saws some single The utmost above stand more inward then the rest by much Under the skin are sinewy small veins stretched out answering all the ribs in number and order the ribs are fourteen No membrane fleshly The muscles of the paunch are between the two tunicles of the rim which makes it seeme thicker and grosser as the horny-film of an Ox-ey fleshy in length by that line that answers the navell but not abroad and onely below The kell fastened to the stomack entralls and milt the milt very small hanging on the left side of the stomack and a part of the kell fastened to it The stomack bigger then ordinary for such a small body consisting of a doubled coat the outmost whiter the inmost smoother both thin The guts fastened behind to the back-bone by a thin skin No blind gut all uniforme The bladder very long thin but inclining more to the stomack The liver of seven films the weakest three-parted like a chicken-foot the middle three-cornerd annexed to the hollow vein a litle way by a thin skin The right Rein is higher The left Emulgens longer then the right both sprouting from the great artery not from the hollow-vein Yet I doubt of it By the hollow-vain are here and there reddish and yellow kernells the uppermost on the right side joyns to the liver by small veins The hollow vein sends many sprigs through the loyn-space of muscles to the back bone and the great artery lies under the hollow The seed-vessels descend from the midst of the reins but are parted in two on either side below one branch joyned to the stone reaching without the paunch The yard arising from strings of os sacrum is griâ—tly and hard as a bone writhed at top like an wimble-skind close sharp as a needle The right uritory sit higher into the bladder then the left a fine sinew comes strait down tied to the right side sit into the beginning of the hollow vein Also a small sinew on the left-side descends to the stomacks-mouth The hollow-vein is set into the right ventricle of the heart neare the right lappet which is black and full of blood and greater then the left this is white and bloodles hollow spreading on the right side into the lungs The great artery is set into the hearts left ventricle bending downward The hollow vain on the right passing a little above the lungs-branches it self into six springs rising to the lower jaw On the right side the lungs consist of foure lesser veins on the left of two greater They are most in the North and in the German-Alps Southward and toward Italy They inhabite the roofs of greater houses and beech and firre-woods A Boor told Gesner that in a very high firre-tree he tooke a Mattern and foure welps France hath no such Out of Poland are some brought of a slight dusk-colour Beside other Weezels-food they are said to eat shrubs their dung smels like Musk they are easily tamed Gesner had one that loved his dog that went about with him let loose shee would come to the chaine again and play with him like a cat lying on the back But there is no trusting them therefore some advise to take out their dog-teeth The skin is of use that under the throat makes caps good and wholsome for the head In Canada the women shew their babes in them There are two kinds one tamer of a dark yellow except a white part of the throat which curriers and skinners call Faina Bodies like a cat a litle longer and shorter legged It rooms about the country kills Hens and sucks their egs The other is wilde of a brighter and softer hair and a clay-coloured throat Some inhabite Beech and Oake and Holm-woods some pitch and firre-woods About the Bregantine Lake they shine by night The Zibelline Weezel or Satherius or Sebalus or the Sarmatick and Scythian-Mouse is somewhat lesse then the Mattern of a dark yellow all over except the throat which is ash-coloured Found in the North in the utmost woods of Moscovia in Lithuania white-Russia and neare the Cronion-Sea and in Laucerusa a wood of Scandinavia The Tartars and Laplanders send the best skins The Guinee story tells of store in a Province of Congo they lurke in shady Forrests and catch birds They are very nimble and restles It is said that if you lay the skin under other cloathes in a chest-bottome in three dayes it shall be found uppermost Handle them yet they remain even The long-haired and inclining to black are the best skins You spoyl them if you lay them in the Sun To keep them from the moth shake them oft and lay them up wrapped in wormwood they are very costly Agricola saw fourty sold for a thousand crowns Ambrosine a halfe sleeve trim'd therewith worth foure hundred pound of Bonony-money They of Obdoria offer this Mus-cats-skins to their Idol called Zlata Baba The great Cham of Tartary his Tents are said to be lined with them CHAPTER XII Of the Genetta and the Zibethus or Civet-Cat SOme conceive that Genetta being a Spanish name borrows the name from some place there Others call it a Spanish or Genet-Cat Some a lesser Panther The Oppians suppose it to be a lesser Wolf The whole body is handsomely marked with black spots The whole skin is of a soft and thick hair and downy breathing forth a not unacceptable sent It is found in Spain in waterish places where it seeks the food A winter halfe-sleeve furred therewith is sold for 25 nay 30 pound Bononian mony The Zibet unknown perhaps to the ancients is by the Greeks called Zapetion by others a Zibet-Cat or a Civet-cat a kind of Panther which the ancients thought the only well-sented beast this is thought the same with the Hyena of old It is armed with sharp teeth and hair An arme long from head to dock the legs to the feet a third part of an armes length Hee is about the bignes of a fox coloured like a wolf but black-spotted Hee carries a bag about his privities wherein lies the Civet that is so fragrant Hee hath a wide mouth like the Badger the tongue not quite so rough as a cats They are found in Pegu Congo China Cambaja and in the Ethiopian woods Brought also out of Egypt where they breed plentifully and out of Spain into Italy Hee loves raw flesh and field-mice Cardinal Galeotto feeds them at Rome with chicken-flesh In China hee eats sweet-meats and rice and egs and the sweet wood called Camaron if that be the beast Pigafetta mentions in his journall Scaliger hath seen them so tame at Rome and Mantua that men carry them harmlesly on their shoulders A Florentine Consul at Alexandria had one so gentle that hee played with men taking them by the nose ear lips teeth and did them no harm Ever fed from the first it was with womans breast-milk The sweet excrement lurking as afore is
in Horses then Mares these weaken them with staling Horses have manes and crests and fore-tops The lower eylids have no hayr therefore the painter whether the Ephesian Apelles or Nicon Micon or Polygnostus is doubtfull is blamed for painting hayr there It is a mistake in Pliny and Arist. that except man they only grow gray or hoory by reason of the thinnesse of their brainpan for dogs also wax grizly Under the saddle on the scares of gall'd places ever grow white hayrs whether because that part is weak and perisht or for any other cause Yet they come forth of one colour if you sprinkle on them ground barly fried which hath a dispersing and cleansing power Of the Colours in the differences They have a continued rew of teeth on both sides and besides those in colts 40. Afore the rest are small ones as big as a bean that hinder their chewing and make them leaner The stone Horses are said to have more then Mares They change The foreteeth are shed first called cutters and suckers they are 12 6 in the upper 6 in the lower chap. These shew the Horses age For a Horse 30 moneths old looses first his middle teeth 2. above and 2 below Entring on their fourth year they shed as many more then come Columellares or eye-teeth In the fifth year they shed the second dogteeth in the sixth year they grow again and then they have their full number in the eighth year Three year after they break a tooth which becomes roundish and then 3 square when a rheum falls into their mouths After 7 they grow crooked stick out sometimes and wax hollow and after there is no guessing at their age Yet at 10 their temples grow hollow and their eybrows gray and their teeth stick out At 12 a blacknesse is seen in the midst of their teeth saith Vegetius but Varro and Arist. write then they wax brighter with age Pliny saith they grow reddish Some have their names from the variety of teeth among the Greeks they with the marke out of the mouth Agnomoi c. Some write besides of Grinders and double teeth They hold them fast though old and fed with hard meat because they eat nothing hot The Farrides call the cheekbone Psalion Gnathos jaw or chap. The chaps are very large and moved by great muscles because they eat stooping In the heart is sometimes a bone found Some say hee hath a gall some deny it Indeed hee hath no gall-bag in the liver Yet Ruinus in dissecting a Horse found on the right side of the liver a hollow receit for gall In most it is set in sprigs into the substance of the bowels whereby the liver easily disburthens it self of gall it layes it also into the duodenum gut or the first gut 12 foot long Nature it seems confines the gall to no one bag in him as in man and in other beasts because hee is ever eating and needs gall ever ready to provoke him to dung It is observed in their shape that the Foles are a little lower then their dams and being growen up cannot reach their head It is said a witchcraft of lust called Hippomanes is naturall to them and sticks in their foreheads it is black as big as a fig which the Mare presently after foaling bites off afore shee lets the fole suck such another grows on the Mares privities This venome but daubd on the brazen Olympick Mare set all the Horses a madding as Pliny Pausanias and Aelian H. A. l. 3. c. 17. and 14. 18. write Horses are found in all places almost They delight in marishes and places wel watered though plains or hills And such places are fittest for them not dry grounds nor pestered with trees and where tender shrubs grow rather then tall trees Horses for state and service in warre stand in the stable at rack and manger where they are tied with head-stalls Their feed is fruit it is a wise beast in choyse Barly is lesse windy for them then oats or wheat Wee use oats In England and elsewhere hors-loaves of beans and pease Grasse is the common and proper fodder and hay Melilote in Italy is called the Horse three-leave-grasse Strabo speaks of a Median Physick grasse that battens them Not the first cutting especially if it grow in stinking pudde water that is unwholesome They cut it 4 or 6 times a year Some commend Cytisus in winter being dry moystned Ten pound serves an Horse lesse other cattell In many places they give them bundles of vetches By Damascus pulse for a need other things Caesars Horses besieged by Scipio ate duck meat rinced in fresh water The Pompejan Horses at Dyrrachium in a siege ate leaves striped from trees and reed-roots In Senega that dry soyl fitches and mixt In Thrace by Strymon thistle-leaves In Parthia the herb Hippax In Tartary boughs and bark of trees and roots strook out of the earth with their hoofs In Aden they eat fish there being plenty there And dried fish in Golconda in Persia and among the Gedrosians the Celtae Macedonians Lydians and Paeons inhabiting the Prasian Lake The Arabs feed them twice a day with camels milk In spring with tender herbs They love to drink water whether troubled or clear running or standing muddy or other Some to make them metled give them wine especiall if leane of old beer of oats or corne say some The males live longest We read of one 70 years old At 33 they gender After 20 men use them for stallions One called Opuns held out 40 years Some judge their age by the pinching of their shoulder-skin if after pinching it unfold it self leysumly it is an old if presently a young horse Some judge by the joynts in the tayl after the mark is out of the mouth Mares leave growing at 5 males grow a year longer after they spread and so till 20. But Mares come sooner to their just pitch It is the most lustfull of all beasts whence a venerous man is compared to a Horse and called Hippobinos The Mares are most salacious among whom Cupid is by Poëts faind to be bred and whores all called Mares having been but a few dayes together they smell out one another The Horses by biting drive away strange Mares and hold to their owne feeding with them Some say a Mare great with fole will take Horse some deny it Gryllus in Plutarchs questions whether buggerers are not worse then beasts since beasts sollicite none Yet at Athens a Horse is said to have ravisht a girle the daughter of the last of the Codry called Hippomanes Those that begin to gender at two years old bring weak colts but they begin commonly at 3 or 30 moneths old and
they see a hunter but if one of their pigs be hunted they fly not not though one be alone but shee will rush on the huntsman they whet their teeth ere they fight though they in combate among themselves yet if they spy Wolves they combine against the common foe and hasten to help as soon as they heare the cry Fulvius Hirpinus was the first of the Gowndorder that had a parke for wild Boares and other wild and not long after L. Lucullus and Q. Hortensius imitated him How savoury meat they are is well knowen Servilius Rullus father to that Rullus who in Cicero his Consulship proclaimed the field or Agrarian law was the first Roman who set a whole Boar on his table at a feast Some such were a thousand pound weight that the Romans had to their suppers thence called Milliary from their weight Consult Apicius about the manner of seasoning them The flesh is much better then common porke soon disgested and very nourishing begetting a thick and glevy juice Heliogabalus for ten dayes together shewed on his table the paps of sowes that had newly farrowed three hundred a day On the day of Lentulus his instalment when he was made Flamen he had at his supper such pappes and teats with loyns and heads of brawn Wild Boares have also their place in Phisick The brain with the blood is commended as souverain against serpents and carbuncles in the privities Bacon boiled and bound about broken parts suddenly and strangely settles them heals men annoint with the fat of roses The pouder of the cheek-bones heals spreading sores The teeth shavings disperses the pleurisy The lungs mixt with hony some put under their feet when hurt by a strait shoos The liver rayses from a lethargy and helps mattery-ears if drop'd in Drunke in wine fresh and unsalted it stays a loosnesse The small stones found therein poudered help the stone The galle warme dissolves swellings the ashes of the hoof burnt sprinckled in drink provokes urine The claws burnt and bruised helps those that pisse abed The dung dried drunke in water or wine stanches blood eases an old pain of the side taken in vineger helps ruptures and convulsions and parts out of joynt with a serecloath and oyl of roses Fresh and hot it is good against running of the nose Kneaded with wine a plaster of it draws out what sticks in the body Poudered and searsed and kneaded with grasse-hony it helps the joynts Men pour the pisse into mattery eares The bladder boyled and eaten helps those that cannot hold their water See more in Gesner The Indians have a wild Boare of a strange nature on their mountains they call Koya Metl and by six other names like ours but lesse and not so handsome with the navell on the back and about the reins strange to behold pinch it and a watry humour gushes out yet it is properly no navel but a kind of soft grisly fat and under is nothing but as in other beasts as is well known by the dissecting of him Some thinke that he breaths that way He is noysome he gnashes with his tusks horridly and is leaner and slenderer then ours He is fierce The huntsmen climbe trees a herd of these Zaini bite at and teare the body of the tree not being able to come at the men who from above wound them with bore-spears They go in herds and choose a leader and as men report the least and vilest of the herd old and feeble nor part they company till he be slain they will dy ere they forsake him Some ascribe the like to the Bachirae They abhor the Tiger The captain of the Zaini calls of his kind more then three hundred together and conducts them as a Generall his forces with these he sets on the Tiger who though the fiercest of all American wild beasts is yet overmastered by multitude but not with a great destruction of the Zaini many of whom have been found lying dead with the Tigre and but a few left to ring their knell Hee bites shrewdly when first taken but when tamed men take pleasure in him His flesh is like porke or brawn but tougher and not so sweet his bristles are sharp and party-cloured black and white He feeds on acorns roots and other mountain-fruit and also on worms and such vermine as are bred in moyst-fenny places Their toes are some longer then other their tayls are short and their feet unlike those of ours one of their hinder-feet having no claw The flesh of the Indian wild Bores is moyster and wholesomer then ours but unlesse the navell of the Zainies be pared off they putrifie in one day Wee give you the picture of him with the Jajacu Kaaigora of the Marckgrave Ampliss de Laet had one very tame but died with eating moyst feed as it seemed Valckenburg calls that navell an udder but hee mistakes since it is well known that the young suck not at that part TITLE II. Of the vvater-cloven-hoofed Beasts CHAP. I. Of the Hippotame or River-Horse FOllowing Aristotle hether I refer the River-Horse though others and perhaps more properly to another head Hee is called an Horse not from his shape but his greatnesse Hee is stiled the Horse of Nile and the Sea-ox and the Sea-hog that afore resembles an ox in the rest of the body a swine called a Sea-Elephant from his vastnesse and the whitenesse and hardnesse of his teeth and the Elephant of Egypt the Rosmarus the Rohart the Gomarus in Pretebans country Writers differ in describing him Some say that hee is five cubites high and hath ox-hoofs three teeth sticking out each side of his mouth greater out then any other beasts eared tayled and neighing like the horse in the rest like the Elephant he hath a mane a snout turning up in his inwards not unlike an horse or asse without hair taken by boats Bellonius saw a small one at Byzantium cow-headed beardard short and roundish wider jaw'd then a lion wilde nostrills broad lips turning up sharp teeth as a horse the eyes and tong very great his neck short tayled like a hog swag-bellied like a sow his feet so short that they are scant foure fingers high from the ground But Fabius Columna describes him most accurately from the carcasse of one preserved in salt brought by a Chirurgion called Nicholas Zerenghus from Damiata into Italy hee saith that he was liker an ox then a horse and about that size leg'd like a bear thirteen foot long from head to tayl foure foot and an half broad three foot an half high squat-bellied his legs three foot and an half long and three foot round his foot a foot broad the hoofs each three inches groutheaded two foot and an half broad three foot long seven foot about in compasse his mouth a foot wide snout-fleshy and turning up litle-eyed each an inch wide and two long the ears about three the bulke thick the
in their mouth as a Cat would a Mouse Nor can men take sanctuary in trees for they climb them and fetch men down and rend them to pieces In the expedition of Fedreman a Tiger assaulted a troop of Souldiers and in the midst of them tare a Spaniard and three Indians and escaped away unhurt Yet swadle them about the reins with a stick you cool their courage and master them there is no other way The Indians dread no beast more and even worship it The Devil very oft confers with them in the shape of a Tiger their claws are thought venemous and the wound they make incurable The Barbarians reverence nay dread this beast lesse since the Gospel came amongst them They are taken in nets and in some places in traps In Bengala are the fiercest found and implacably revengeful One hath followed along the shore-side thirty mile a Ship wherein any have been embarqued who wronged her Cruel to all they meet man or beast Nature yeilds some prevention to this mischief A little beast ever accompanies the Tiger and by constant barking discovers where he is and both men and beasts take the warning and hide themselves or run away They are most greedy after mans-flesh especially the black-Moors and know their ships chasing them twenty leagues together watching if any come ashore to devour him By night they leap into ships and surprize and destroy the Mariners To give a memorable example of what hapened to one of our men while we were trading in Bengala A certain Moor a servant dreamed that a Tiger snatched him away the night after he hid himself in the prow of the ship being asked the cause he told his dream which the some night was verified for all being asleep a Tiger leaps aboard touches not any else though thirty lay asleep in the ship but seazes the wretched Moor. The lot of another was Luckier as divine providence ordered it hee being ashore not far from the ship a Tiger assaults him behinde and a Crocodile out of a river afore the Tiger to prevent his foe and bear away his prey for overhast runs quite beyond the man and running against the ships-side falls into the Crocodiles jaws and so the man escaped It cannot be said how those of Bengala dread the Tigers rage whence they call him by sundry names fearing that if they should call him by his owne name they might be torne in pieces In Brasil there are multitudes of them and those hungry ravenous dreadfull and swift and very strong But once full fed they are said to be so sluggish that common curres can drive them away Gluttony destroy not mankind alone In new Spain they lurke in trees by rivers-sides watching the Crocodiles and leap down and surprize and kill them Time was when Darien was as much pestered by Tigers as Nemaea with Lions and Calidonia with wilde Boares In six month there passed not one night free wherein a heyfer horse dog or hog was not devoured in the town-wayes their herds and flocks were wasted not a man could with safety step forth a doores especially when the Tigresses had whelps when hunger forced them to sease man and beast At length necessity put the natives on this invention to revenge and save the blood of them and theirs they observed strictly the Tigers track from their dens and digged a ditch cast up light earth covered it with hurdles fastened sharp stakes at the bottome there came a hee-Tiger hee fell in stuck fast on the stakes the Indians threw down great stones on him and dispatched him in the pit they cast many darts at him which with his right paw hee shattered into a thousand pieces and chips If when half dead and bloodlesse hee bred such a terrour in the beholders how dreadfull think wee was hee when loose One John Ledesina a Spanjard who was present at the busines reports that hee ate his share of that Tiger and that it tasted as well as beef Ask them who never saw a Tiger how they know one they tell you by the spots fiercenesse nimblenesse When many have seen Leopards Panthers Ounces so marked also the male-Tiger dead they traced his footsteps to his den where female also dwelt shee absent they tooke away two sucking whelps changing their mind and that they might send them to Spain when bigger they fitted iron-chains carefully to their necks and left them there to the dames nursery A few dayes after returning to the den they found them not supposing that the dame in a rage had torne them in pieces and taken them away that no man might have them for they affirme that they could not possibly be tame alive out of the chains The skin of the male was stuffed with dry herbs and sent to Admirantus and the Governers of Hispaniola See more of this subject in Nieremberg and Marckg. H. B. l. 6. c. 10. CHAP. V. Of the Beare THe Latines call this beast Ursus from urgeo to force or dirve or urge as they doe their prey till it fall afore them or from Orsus because they lick their cubs into shape c. The Greeks Arkâ—os from Arkoo to drive or Arkeomai because hee passest the winter without eating His body is grosse and unwieldy and some say ever waxing some have been found five cubits long and as broad beyond any ox-hide and such a one was presented to Maximilian the Emperour at the Baths of Baden The skin is thick and shaggy the teeth hidden the mouth long eyes quick the feet like hands his chief strength lies in his arms and loyns sometimes they stand on their hindfeet their tayl is short having foure paps a large stomack and gut when taken in their dens in winter sleeping and being unbowdled their stomack is empty and clinged together Galen observes sinews in them so turning as in any other beasts are hardly seen Their heads seemes weake especially afore which in a Lion is strongest therefore falling down in any precipice they tumble down with their arms covering their head While they keep in their coverts small drops of blood are onely about their heart the rest of their body is bloodles Grease and fat they have but no marrow saith Pliny They are found almost all the world over most are in Poland Germany Lithuania Norwey and other Northern parts especially in Nova-Zembla In England are now none nor in Candy It is a mistake that there are none in Africa for the Moores weare the skins They delight more in hilly then plain land whence it is that the Alpes so swarm with them and those stout ones In the mountains of Peru are many black ones and Pernes an Attick hill is famous for Bear-hunting The Beare eats all kind of things among plants they fancy a red and sweet berry growing on a bramble and the herb Cuculus a kind of Trifoyl and a root that provokes sleep A Cow-herd on
harmony is marred if you mingle in musick strings of Sheeps and of Wolves guts Fopperies If he touch Sea-onion he is straight shrivelled together He fears stones because worms breed in that part that is struck with a stone Sparks struck out of a flint frights him so that he dare not approach be he never so hungry A Drum made of his hide drives other beasts away A Pipe or any musick or a Drum frights them away when flinging of stones cannot They are said to love Parrats they run mad sometimes they get the Gout and are troubled with the Squincy Wolf-bane or Lycoctonum kills them When wounded they stench the blood by wallowing in the myre They live long and when old they are troubled with the tooth-ach and cast all their teeth Having weake-inwards they eat herbs especially Dracontium to sharpen their teeth The lowest are thought bouldest Falne into a pit and seeing themselves inclosed they are stupied and harmelesse They observe who strikes them and watch to be revenged They love their young the females stay by them and the males cater for them Flying they take their young with them They are soonest taken in cloudy weather then they hide themselves most Walking among leaves they lick their feet that they may not be heard Being to passe a river that the stream carry them not away they hold one the other by the tayl with their teeth and so hanging on another they will drag an Ox out of a marsh While they eat they are angry with lookers on meeting with a man and a beast together they ever spare the man saith Albertus One related to Gesner that he saw a Wolfe in a wood bite off a piece of wood of thirty or fourty pound weight and practised to go to and fro upon it as it lay and then hide it when he was perfect and a wilde Sow comming thether with her Hogs of severall ages because oats were sowed there he brake in and tooke a Hog away about the weight of that block and leaping took the wood back and devoured the Hog Sometimes they grow familiar with dogs and so enter the folds without resistance and worry all the sheep to death afore they fall to eat any one They dare not make at the face of a Bull because they feare his hornes but they first seeme to threaten him afore and then suddenly take advantage of him behind Like Horses and Dogs they wax gray through age When hungry they can sent their prey by night half a mile against the wind One will houle and call many more and set together on a troop of Horses which happens oft in Bononia At midnight they will go by troupes to a village and stay at the entrance one shall enter and awake the dogs and so entice them forth and devoure them They will hold willow boughs forth to goats to enveagle them within their reach Their voyce is houling Fashionable people admit not the flesh to their table it being a dry grosse rank food yet in Savoy some eat it They are very usefull in Physick Boyled alive with oyl and wax it is commended against the gout The Hide binds and helps the colick The flesh eases child-bearing eaten by the teeming woman or any that are by The fat is mixt with salves against the gout the blood with oyl of nuts helpes the deafish the Head layed under your pillow provokes sleep the right Ey salted and tied on helps agues the tooth takes away the swelling of the gums making way for the teeth to come with ease he who drinks through a Wolfs throat escapes the danger of a Squinsy Agricola confesses he learnt that experiment of Adolphus Occo The heart a dram of it mixt with an ounce of the gum of an oke and another of that of the Pear-tree and two drams of Harts-horne helps the falling sicknesse The Liver is good against a furred mouth the same in warm wine helps the cough and Tisick the gall bound with Elaterium on the navell makes laxative The dung gathered up among shrubs and briars hath helped the colick drunk or hanged on nay the bones found in the excrements if they have not touched the ground tied to the arme The bones dried to powder remove the pain between the ribs the head hanged up in a Dove-coot drives away weesels and cats I omit the use or abuse rather about venery and witchcraft and the heathens sacrifices with them when they invoked Divells The newly married among the Romans smeared their posts with Wolfs-fat the tayl hanged over mangers keeps away the Wolf The Differences follow ARTICLE II. Of the wolf in speciall and of the Gulo AMong Wolves some are wild as on the Doffâ—inian mountains that part Norwey from Sweden in Sardinia They are more shaggy then others yellow and their tayl standing up In Media they used them in their sports armed men fighting with them Some are called from their elegant colour Golden-ones lesse then ordinary Wolves but as greedy They go in troops hurting neither men nor herds They seeme to barke like dogs They are seen in Turky and Cilicia They visite the Turks cottages by night and eat what is eatable that comes in their way if they meet with nothing else they carry away caps cloathes shooes and what ever is of leather Men make garments of their skins There are also Scythian wolves in the utmost borders of Scandinavia behind Norwey and Gothland It is a beast as big as a wolf and very angry the Germans call them Grimmeklaw because the edges of the nayl make them teachy There is also the Sea-wolfe a mungrell as big as a Bear so hardskind as a sword can scarce pearce it He hath a wondrous great head his eyes are shadowed with very many hairs nosed and toothed like a dog sharp-shagged on his skin black-spotted his tayl long thick and shaggy Small stones are found in his stomack very fat he is found on the British coasts In the Isle of Angra a thousand of them have been seen in a troop They are also seen in an Isle behind the Port of S. Crux and in the Sea-tract of Peru. The Birds called Buitri kill them sometimes they have wings fifteen foot broad If they spy a wolfe one takes him by the legs another with the beake blinds him The old ones roar like Lions the young have a kids voyce the liver is eatable Those of Angra eating their flesh fresh and salted live long The skins are worn The Gulo or Gorbelly hath the name from greedinesse Scaliger calls him a fourfooted vultur Crollius an Ox-eater the Germans Vielfrase Found they are in Lituania Moscovy and other Northern Regions They feed on carcasses and so cram themselves that they strut like a drum They squeeze out their excrements between two trees by force and then returne to their carcasse and cram themselves
where good grasse grows 2. The Eliztactotli or white-breast 3. The Cuitlatepotli or short tayl 4. The Tocantâ—ctli of Peru shaped like the Mexican Mole called Tuca 5. The Quauâ—toctli 6. Metochtli 7. Cacotochtli 8. Another Cuitlatepotli All differing in shape and name not so savoury and delicate of tast as ours All this I had out of D. Franc. Hornandus his manuscripts Out of another that there are some somewhat lesse then the Castellani tayl like a fish well-tasted living on hills and grassie places and not in burrows There are foure sorts of them 1. Quemi greater and harder 2. Utiae 3. Mohlas 4. Cuties litle daintier and wholesomer There are Viscachae long-tailed like Cats They love snow and batten on it The Hair of old hath been valued and of use CHAPTER XV. Of the Squirrell THe first who called this small beast Sciurus was Oppianus who lived in the time of Antonine C. so called from the shadow of his tail and Kampsiouros from Kamptein because hee bends and turnes up his tail ever on his back and Eleion a Dor-mouse and Nitela from climing and Pirolus and Spiriolus and Scurulus from running A kind of Mouse he is His lower-teeth are longest and the blinde-gut answering the stomack They are found almost everywhere especially Northward where their colour is fairest They feed on apples chesse-nuts and other nuts beech and pineapples and acorns and in Summer they hoard up against Winter In Spring they gender and build nests of sticks and leaves on the highest boughs of trees They bring three or foure young at once that are said to leave their nest after they are three or foure dayes old They can use their fore-feet like hands are easily tamed and chatter going they drag their tail after sitting they turn it upon their back in leaping it is in stead of wings in schorching weather it yeelds them shadow passing waters it serves for a sail they make a bark of a tree their ship in their holes they have many outlets which they stop or open as the wind stands or foreseeing a storme Some dresse them to eat the Velleians hold them for a delicate The fat mollifies Galen commends it highly against ear-ache Iuglers abuse the teeth to fortune telling they differ in colour and according to their place In Germany they are in the first year black when bigger red In Poland gray and flame-coloured In Russia all ash-coloured In Podolia spotted Some are called Pontick mice the Getulian and Indian are pied The Pontick lives about Pontus and used there for weare called also the Laffican-mouse and the Venetian and by the Pole Popieliza He is ash-coloured in bright the tail not so bushy as others but natured as the common squirrell He is buried all winter in a deep sleep some on the back are more ash some more fier red The Getulian is party-coloured red and black streaked handsome with white and dusk from the shoulders to the tail through back and sides lesse then the common one with hanging ears almost as big as his head round fetched through the surface of the skin long headed like a frog Of the Indian are five or six kinds 1. The Quauhtechallotl the Tliltik or Tlilocotequillin so called from the black colour and the pine-tree where he dwells He eats the pine-apples in the hollow there he layes up his winters provision there they keep their brood and gnaw all round They are subtile chirp like sparrows the tail is woolly and can cover the whole body They are easily tamed and brought to eat any thing Eating he stands on his hind-feet and holds his meat with the fore-feet lifting up his tail but running he stretches it out at length Anger him he raises his hair They make winter-furres of the skins which are warme and handsome 2. The Quauhtechallotl Quapachtli or Corticolotequilin so called from the clay-colour of the belly twice as big as others and except the belly is white black and dusk the tail long and bushy that can cover him all over They live with their young in burrows eat Indian wheat which they take out of the fields and lay up for winter they are subtile and never tamed 3. The Tlechallotl with a tail half bald and shorter not about nine inches is never tamed bites cruelly gnaw all things is bright and dusk eats as squirrells and most maiz hath great eyes digs himself a burrow strews it with wool cotten or any soft thing lives there and chirps like a sparrow 4. The Thalmototli of a span long great-headed and eyed for such a small body the tail long bushy with white dark and black streaks and can cover himself therewith the body is pied sometimes inclining to yellow 5. The Quiniichpatlan or flying mouse black shaped like a small bird long near the arms and thighs he goes from tree to tree as if he flew lesse he is then the rest mouse-headed great eared feed as the other The ashes of the tail burnt are said to easen child-bearing 6. The Yztactechalotl like the rest only the head neck and buttocks at top yellow and the tail hath blew spaces and whitish and yellow streaks the rest of the body is whitish whence it hath the name CHAPTER XVI Of the Dormouse CAlled Glis from gliscere to wax or grow fat resting and batning all winter in its hole In Greek Eleios of old Gelaios whence happily Glis so called from living abroad in woods or in winter in hollow trees sleeping some call him Lagoneiron the sleepy Hare Some Muozon from the sharp Muzzle for such it is and long the Ears very sharp the tayl not so bushy the belly strutting out more then the Squirrells sides and back ash-coloured some yellowish on the belly are taken They are not onely in woods but also about country-houses It is a mistake that there are none in Yreland nor where Yrish wood is I know the contrary They swarm neare Goricia and in the Alps of Carniola Styria and Carinthia They eat beech acorns nuts apples c. Some say they open apples onely for the kernels In Winter they ly snorting and fattening in hollow-trees in so deep a sleep that fire can scarce wake them nor cutting till you cast them into scalding water they stir not In summer they couple and bring forth at fall of the leafe They are prously tender of their old fires and dames Like Mice they quit a ruinous house three months afore it fall by a prophetique instinct that winters-fatning by rest lasts not above six years All that inhabite one wood meet sometime and maintain a flight against those of another hill or river All authours hold that there is poyson in them about their tail and that their pisse sprinkled on any part makes it incurably putrifie to the bone Some write that the Viper blinds and fosters up their young
the earth and eat not comming forth they creep slowly whether from feeblenesse or their nature They are at variance with Partriges and Eagles that snap them oft up to crack them on Rocks as one let one fall of the bald-pate of the tragick Poët Aeschylus mistaking it for a stone and killed him who abhorred to lengthen life according to Hyppocrates directions Their voyce is a little louder then a snakes hisse they fight with Serpents fenceing themselves with origanum c. Some parboyl them and then fry them in steaks Some reckon them among fishes and allow them on fasting-dayes others not they have bones and breath Not to speak of their eyes Some Americans count them dainties the flesh is usefull against dropsie and short-breath or wheesings Boiled they remove the loathsomnes of glutting of hony The ashes of the shell are used against fistulaes and shedding of hair and with oyl and wine against sore legs and in a fume against Emrods Burne them they close chapped-nipples with the white of an egge and they help bursten people the blood of the head cut off when it lies on the back and dried in the Sun quenches S. Anthonies fire and removes warts and morfew and is good for a sore-head and with ants-egges Henbane Hyoscyamus Hemlock is made an excellent oyntment the shell makes a good pot-lid that keeps the pot from boyling over the blood in wine makes abstemious the flesh fattens Horses and Hogs Vegetius makes an ointment of the live Tortoys burnt on chips and raw Allum and Deers-marrow and wine to make cattells hair grow The shell-shavings drunk in wine allay lust Of the greater some have framed tables vessells and beds Pliny and Seneca complain of the luxury in this kind under Nero and of counterfaiting the colour of the shell to make coverings for cup-bords The Amazons made shields of the shells and cradles for their children Pliny divides them into land and Sea and Ponds-tortoyses and such as live in sweet water called Emyclae In the Isle Zambol are seene small beasts like them round-bodied crosse-streakt at the end of each streak is an eare and an eye they have but one belly many feet and can goe every way The blood is soveraigne to close any wound Gesner calls it the many-footed-Tortoys In the Isle Mauritius under the line they are so large and strong that they carry men too and fro the Portugees speak of fifteen such CHAPTER II. Of Tortoyses in speciall ARTICLE I. Of the Land-Tortoyse THe Land-Tortoys is called by some the hill wood field wild-one in Greek Chersaian c. It is as the Salmander markt with yellow and black spots on the back shelled like the sea-one The under-shell of the female is plain but of the male hollow and heavier under the under-shells are two moving muscles afore on each side one either seems double the greater outward the lesse inward both rising sideling as out of the arm-pits springing from a thin skin clinging to the shell and ending in a sharp tendon under these long round muscles six other appeares long that haply bend the arms Two come to the thighs sprouting from the foresaid membrane these are lesse then the former but more fleshy and are set into the thighs The back-bone is compact and fastened strongly to the shell in the middle of the length Below the head in the midst a fingers breath from the sides descend two muscles plucking the head inward and two other a little below all long The liver is parted but alike big on the right and left side without bunched within hollow on the right side craggy containing in a strange workmanship the nether mouth of the stomack and a part of the duodenum the left side holding the greater hollow of the stomack like a hollow eyebrow The gall-bag lies deep in the right string of the liver The stomack nearly resembles a mans or swines but after it comes to the bowells it hath three large hollows wherein are perfected the three digestions In the two first is a herby substance the latter better wrought and from hence cleaves the milt round and black in the third a certain moystish and very white substance like a chewed chesnut but washy It is thought this serves for a bladder that as Hens use darts out sometimes a white moysture It is large and shaped like a chesnut thin and of a large conveyance It clings fast to the peritonaeum The straight gut at the end hath such side passages as all Cocks have but parted and reaching into the sides even to the reins Here on each side ly their egges The mid-rif is interwoaven with great veins The heart is roundish and whitish hollow on one corner placed just above the liver The sharp artery which is worthy marking a little after the beginning is cloven and the branches are twisted The lungs above cling to the back-bone thin not fleshy but rather skinny set into the sharp artery like a blackish net-worke The disposition of the Hyois-bone and shield-gristle is remarkable In the skull of the Sea-tortoyse is a partition These come about in the deserts of Africa and in some part of Lybia Also in the Arcadian woods they of old made harps of them They are most in the Isle Dioscoris in the red-sea Living in the deserts they have been thought to feed on dew Others say they crop young sprouts of pot-herbs and Pompions c. Worms also they eat and shell-fish In house they kept with bran and meal To passe by fables of their being gendred of Geranus a woman turned into a Crane and Nicodamas They lay hard shelled and party-coloured egges which they hide in the ground and at times sit on and the following year they foster them It is a mistake that they conceive only when the wind blows It is certainer that the female being very slow to coupling is of the male quickned by an herb The Greeks eat them not Certain Hungarians seeing Clusius tast of one beleeved he should dy of it In India they are commonly eaten In August and September when corn is ripe they are fattest and most cried up Some say from February to May the Shee s are best being then full of egges and from June to Autumne the Hees Some praise them with garlick sauce At this day at Bononia they behead the female land-Crocodile and throw away the blood and seeth it till the shell fall from the flesh and wash the inward and boyl all together with saffran sweet spices pines and raisins in Malmsy and so serve it in The flesh makes good perfumes against witchraft and poyson In Africa they cut off the head and feet and make an antidote of them In pottage eaten they disperse swellings and help the falling sicknesse and spleen the blood clears the ey-sight and removes blood-shot rednesse in the eyes and helps against all venome of