body except the Soles of the Feet and Palms of the Hands It grows longest upon the Head Beard in the Arm-Pits and about the Privities When we examine the Hairs with a Microscope we find that they have a great resemblance with Plants for they have each a round bulbous root which lies pretty deep in the Skin and which draws their Nourishment from the surrounding Humours and therefore they grow after Death In some places 't is apparent â—hey receive a small twig of a Nerve The Hairs themselves appear hollow which is also confirmed by the Plica Poâ—nica in which Distemper the Blood â—rops from their Extremities they are generally of a triangular figure and â—heir different colours depend much upon the different temperaments and quaâ—ity of the Humours that nourish them The use of the Hairs is for a Covering and Ornament to the Body whatsoever the efficient Cause may be why a Man has a Beard and a Woman â—one it is certain the final Cause is for the distinguishing the Male from the Female Sex which otherwise could hardly be known if both were dress'd in the â—ame Habit. SECT VI. Of the Fat. THE Fat which is another of the common Teguments of the Body is an oily and sulphureous Substance contained in a number of little membranous Cells which being look'd upon with a Microscope resemble the Cells of Honey-combs only they are not so regular being they are somewhat flat and almost of an oval figure The Membrane of which these Cells are composed is very thin and transparent and seems to be only a continuation or production of the Membrana Adiposa to which it closely adheres This Membrana Adiposa lies under these Cells and in a manner is their basis and support From this Membrane arise a great number of Veins Arteries and Nerver which divide into an infinite number of branches which terminate in the celluâ— adiposae The Vessels of the Fat. Malpighius has discovered a Net of small Vessels which he calls Ductus adiposi because they are full of Fat these he supposes bring the Fat into the Cells but he could never discover from whence they take their rise There are also a number of little Glands which are accompanied with Lymphatick Vessels which carry back any Serosity that is superfluous The Fat is to be found immediately under the Skin in all the Parts of the Body except in the Forehead Eye-lids Lips upper part of the Ear Yard and Scrotum but in all the other Parts of the Body there is more or less there is much about the Heart the Kidneys the Intestines the Thighs the Glands and the Joints There are two sorts of Fat Two sorts of Fat. one white or rather yellow soft and lax which is easily melted called Pinguedo Another white firm brittle and which is not easily melted called Sevum or Tallow Some reckon the Marrow of the Bones for a â—hird sort of Fat. The Vse of the Fat. The chief Use of the Fat is to hinder 〈◊〉 too great Exaltation of the Salts for there is nothing which sweetens so much â—he Acrimony of exalted Salts as greasy and oily Substances therefore it is found almost thorow all the Body that it may be taken up by the Veins to blunt and sweeten the too great sharpness and Acrimony of the Salts which are in the Blood The Fat which is about the Glands has the same use in respect of the Lymphae and that which is about the Kidneys may serve to preserve their Bason-against the Salts of the Urine The Fat serves sometimes for the nourishment of the Body and for the entertaining of the Natural Heat Hence it is that the Dormouse and other Creatures live during a whole Winter without any other Food It serves also to moisten and souple the Parts for facilitating their Motion to fill up the Interstices of the Parts that the Skin may
side of the twelve Vertebrae of the Back they are crooked and like to the Segments of circles they grow flat and broad as they approach the Sternum but the further they are from it and the nearer they are to the Vertebrae they are the rounder and thicker at which end they have a round head which being covered with a Cartilage is received into the Sinus in the Bodies of the Vertebrae and at the Neck of each Head except the two last Ribs there is a small Tubercle which is also received into the Sinus of the transverse Processes of these same Vertebrae The Internal Superficies of the Ribs is smoother than the External they have each a small Canal or Sinus which runs along their under sides in which lies a Nerve Vein and Artery The Substance of the Ribs is partly bony partly cartilaginous which facilitates their Motion in Respiration At their cartilaginous end they are tied to the Sternum where they are harder in Women than in Men that they may the better bear the weight of their Dugs The Ribs are of two sorts the seven upper are called Costae Verae because their Cartilaginous ends are received into the Sinus's of the Sternum The five lower are called Falsae because they are shorter and softer of which only the first is joined to the Extremity of the Sternum the Cartilaginous Extremities of the rest are tied to one another thereby leaving greater space for the dilatation of the Stomach and Intrals The last of these false Ribs is shorter than all the rest it is not tied to them but sometimes to the Midriff and sometimes to the Musculus Obliquus Descendens The use of the Ribs is to contain and defend the Heart and Lungs to sustain the Muscles which move them in Respiration SECT XI Of the Breast Bone THE Sternum or Breast Bone is situated in the middle of the Breast Sternum it is composed of seven or eight Bones in Infants which at first are Cartilaginous but which harden and unite into three Bones after they are seven years old the Substance of these Bones is not solid but somewhat spongious The first and uppermost Bone is the biggest and largest it is uneven and rough on its outside but smoother on its inside where it has a shallow furrow which gives way for the descent of the Wind Pipe It has a Sinus lined with a Cartilage on each side of its upper end wherein it receives the Heads of the Claviculae The second is longer and narrower than the first and on its sides there are several Sinus's in which the Cartilaginous ends of the Ribs are received The third is shorter but broader than the second it receives into the Lateral Sinus's the Extremities of the last true Ribs it terminates into a Cartilage which hardens sometimes into a Bone called Cartilago Xiphoides or Ensiformis because it is broad at its upper end where it joins the third Bone and grows narrower to its Extremity where it is sometimes forked and sometimes it bends inwards compresses the upper Orifice of the Stomach and causes a great Pain and Vomiting The use of the Sternum is to defend the Heart and to receive the Extremities of the true Ribs SECT XII Of the Claviculae and Scapulae THE Claviculae or Channel Bones are two in number Claviculae situated at the basis of the Neck above the Breast one on each side they are pretty long and small at one end they are joined to the Production of the Scapula called Acromion by the Articulation called Synchondrosis at the other end to the upper end of the Sternum by the Articulation called Arthrodia they are crooked like an Italian S for the Passage of the Vessels which pass under them and to facilitate the Motion of the Arms. Their Substance is Spongious with a Cavity in their middle therefore they are the more easily broken and the sooner united when broken their use is to uphold the Arms to keep them at a little distance from the Sternum therefore Beasts which make not use of their Hoofs as Hands have no Claviculae whilst Apes Rats and several others which do use their fore Legs as we do our Hands have them The Scapulae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Shoulder-blades Scapulae are two large and broad Bones like the Triangle called Scalenum they are situated on each side of the upper and back part of the Thorax their Substance is thin but solid and firm their outside is somewhat Convex and their inside Concave their upper edge is called Costa Superior and their lower Costa Inferior their broad end is called their Basis which with the two edges make the upper and lower Angles They have each three Processes of which the first runs all along the middle of their outside and 't is called their Spine That end of the Spine which receives the Extremity of the Clavicula is called Acromion The second Process is a little lower than the Acromion 't is short and sharp like a Crow's Bill therefore called Coracoides these two Processes are tied to one another by a strong Ligament which serves to keep the Head of the Humerus in the Cavity of the third Process which is called Cervix This Process is the Extremity of the Scapula which is opposite to its basis It has a pretty large and round Sinus tipt about its brim with a Cartilage which makes it the deeper it receives the head of the Humerus The use of the Scapula is to receive the Extremities of the Clavicula and Humerus for the easier motion of the Arm and to give a rise to the Muscles which move the Arm. SECT XIII Of the Bones of the Arm and Hand The Humerus THE first Bone of the Arm is the Humerus or Shoulder Bone 't is long and round its Substance or Fibres are pretty solid and compact it has a pretty wide and long Cavity in its middle in which is contained its Marrow At its upper end it has a round Head covered with a Cartilage which is received into the Cavity of the Neck of the Scapula but because this Head is much larger than the Cavity therefore it is surrounded with a strong Ligament which rises from the edge of the Cavity of the Scapula At its lower end it has two Protuberances the one External which receives the Extremity of the Radius the other Internal which is received into the Semicircular Sinus of the Vlna On the foreside of this Protuberance there is a small Sinus which receives the fore Process of the Vlna and on the backside there is another large Sinus which receives the Olecranium There is another small Protuberance on the side of this from which the Muscles that lie on the inside of the Arm arise The Vlna or Cubitus Ulna is a long and solid Bone with a Cavity in its middle It lies on the inside of the fore Arm reaching from the Elbow to the Wrist it
Superior of the Loins its Fibres ascending obliquely grow fleshy and are inserted by four Indentations into the four last Ribs The Sacrolumbus it ariseth fleshy from the Superior Part of the Os Sacrum Posterior Part of the Spine of the Ilium and from all the transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Loins It gives a small Tendon to the Posterior Part of each Rib near its root The Muscles which extend the Vertebrae are the Sacer the Spinatus Semispinatus and Transversalis Colli all which M. Du Verney reckons but one which he calls Vertebralis of which one Plan arises from the Spines of the Os Sacrum and of the Vertebrae of the Loins and is inserted into the Spines of the Vertebrae of the Back another arises from the Spines of the Back and is inserted into those of the Neck Under these there are others which go from the transverse Processes of the Inferiour Vertebrae to the Spines of the Superior Vertebrae and as many which go from the oblique Processes to the Superior Spines of which ordinarily the Fibres of three oblique Processes make a Tendon to one Spine It seems to be as proper to make the Extensors of the Vertebrae one compound Muscle as three for in effect they are almost as many really distinct Muscles as there are oblique transverse and acute Processes in the Vertebrae but because this would multiply the number of the Muscles and cause a great confusion if they were to have all distinct Names therefore it is better to call them by the Name of Musculi Vertebrales The Vertebrae of the Neck are bended by two Pair of Muscles which have been already described the Vertebrae of the Back have no Benders and those of the Loins are bended by the Muscles of the Lower Belly and by one proper Pair which is called the Psoas Parvus it arises fleshy from the sides of the upper Vertebrae of the Loins and it has a thin and broad Tendon which embraces the Psoas of the Thigh and which is inserted into the Os Iâ—nâ—minatum where the Os Pubis and Ilium join together SECT VI. Of the Muscles of the Humerus or Arm. THE Arm moves five different ways upwards downwards forwards backwards and round The Arm is lifted upwards by the Deltoides Supra spinatus and Coracobrachialis The Deltoides is of a triangular Figure it comes from all the Spina Scapulae from the Acromium from the External half of the Clavicula from all these places its Fibres drawing together pass above the Articulation of the Humerus and are inserted by a short Tendon four fingers below the Head of the same Bone almost on its External side Steno shews that this Muscle is composed of twelve simple Muscles according to the direction of its Fibres it pulls also the Arm a little forwards and backwards The Supra spinatus rises fleshy from all the basis of the Scapula that is above the Spine It fills all that space between the upper side of the Scapula and its Spine to which two it is also attached it passes above the Acromium the Articulation of the Humerus and is inserted into the Neck of the Humerus which it embraces by its Tendon The Coracobrachiaâ—is rises from the Processus Coracoides Scapulae by a tendinous beginning and passing over the Articulation it is inserted into the middle and Internal Part of the Humerus The Teres Major and the Latissimus Dorsi pull the Arm downwards The Teres Major rises from the lower Angle of the Scapula and is inserted with the following a little below the Head of the Humerus The Latissimus Dorsi or Aniscaptor with its fellow covers almost all the Back It hath a thin and large tendinous beginning which comes from the Posterior Part of the Spine of the Ilium from the Superior Spines of the Os Sacrum from all the Spines of the Vertebrae of the Loins and from the seven lower of the Thorax it passes by the Inferior Angle of the Scapula to which it is sometimes attached and is inserted with the Teres Major by a strong and broad Tendon The Pectoralis moves the Arm forwards it ariseth by a fleshy and Semicircular beginning from the inner half of the Clavicula from the Six Superior Ribs it covereth a great part of the Breast and is inserted by a short but strong and broad Tendon into the upper and inner Part of the Humerus between the Biceps and Deltoides It s Fibres near their Insertion decussate each other Those which come from the Clavicle and first Ribs are on the lower side of the Tendon and those from the inferior Ribs are on the upper side of the Tendon The Arm is drawn backwards by the Infra spinatus the Transversalis and the Subscapularis The Infra spinatus covers all the space that is between the Spine of the Scapula and its Inferior side and passing between the Spine and the Teres Minor 't is inserted into the Neck of the Humerus The Transversalis or Teres Minor comes from the Inferior edge of the Scapula upon which it runs between the former and the Teres Major and is inserted into the Neck of the Humerus The Subscapularis covers all the Internal side of the Scapula it rises fleshy from its basis from its upper and lower Costa and is inserted into the Neck of the Humeras It draweth the Arm close to the Ribs The Tendons of these three last Muscles surround the Articulation of the Humerus When all these Muscles move successively they move the Arm circularly SECT VII Of the Muscles of the Cubitus and Radius THE Cubitus is bended and extended by six Muscles the Biceps and Brachiaeus Internus bend it the Longus Brevis Brachiaeus Externus and the Anconeus extend it The Biceps is so called because it hath two Heads of which one rises from the upper edge of the Cavity of the Head of the Scapula This Head is round and tendinous and is enclosed in the Channel in the Head of the Humerus The other arises from the Processus Coracoides it is broad and tendinous and both together unite about the middle and forepart of the Arm and make one Belly which is inserted by a strong and round Tendon into the tubercle at the upper end of the Radius Some of the Fibres of this Tendon form a large and thin Aponeurosis which covers all the Muscles of the Radius and Fingers externally Care ought to be taken in Blood-letting not to cut across but according to the length of the Fibres of this Aponeurosis The Brachiaeus Internus lies partly under the Biceps it arises by a fleshy beginning from the middle and Internal Part of the Humerus and is inserted into the upper and forepart of the Cubitus by a very short but strong Tendon The Longus is the first of those which extend the Cubitus it ariseth from the Inferior Costa of the Scapula nigh its Neck and passeth between the two round Muscles it descendeth upon the backside of