with a little swelling with a knife or lancet so breaking and opening a way for them notwithstanding that a little fluxe of blood will follow by the tension of the gummes of which kind of remedy I have with prosperous and happy successe made tryall in some of mine owne children in the presence of Feureus Altinus and Cortinus Doctors of Physick and Guillemeau the Kings Chirurgian which is much better and more safe than to doe as some nurses doe who taught onely by the instinct of nature with their nailes and scratching breake and teare or rent the childrens gummes The Duke of Nevers had a sonne of eight moneths old which died of late and when wee with the Physitians that were present diligently sought for the cause of his death we could impute it unto nothing else than to the contumacious hardnesse of the gums which was greater than was convenient for a childe of that age for therefore the teeth could not breake forth nor make a passage for themselves to come forth of which our judgement this was the tryall that when we cut his gummes with a knife we found all his teeth appearing as it were in an array ready to come forth which if it had bin done when he lived doubtlesse he might have beene preserved The End of the twenty fourth Booke OF MONSTERS AND PRODIGIES THE TWENTY FIFTH BOOK THE PREFACE WEe call Monsters what things soever are brought forth contrary to the common decree and order of nature So wee terme that infant monstrous which is borne with one arme alone or with two heads But we define Prodigies those things which happen contrary to the whole course of nature that is altogether differing and dissenting from nature as if a woman should bee delivered of a Snake or a Dogge Of the first sort are thought all those in which any of those things which ought and are accustomed to bee according to nature is wanting or doth abound is changed worne covered or defended hurt or not put in his right place for somtimes some are born with more fingers than they should other some but with one finger some with those parts devided which should be joyned others with those parts joyned which should bee devided some are borne with the privityes of both sexes male and female And Aristotle saw a Goate with a horne upon her knee No living creature was ever borne which wanted the Heart but some have beene seene wanting the Spleene others with two Spleenes and some wanting one of the Reines And none have bin known to have wanted the whole Liver although some have bin found that had it not perfect and whole and there have beene those which wanted the Gall when by nature they should have had it and besides it hath beene seene that the Liver contrary to his naturall site hath lien on the left side and the Spleene on the right Some women also have had their privities closed and not perforated the membranous obstacle which they call the Hymen hindering And men are sometimes borne with their fundaments eares noses and the rest of the passages shut and are accounted monstrous nature erring from its entended scope But to conclude those Monsters are thought to portend some ill which are much differing from their nature CHAP. I. Of the cause of Monsters and first of those Monsters which appeare for the glory of God and the punishent of mens wickednesse THere are reckoned up many causes of monsters the first whereof is the glory of God that his immense power may be manifested to those which are ignorant of it by the sending of those things which happen contrary to nature for thus our Saviour Christ answered the Disciples asking whether he or his parents had offended who being born blind received his sight from him that neither he nor his parents had committed any fault so great but this to have happened onely that the glory and majesty of God should be divulged by that miracle and such great workes Another cause is that God may either punish mens wickednesse or shew signes of punishment at hand because parents sometimes lye and joine themselves together without law and measure or luxuriously and beastly or at such times as they ought to forbeare by the command of God and the Church such monstrous horrid and unnaturall births doe happen At Verona Anno Dom. 1254. a mare foaled a colt with the perfect face of a man but all the rest of the body like an horse a little after that the warre betweene the Florentines and Pisans began by which all Italy was in a combustion The figure of a Colt with a mans face About the time that Pope Julius the second raised up all Italy and the greatest part of Christendome against Lewis the twelfth the King of France in the yeere of our Lord 1512. in which yeere upon Easter day neere Ravenna was fought that mortall battell in which the Popes forces were overthrowne a monster was borne in Ravenna having a horne upon the crowne of his head and besides two wings and one foot alone most like to the feet of birds of prey and in the knee thereof an eye the privities of male and female the rest of the body like a man as you may see by the following figure The figure of awinged Monster The third cause is an abundance of seed overflowing matter The fourth the same in too little quantity and deficient The fift the force and efficacy of imagination The sixt the straightnesse of the wombe The seaventh the disorderly site of the party with childe and the position of the parts of the body The eighth a fall straine or stroake especially upon the belly of a woman with child The ninth hereditary diseases or affects by any other accident The tenth the confusion and mingling together of the seed The eleventh the craft and wickednesse of the divell There are some others which are accounted for monsters because they have their originall or essence full of admiration or doe assume a certaine prodigious forme by the craft of some begging companions therefore we will speak briefly of them in their place in this our treatise of monsters CHAP. II. Of monsters caused by too great abundance of seed SEeing wee have already handled the two former and truely finall causes of monsters we must now come to those which are the matereall corporeall and efficient causes taking our beginning from that we call the too great abundance of the matter of seed It is the opinion of those Philosophers which have written of monsters that if at any time a creature bearing one at once as man shall cast forth more seed in copulation than is necessary to the generation of one body it cannot be that onely one should bee begot of all that therefore from thence either two or more must arise whereby it commeth to passe that these are rather judged wonders because they happen seldome and contrary to common custome Superfluous parts
into one it maketh one with the parts encreased more than is fit eithâ—… greatnesse or number but if it bee as it were cloven into divers parts it caâ—… more than one at one birth CHAP. IV. Of Hermaphrodites of Scrats ANd here also we must speake of Hermaphrodites because they draw the cause of their generation and conformation from the plenty and abundance of seed and are called so because they are of both sexes the woman yeelding as much seed as the man For hereupon it commeth to passe that the forming faculty which alwaies endeavours to produce something like it selfe doth labour both the matters almost with equall force and is the cause that one body is of both sexes Yet some make foure differences of Hermaphrodites the first of which is the male Hermaphrodite who is a perfect and absolute male and hath onely a slit in the Perinaeum not perforated and from which neither urine nor seed doth flow The second is the female which besides her naturall privity hath a fleshy and skinny similitude of a mans yard but unapt for erection and ejaculation of seed and wanteth the cod and stones the third difference is of those which albeit they beare the expresse figures of members belonging to both sexes commonly set the one against the other yet are found unapt for generation the one of them onely serving for making of water the fourth difference is of those who are able in both sexes and throughly performe the part both of man and woman because they have the genitalls of both sexes compleat and perfect and also the right breast like a man and the left like a woman the lawes command those to chuse the sexe which they will use and in which they will remaine and live judging them to death if they be found to have departed from the sexe they made choice of for some are thought to have abused both and promiscuously to have had their pleasure with men and women There are signes by which the Physitians may discerne whether the Hermaphrodires are able in the male or female sexe or whether they are impotent in both these signes are most apparent in the privities and face for if the matrix be exact in all its demensions and so perforated that it may admit a mans yard if the courses flow that way if the haire of the head bee long slender and soft and to conclude if to this tender habite of the body a timide and weake condition of the minde be added the female sexe is predominant and they are plainely to bee judged women But if they have the Perinaeum and fundament full of haires the which in women are commonly without any if they have a yard of a convenient largenesse if it stand well readily and yeeld seed the male sexe hath the preheminence and they are to be judged men But if the conformation of both the genitalls be alike in figure quantity and efficacy it is thought to be equally able in both sexes although by the opinion of Aristotle those who have double genitals the one of the male the other of the female the one of them is alwaies perfect the other imperfect The figure of Hermaphrodite twinnes cleaving together with their backes Anno Dom. 1486. In the Palatinatâ— at the village Robach neere Heidelberg there were twinnes both Hermaphrodites borne with their backs sticking together The effigies of an Hermaphrodite having foure hands and feet The same day the Venetians and Genoeses entred into league there was a monster borne in Italy having foure armes and feet and but one head it lived a little after it was baptized Iames Ruef a Helvetian Chirurgian saith hee saw the like but which besides had the privities of both sexes whose figure I have therefore here set forth CHAP. V. Of the changing of Sexe AMatus Lusitanus reports that in the village Esquina there was a maid named Maria Pateca who at the appointed age for her courses to flow had in stead of them a mans yard lying before that time hid and covered so that of a woman she became a man and therefore laying aside her womans habite was cloathed in mans and changing her name was called Emanuel who when hee had got much wealth by many and great negotiations and commerce in India returned into his country and married a wife but Lusitanus saith he did not certainely know whether he had any children but that he was certaine he remained alwaies beardlesse Anthony Loqueneux the Kings keeper or receiver of his rents of St. Quintin at Vermandois lately affirmed to me that he saw a man at Reimes at the Inne having the sign of the swan in the yeer 1560. who was taken for a woman untill the fourteenth yeere of his age for then it happened as he played somewhat wantonly with a maid which lay in the same bed with him his members hitherto lying hid started forth and unfolded them selves which when his parents knew by helpe of the Ecclesiasticke power they changed his name from Ioane to John and put him in mans apparell Some yeeres agone being in the traine of King Charles the ninth in the French Glasse-house I was shewed a man called Germane Garnierus but by some Germane Maria because in former times when he was a woman hee was called Mary he was of an indifferent stature and well set body with a thicke and red beard he was taken for a girle untill the fifteenth yeere of his age because there was no signe of being a man seene in his body and for that amongst women he in like attire did those things which pertaine to women in the fifteenth yeere of his age whilest he some-what earnestly pursued hogges given into his charge to bee kept who running into the corne he leaped violently over a ditch whereby it came to passe that the stayes and foldings being broken his hidden members sodainly broke forth but not without paine going home hee weeping complained to his mother that his guts came forth with which his mother amazed calling Physitians and Surgeons to counsell heard he was turned into a man therefore the whole businesse being brought to the Cardinall the Bishop of Lenuncure an assembly being called he received the name and habite of a man Pliny reports that the sonne of Cassinus of a girle became a boy living with his parents but by the command of the Soothsayers he was carried into a desart Isle because they thought such monsters did alwaies shew or portend some monstrous thing Certainely women have so many and like parts lying in their wombe as men have hanging forth onely a strong and lively heat seemes to bee wanting which may drive forth that which lyes hid within therefore in processe of time the heat being encreased and flourishing and the humidity which is predominant in childhood overcome it is not impossible that the virile members which hitherto sluggish by defect of heat lay hid may be put forth especially if to that strength of
is cause of many accidents in men for the perpetuall effluxe of blood extinguisheth the vivide and lively colour of the face calls on a dropsie overthrowes the strength of the whole body The fluxe of Haemorrhoides is commonly every moneth sometimes onely foure times in a yeare Great paine inflammation an Abscesse which may at length end in a Fistula unlesse it be resisted by convenient remedies doe oft times forerunne the evacuation of the Haemorrhoides But if the Haemorrhoides flow in a moderate quantity if the patients brooke it well they ought not to be stayed for that they free the patients from the feare of imminent evills as melancholy leprosie strangury and the like Besides if they bee stopped without a cause they by their refluxe into the Lungs cause their inflammation or else breake the vessells thereof and by flowing to the Liver cause a dropsie by the suffocation of the native heate they cause a dropsie and universall leanenesse on the contrary if they flow immoderately by refrigerating the Liver by losse of too much blood wherefore when as they flow too immoderately they must be stayed with a pledget of hares downe dipped in the ensuing medicine ℞ pul aloes thuris balaust sang draconis an ℥ ss incorporentur simul cum ovi albumine fiat medicamentum ad usum When they are stretched out and swollne without bleeding it is convenient to beate an Onion roasted in the embers with an Oxes gall and apply this medicine to the swolne places and renew it every five houres This kind of remedy is very prevalent for internall Haemorrhoides but such as are manifest may be opened with horsleaches or a Lancet The juyce or masse of the hearbe called commonly Dead nettle or Arkeangell applyed to the swolne Haemorrhoides opens them and makes the congealed blood flow there hence The Fungus and Thymus being diseases about the fundament are cured by the same remedy If acrimony heate and paine doe too cruelly afflict the patient you must make him enter into a bath and presently after apply to the ulcers if any such be this following remedy ℞ Olei ros ℥ iiij cerusae ℥ j. Litharg ℥ ss cerae novae ʒvj opij ℈ j. fiaet unguent secundum artem Or else ℞ an.ʒj. opij ℈ j. fiat unguentum cum oleo rosarum mucagine sem psilij addendo vitellum unius ovt You may easily prosequute the residue of the cure according to the generall rules of Art The end of the Thirteenth Booke OF BANDAGES OR LIGATURES THE FOURTEENTH BOOK CHAP. I. Of the differences of Bandages BAndages wherewith we use to binde doe much differ amongst themselves But their differences in Galens opinion are chiefly drawne from sixe things to wit their matter figure length breadth making and parts whereof they consist Now the matter of Bandages is threefold Membranous or of skinnes which is accommodated peculiarly to the fractured grisles of the Nose of Woollen proper to inflamed parts as those which have neede of no astriction of Linnen as when anie thing is to be fast bound and of Linnen cloathes some are made of flaxe othersome of hempe as Hippocrates observes But Bandages doe thus differ amongst themselves in structure for that some thereof consist of that matter which is sufficiently close and strong of it selfe such are the membranous others are woven as the linnen ones But that Linnen is to bee made choice of for this use and judged the best not which is new and never formerly used but that which hath alreadie beene worne and served for other uses that so the Bandages made thereof may be the more soft and pliable yet must they bee of such strength that they may not breake with stretching and that they may straitly containe and repell the humour readie to flow downe and so hinder it from entring the part These besides must not bee hemmed nor stitched must have no lace nor seame for hems and seames by their hardnesse presse into and hurt the flesh that lyes under them Lace whether in the midst or edges of the rowler makes the Ligature unequall For the Member where it is touched with the Lace as that which will not yeeld is pressed more hard but with the cloth in the middle more gently as that which is more laxe Furthermore these Ligatures must bee of cleane cloth that if occasion bee they may bee moystened or steeped in liquour appropriate to the disease and that they may not corrupt or make worse that liquour by their moistening therein Now the Bandages which are made of Linnen cloathes must be cut long-waies and not athwart for so they shall keepe more firme and strong that which they binde and besides they will be alwaies alike and not broader in one place than in another But they thus differ in figure for that some of them are rowled up to which nothing must be sowed for that they ought to be of a due length to binde up the member others are cut or divided which truly consist of one piece but that divided in the end such are usually taken to bind up the breasts or else in the midst others are sowed together which consist of many branches sowed together and ending in divers heads and representing divers figures such are the Bandages appropriated to the head But they thus differ in length for that some of them are shorter others longer so in like sort for breadth for some are broader others narrower Yet wee cannot certainly define nor set downe neither the length nor breadth of Rowlers for that they must be various according to the different length and thicknesse of the members or parts Generally they ought both in length and breadth to fit the parts whereunto they are used For these parts require a binding different each from other the head the necke shoulders armes breasts groines testicles fundament hips thighes legs feet and toes For the parts of Bandages wee terme one part their bodie another their heads By the bodie we mean their due length breadth but their ends whether they run long-waies or a-crosse wee according to Galen terme them their heads CHAP. II. Sheweth the indications and generall precepts of fitting of Bandages and Ligatures THere are in Hippocrates opinion two indications of fitting Bandages or Ligatures the one whereof is taken from the part affected the other from the affect it selfe From the part affected so the legge if you at any time binde it up must bee bound long-waies for if you binde it overthwart the binding will loosen as soone as the patient beginnes to goe and put forth his legge for then the muscles take upon them another figure On the contrarie the Arme or Elbow must be bound up bending in and turned to the breast for otherwise at the first bending if it bee bound when it is stretched forth the Ligature will be slacked for that as we formerly said the figure of the muscles is perverted Now
mens shoulders or two standing posts The fifth with a Ladder The sixth with an Instrument called an Ambi. Wee will describe these sixe waies and present them to your view CHAP. XXII Of the first manner of setting a Shoulder which is with ones fist FIrst let one of sufficient strength placed on the opposite side firmly hold the Patient upon the joynt of the Shoulder lest he move up and downe with his whole bodie at the necessarie extension working and putting it in then let another taking hold of his arme above the elbow so draw and extend it downe-wards that the head thereof may be set just against its cavitie hollowed in the blade-bone Then at last let the Surgeon lift and force up with his fist the head of the bone into its cavitie Here this is chiefly to be observed that in fresh luxations especially in a bodie soft effeminate moist and not over corpulent that it sometimes comes to passe that by the only meanes of just extension the head of the bone freed from the muscles and other particles wherewith it was as it were intangled will betake it selfe into its proper cavitie the muscles being by this meanes restored to their place and figure and drawing the bone with them as they draw themselves towards their heads as it were with a sudden gird or twitch wherefore in many whilest we thought no such thing it sufficed for restitution only to have extended the arme But if the Luxation bee inveterate and the hand cannot serve then must the Patients shoulder be fastned to a Poste with the forementioned Ligature or else committed to ones charge who may stand at his backe and hold him fast Then the arme shall presently be tyed about a little above the elbow with a fillet whereto a cord shall be fastened which being put or fastened to the Pulley shall be drawne or stretched forth as much as need shall require Lastly the Surgeon with a towell or such like Ligature fastened about his necke and hanging down and so put under the Patients arme-pit neare to the Luxation shall raising himselfe upon his feete with the whole strength of his necke lift up the shoulder and also at the same time bringing his arme to the Patients breast shall set the head of the shoulder-bone forced with both his hands into its cavitie as you may see by this ensuing figure An expression of the first manner of putting a Shoulder into Joynt Then must you cover all the adjacent parts with a medicine made ex farina volatili bolo armenio myrtillis pice resina alumine beaten into powder and mixed with the white of an egge Then must the hollownesse under the arm be filled with a clew of Woollen or Cotton yarne or a linnen cloth spred over with a little oyle of Roses or Myrtles a little vinegar and unguentum rosatum or infrigidans Galeni lest it sticke to the haires if there be any there The part must afterwards be bound up with a ligature consisting of two heads of some five fingers breadth and two ells long more or lesse according as the bodie shall require The midst thereof shall be put immediately under the arme-pit and then crossed over the lame shoulder and so crossing it as much as shal be fit it shall be wrapped under the opposite arme And lastly the arme shall be layd upon the breast and put in a scarfe in a middle figure almost to right angles so that by lifting up the hand hee may almost touch his sound shoulder lest the bone newly set may fall out againe neyther shall the first dressing be stirred untill foure or five daies be past unlesse the greatnesse of some happening symptome divert us from this our purpose CHAP. XXIII Of the second manner of restoring a Shoulder that is with the heele when as the Patient by reason of paine can neither sit nor stand THe Patient must be layd with his backe on the ground upon a Cover-lid or Mat and a clew of yarne or leathern-ball stuffed with tow or cotton of such bignesse as may serve to fill up the cavitie must be put under his arm-pit that so the bone may straight-wayes the more easily be forced by the heele into its cavitie Then let the Surgeon sit beside him even over against the luxated shoulder and if his right shoulder be luxated he shall put his right heele to the ball which filled up the arme-pit but if the left then the left heele then let him forthwith draw towards him the Patients arme taking hold thereof with both his hands and at the same instant of time strongly presse the arme-pit with his heele Whilst this is in doing one shall stand at the Patients backe who shall lift up his shoulder with a towell or some such thing fitted for that purpose and also with his heele presse downe the top of the shoulder-blade another also shall sit on the other side of the Patient who holding him shall hinder him from stirring this way or that way at the necessary extension in setting it as you may see it exprest by the following figure The expression of the second manner of restoring a Shoulder CHAP. XXIV Of the third manner of restoring a Shoulder SOme one who is of a competent height and strength shall put the sharpe part of the toppe of his shoulder under the Patients arme-pit and also at the same time shall somewhat violently draw his arme towards his owne breast so that the Patients whole bodie may as it were hang thereby In the meane time another for the greater impression shall lay his weight on the luxated shoulder shaking it with his whole bodie Thus the shoulder drawne downe-wards by the one which stands under the arme-hole and moved and shaken by the other who hangs upon it may bee restored into its seat by the helpe of the Surgeon concurring therewith and with his hand governing these violent motions as the following figure shews The figure of the third manner of putting a Shoulder into Joynt CHAP. XXV Of the fourth manner of restoring a dislocated Shoulder YOu must take a perch or piece of Wood somewhat resembling that which the Water-bearers of Paris use to put on their shoulders some two inches broad and some sixe foote long in the midst hereof let there bee fastened a clew of yarne or ball of sufficient bignesse to fill up the cavitie of the arme-hole Let there be two pins put in one on each side of the ball each alike distant there-from with which as with stayes the shoulder may be kept in and upon the ball that it slip not away from it Let two strong men taller than the Patient eyther by nature or art put this perch upon their shoulders then let the Patient put his arme-pit upon that place where the ball stands up the Surgeon must be ready to pull his hanging arme downe-wards Thus the Patient shall as it were hang on the perch with his shoulder and so
the head of the bone shall bee forced into its cavitie as this ensuing Figure declares wherein you may see the perch or yoake with the two woodden pins and ball fastened in the midst delineated by its selfe The figure of the fourth manner of restoring the Shoulder CHAP. XXVI Of the fifth manner of putting the Shoulder into joynt which is performed by a Ladder YOu may also restore a Shoulder dislocated into the Arme-pit by the helpe of a Ladder after the following manner Let some round body as a ball or clew of yarne which as we formerly said may serve to fill the Arme-pit be fastened upon one of the upper steps of a Ladder at the foot of the Ladder set a low stoole whereupon let the Patient mount then binde both his legges and also his sound arme behind his back lest when you are about your operation he hinder and spoyle all you doe by laying his hand or setting his foote upon the Ladder Then let his Arme be presently put over the step of the Ladder and his Arme-pit put upon the there fastened bal the Patient in the meane while being wished to come with his whole body as neare unto the steps of the Ladder as he is able for otherwise besides that there is no other hope of restoring the Luxation there would bee no small danger of breaking the shoulder-bone Also let him take heede that he put not his head betweene the steps Then his Arme bound above the Elbow with filleâ—â—ing or some other ligature fit for that purpose shall be drawne downe by the hand of some that assist you and at the same time let the stoole be plucked from under his feet so that hee may hang upon the Ladder Thus by this meanes the head of the Shoulder will bee restored by its selfe the endeavour of the Surgeon assisting and pressing downe the shoulder-blade and moving it to and againe The bone being set the stoole which a little before was plucked from under the Patients feet shall be put there againe that he may with the more ease and lesse paine pull backe his Arme from the step of the Ladder For if he should lift it high up to draw it over there would be danger lest being newly set and not well stayed the head of the bone might fall out againe I have thought good to have all these things here expressed that you may learne this operation as if you see it done before you The delineation of the fifth manner of restoring a Shoulder I have not thought fit in this place to omit the industrie of Nicholas Picart the Duke of Guise his Surgeon who being called to a certaine Countrey-man to set his Shoulder being out of joynt and finding none in the place besides the Patient and his wife who might assist him in this worke hee put the Patient bound after the forementioned manner to a Ladder then immediately hee tyed a staffe at the lower end of the Ligature which was fastened about the Patients arme above his Elbow then put it so tyed under one of the steps of the Ladder as low as he could and got astride thereupon and sate thereon with his whole weight and at the same instant made his wife to plucke the stoole from under his feet which being done the bone presently came into its place as you may see by the following figure Another figure expressing the fourth manner of restoring a dislocated Shoulder Another figure to the same purpose If you have never a Ladder you may use a peece of Wood layd a-crosse upon two Posts Also you may use a doore as the other figure shewes wherein you must observe a flat piece of Wood or spatula with strings thereat whose use shal be showne in the following Chapter CHAP. XXVII The sixth manner of restoring a Shoulder luxated into the Arme-pit HIppocrates writes that this is the best way of all to restore a dislocated Shoulder You must take a woodden spatula of some foure or five fingers breadth and some two fingers thicknesse or lesse but some yard or thereupon long the one end thereof must bee narrow and thin with a round head standing up and lightly hollowed that put under the Arme-pit it may receive part of the head of the shoulder-bone the which for that purpose must not bend towards the ribs but to the top of the Shoulder This upper part of the spatula must bee wrapped about with a linnen or woollen ragge or some such soft thing that it may be the softer and hurt the lesse and then it must be so thrust under the Arme-pit that it may throughly penetrate into the inner part betweene the ribs and the head of the Shoulder-bone There must besides in this spatula be two holes in three severall places each alike distant from other through which let soft strings be put whereby it may be tyed to the arme stretched all the length thereof even to the fingers in one place a little below the head of the shoulder-bone in another a little above the elbow and the third at the wrest that so they may hold it firme Therefore let the distances of the holes bee fitted to this purpose but principally you must have a care of this that the upper part of the spatula reaching beyond the head of the arme enter even to the innermost Cavity of the arme-pit then a crosse pin or piece of wood must be made fast through two postes or a frame well fastened thereto and therupon the Arme with the spatula must be so put over that the pin may be under the arme-pit the body weighing one way and the arme another which being done the arme must be drawn down one way and the body another about the pin Now this crosse pin must bee put on such a height that the patient may stand on tipp-toes Now this is the very best way of restoring a shoulder In stead of two posts or a frame you may make shift with a ladder doore beds postes and such like things as shall bee there present I have heard Henry Arvet a very good surgeon of Orleans say that he never attempted this manner of putting into joint a shoulder dislocated into the arme-pit without good successe unlesse by chance which also is noted by Hippocrates that the flesh is growne into the cavity and the head of the bone hath made it selfe another cavity in the place whereinto it is fallen for in this case the bone will either not bee restored or else not remaine in its place but fall backe notwithstanding into the new hollowed cavity which serves it in stead of its naturall socket or cavity But I must here admonish young Surgeons that if the bone be not restored at the first endeavour and onset that they doe not despaire and presently desist from their entended operation but they must winde about and gently move the joint for so at the length it will bee more easily moved and enter into the
to right angles which figure must be observed not onely in every luxation of the shoulder but in each fracture of the arme also for that it is lesse painefull and consequently such as the arme may stand the longest therein without moving CHAP. XXX Of the shoulder dislocated upwards THe head of the shoulder also may sometimes bee luxated into the upper part Which when it happens it shewes it selfe by bunching forth at the end of the Collar bone the hollowness of the arme-pit is found larger than usuall the elbow flyes further from the ribs than when it fell downewards now the arme is wholly unable to performe the usuall actions It is fit for the restitution of such a luxation that the Surgeon stoope downe and put his shoulder under the patients arme and then stand up as high as he can upon his feete and therewithall presse downe the head of the shoulder-bone into the cavity or else make some other to doe it Otherwise it is fit to lay the Patient upon his backe on the ground and whilest some one extends the affected arme by drawing it downe-wards the Surgeon with his owne hand may force downe the head of the bone into its cavity The operation performed the same things shall bee done as in other luxations compresses being applyed to that part whereto the bone flew and it being also bound up with ligatures Now you may understand in these foure forementioned kindes of dislocations that the bone which was luxated is restored by the sound which shall bee heard as you force it in by the restitution of the accustomed actions which are perceived by the bending extending and lifting it up by the mitigation of the paine and lastly by the collation and comparing of the affected arme with the sound and by its similitude and equality therewith CHAP. XXXI Of the dislocation of the Elbow THe Elbow may also be foure manner of wayes dislocated to wit inwardly outwardly upwards and downewards By the part which is inwards I meane that which lookes towards the center of the body when as the arme is placed in a naturall site to wit in a middle figure betweene prone and supine I make the outward part that which is contrary thereto By the upper part I meane that which is towards the heaven and by the lower that which is next to the earth and by how much the joint of the elbow consists of more heads and cavities than that of the shoulder by so much when it is luxated it is the more difficultly set and it is also more subject to inflammation and to grow hard thereupon as Hippocrates saith Now the joint of the elbow is more difficultly dislocated than that of the shoulder and more hardly set for that the bones of the cubit and arme doe receive and enter each other by that manner of articulation which is termed Ginglymus as wee have formerly more at large treated in our Anatomy and a little before in our treatise of fractures The Elbow is therefore dislocated for that the processes thereof are not turned about the shoulder-bone in a full orbe and by an absolute turning Wherefore if at any time the cubit be bended more straitly and closely than that the inner processe can retaine its place and station in the bottom of its sinuâ— the hinde processe falleth out and is dislocated backwards But when as the foreprocesse is extended more violently and forced against the bottom of its cavity it flyes and departs out of its place as beaten or forced thence and this kinde of luxation is farre more difficultly restored than the former adde hereunto that the utter extremitie of the cubite which is called Olecranum is the higher but the other inner is the lower whence it is that every one can better and more easily bend than extend their cubits Therfore such a dislocation is caused by a more violent force than that which is made to the inner side The signe of this luxation is the arme remaines extended neither can it be bended for the inner processe stayes in the externall cavity which is hollowed in the bottom of the shoulder-bone which formerly was possessed by the inner part of the Olecranum which thing makes the restitution difficult for that this processe is kept as it were imprisoned there But when it falleth out dislocated to the fore part the arme is crooked neither is it extended and it is also shorter than the other But if the elbow bee fallen out of its place according to the other manner of dislocations to wit upwards or downewards the naturall figure thereof is perverted for the arme is stretched forth but little notwithstanding bended towards that part from whence the bone went that is figured after a middle manner betweene bending and extending thereof What kinde soever of dislocation shall befall it the action of the Elbow will either not bee at all or certainely not well untill that it be restored to its former place there is a swelling in the part wherinto it is flowne and a cavity there from whence it is fled which also happens in the dislocations of all other parts Furthermore one dislocation of the Elbow is compleat and perfect another imperfect The latter as it easily happens and through a small occasion so it is easily restored but on the contrary a perfect as it hardly happens and not unlesse with great violence so it is not so easily restored againe especially if that you doe not prevent inflammation for being inflamed it makes the restitution either difficult or wholly impossible principally that which falleth outwards CHAP. XXXII How to restore the Elbow dislocated outwardly YOu may know that the elbow is dislocated outwardly if at any time you shall observe the arme to be distended and not able to be bended Wherefore you must forth with undertake the restitution thereof for feare of defluxion and inflammation which the bitternesse of pain usually causeth upon what part soever the luxation happen There is one manner of restoring it which is you must cause one to hold hard and steddy the patients arme a little under the joint of the shoulder and in the meane while let the Surgeon draw the arme taking hold thereof with his hand and also force the shoulder-bone outwards and the eminency of the cubit inwards but let him by little and little draw and extend the arme wresting it gently this way and that way that he may bring back the bone which fell out into its cavity I have thus expressely delivered this that the young Surgeon may understand that the arme must not be bended for the restoring of this kinde of dislocation for restitution cannot so be hoped for because by this kind of luxation the inner processe of the cubit possesseth the place of the exteriour processe in the cavity of the shoulder-bone Wherefore whilest the arme is bended or crooked the cubit is onely lifted up and not drawne into its seat But
bones of Ilium to bee drawne the breadth of ones finger from Os sacrum and moreover in many unto whom I have been called being in great extremity of difficult and hard travell I have not onely heard but also felt the bones to crackle and make a noise when I laid my hand upon the coccyx or rumpe by the violence of the distention Also honest matrons have declared unto me that they themselves a few daies before the birth have felt and heard the noise of those bones separating themselves one from another with great paine Also a long time after the birth many doe feele great paine and ache about the region of the coccix and Os sacrum so that when nature is not able to repaire the dissolved continuity of the bones of Ilium they are constrained to halt all the dayes of their life after But the bones of the share called Ossa pubis I have never seene to be separated as many do also affirme It is reported that in Italy they break the coccyx or rumpe in all maidens that when they come to bee married they may beare children with the lesser travaile in childe-birth but this is a forged tale for that bone being broken is naturally and of its owne accord repaired and joyned together again with a Callus whereby the birth of the childe will be more difficult and hard CHAP. XIV Of the situation of the infant in the wombe REASON cannot shew the certain situation of the infant in the wombe for I have found it altogether uncertaine variable and divers both in living and dead women in the dead by opening their bodies presently after they were dead and in the living by helping them by the industry of my hand when they have beene in danger of perishing by travell of child-birth for by putting my hand into the womb I have felt the infant comming forth sometimes with his feet forwards sometimes with his hands and sometimes with his hands and feet turned backwards and sometimes forwards as the figure following plainely describeth I have often found them comming forth with their knees forwards and sometimes with one of the feet and sometimes with their belly forwards their hands and feet being lifted upwards as the former figure sheweth at large Sometimes I have found the infant comming with his feet down-wards striding awide and sometimes headlong stretching one of his armes downward out at length and that was an Hermaphrodite as the figure following plainly declareth One time I observed in the birth of twinnes that the one came with his head forwards and the other with his feet according as here I have thought good to describe them In the bodies of women that died in travaile of childe I have sometimes found children no bigger than if they had beene but foure moneths in the wombe situated in a round compasse like a hoope with their head bowed downe to the knees with both their hands under the knees and their heeles close to their buttockes And moreover I protest before God that I found a childe being yet alive in the body of his mother whom I opened so soone as shee was dead lying all along stretched out with his face upwards and the palmes of his hands joyned together as if he were at prayer CHAP. XV. Which is the legitimate and naturall and which the illegitimate or unnaturall time of childe birth TO all living creatures except man the time of conception and bringing forth their young is certaine and definite but the issue of man commeth into the world sometimes in the seventh sometimes in the eighth and sometimes which is most frequent in the ninth moneth sometimes in the tenth moneth yea sometimes in the beginning of the eleventh moneth Massurius reports that Lucius Papyrius the Pretor the second heire commencing a suit gave the possession of the goods away from him seeing the mother of the childe affirmed that she went thirteen moneths therewith being there is no certaine definite time of child-birth The child that is borne in the sixt moneth cannot be long lived because that at that time all his body or members are not perfectly finished or absolutely formed In the seventh moneth it is proved by reason and experience that the infant may be long lived But in the eight moneth it is seldome or never long lived the reason thereof is as the Astronomers suppose because that at that time Saturne ruleth those coldnesse and drynesse is contrary to the originall of life but yet the phisicall reason is more true for the physitians say that the childe in the wombe doth often times in the seaventh moneth strive to bee set at liberty from the inclosure of the wombe and therefore it contendeth and laboureth greatlie and so with labouring and striving it becommeth weak that all the time of the eight moneth it cannot recover his strength again whereby it may renew his accustomed use of striving and that some by such labouring and striving hurt themselves and so dye Yet some strong and lusty women are thought to bring forth their children being lively and strong on the eight moneth as Aristotle testifieth of the Aegyptians the Poets of the inhabitants of the Isle of Naxus and many of the Spaniards Furthermore I cannot sufficiently marvaile that the wombe which all the time of childe-bearing is so closed together that one can scarce put a probe into it unlesse it be happely by reason of superfoetation or when it is open for a short time to purge it selfe that presently before the time of childe-birth it should gape and waxe so wide that the infant may passe through it and presently after it to close againe as if it had never been opened But because that the travell of the first time of childe-birth is wont to be very difficult and grievous I thinke it not unmeet that all women a little before the time of their first travell anoint and relaxe their privie parts with the unguent here described â„ž sper ceti â„¥ ii ol amygd dul â„¥ iv cerae alb medul cervin â„¥ iii. axung ans gallin an â„¥ i. tereb venet â„¥ ii make thereof an ointment to anoint the thighes share privie parts and genitalls Furthermore it shall not bee unprofitable to make a trusse or girdle of most thinne and gentle dog-skinne which being also anointed with the same unguent may serve very necessarily for the better carrying of the infant in the wombe Also bathes that are made of the decoction of mollifying herbs are also very profitable to relaxe the privie parts a little before the time of the birth That is supposed to bee a naturall and easie birth when the infant commeth forth with his head forwards presently following the flux of the water and that is more difficult when the infant commeth with his feet forwards all the other wayes are most difficult Therefore Mid-wives are to be admonished that as often as they shall perceive the infant to be comming
the grinding muscles because they move the skin as a mill to grinde asunder the meale From their forme or figure because some are like Mice other like Lizards which have their Leggs cut off for that they imitate in their belly body or tendon the belly or taile of such creatures from whence the names of Musculus and Lacertus are derived Such are those which bend the wrest and which are fastened to the bone of the Leg which extend the foot Others are triangular as that which lifts up the arme called Epomis or Deltoides and that which drawes the arme to the breast called the Pectorall muscle Others quadrangular as the Rhomboides or Lozenge muscle of the shoulder blade and the two hindesum-muscles serving for respiration and two of the wrests which turne down the hand Others consist of more than foure angles as the oblique descending and that muscle with joynes it selfe to it from the shoulder blade others are round and broad as the Midriffe others circular as the Sphincter muscle of the fundament and bladder others are of a pyramidall figure as the seaventh muscle of the eye which compasses the opticke nerve in beasts but not in men Others have a semicirculer forme as that which shuts up the eye feated at the lesser corner thereof Others resemble a Monks cowle or hood as the Trapezius of the shoulder blade Besides others at their first originall are narrow but broad at their insertion as the Saw-muscle of the shoulder and the transverse of the Epigastrium others are quire contrary as the three Muscles of the Hippe others keepe an equall breadth or bignesse in all places as the intercostall muscles and these of the wrest others are long and slender as the long muscle of the thigh others are long and broad as the oblique descending muscles of the Epigastrium others are directly contrary as the Intercostall which are very narrow From their perforations for some are perforated as the Midriffe which hath three holes as also the oblique and transverse of the Epigastrium that so they may give passage forth to the preparing spermaticke vessells and to the ejaculatory vessells the Coate Erythroides associating and strengthening them others are not perforated From their magnitude for some are most large as the two muscles of the Hipp others very small as the eight small muscles of the necke and the proper muscles of the Throtle and the wormy muscles Others are of an indifferent magnitude From their colour for some are white and red as the Temporall muscles which have Tendons comming from the midst of their belly others are livide as the three greater muscles of the calfe of the leg which colour they have by the admixtion of the white or tendinous nervy coate with the red flesh for this coat by its thicknesse darkning the colour of the flesh so that it cannot shew its rednesse and fresh colour makes it seeme of that livide colour From their scituation for some are superficiary as those which appeare under the skin and fat others deepe in and hid as the smooth and foure twin muscles some are stretched out and as it were spred over in a streight and plaine passage as the muscles of the thigh which move the legge except the Ham-muscle others oblique as those of the Epigastrium other some transverse as the transverse of the Epigastrium where you must observe that although all the fibers of the muscles are direct yet we call them oblique and transverse by comparing them to the right muscles as which by the concourse of the fibers make a streight or acute angle From the sorts of fibers for some have one kinde of fiber yet the greatest part enjoy two sorts running so up and downe that they either are crossed like the letter X as happens in the pectorall and grinding muscles or else doe not concurre as in the Trapezij Others have three sorts of fibers as the broad muscle of the face From their coherence and connexion or their texture of nervous fibers for some have fibers somewhat more distant and remote immediately at their originall than in other places as you may see in the muscles of the buttocks Others in their midst and belly which by reason thereof in such muscles is more big or tumid their head and taile being slender as happens in most of the muscles of the arme and leg in which the dense masse of flesh interwoven with fibers disioynes the fibers in so great a distance in other some the fibers are more distant in the taile as in the greater Saw-muscle arising from the bottome of the shoulder blade in others they are equally distant through the whole muscle as in the muscles of the wrest and betweene the ribbs From their head for in some it is fleshy interwoven with few fibers as in the muscles of the buttocks in others it is wholy nervous as in the most-broadmuscle common to the arme and shoulder blade and in the three muscles of the thigh proceeding from the tuberosity of the hucle bone in some it is nervous and fleshy as in the internall and externall muscle of the arme Besides some have one head others two as the bender of the elbow and the externall of the legge others three as the Threeheaded muscle of the thigh But wee must note that the word nerve or sinew is here taken in a large signification for a ligament nerve and tendon as Galen saith Lib de Ossibus and moreover we must observe that the head of a muscle is one while above another while below otherwhiles in the midst as in the Midriffe as you may know by the insertion of the Nerve because it enters the muscle by its head From their belly also there be some differences of muscles taken for some have their belly immediately at their beginning as the muscles of the buttocks others at their insertion as the Midriffe Others just at their head as those which put forth the Calfe of the leg in others it is somewhat further off as in those which draw backe the arme and which bend the legge in others the belly extends even from the head to the taile as in the intercostall muscles and these of the wrest in others it is produced even to their insertion as in those of the palmes of the hands and soles of the feet some have a double belly distinguished by a nervous substance as those which open the mouth and those which arise from the roote of the lower processe of the shoulder blade Moreover the differences of muscels are drawne also from the Tendons for some have none at least which are manifest as the muscles of the lips and the sphincter muscles the intercostall and those of the wrest others have them in part and want them in part as the Midriffe for the Midriffe wants a Tendon at the ends of the shorter ribs but hath two at the first Vertebra of the Loines
are extended all together as it were with an unanimous consent the whole member is wrinkled as contracted into it selfe as on the contrary it is extended when they are relaxed Some of these are bestowed upon the animall parts to performe voluntary motions others upon the vitall to performe the agitation of the Heart and Arteries others upon the naturall for attraction retention and expulsion Yet we must observe that the attraction of no simular part is performed by the helpe of the foresaid fibers or threds but rather by the heat implanted in them or by the shunning of Emptinesse or the familiarity of the substance The flesh also is a simple and soft part composed of the purer portion of the blood insinuating it selfe into the spaces betweene the fibers so to invest them for the uses formerly mentioned This is as it were a certaine wall and Bulwarke against the injuries of heat and cold against all falls and bruises as it were a certaine soft pillow or cushion yeelding to any violent impression There be three sorts of flesh one more ruddy as the musculous flesh of perfect creatures and such as have blood for the flesh of all tender and young things having blood as Calves and also of all sorts of fish is whitish by reason of the too much humidity of the blood The second kinde is more pallid even in perfect creatures having blood such is the flesh of the heart stomacke weasond guts bladder wombe The third is belonging to the entrails or the proper substance of each entrail as that which remaines of the Liver the veines arteries and coate being taken away of the bladder of the Gall braine kidneys milt Some adde a fourth sort of flesh which is spongy and that they say is proper to the tongue alone A veine is the vessel pipe or channel of the blood or bloody matter it hath a spermaticke substance consists of one coate composed of 3 sorts of fibers An Artery is also the receptacle of blood but that spirituous and yellowish consisting in like manner of a spermaticke substance But it hath two coats with three sorts of fibers the utmost whereof is most thin consisting of right fibers and some oblique But the inner is five times more thicke and dense than the utmost interwoven with transverse fibers and it doth not onely conteine blood and spirit but also a serous humor which wee may beleeve because there bee two emulgent Arteryes aswell as veines But the inner coat of an Artery is therefore more thick because it may containe blood which is more hot subtle and spirituous for the spirit seeing it is naturally more thin and light and in perpetuall motion would quickly flye away unlesse it were held in a stronger hold There is other reason for a veine as that which containes blood grosse ponderous and slow of motion Wherefore if it had acquired a dense and grosse coate it could scarse bee distributed to the neighbouring parts God the maker of the universe foreseeing this made the coats of the vessels contrary to the consistance of the bodyes contained in them The Anastomosis of the veines and Arteryes that is to say the application of the mouthes of the one to the other is very remarkeable by benefit of which they mutually communicate and draw the matters contained in them and so also transfuse them by insensible passages although that anastomosis is apparent in the veine and artery that meet together at the Ioint and bending of the Arme which I haue sometimes shewed in the Physicke schooles at such time as I there dissected Anatomyes But the action or function of a muscle is either to move or confirme the parte according to our will into which it is implanted which it doth when it drawes it selfe towards its originall that is to say it 's head But wee define the head by the insertion of the nerve which wee understand by the manner of the working of the Muscle CHAP. XI Of the Muscles of the Epigastrium or lower belly NOw seeing that wee haue taught what a muscle is and what the differences thereof are and what simple and compound parts it hath and what the use action and manner of action in each part is it remaines that wee come to the particular explication of each Muscle begining with those of the lower belly as those which we first meet withall in dissection These are 8 in number 4 oblique 2 on each side two right or direct one on the right another on the left side and in like manner 2 transverse All these are alike in force magnitude and action so mutually composed that the oblique descendant of one side is conjoined with the other oblique descendant on the other side and so of the rest We may adde to this number the 2 little Supplying or Assisting muscles which are of a Pyramidal forme and arise from the share-bone above the insertion of the right muscles Of the oblique muscles of each side the one ascends the other descends whereupon it comes to passe that they are called the Oblique descendant and Ascendant Muscles Those oblique which wee first meet with are the descendant whose substance is partly sanguine partly spermaticke for they are fleshy nervous ligamentous veinous arterious and membranous Yet the fle shy portion is predominant in them out of which respect Hippocrates is wont to expresse the muscles by the name of fleshes their greatnes is indifferent betweene the large and the small muscles their figure 3 square They are composed of the fore-mentioned parts they are two in number their site is oblique taking their beginning from the touching of the great saw Muscle and from the sixt and seventh true ribbes or rather from the spaces between the sixe lower ribbes and rather on the forepart of the muscles than of the ribbes themselues from whence shunning the Veriebra's of the loines the fleshy parts of them are terminated in the externall and upper eminency of the Haunch-bone and the Membranous end in the lower eminency of the share-bone and the White-line Yet Columbus dissenting from this common description of the oblique Muscles thinks that they are onely terminated in the White line and not in the share-bone For saith he wherefore should they be inserted into the share-bone which is not moved But because it would bee an infinite labour and trouble to set downe at large the severall opinions of all Authors of Anatomy I haue thought it sufficient for me to touch them lightly by the way Their connexion is with the oblique ascendant lying vnder them and with the direct or right Their temperament is twofold the one hot and moist by reason of the belly and the fleshy portion of them the other cold dry in respect of their ligamentous and tendinous portion Their action is to draw the parts into which they are inserted towards their originall or els to unite them firmely Yet each of these
Basilica running obliquely and bestowing surcles upon the muscles that issue from the externall protuberation This branch descendeth together with the fourth nerve q division of the Basilica into two branches and that is noted with q is ever accompanied with an arterye s a branch of this veine bestowed upon the skin of the arme t a branch of the Basilica which together with the branch of the Cephalica marked with h makes the mediana or middle veine marked wirh a. u a branch of the Basilica going to the inner head of the arme xx a branch issuing out of the former that creepeth along unto the wrist and toward the little finger conjoining it selfe with a branch of the Cephalica y A veine running out unto the skinne at the outside of the cubit Vpper Z. A propagation issuing out of a branch of the Basilica marked with t. Lower z. A branch of the Basilica x goeing to the in-side of the Arme. a. The Median or common veine β The partition of the Median veine above the wrist This division should have beene made above γ. γ. The Externall branch of the partition which goeth to the outside of the head δ From which issueth a small branch to the inside 〈◊〉 The internall branch under 〈◊〉 which toward the middle and the ring finger is especially disposed que The veine of the thumbe dispersed into the mountenet or hillock which is conjoyned with the branch noted with δ ζ the trunke of the hollow veine from which issue branches unto the parts seated under the liver 〈◊〉 The fatty veine called Adiposa sinistra which goeth unto the fat of the kidnies θ μ The two Emulgents which leade wheyey bloud unto the kidnies λ μ the two spermaticall veines leading the matter of the seede unto the testicles V the beginning of the bodden vessell called vas varicosum ξ the veines of the loynes called Lumbares which are sent in the knots or knees to the rackebones to the marrow of the backe to the muscles that lies upon the loines and to the Peritonaum ο the bifurcation of the hollow veine into the Iliacke branches which bifurcation is not unlike λ. ω Muscula superior a transverse branch going to the muscles of the Abdomen and to the Peritonaenm Ï Ïƒ the division of the left Iliacke veine into an inner branch at Ï and an utter at Ï„. Ï„ Muscula media the utter propagation of the branch Ï distributed through the muscles of the coxa and the skin of the buttockes ν An inner propagation of the same branch Ï which goeth unto the holes of the holy bone φ the veine called Sacra which goeth to the upper holes of the holy bone χ ψ the veine Hypogastrica distributed to the bladder to the muscles of the fundament and the neck of the womb ω A veine arising from the utter branch marked with σ which is ioyned with some branches of the internall veine neare the holes or perforations of the share bone È Î¹ A veine which when it hath passed the share bone distributeth one branch into the cup of the coxendix and to the muscles of that place χ Another small branch which runneth under the skinne at the inside of the thigh χ The congresse or meeting of the foresaid veine with a branch marked with char 2. and distributed into the legge I The Epigastricke veine a propagation of the utter branch σ perforating the Peritonaeum whereto as also to the muscles of the Abdomen and the skinne it offereth branches the chiefe branch of this veine is joyned with the descending mammary above the navell at M. Δ Pudenda an inner propagation of the branch σ running overthwart unto the privities Θ Saphaena or the ancle veine or the inner branch of the crurall trunke which creepeth through the inside of the legge under the skinne unto the tops of the toes Λ the first interior propagation of the Saphaena offered to the groine Ξ The utter propagation thereof divided to the foreside or outside of the thigh Î The second propagation of the Saphaena going to the first muscle of the legge 〈◊〉 The third propagation of the Saphaena going to the skinne of the whirle-bone and unto the hamme φ The fourth propagation of the Saphaena dispersing his muscles forward and backward Ψ Branches from this unto the foreside of the inner ankle to the upper part of the foote and to all the toes Ω Ischias minor called also muscula interior the utter branch of the crurall trunke divided into the muscles of the coxendix and to the skinne of that place 1 2 And this also may be called muscula 1 the exterior and lesser which passeth into some muscles of the legge 〈◊〉 the interior greater and deeper unto the muscles of the thigh 3 4. The veine called Poplitea made of two crurall veines divided under the knee 5 From this a surcle is reached upward unto the skinne of the thigh 6. But the greater part runnes by the bent of the knee under the skinne as farre as the heele 7 Also to the skinne of the outward ankle 8 The veine called Suralis or calfe veine hecause it runneth unto the muscles that make the calfe of the legge 9 The division of the Surall veine into an exterior trunke 9 and an interior 14. 10 11 The division of the exterior trunke under the knee into an externall branch which along the brace attaineth unto the muscles of the foot 11 and in internall 12 13 12 13 Which descending along the outside of the legge to the upper part of the foote is cloven into divers branches and in the backe of the foot mixeth it selfe with Poplitea or the hamme veine 20. 14 The interior branch of the Surall veine which runneth into the backside of the leg 15 A branch hereof descending to the inside of the heele and the great toe and is divided into divers surcles 17 Ischias maior issuing out of the internall trunke at 14 and running through the muscles of the calfe 18 A propagation hereof derived unto the upper part of the foot affoording two surcles to every toe 19 the remain of the inner trunke 14 behind the inner ankle approcheth to the bottome of the foote and is consumed into all the toes 20 the commixtion of the veine Poplitea with the surall or calfe-branch at 13. But when it arives to the basis of the lower part of the head it is divided into more branches one wherof is carried to the muscles of the bone Hydis the Larinx the tongue and the lower part of the tongue in which place it is commonly opened in squinancies and other inflammations of the mouth and to the coate of the nose Another is carried to the Dura mater passing on both sides through a hole situate under the bone mastoides and besides ascending to the bone of the backe part of the scull it comes obliquely to the upper part of the suture lambdoides where these branches meeting together passe into
Σ the first muscle of the backe or the Square muscle Φ the 2. muscle of thebacke or the Longest whose originall is at L and his tendons at the Vertebrae at M M. Ω the fourth muscle of the backe called Spinatus δ the backe of the shoulder-blade flaied The seventh Figure of the muscles shewing some muscles of the head and Chest the Trapezius or Table-muscle being taken away as also of the blade and arme A The prominent part of the fourth muscle of the chest called Serratus posticus superior Δ the first muscle of the head called splenius E E the insertion of the second muscle of the head called Complexus I the coller bone bared M the backpart of the second muscle of the arme called Deltois ζH His backward originall θ His implantation into the arme N N the fourth muscle of the arme called Latissimus s μ His originall from the spines of the rack-bones and from the holy bone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the connexiou of this muscle with the hanch-bone which is led in the inside from μ to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the place where it lieth upon the lower angle of the Basis of the shoulder-blade O the 4. muscle of the arme called Rotundus maior e some muscles of the backe doe here offer themselves P the fift muscle of the arme called Superscapularis Inferior Q the sixt muscle of the arme called Superscapularis Superior S the beginning of the third muscle of the arme called Latissimus V the third muscle of the blade called Rhomboides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 X His originall from the spines of the rackebones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 His insertion into the basis of the shoulder-blade χ the fourth muscle of the blade called Levator * A part of the oblique descendent muscle of the Abdomen The eight Figure of the muscles especially of those of the Chest Head and Shoulder-blade the Trapezius Latissimus and Rhomboides being taken away A The fourth muscle of the chest or the upper and hinder Saw-muscle B the 5 muscle of the chest or the lower and hinder Saw-muscle a b A membranous beginning of the muscle of the Abdomen descending obliquely downe from the spine of the backe C the first muscle extending the Cubit at c his originall is from the necke of the arme and from the lower basis of the blade at d. E the originall of the fourth muscle of the bone hyois from the blade G G the outward intercostall muscles I the Clavicle or coller-bone bared N the upper the second muscle of the arme called Deltois char 4 5 the beginning of this muscle N the third muscle of the arme or the broad muscle separated O the fourth muscle of the arme or the lower Super-Scapularis or bladerider 1 2 3. Char. His originall at the basis of the shoulder-blade at 1 2 and his insertion into the joynt of the arme at 3. Q the sixt muscle of the arme or the upper Super-Scapularis X the fourth muscle of the blade called Levator or the heaver Z the second muscle of the Chest or the greater Saw-muscle 7 7 Char. the ribs 〈◊〉 the sixt muscle of the chest or the muscle called Sacrolumbus 〈◊〉 the first muscle of the head or the splinter E E the second muscle of the head or the insertion of the muscles called complexei Φ the second muscle of the backe or the longest muscle Ω the fourth muscle of the backe called Semispinatus Wherefore when the first oblique moves the head obliquely forwards the second puls it packe by the first Vertebra this with his associate of the other side may be truly termed the proper muscles of the neck because they belong to no other part whereas it is contrary in other muscles But we must note that the head according to Galens opinion hath two motions one directly forwards and backwards as appeares in beckning it forwards and casting it backwards the other circular The first in Galens opinion is performed by the first Vertebra moved upon the second the second by the head moved upon the first Vertebra for which he is reproved by the latter Anatomists who teach that the head cannot be turned round or circularly upon the first Vertebra without putting it out of joynt The ninth Figure of the muscles shewing the muscles of the Head and Necke A B the third paire of the Muscles of the head called Recti Maiores C the Mammillary processe D the transverse processe of the first rackebone E the processe of the 2 rackebone of the necke F G the fourth paire of muscles of the head called Recti Minores H I the fift paire of muscles of the head called Obliqui Superiores K L the sixt paire of muscles of the head called Obliqui Inferiores X the fourth paire of muscles of the shoulder-blade Λ the second muscle of the necke called Scalenus which Falopius maketh the eight muscle of the chest Î the fourth muscle of the necke called spinatus Σ the first muscle of the backe called Quadratus Φ the second muscle of the backe called Longissimus a the sinus or bosome of this muscle whereby it giveth way unto the third muscle of the backe called Sacer. b His Originall ψ the third muscle of the backe called Sacer. γ His Originall δ His end Ω the fourth muscle of the backe called Semispinatus 〈◊〉 His upper end under the fourth muscle of the necke After the shewing of these muscles we must come to three or foure of the necke â—f which number two which some reduce to one extends another bends and the â—…st moves side wayes and all of them with a motion succeeding each other turne it â—…bout as we said of the muscles of the head The first of these which extend taking â—…s originall from the sixe transverse processes of the sixe upper racke-bones of the â—…acke or rather from the root of the oblique ascends directly to the spine of the second Vertebra of the necke and the oblique processe thereof some call it the Transâ—…versarius that is the transverse-muscle This if you desire to take it away it is best first to separate it from the spine then to turne it upwards to the transverse processes â—nlesse you had rather draw it a little from its partner and companion in that place where their originals are distinct seeing it is the last and next to the bones Marvell not if you finde not this distinction of their originall so plaine and manifest for it is commonly obscure For the muscle Spinatus as it most commonly comes to passe arising from the roots of the seven upper spines of the backe and the last of the necke is inserted into other spines of the necke so that it might easily be confounded with the former by Galen The third bends the necke and arising within from the body of the five upper Vertebrae of the back though with a very obscure originall specially in leane bodies it
inspiration But the first of the other muscles being as many in number which contract the Chest in expiration arising from the holy-bone and the oblique processes of the loines ascends firmely and confusedly adhering with the Musculus sacer or holy-muscle which we shall describe hereafter to the roots of the twelve ribbes imparting in the ascent a small tendon to each of them by which it drawes these ribbs towards the transverse processes and by reason of its Originall it is called Sacrolumbus that is the Holy loine-muscle The second third and fourth which we said were the oblique descendent right and transverse of the Epigrastium have beene formerly described in their place But by the way you must note that these three muscles of the Epigastrium helpe expiration rather by accident than of themselves to wit by driving backe the midriffe towards the lungs by the entrailes which also they force upwards by drawing the parts into which they are inserted towards their Originall The fifth which we called the Triangulus or Triangular may be called the Compressor of the gristles which proceeding from the inner sides of the Sternon goes to all the gristles of the true ribbes this is more apparent under the Sternon in beasts than in men though it be not very obscure in them neither For the internall Intercostall muscles in my judgement they arise from the lower sides of the upper ribbe and descending obliquely from the fore part backwards are inserted into the upper side of the ribbe next under it so that they may follow the production of the fibers of the externall Intercartilaginei as the sixe internall Intercartilaginei follow the site of the externall Intercostall proceeding from behinde forwards wherefore as well the Intercostall as the Intercartilaginei every where intersect each other after the similitude of the letter X. I know some have written that the internall muscles whether intercostall or Intercartalaginei ascend from the upper sides of the lower ribbe forwards or backwards But if this were true it would follow that these muscles admitted their nerves in their taile and not in their head seeing the nerve alwayes goes under the ribbe and not above it The last muscle of the Chest that is the Diaphragma or Midriffe is sufficiently described before wherefore it remaines wee describe the muscles of the Loines These are sixe in number on each side three equall in thicknesse strength and situation one of these bends and the other two extend the Loines it is called by reason of the figure the Triangulus or Triangular which bends the Loines it ascends from a great part of the hinde side of the Hanch-bone into the transverse processes of the Loines and the last of the Chest on the inside for which cause it is made of fibers short long and indifferent answering to the nearenesse or distance of the said processes The first of the extenders is called the Semispinatus because even to the middle of its body it takes the originall from the spines of the holy-bones and Loines this with its oblique fibers ascends from all the said spines to the transverse processes as well of the Loines as Chest The other is called Sacer the Holy-muscle because it takes its originall from the Holy-bone or the sides thereof it ascends with its oblique fibers to the spines of the Loines and of the eleaven lower Rack-bones of the Chest CHAP. XIX Of the Muscles of the Shoulder-blade NOw we must describe the muscles of the extreme parts and first of the Arme taking our beginning from these of the Shoulder-blade But first that we may the better understand their description we must observe the nature and condition of the shoulder-blade Therefore the blade bone on that part which lies next unto the ribbs is somewhat hollowed wherefore on the other side it some what buncles out It hath two ribbs one above another below by the upper is ment nothing else than a border or right line which looking towards the temples is extended from the exterior angle thereof under the collar-bone even to the Processe Coracoides which this ribbe produces in the end thereof By the lower the underside which lies towards the lower belly and the short ribbs Besides in this shoulder-blade we observe the basis head and spine By the basts we understand the broader part of the shoulder-blade which lookes towards the backe-bone By the head we understand the narrower part thereof in which it receives the head of the Arme in a cavity indifferently hollow which it produces both by it selfe as also by certaine gristles which there fastened encompasse that cavity This kinde of cavity is called Glene This receives and containes the bone of the arme by a certaine strong ligament encompassing strengthening the joynt which kind of ligament is common to all other joints this ligament arises from the bottome of the cavity of the shoulder-blade and circularly encompasses the whole joynt fastening it selfe to the head of the arme there are also other ligaments besides this which encompasse strengthen this articulation By the spine is ment a processe which rising by little and little upon the gibbous part of the blade from the basis thereof where it was low and deprest becomes higher untill it ends in the Acromion or upper part thereof Nature hath made two productions in this bone that is to say the Acromion from the spine and the Coracoides from the upper side for the strengthening of the articulation of the arme and shoulder-blade that is left the arme should be easily strained upward or forwards besides it is fastened to the clavicle by the processe Acromion The muscles which move the shoulder-blade are sixe in number of which foure are proper and two common The first of the foure proper seated in the forepart ascends from the bones of five or sixe of the upper ribbs to the Coracoides which it drawes forwards and is called Serratus minor that is the Lesser saw-muscle which that you may plainely shew it is fit you pull the pectorall muscle from the collar-bone almost to the middle of the Sternon The other first opposite against it is placed on the fore side and drawes its originall from the three lower spines of the necke and the three upper of the Chest from whence it extends it selfe and ends into all the gristly basis of the shoulder-blade drawing it backwards it is called the Rhomboides The third from its action is called the Levator or the heaver or lifter up seated in the upper part it descends from the transverse processes of the foure first Vertebrae of the necke into the upper angle and spine of the blade The fourth called Trapezius or the Table-muscle is seated in the backe part and is membranous at the originall but presently becoms fleshy it arises from almost all the backe-part of the head from all the spines of the
when it comes almost to the midst of the Cubit presently or a little after it is divided into two large branches the one of which alongst the wand the qther alongst the Cubite is carryed into the hand on the inside under the Ring For both these branches are distributed and spent upon the hand after the same manner as the branches of the internall Axillary veine that is having sent by the way some little shoots into the parts by which they passe at the length the branch which descends by the Wand of the remainder therof bestowes two sprigs upon the Thumbe on each side one two in like manner on the fore finger and one on the midle the other which runs alongst the Ell performes the like office to the litle and the midle or ring finger as you may see by dissection CHAP. XXIIII Of the Nerves of the Necke Backe and Arme. NOw we should handle the sinewes of the Arme but because these proceed from the Nerves of the Necke and Backe I thinke it fit therefore to speake something of them in the first place Therefore from the Necke there proceed seven paire of Nerves the first of which proceeds from the nowle bone and the first Vertebra of the necke as also the first paire of the Backe from the last Vertebra of the Necke and the first of the Chest But all these Nerves are divided into two or more branches of the first paire that is to say on each side goe the one to the small right muscle ascending from the first racke-bone of the necke to the nowle bone the other to the long muscle on the foreside of the necke The branches of the second paire are distributed some with a portion which they receive from the third paire over all the skin of the head the two others go as well to the muscles which are from the second Vertebra to the backe part of the head and from the same to the first Vertebra as also to the long muscle before mentioned One of the third paire of Sinewes is communicated to the head as we said before but others to the Muscles which extend or erect the head and the Necke there is also one of these distributed into the neighbouring â—â—de muscle and part of the long The nerves of the fourth paire go one to the muscles aswel of the neck as the head to the broad muscle the other after it hath sent some portioÌ„ therof into the long muscle the side muscles of the necke it descends with a portion of the fift and sixt paire to the Midriffe One of the branches of the fift paire is bestowed on the hinde muscles of the necke and head the other upon the longe muscle and Midriffe the third is communicated to the Levatores or Heaving muscles of the Arme and shoulder One of the Nerves of the sixt paire goes to the hinde muscles of the Necke and head another to the Midriffe the third with a portion of the seventh paire of the necke and of the first and second of the Chest goe to the Armes and heaving muscles of the shoulder-blade One of the branches of the seventh paire runs to the broad muscle and to the neighbouring muscles both of the necke and head another encreased with a portion of the fift and sixt paire of the necke and a third joyned to the second and third paire of the Chest descending into the Arme goe to the hand But you must note that the Muscles which take their originall from many Vertebrae whether from above downwards or from below upwards admit Nerves not onely from the Vertebrae from whence they take their originall but also from them which they come neere in their descent or ascent There passe twelue conjugations of Nerves from the Rack-bones of the Chest The first entring forth from betweene the last Racke-bone of the necke and the first of the Chest is divided that is on each side each Nerve from his side into two or more portions as also all the rest Therefore the branches of this first conjugation goe some of them to the Armes as we said before others to the muscles as well these of the Chest as others arising there or running that way The branches of the second conjugation are distributed to the same parts that these of the first were But the branches of all the other conjugations even to the twelfth are communicated some to the intercostall muscles running within under the true ribs even to the Sternon and under the bastard ribs even to the right and long muscles and the Costall Nerves of the sixt conjugation are augmented by meeting these intercostall branches by the way as they descend by the roots of the Ribs Other particles of the said Nerves are communicated to the muscles as well of the Chest as spine as the same Muscles passe forth or runne alongst by the Vertebrae from whence these nerves have either their originall or passage forth Having thus therefore shewed the originall of the Sinewes of the Arme it remaines that we shew their number and distribution Their number is five or sixe proceeding from the fifth sixth and seventh Vertebra of the necke and the first and second of the Chest The first of which not mixed with any other from the fifth Vertebra of the necke goes to the Muscle Deltoides and the skin which covers it The other 4 or 5 when they have mutually embraced each other not onely from their first originall but even to the shoulder where they free themselves from this convolution are distributed after the following manner The first and second descending to the Muscle mentioned a litle before and thence sometimes even to the hand is by the way communicated to the Muscle Biceps and then under the said Muscle it meets and is joyned with the third Nerve Thirdly it is communicated with the Longest muscle of the Cubite in the bending whereof it is divided into two branches descending alongst the two bones of the Cubit untill at last borne up by the fleshy pannicle it is spent upon the skin and inner side of the hand The third lower than this is first united with the second under the Muscle Biceps then straight way separated from it it sends a portion thereof to the Arme which lyes under it and to the skin thereof lastly at the bending of the Cubit on the fore side it is mingled with the fift paire The fourth the largest of all the rest comming downe below the third branch under the Biceps with the internall Axillary veine and Artery is turned towards the outward and backe part of the Arme there to communicate it selfe to the Muscles extending the Cubit and also to the inner skin of the Arme and the exteriour of the Cubit the remainder of this branch when in its descent it hath arrived at the joynt of the Cubit below the bending thereof it is divided into two
branches the one wherof descending alongst the Cubit is spent on the outside of the Wrest the other associating the Wand is on the outside in like manner in two branches bestowed upon the Thumbe and in as many upon the fore finger and by a fift upon the middle finger though more obscurely The fift branch being also lower than the rest sliding between the muscles bending and extending the Cubite when it comes behinde the inner protuberation of the Cubite in which place we said before the third branch meets with this it is communicated to the internall muscles of the same and then divided into three portions one of which on the outside alongst the middle of the Cubite goes in two sprigs to the litle finger so many to the middle finger and one to the Ring finger the other two the one without and the other within the Ring goe to the hand where after each of them hath bestowed what was requisite on the muscles of the hand they are wasted into other five small portions of which these which are from that portion which descends without the Ring send two sprigs to the litle two to the fore and one to the middle finger but these which come from that which passes under the Ring by such a distribution communicates it selfe to other fingers as two sprigs to the thumbe two to the fore and one to the middle finger The sixt the lowest and last runs betweene the skin and fleshy Pannicle by the inner protuberation of the Arme and then is spent upon the skin of the Cubit CHAP. XXV The description of the bone of the Arme and the Muscles which move it BEcause we cannot perfectly demonstrate the originall of the muscles of the Arme especially of the two Arme muscles not knowing the description of this bone first therefore we will describe it then returne to the originall of the muscles arising from thence The bone of the arme is the greatest of all the bones in the body except the Thigh-bone it is round hollow and filled with marrow with a great Appendix or head on the top thereof having an indifferent necke to which it is knit by Symphysis for appendices are no otherwise united to their bones In the lower part thereof it hath two processes or protuberations one on the fore side another on the hinde betweene which swellings there is a cavity like to halfe the compasse of a wheele about which the Cubit is moved The extremityes of this cavity ends in two holes of which one is the more externall the other more internall these cavityes receive the heads of the Cubite that is the fore or internall receives the fore processe when the arme is bended inwards but the externall or hinder the exteriour as it is extended For the head of the arme it hath a double connexion the one with its owne necke by Symphysis that is a naturall union of the bones without any motion the other with the lightly ingraven cavity of the shoulder-blade which we call Glene by that kinde of Dearticulation which is called Arthrodia this connexion is made firme and stable by the muscles descending into the arme from the shoulder-blade as also by the proper Ligaments descending from the circle and brow of the cavity of the Acromion and Coracoides to this head of the arme this same head of the arme is as it were more cleft and open on the inner side than on the fore side that so it may give way to one of the Ligaments comming from the shoulder-blade to the muscle Biceps For asmuch as belongs to the lower end of the bone of the arme which we said hath two processes we may say that it is fastened to the bones of the Cubit by two sorts of articulation that is by Ginglymos with the Ell or proper bone of the Cubit and by Arthrodia with the Radius or Wand which in a lightly engraven cavity receives the fore processe of the arme and is turned about it for the motion of the hand The hinder processe is chiefly added for the safety and preservation of the veines arteries and nerves These things thus showne it is worth our labour to know the figure of the arme it selfe as it lyes betweene the forementioned appendices and processes that in the case of a fracture we may know how conveniently to restore it therfore first we must understand that this bone is somwhat bended and hollowed on the inside under the cleft of the head thereof but bunching out on the out and fore side Table 24. sheweth the Braine together with the Aster-braine the spinall marrow and the Nerves of the whole body A That part of the braine that is 〈◊〉 the nosethrils B That part which is at the side of the ventricles C The back part of the braine D The Cerebellum or After-braine E The Mamillary processe in the right side F The originall of the opticke nerve G Their conjunctions H The coate into which the opticke nerve is extended I The second paire of the sinewes of the braine K The lesser roote of the third conjugation L The thicke roote of the same conjugation according to the common opinion M The fourth conjugatioÌ„ of the sinews N The lesser roote of the fift paire O The bigger roote of the same paire P The small membrane of the eare which they call the Tympany Q The lower branch of the bigger roote of the fift conjugation S The sixt paire of sinewes T The seventh paire V The beginning of the spinall marrow out of the middle of the basis of the braine X The right sinew of the midriffe cut off Y A branch from the fift paire creeping to the top of the shoulder Z The first nerve of the arme from whence there goeth a branch to the skin A The second nerve of the arme and a branch there from into the first muscle of the Cubite B The third nerve of the arme and a branch going to the skin on the outside C A branch from the 3. nerve to the 2. muscle of the Cubite D The congresse or meeting of the second nerve with the third E A small branch from the 3. nerve to the 2. muscle of the Radius F The distribution of the second nerve into two branches * The lesser branch of this division lengthened out to the skin as far as the thumbe a The place of the spinall marrow where it issueth out of the braine 1 2 3 c. Thirty paires of nerves arising from the spinall marrow are here noted by their Char. that is to say 7. of the necke 12 of the Chest 5. of the loynes and 6 of the holy-bone b The thicker branch of the 2 nerve divided into 2 parts c Branches of the 3 nerve sprinkled here and there d Nerves from the third paire to the thumb the forefinger and the middle finger â—e The 4 nerve of the arme f The passage hereof through the inside of the shoulder g A
tripartition of this branch where it toucheth the Cubit hh A branch distributed from the 4. nerve to the outward skin of the Cubite i the upper branch of the division of the 4. nerve kk A branch of i reaching to the outside of the hand ll the lower branch of the division of the 4. nerve passing through the backside of the Cubite m the 5. nerve of the arme n Branches of this nerve dispersed here and there oo A branch of the 5. nerve reaching to the inside of the hand and the fingers p. A surcle of the branch o derived to the outside of the hand and the fingers qq the 6 nerve of the arme and the course thereof under the skin rr the intercostall nerves there cut off where they are together with the ribs reflected forward ss branches on each side running backward tt Nerves attaining unto the Chest uu the commixtion of the nerves rr with the descending branch of the 6. conjugation of the braine xx Nerves from the loynes led unto this place y A branch going to the testicle here cut off z A nerve reaching to the 1. muscle of the thigh c the 1. nerve of the leg αβ A surcle of the former nerve derived to the skin at α and inserted into the muscles at β. γ the 2. nerve of the leg δδδ A nerve from the former allowed unto the skin as low as to the foot and passing along the inside of the leg ε a branch of the 2. nerve running unto the muscles ζ the 3 nerve of the leg n a surcle thereof unto the skin θ another surcle unto the muscles 〈◊〉 the 4. nerve of the leg xx the anterior propagations of the nerves proceeding from the holybone λ the end of the spinall marrow μ a branch from the 4 nerve inserted into the muscles arising from the Coxendix or hip bone ν another branch going to the skin of the thigh on the backside ξ a propagation derived to the 4. muscle of the leg and to the skin of the knee oo nerves attaining to the heads of the muscles of the foote 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the division of the 4 crurall nerve into two trunks σ a branch from the trunke Ï€ dispersed into the outward skin of the leg Ï„ a surcle of the trunke Ï€ derived to the muscles ν another surcle to the skin of the leg on the foreside a branch of the trunke Ï to the skin of the inside of the leg and of the foot χ a surcle of the trunke Ï to the hindmost skin of the leg 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a branch of the whole trunke Ï led along to the forward part of the leg and the soot ω the descent of the trunke Ï into the foot But to come to the originall and insertion of these muscles the one of these two which move the arme forwards called by reason of his originall the Pectorall arising from more than halfe of the Collar bone and almost all the Sternon and the 6 7. and 8 Rib goes up and fastens it selfe to the Coracoides by a membrane or a membranous tendon sufficiently strong for which cause it is said to be common to the shoulder arme and it goes into the arme betweene the muscles Deltoides and Biceps with a strong tendon composed of fibers crossing each other of which some descend from the Collar-bone and the upper part of the Sternon others ascend from the lower originall hereof that is from the 6 7 and 8 Ribs and although the action of this muscle be diverse by reason of the diversity of its fibers arising from divers places yet alwayes it drawes the arme forwards whether it be moved upwards downwards or to the Brest the other which is his companion descends from the whole lip or brow of the simous or hollow part of the Blade which it fills in the forepart of the arme neere the head thereof For the two Levatores or the Lifters up of the arme the first named Deltoides descends from almost halfe the Clavicle the processe Acromion and all the spine of the shoulder-blade into the foreside of the arme the bredth of foure fingers below the joynt It hath divers actions according to the diversity of the fibers as also every muscle hath yet howsoever it is contracted whether by the fibers from the clavicle alone or by the spinall alone or by both at once it alwayes lifts and heaves the arme upwards The other which is his associate descends from the gibbous part of the Shoulder-blade conteined betweene the upper rib therof the spine between the processes Acromion and Coracoides to the neck of the arme and this we will call the Epomis or Scapularis that is the shoulder Muscle But the first and larger of the two muscles which draw the arme backwards arises from the greatest part of the utter lip of the gibbous part of the shoulder-blade which is under the spine therof lying upon the blade it self it goes into the hind part of the arme above the neck thereof The other which is coÌ„tiguous to it his partner in working but lesser passes from the upper and exteriour part of the lower rib of the shoulder-blade and thence as it were in some sort extending it self upon the gibbous part therof neere unto that rib it goes into the arme This muscle seemes to be the same with the former being fleshy without even above the top of the shoulder One the lesser of these two which draw downwards enters out from the streight line of the lower Rib of the blade goes into the lower part of the arme about the neck therof The other called the Latissimus or broadest ascends from the spines of the holy-bone of the Loynes often also from the nine lower of the Chest by the lower corner of the shoulder-blade into which it is inserted by a membranous tendon as also it is into the inner part of the arme neere unto the necke by another strong tendon wherupon this muscle is called a common muscle of the shoulder and arme But when this muscle happens to be wounded the arme cannot easily be stretched forth or lifted up CHAP. XXVI The Description of the bones of the Cubit and the muscles moving them AFter these muscles follow those which bend extend the cubit but because their insertion cannot be fitly demonstrated unlesse the bones of the cubit be first described therefore first of all we will deliniate the bones themselves But verily lest this doubtful word cubit should cause obscurity first we must note that it hath a threefold significatioÌ„ for ofttimes it is used for al that part of the hand which lies between the arme wrest oft times for the lower bone of this part somtimes for the upper part of this bone which is turned within the Orbe or Cavity of the arme no otherwise than a cord in the wheele of a Pulley and this is called the Olecranon Here
truly we use this word Cubit in the first signification Wherfore we say the cubite is composed of two bones the one of which we call the Radius or Wand or the lesser Focile of the Arme the other we properly call the Cubit or Ell. These two bones sticke together at their ends being firmely bound together by strong Ligaments but the middle parts of them are a prety way distant from each other chiefly towards their lower ends for the better scituation and passage of the muscles and vessells from the inner side to the exteriour as shall be shewed in fit place The wand hath two Epiphyses or Appendices the one at the upper end the other at the lower The upper is round hollowed on the surface like a bason it receives the fore processe of the bone of the arme bound to the same by strong ligaments descending as wel from that processe of the arme as the Olecranon into the circumjacent parts of this appendix of the VVand This connexion is made for this use that we may turne our hand upwards and down-wards by the Cubit turned and twined about this processe But the lower appendix of this wand is hollowed on the inside that so it might more commodiously receive the bones of the wrest but gibbous without that it might be safer now this wand is softer and thicker at the lower end but lesser and harder above where on the inside it hath a swelling out wherby to receive the muscle Biceps besides on the outside of the mlddle therof it is somewhat gibbous and round so to become more safe from the injuries of externall bodies but it is hollowed or bended on the inside for the better taking or holding any thing in the hand But that side which lyes next to the Ell is flatted for the fitter originall and seat of the muscles lastly it is seated upon the bone of the Cubit or Ell just against the thumb But the Ell or bone of the cubit properly particularly so called hath in like maner two appendices the one above the other beneath The upper which also is the greater is fitted to the Orbe of the arme in which it goes to again for the extensioÌ„ bending of the arme no otherwise than a rope runs in a pulley but that it turnes not absolutly perfectly round which is caused by the two processes of unequal bignesse the which are therfore staied in the holes or cavities of the bone of the arme the greater processe which we called Olecranon is letted by the exterior hole that so the extension of the arme can be no further but the lesser processe by the inner hole makes the bending therof the lesse perfect The Composure of these bones is by Ginglymos it is strengthened not onely by common Ligaments comming from the muscles which move the bones themselves but also by proper Ligaments descending from the processes of the arme the lips of the holes and cavities standing about the Appendix of the Cubit The other lower and lesser appendix is in some sort hollow on the inside for the fitter receiving the bones of the wrest but the outside is round ends in a point whence it is called by the Greeks Styloides But now this Ell contrary in this to the wand is thicker towards the arme but slenderer towards the wrest And besides in the thicker part therof it is hollowed or bended towards the inside in the same place is gibbous or bunching forth on the out side but it is round straight unlesse on that side which lyes next the wand for the rest it is hollow full of marrow like the wand The site of the Radius or wand is oblique but that of the Cubit or Ell is right that the arme might be the better more easily moved because the motion by which the arme is exteÌ„ded beÌ„ded is according to a right line but that by which the inside of the hand is turned upwards downwards is performed obliquely circularly Wherfore it was expedient that the wand should be oblique the cubit streight for the cubit-bone is appointed for to extend bend the arme but the wand to performe the wheeling turning about therof this is the cause that it was fitting ther should be a different connexion of these bones with the arme These things were fitting to be spoken concerning the nature of these bones that in the cure of fractures we may worke the more safely happily taking indication from that which is agreeablâ— to nature wherfore now it remaines that we come to the description of the muscles which are seated in the arme the cubit-bone or Ell. These are 4 in number two extending it two bending it The first of the Benders is called Biceps by reason of its two heads the one wherof descends from the Coracoides that other from the lip of the cavity of the shoulder-blade by the fissure or clift of the head of the bone of the arme These two heads under the necke of this arme becoming fleshy are firmely united at the belly midst of the arme thus united are at length implanted by a strong tendon to the inner protuberation of the wand The other is called the Brachiaus by reason of the straite coherence therof with the bone of the arme this fastened under the Biceps descends obliquely on the backe and upper part of the bone of the arme into the top of the wand and the inner side of the Ell. But the first of the extenders is called the longus or Long muscle this descends from the lower Rib of the shoulder and cleaving to the bone of the Arme goes thither fastened and as it were alwayes most straitly joyned with his fellow muscle specially nere the Cubite where you shall presently heare The other termed the Brevis or short Muscle being the companion of the long descends on the hinde part of the necke of the bone of the Arme as it were growing to and lying under the former long muscle so that making one common broad Tendon outwardly â—â—eshy inwardly nervous they are inserted into the Olecranum so by mutuall assistance to extend the Cubite CHAP. XXVII The Description of the Bones of the Wrest Afterwrest and fingers WE said before that the Hand taken more particularly and properly is divided into the Wrest afterwrest fingers that the hand in this signification is bounded by the ends of the bones of the cubit and fingers All the parts of the wrest which it hath coÌ„mon with the afterwrest have bin already also plentifully explaned this only remaines to be noted that the skin aswell of the hands as of the feete is of a middle nature betweene pure flesh and pure skin no otherwise than that which covers the forehead but that this which covers the palmes of the hands soles of the feet is unmoveable But it is most thicke
either Or serving the principall as The Weason Lungs gullet Stomacke Gutts Bladder Or neither The Eares Nose Feete Hands and other of the same kinde From their proper essence from whence they are called Simple wounds When there is no complication of any other disease or symptome besides Or compound When there is a complication of some one or more diseases which unlesse they be taken away wee must not hope for to cure the wound From their quantity according to which they are called Great Long Broad Deepe Indifferent Little Short Narrow Super ficiarie From their figure according to which they are named Straight Oblique Cornered CHAP. II. Of the causes of Wounds ALL things which may outwardly assayle the body with force and violence may be counted the causes of wounds which are called greene and properly bloody These things are either animate or inanimate The animate as the bitings and prickings of beasts The Inanimate as the stroake of an arrow sword clubb gunne stone a dagger and all such like things From the variety of such like causes they have divers names for those which are made by sharpe and pricking things are called punctures those caused by cutting things are called wounds or gashes and those which are made by heavy and obtuse things are named Contusions or wounds with Contusions CHAP. III. Of the signes of Wounds WOunds are first knowne by sight and by the signes drawne from thence The Chirurgion ought first and chiefely to consider what wounds are cureable and what not what wounds will scarce admit of cure and what may be easily cured for it is not the part of a prudent Chirurgion to promise cure in a deadly or dangerous and difficult wound Least he may seeme to have killed him whom not the unsufficiencie of the Art but the greatnesse of the wound hath slaine But when the wound is dangerous but yet without despaire of recovery it belongs to him to admonish the Patients friends which are by of the present danger and doubtfull state of the wound that if Art shall be overcome by the greatnesse thereof hee shall not be thought ignorant of the Art neither to have deceived them But as this is the part and duty of a good and prudent Chirurgion so it is the tricke of a cheating and jugling knave to enlarge small wounds that so he may seeme to have done a great cure when it is nothing so But it is agreeable to reason that the Chirurgion professing the disease easie to be cured will thinke himselfe in credit bound by such promises and his duty and therefore seeke all meanes for the quicke recovery of the patient leâ—t that which was of its owne nature small may by his negligence become great Therefore it is expedient he should know what wounds are to be accounted great This as Galen saith is three wayes to be knowne The first is by the magnitude and principallity of the part affected for thus the wounds of the Braine Heart and of the greater vessells though small of themselves yet are thought great Then from the greatnesse of the solution of continuity for which cause wounds may be judged great in which much of the substance of the part is lost in every dimension though the part be one of these which are accounted servile Then from the malignitie through which occasion the wounds of the joynts are accounted great because for the most part they are ill conditioned CHAP. IIII. Of Prognostickes to be made in VVounds THose Wounds are thought dangerous wherein any large Nerve Veine or Artery are hurt From the first there is feare of convulsion but from the other large effusion of the veinous or arterious blood whence the powers are debilitated also these are judged evill which are upon the arme pitts groines leskes joynts and betweene the fingers and likewise those which hurt the head or taile of a Muscle They are least dangerous of all other which wound onely the fleshy substance But they are deadly which are inflicted upon the Bladder Braine Heart Liver Lungs Stomacke and small guts But if any Bone Gristle Nerve or portion of the cheeke or prepuce shall be cut away they cannot bee restored Contused wounds are more difficult to cure than those which are onely from a simple solution of continuity for before you must thinke to heale them up you must suppurate and clense them which cannot be done in a short time Wounds which are round and circular are so much the worse for there can be no unity unlesse by an angle that is a meeting together of two lines which can have no place in round wounds because a circular figure consists of one oblique line Besides wounds are by so much thought the greater by how much their extremes and lipps are the further dis-joyned which happens to round Wounds Contrary to these are cornered wounds or such as are made alongst the fibers as such as may bee easily healed Wounds may be more easily healed in young men than in old because in them nature is more vigorous and there is a greater plenty of fruitefull or good blood by which the losse of the flesh may be the better and more readily restored which is slowlier done in an old body by reason their blood is smaller in quantity and more dry and the strength of nature more languide Wounds received in the Spring are not altogether so difficult to heale as those taken in Winter or Summer For all excesse of heate and cold is hurtfull to them it is ill for a convulsion to happen upon a Wound for it is a signe that some Nervous body is hurt the braine suffering together therewith as that which is the originall of the Nerves A Tumor comming upon great Wounds is good for it shewes the force of nature is able to expell that which is harmefull and to ease the wounded part The organicall parts wholly cut off cannot againe be united because a vitall part once severed and plucked from the trunke of the body cannot any more receive influence from the heart as from a roote without which there can bee no life The loosed continuity of the Nerves Veines Arteries and also the bones is sometimes restored not truely and as they say according to the first intention but by the second that is by reposition of the like but not of the same substance The first intention takes place in the fleshie parts by converting the Alimentary bloud into the proper substance of the wounded part But the second in the spermatique parts in which the lost substance may be repaired by interposition of some heterogeneous body which nature diligent for its owne preservation substitutes in place of that which is lost for thus the body which restores and agglutinats is no bone but a Callus whose originall matter is from an humor somewhat grosser than that from whence the bones have their originall and beginning This humor when it
take heed of the over light chiefely untill such time as the most feared and maligne symptomes are past For a too great light dissipates the spirits encreases paine strengthens the feaver and symptomes Hippocrates wholy forbids wine therefore the patient in steed thereof must drinke Barly water faire water boyled and tempered with Iulep of Roses syrupe of Violets vinegar and the like water wherein bread crummes have beene steeped water and sugar with a little juyce of Lemons or pomecitron added thereto and such like as the abilitye and taste of the patient shall require Let him continue such drinkes until he be free from maligne symptomes which usually happen within foureteene dayes His meat shall be pappe ptisan shunning Almond milkes for Almonds are sayd to fill the head with vapours and cause paine stued damaske Prunes Raisons and Currance seasoned with sugar and a little cinamon which hath a wonderful power to comfort the stomack and revive and exhilarate the spirits Chickens Pidgeons Veale Kid Leverets birds of the fields Pheasons blacke-birds Turtles Partridges Thrushes Larkes and such like meates of good digestion boiled with lettuce purslaine sorrell borage buglosse succory endive and the like are thought very convenient in this case If he desire at any time to feed on these meates roasted he may only dipping them in verjuice in the acide juices of Oranges Citrons Lemons or Pomegranets sometimes in one and sometimes in another according to his taste and ability If any have a desire to eate fish he must make choyce of Troutes Gudgions Pikes and the like which live in running and cleare waters and not in muddy hee shall eschew all cold sallets and pulse because they flye up and trouble the head it will be convenient after meate to use common drige powder or Aniseed Fennell-seed or Coriander comfits also conserve of Roses or Marmilate of Quinces to shut up the orifice of the Ventricle lest the head should bee offended with vapoures arising from thence Children must eate often but sparingly for children cannot fast so long as those which are elder because their naturall heate is more strong wherefore they stand in neede of more nourishment so also in winter all sorts of people require more plentifull nourishment for that then their stomackes are more hot than in Summer When the foureteenth day is past if neither a feaver nor any thing else forbid hee may drinke wine moderately and by little and little encrease his dyet but that respectively to each ones nature strength and custome He shall shunne as much as in him lyes sleepe on the day time unlesse it happen that a Phlegmon seaze upon the braine or Meninges For in this case it will bee expedient to sleepe on the day time especially from morning till noone for in this season of the day as also in the spring blood is predominant in the body according to the opinion of Hippocrates For it is so vulgarly knowne that it need not be spoken that the blood when wee are awake is carryed into the habite and surface of the body but on the contrary by sleepe it is called into the noble parts the Heart and Liver Wherefore if that the blood by the force of the Sunne casting his beames upon the earth at his rising is carryed into the habite of the body should againe bee more and more diffused by the strength and motion of watching the inflammation in the braine and Meninges would be much encreased Wherefore it will bee better especially then to stay by sleepe the violence of the blood running into the habite of the body when it shall seeme to rage and more violently to affect that way Watching must in like manner be moderate for too much depraves the temper of the braine and of the habit of the whole body it causes crudities paines and heavinesse of the head and makes the wounds dry and maligne But if the patient cannot sleepe by reason of the vehemencie of the inflammation of the braine and Meninges Galen wishes to wash besmeare and annoint the head nose temples and eares with refrigerating and humecting things for these stupifie and make drowsie the Braine and membranes thereof being more hot than they ought to be Wherefore for this purpose let the temples bee anointed with Vnguentum populeon or Vnguentum Rosatum with a little rose vinegar or oxycrate Let a spunge moistened in the decoction of white or blacke poppie seed of the rinds of the rootes of Mandrages of the seedes of Henbane lettuce purslaine plantaine night-shade and the like He may also have a broath or barly creame into which you may put an emulsion made of the seedes of white poppye or let him have a potion made with â„¥ j. or â„¥ iss of the syrupe of poppie with â„¥ ij of lettuce water Let the patient use these things 4 houres after meate to procure sleepe For sleepe doth much helpe concoction it repaires the effluxe of the triple substance caused by watching aswageth paine refresheth the weary mitigates anger and sorrow restores the depraved reason so that for these respects it is absolutely necessary that the patient take his naturall rest If the patient shall bee plethoricke let the plenitude be lessened by blood-letting purging and a slender diet according to the discretion of the Phisition who shall oversee the cure But we must take heed of strong purgations in these kindes of wounds especially at the beginning lest the feaver inflammation paine and other such like symptomes be increased by stirring up the humors Phlebotomie according to Galens opinion must not onely be made respectively to the plenty of blood but also agreeable to the greatnesse of the present disease or that which is to come to divert and draw backe that humor which flowes downe by a way contrary to that which is impact in the part and which must be there evacuated or drawne to the next Wherefore for example if the right side of the head be wounded the Cephalicke veine of the right arme shall be opened unlesse a great Plethora or plenitude cause us to open the Basilica or Median yet if neither of them can be fitly opened the Basilica may bee opened although the body is not plethoricke The like course must be observed in wounds of the left side of the head for that is farre better by reason of the straightnesse of the fibers than to draw blood on the opposite side in performance whereof you must have diligent care of the strength of the patient still feeling his pulse unlesse a Physition be present to whose judgement you must then commit all that businesse For the pulse is in Galens opinion the certainest shewer of the strength Wherefore we must consider the changes and inequalities thereof for as soone as we finde it to become lesser and more slow when the fore-head beginnes to sweate a little when he feeles a paine at his heart when he is taken
of Reeds some are blunt headed others have piles or heads of Iron Brasse Lead Tinne Horne Glasse Bone In figure for that some are round others cornered some are sharpe pointed some barbed with the barbs standing either to the point or shafts or else acrosse or both wayes but some are broad aad cut like a Chissell For their bignesse some are three foote long some lesse For their number they differ in that because some have one head others more But they varie in making for that some of them have the shaft put into the head others the head into the shaft some have their heads nailed to the shaft others not but have their heads so loosely set on that by gentle plucking the shaft they leave their heads behind them whence dangerous wounds proceede But they differ in force for that some hurt by their Iron onely others besides that by poyson wherewith they are infected You may see the other various shapes here represented to you in the following Figure The Figures of divers sorts of Arrowes CHAP. XVII Of the difference of the wounded parts THe Wounded parts are eyther fleshy or bony some are neare the joynts others seated upon the very joynts some are principall others serve them some are externall others internall Now in wounds where deadly signes appeare its fit you give an absolute judgement to that effect least you make the Art to be scandalled by the ignorant But it is an inhumane part and much digressing from Art to leave the Iron in the wound it is sometimes difficult to take it out yet a charitable and artificiall worke For it is much better to try a doubtfull remedy than none at all CHAP. XVIII Of drawing forth Arrowes YOu must in drawing forth Arrowes shun incisions and dilacerations of Veines and Arteries Nerves and Tendons For it is a shamefull and bungling part to doe more harme with your hand than the Iron hath done Now Arrowes are drawne forth two wayes that is either by extraction or impulsion Now you must presently at the first dressing pull forth all strange bodies which that you may more easily and happily performe you shall set the Patient in the same posture as hee stood when he received his wound and hee must also have his Instruments in a readinesse chiefely that which hath a slit pipe and toothed without into which there is put a sharpe iron style like the Gimblets we formerly mentioned for the taking forth of Bullets but that it hath no scrue at the end but is larger and thicker so to widen the pipe that so widened it may fill up the hole of the Arrowes head where into the shaft was put and so bring it forth with it both out of the fleshy as also out of the bony parts if so bee that the end of the shaft be not broken and left in the hole of the head That also is a fit Instrument for this purpose which opens the other end toothed on the outside by pressing together of the handle You shall finde the Iron or head that lies hid by these signes there will be a certaine roughnesse and inequalitie observable on that part if you feele it up and downe with your hand the flesh there will be bruised livid or blacke and there is heavinesse and paine felt by the patient both there and in the wound A deliniation of Instruments fit to draw forth the heads of Arrowes and Darts which are left in the wound without their shafts A hooked Instrument fit for to draw forth strange bodies as peices of Maile and such other things as it can catch hold of which may also bee used in wounds made by Gunshot But if by chance either Arrowes Darts or Lances or any winged head of any other weapon bee run through and left sticking in any part of the body as the Thigh with a portion of the shaft or staffe slivered in peices or broken off then it is fit the Chirurgion with his cutting mullets should cut off the end of the staffe or shaft and then with his other mullets plucke forth the head as you may see by this Figure CHAP. XIX How Arrowes broken in a wound may be drawne forth BVt if it chance that the weapon is so broken in the wound that it cannot bee taken hold on by the formerly mentioned Mullets then must you draw or plucke it out with your Crane or Crowes bill and other formerly described Instruments But if the shaft be broken neare the head so that you cannot take hold thereof with your Cranes bill then you shall draw it forth with your Gimblet which we described before to draw forth bullets for if such a Gimblet can be fastened in Bullets it may farre better take hold of wood But if the head be barbed as usually the English arrowes are then if it may be conveniently done it will be very fitting to thrust them through the parts For if they should be drawne out the same way they went in there would bee no small danger of breaking or tearing the Vessells and Nerves by these hooked barbes Wherefore it is better to make a section on the other side whither the head tended and so give it passage forth if it may bee easily done for so the wound will bee the more easily clensed and consolidated But on the the contrary if the point tend to any bone or have many muscles or thicke flesh against the head thereof as it happens sometimes in the Thighes Legges and Armes then you must not thrust the head thorough but rather draw it out the same way it came in dilating the wound with fit Instruments and by skill in Anatomie shunning the larger Nerves and Vessells Therefore for this purpose put a hollow Dilater into the wound and therewith take hold of both the barbes or wings of the head and then take fast hold of the head with your Cranes-bill and so draw them forth all three together A Dilater hollowed on the inside with a Cranes-bill to take hold of the barbed head CHAP. XX. What to be done when an Arrow is left fastned or sticking in a bone BVt if the weapon be so depact and fastned in a bone that you cannot drive it forth on the other side neither get it forth by any other way than that it entred in by you must first gently moove it up and downe if it sticke very fast in but have a speciall care that you doe not breake it and so leave some fragment thereof in the bone then take it forth with your Crowes bill or some other fit Instrument formerly described Then presse forth the blood and suffer it to bleed somewhat largely yet according to the strength of the Patient and nature of the wounded part For thus the part shall be eased of the fulnesse and illnesse of humors and lesse molested with inflammation putrefaction and other symptomes which are customarily feared When the weapon is drawne forth and the
is betweene prone and supine for so the Wand shall lye directly under the Ell as we have read it observed by Hippocrates The reason is for that by a supine figure or situation both the bone and muscles are perverted for first for the bone the Apophysis styloides and Olecranum of the Cubit ought to be in an equall plaine and to be seated each against other which is not so in a supine figure as wherein the Processus styloides of the Cubit is set against the inner processe of the arme bone But in muscles for that like as the insertion and site of the head of a muscle is such also is the site of the belly thereof and lastly such the insertion of the tayle thereof but by a supine figure the muscles arising from the inner processe of the arme bone and bending the cubit shall have their tayle placed in an higher and more exteriour site In the interim you must not omit but that the Patients arme may with as little paine as possibly you can be bended and extended now and then lest by the too long rest of the tyed up part and the intermission of its proper function the bones of the joynt may be sowdred together by the interposition and as it were glue of the defluxion which fals abundantly into the joynt of the Ell-bow and neighbouring parts whence the stiffenesse and unmoveablenesse thereof as if there were a Callus growne there from whence it may happen that the arme thereafter may neither be bended nor extended which I have observed to have happened to many Whereof also Galen makes mention and cals this kinde of vitiated conformation Ancyle and Ancylosis If a wound also associate a fracture of the arme then see that you put about it plates of Latin or Past-bord and make a convenient Ligature and that the fragments of the bones be kept in the same state wherein they were set and restored Moreover let him lay his arme upon a soft pillow or cushion as the following Figure shewes you The figure of a fractured Arme with a wound bound up and seated as is fit CHAP. XIX Of the fracture of a Hand THe bones of the Wrest and After-wrest may bee broken but in Hippocrates opinion chiefly by that kind of fracture which is called a Sedes now if they shal happen to be broken this shal be the maner of restoring them Let the Patient lay forth his hand upon some even and smooth table then let your servant stretch forth the broken bones the work-master restore them thus extended and put them in their proper seats But being restored they must be kept in their places by such remedies as are used in other fractures to wit cerates compresses linnen clothes and splints Now the fractured fingers shall be tyed or bound to their neighbours that so they may the more easily as bound to a stake be kept in that state wherein they have been put by the hand of the Workeman But these bones seeing they are of a rare and spongie nature are in a short time and easily strengthened or knit by a Callus These things being done the hollownesse or palme of the hand shall be filled with a Tennis ball for thus the broken bones shall not only be more easily kept in their places but also the fingers themselves shall be kept in a middle posture that is not wholly open nor quite shut If they be kept in any other figure the ensuing Callus will either deprave or quite abolish that action of the hand wherby we take hold of any thing The case stands otherwise with the fractured Toes for they shall bee kept straight and even out lest they should hinder our going or standing CHAP. XX. Of the fracture of a Thigh IT is a hard thing to bring the fragments of the broken thigh together to be set by reason of the large and strong muscles of that part which whilest they are drawne backe towards their originall by a motion both naturall and convulsive they carry together with them the fragment of the bone whereinto they are inserted Therefore when as the fracture of this bone shall be restored the Patient must lye upon his back with his legge stretched forth and the Surgeon must strongly and with great force extend the thigh but if he alone shall not be able sufficiently to extend it he shall imploy two other strong attendants by whose joynt-helpe the fragments may be fitted and set each against other For this purpose when as the strength of the hand was not sufficient the Ancients used an Instrument called a Glossocomium whereof this is the figure The figure of a Glossocomium or Extender In stead of this Glossocomium you may make use of my pulley for Hippocrates in this bone when it is broken doth approve of extension so great that although by the greatnesse of the extension the ends of the fragments be somewhat distant a-sunder an emptie space being left betweene yet notwithstanding would hee have ligature made For it is not here as it is in the extensions of other bones whereas the casting about of Ligatures keeps the muscles unmoveable but here in the extended thighes the deligation is not of such force as that it may stay and keepe the bones and muscles in that state wherein the Surgeon hath placed them For seeing that the muscles of the thigh are large and strong they overcome the ligation and are not kept under by it The Surgeon in setting it shall also consider that the thigh-bone is hollowed on the inner side but gibbous on the outside therefore it must be set in its native figure Otherwise if anie unmindefull of this consideration would have it straight he shall make his Patient halt all his life after wherefore this inner and native hollownesse must be filled up and preserved by putting in a compresse or boulster spread over with unguentum rosatum or the like glutinous thing that it may not fall off for thus also the ligation shall the more faithfully keep the fragments of the bone in their places Moreover compresses shall be applied to the more slender and lesse protuberating parts of the thigh as those which are next the ham and knee that so the whole ligation may be alike and consequently the more firme Now ligatures as we formerly noted are ordained for three things The first is that the bones may bee kept in that state wherein they were set untill they be strengthened by a Callus The second is to hinder defluxion which easily fals into the broken and luxated parts both by reason of paine as also by weaknesse The third is to stay and hold fast the splints and medicines which are applied Inflammation is hindred by repressing and hindring the blood and other humours ready to flow downe from entring into the part and by pressing those humors which are preternaturally contained in the part into the neighbouring parts above and below
as it is fitting and in the meane space you must forbid the Patient to speake or needlesly to open his mouth Wherefore he must abstaine from hard meats and such as require much chewing untill his paine be quite passed and use only spoone-meats as Barley-creames ponadoes jellies cullasses brothes and the like CHAP. X. Of restoring the Jaw dislocated forwards but on one side THe Patient must be placed on a lowe seate so that hee may be under the Surgeon then your servant standing at his back shall hold his head firme and steddie that it may not follow the Surgeon drawing extending and doing other things necessarie for restoring it Then the Surgeon putting his thumb between the grinders shall presse down the Jaw and gently drawing it aside force it into its cavitie in the meane while also the Patient as much as in him lyes shall helpe forwards the Surgeons endevour in opening his mouth as little as he can lest the muscles should bee extended and hee shall only gape so wide as to admit the Surgeons thumbe for so the temporall muscles shall be restored to their place and favour the restitution If hee open his mouth as wide as hee can they will be extended after a convulsive manner if on the contrarie he shut his teeth too close there will be no passage for the Surgeons Thumbe unto his grinding teeth Some there bee which affirme that the Jaw-bone may sometimes be dislocated towards the hinde part and that then the mouth is so close shut that the Patient cannot open it nor gape and that the lower ranke of teeth stands further in and nearer the throat than the upper Now for restoring it the Patients head must be straitly holden behinde whilst the Surgeon the meane while putting both his thumbs into the Patients mouth holding his other fingers without under the parties chin hee shall by shaking it draw it to him or forwards and so restore it to its place For my own part I confesse I never saw this kinde of Luxation and I easily perswade my selfe that it can scarce ever happen for the reason I gave in the former Chapter But neverthelesse if it by any meanes chance to happen yet can it not be a perfect Luxation but an imperfect one the Jaw being onely but a little thrust backe to the throat to those mammillarie additaments And then it may easily be restored by lifting or drawing forth the Jaw and suddenly forcing it from below upwards CHAP. XI Of the Luxation of the Collar-bone AS the Collar-bones may be broken wrested and crooked so also they may be dislocated Now they are dislocated either against the sternum or against the shoulder-blade or acromion thereof yet both these kinds of dislocations are very rare by reason of the strait and firme connexion which the Collar-bone hath with the foresaid parts but chiefly where it is joyned to the sternum it can scarce be deprest for that it is as it were underpropt with the first rib But it may be dislocated inwardly outwardly and side-wise and according to this varietie there must be divers waies to restore it yet generally the Collar-bone is put into its place by moving or extending the arme But if need require the Patient shall be layd upon the ground with his face upwards a Tray with the bottome upwards a hard stuffed Cushion or the like thing being put under his shoulders for thus it wil so come to passe that the shoulder and chest will stand so forth that presently by lifting up by pressing downe or drawing forth the arme forwards or backwards as the bone shal be flowne out to this or that part you may restore it for thus the prominencie may bee forced into its cavitie But it will be requisite to binde it up and lay boulsters thereon and to give it rest as if it were fractured Galen writes that when hee was five and thirtie yeares old whilst he exercised himselfe in the place of Exercise his Collar-bone was so farre separated from the Acromion that there was the space of three fingers betweene them And that this Luxation was restored in fortie dayes space by so strait and strong a Ligation that he perceived the motion of the beating arteries under the bone But you shall finde verie few who will suffer such strain ligation so long though it be never so necessarie Verily this kinde of Luxation is hard to be known but farre more difficult to be healed I have known many Surgeons deceived who have taken the Luxation of the Collar-bone for the dislocation of the top of the shoulder For then the Epomis or toppe of the shoulder swels and the place from whence the Collar-bone is flowne is depressed with a manifest cavity with vehement paine inflammation and impotencie of lifting up or otherwise moving the arme or performing other actions which are done by the helpe of the shoulder Certainly if this bone when it is dislocated be not set the Patient shall be lame during his life so that hee shall not bee able neyther to put his hand to his head nor mouth CHAP. XII Of the Luxation of the Spine or Back-bone THe Backe-bone consists of many bony vertebrae like rowles or wheeles mutually joynted or knit together by their smoothnesse and circular forme conspiring to an aptnesse of moving or bending forwards For if it should consist of one bone we should stand continually with the trunk of our bodies immoveable as thrust thorough with a stake The vertebrae have a hole passing through the midst of them whereby the marrow passing this way out from the braine as by a pipe may serve for the generation of the sensitive and motive nerves and their distribution into all parts beneath the head For which purpose it is perforated with many holes on the sides through each whereof certaine conjugations of the nerves passe forth into the rest of the body and veines and arteries passe in for the propagation of nourishment and life The whole exteriour face of the Spine is rough and as it were armed with foure sorts of apophyses or processes whereof some stand up others downe some direct others transverse Wherefore from these thornie and sharpe processes the whole hath acquired the name of the Spina The vertebrae the further from the neck they are the greater they grow so that those which are the lowest are the largest for it is agreeable to reason that that which beares should be bigger than that which is borne Hence we see that the Holy-bone is placed under the rest as a foundation The side processes of the Rack-bones of the Chest besides the benefit of defending the spinall marrow shut up therein from externall injuries have also another which is they firme and fasten the bones of the ribbs by a strong tye There lyes a gristle and a â—ough and as it were albuminous humor betweene the vertebrae which makes them as also all the other
the braines substitute But when divers vertebrae are dislocated at once it must of necessity be forced only into an obtuse angle or rather a semicircle by which compression it certainly suffers but not so as that death must necessarily ensue thereof Hereto may seeme to belong that which is pronounced by Hippocrates A circular moving of the vertebrae out of their places is lesse dangerous than an angular CHAP. XIX Of the Dislocation of the Rumpe THe Rumpe oft times is after a sort dislocated inwards by a violent fall upon the buttocks or a great blow in this affect the Patient cannot bring his heele to his buttockes neither unlesse with much force bend his knee Going to stoole is painefull to him neyther can he sit unlesse in a hollow chaire That this as it were dislocation may bee restored you must thrust your finger in by the Fundament even to the place affected as we have said in a fracture then must you strongly raise up the bone and with your other hand at the same time joyne it rightly on the outside with the neighbouring parts lastly it must be strengthened with the formerly mentioned remedies and kept in its place Now it will bee recovered about the twentieth day after it is set During all which time the Patient must not goe to stoole unlesse sitting upon a hollow seat lest the bone as yet scarce well recovered should fall againe out of its place CHAP. XX. Of the Luxation of the Ribs THe Ribs may by a great and bruising stroake bee dislocated and fall from the vertebrae whereto they are articulated and they may bee driven inwards or side-waies Of which kinde of Luxation though there be no particular mention made by the Ancients yet they confesse that all the bones may fall or be removed from their seats or cavities wherin they are received and articulated The signe of a Rib dislocated and slipped on one side is a manifest inequality which here makes a hollownesse and there a bunching forth but it is a signe that it is driven in when as there is only a depressed cavitie where it is knit and fastened to the vertebrae Such dislocations cause divers symptomes as difficulty of breathing the hurt rib hindring the free moving of the chest a painfulnesse in bowing downe or lifting up the bodie occasioned by a paine counterfeiting a pleurisie the rising or puâ—â—ing up of the musculous flesh about the rib by a mucous and flatulent humor there generated the reasons whereof we formerly mentioned in our Treatise of Fractures To withstand all these the dislocation must bee forthwith restored then the puffing up of the flesh must bee helped Wherefore if the dislocated Rib shall fall upon the upper side of the vertebrae the Patient shall be set upright hanging by his armes upon the toppe of some high doore or window then the head of the rib where it stands forth shal be pressed downe untill it be put into its cavity Againe if the rib shall fall out upon the lower side of the vertebra it will be requisite that the Patient bend his face do 〈◊〉 wards setting his hands upon his knees then the dislocation may be restored by pressing or thrusting in the knot or bunch which stands forth But if the luxated rib fall inwards it can no more be restored or drawn forth by the hand of the Surgeon than a vertebra which is dislocated towards the inside for the reasons formerly delivered CHAP. XXI Of a Dislocated shoulder THe shoulder is easily dislocated because the ligaments of its dearticulation are soft and loose as also for that the cavitie of the shoulder-blade is not very deepe and besides it is every where smooth and polite no otherwise than that of the shoulder-bone for that it is herein received Adde hereunto that there is no internall ligament from bone to bone which may strengthen that dearticulation as is in the legge and knee Wherein notwithstanding we must not thinke nature defective but rather admire Gods providence in this thing for that this articulation serves not onely for extension and bending as that of the Elbow but besides for a round or circular motion as that which carries the arme round about now up then downe according to each difference of site The shoulder-bone which Hippocrates cals the Arme-bone may be dislocated foure manner of waies upwards downe-wards or into the Arme-pit forwards and outwards but never backwards or to the hinde part For seeing that there the cavitie of the blade-bone which receives the head of the arm-bone which Hippocrates cals a Joynt lyes and stands against it who is it that can but imagin any such dislocation In like sort it is never dislocated inwardly for on this part it hath the flesh of a strong muscle termed Deltoides lying over it besides also the backe and acromion of the Blade and lastly the anker-like or beake-like processe all which foure hinder this joynt from slipping inwards Now Hippocrates saith that he hath only seene one kinde of Dislocation of this bone to wit that which is downe-wards or to the arme-pit and certainly it is the most usuall and frequent wherefore we intend to handle it in the first place When the shoulder is dislocated down-wards into the Arme-pit a depressed cavitie may bee perceived in the upper part of the joynt the acromion of the Blade shewes more sharpe and standing forth than ordinarie for that the head of the shoulder-bone is slipt downe and hid under the arme-pit causing a swelling forth in that place the Elbow also casts it selfe as it were outwards and stands further off from the ribs and though you force it yet can you not make it to touch them the Patient cannot lift up his hand to his care on that side neyther to his mouth nor shoulder Which signe is not peculiar to the luxated shoulder but common to it affected with a contusion fracture inflammation wound abscesse scirrâ—us or any defluxion upon the nerves arising out of the vertebrae of the neck and sent into the arme also this arme is longer than the other Lastly which also is common to each difference of a luxated shoulder the Patient can move his arme by no kinde of motion without sense of paine by reason of the extended and pressed muscles some also of their fibres being broken There are sixe wayes to restore the shoulder luxated down-wards into the arme-pit The first is when it is performed with ones fist or a towell The second with a clew of yarne which put under the arme-pit shall be thrust up with ones heele The third with ones shoulder put under the Arme-hole which maner together with the first is most fit for new and easily to be restored luxations as in those who have loose flesh and effeminate persons as children eunuches and women The fourth with a ball put under the Arme-pit and then the Arme cast over a piece of wood held upon two
naturall cavity When it is in it must bee bound up with compresses and rowlers after the forementioned manner To the former figures I have thought good to adde this which expresseth the maner of restoring a shoulder luxated into the arme-pit with a spatula after the manner of Hippocrates This spatula fastened with an iron pin to the standing frame may be turned lifted up and pressed downe at your pleasure A. shewes the wooden spatula B. The frame or standing postes Hippocrates his Glossocomium termed Ambi. For the more certaine use of this instrument the patient must sit upon a seate which must be somewhat lower than the standing frame that so the spatula which is thrust into the arme-pit may be the more forcibly deprest so to force in the head of the shoulder-bone the patients feete must also be tyed that hee may not raise himselfe up whilest the Surgeon endevours to restore it Now he shall then endevour to restore it when he shall have bound the stretched forth arme of the dislocated shoulder unto the spatula thrust the one end therof under the slipped forth head of the shoulder bone as wee have formerly shewed for then by pressing downe the other end of the spatula which goes to the hand the bone is forced into its cavity You must diligently observe the wooden spatula which therefore I have caused to be expressed by it selfe which Hippocrates calleth Ambi whose head is a little hollowed where it is noted with this letter B. The whole spatula is marked with this letter A. with three strings hanging thereat provided for the binding of the arme that it may be kept steddy as you may perceive by the ensuing figure The figure of an Ambi fitted to a dislocated shoulder There are other additions to this Ambi whose figure I now exhibited to your view by the invention of Nicholas Picart the Duke of Lorrain's Surgion the use and knowledge whereof bestowed upon mee by the inventor himselfe I would not envie the studious reader Another figure of an Ambi with the additaments AA Shew the two eares as it were stops made to hold and keep in the top of the shoulder lest it should slippe out when it is put into the frame or supporter BB. The frame or supporter whereon the Ambi rests CC. The pin or axeltree which fastens the Ambi to the supporter DD. Screw-pinnes to fasten the foote of the supporter that it stirre not in the operation EE The holes in the foote of the supporter whereby you may fasten the screw-pins to the floore CHAP. XXVIII How to restore a shoulder dislocated forewards IT is seldome that the shoulder is luxated towards the foreside yet there is nothing so stable and firme in our bodies which may not be violated by a violent assault so that those bones doe also fall out of joint whose articulations are strengthened for the firmer connexion with fleshly nervous gristly and bony stayes or barres This you may perceive by this kinde of dislocated shoulder strengthened as it were with a strong wall on every hand to wit the Acromium and the end of the collar bone seeming to hinder it as also the great and strong muscles Epomis and Biceps Hippocrates shut up within the strait bounds of the lesser Asia never saw this kinde of dislocation which was observed fivetimes by Galen I professe I have seene it but once and that was in a certaine Nun which weary of the Nunnery cast her selfe downe out of a window and bore the fall and weight of her body upon her elbow so that her shoulder was dislocated forewards This kinde of dislocation is knowne by the depravation of the conformation or figure of the member by the head of the shoulder wrested out towards the breast as also the patient cannot bend his elbow It is restored by the same meanes as other luxations of other parts to wit by strait holding extending and forcing in Therefore the patient must bee placed upon the ground with his face upwards and then you must extend the shoulder otherwise than you doe when it is luxated into the arme-pit For when it falleth into the arme-hole it is first drawne forewards then forced upwards untill it bee brought just against the cavity whereinto it must enter But in this kinde of luxation because the toppe of the shoulder is in the fore parts of the dearticulation shut up with muscles opened both to the outer as also to the inner part you must worke to the contrary to wit to the hinde part But first of all you must place a servant at the backe of the patient who may draw backe a stronge and broade Bandage cast about the arme-pit such as is the Carchesius which consists of two contrary and continued strings lest that when the arme shall be extended the shoulder follow also you must put a clew of yarne to fill up the armepit Then must you extend the arme casting another ligature a little above the elbow and in the interim have a care that the head thereof fall not into the arme-pit which may be done both by putting the forementioned clew under the arme and drawing the head another way then must you permit by slacking your extension the joint freed from the encompassing muscles to be drawne and forced into its cavity by the muscles forcible recoiling as with an unanimous consent into themselves and their originals for thus it will easily bee restored and such extension onely is sufficient thereto CHAP. XXIX Of the shoulder luxated outwardly THe dislocation also of the shoulder to the outward parts seldom happens but yet if it may at any time happen the extension of the arme will bee very difficult but yet more difficult towards the outward part than towards the inward there is a depressed cavity perceived towards the chest but externally a bunching forth to wit in that part from whence the head of the shoulder-bone is fled For the restoring hereof the patient must bee laid flat on his belly and the elbow must be forcibly drawne contrary to that whereto it is fled to wit inwardly to the breast and also the standing forth head of the arm-bone must bee forced into its cavity for thus it shall bee easily restored But into what part soever the shoulder-bone is dislocated the arme must be extended and drawne directly downewards After the restitution fitting medicines shall be put about the joint Let there bee somewhat put into the arme-pit which may fill it up and let compresses or boulsters bee applyed to that part to which the luxated bone fell then all these things shall be strengthened and held fast with a strong and broad two headed ligature put under the armepit and so brought acrosse upon the joint of the shoulder and thence carried unto the opposite arme-pit by so many windings as shall be judged requisite Then the arme must be put and carried in a scarfe
patient is troubled with paines in his joynts head and shoulders and as it were breakings of his armes legges and all his members they are weary without a cause so that neither the foot nor hand can easily performe his duty their mouths are inflamed a swelling troubles their throats which takes away their freedom of speaking swallowing yea of their very spittle pustles rise over all their bodies but chiefly certaine garlands of them engirt their temples and heads the shedding or losse of the haire disgraceth the head and chin and leanenesse deformeth the rest of the body yet all of these use not to appeare in all bodies but some of them in some But the most certaine signes of this disease are a callous ulcer in the privities hard and ill conditioned and this same is judged to have the same force in a prognosticke if after it be cicatrized it retaine the same callous hardnesse the Bubo's or swellings in the groines to returne backe into the body without comming to suppuration or other manifest cause these two signes if they concurre in the same patient you may judge or foretell that the Lues venerea is either present or at hand yet this disease happeneth to many without the concourse of these two signes which also bewrayeth it selfe by other manifest signes as ulcers and pustles in the rest of the body rebellious against medicines though powerfull and discreetely applyed unlesse the whole body bee annoynted with Argentum vivum But when as the disease becommeth inveterate many become impotent to venery and the malignity and number of the symptomes encrease their paines remaine fixed and stable very hard and knotted tophi grow upon the bones and oft-times they become rotten and foule as also the hands and feete by the corruption of salt phlegme are troubled with chops or clefts and their heads are seazed upon by an ophiasis and alopecia whitish tumours with roots deepe fastned in arise in sundry parts of the body filled with a matter like the meate of a chesnut or like a tendon if they be opened they degenerate into divers ulcers as putride eating and other such according to the nature and condition of the affected bodies But why the paines are more grievous on the night season this may bee added to the true reason wee rendred in the precedent Chapter first for that the venereous virulencie lying as it were asleepe is stirred up and enraged by the warmenesse of the bed and coverings thereof Secondly by reason of the patients thoughts which on the night season are wholly turned and fixed upon the onely object of paine CHAP. V. Of Prognosticks IF the disease be lately taken associated by a few symptomes as with some small number of pustles and little wandring paines and the body besides bee young and in good case and the constitution of the season bee good and favourable as the spring then the cure is easie and may bee happily performed But on the contrary that which is inveterate and enraged by the fellowship of many and maligne symptomes as a fixed paine of the head knots and rottennesse of the bones ill natured ulcers in a body very much fallen away and weake and whereof the cure hath beene already sundry times undertaken by Empyricks but in vaine or else by learned Physicians but to whose remedies approved by reason and experience the malignity of the disease and the rebellious virulency hath refused to yeeld is to be thought uncurable especially if to these so many evils this bee added that the patient bee almost wasted with a consumption and hectick leanenesse by reason of the decay of the native moisture Wherefore you must onely attempt such by a palliative cure yet bee wary here in making your prognosticke for many have beene accounted in a desperate case who have recovered for by the benefit of God and nature wonders oft-times happen in diseases Young men who are of a rare or laxe habit of body are more subject to this disease than such as are of a contrary habit and complexion For as not all who are conversant with such as have the Plague or live in a pestilent aire are alike affected so neither all who lye or accompany with such as have the Lues venerea are alike infected or tainted The paines of such as have this disease are farre different from the paines of the Gout For those of the Gout returne and torment by certaine periods and fits but the other are continuall and almost alwaies like themselves Gouty paines possesse the joynts and in these condense a plaster-like matter into knots but those of the Pocks are rather fastened in the middest of the bones and at length dissolve them by rottennesse and putrefaction Venereous ulcers which are upon the yarde are hard to cure but if being healed they shall remaine hard and callous they are signes of the disease lying hidde in the body Generally the Lues venerea which now reigneth is farre more milde and easie to bee cured than that which was in former times when as it first began amongst us besides each day it seemeth to bee milder than other Astrologers think the cause hereof to bee this for that the coelestiall influences which first brought in this disease in successe of time by the contrary revolutions of the Starres lose their power and become weake so that it may seeme somewhat likely that at length aftersome few yeares it may wholly cease no otherwise than the disease termed Mentagra which was very like this in many symptomes and troubled many of the Romans in the raigne of Tiberius and the Lichen which in the time of Claudius who succeeded Tiberius vexed not onely Italy but all Europe besides Yet Physicians had rather take to themselves the glory of this lesse raging disease and to referre it to the many and wholsome meanes which have beene invented used and opposed thereto by the most happy labours of noble wits CHAP. VI. How many and what meanes there are to oppugne this disease MAny sorts of remedies have beene found out by many to oppugne and overcome this disease Yet at this day there are onely foure which are principally used The first is by a decoction of Guajacum the second by unction the third by emplasters and the fourth by fumigation all of them by Hydrargyrum the first excepted Yet that is not sufficiently strong and powerfull for experience hath taught that the decoction of Guajacum hath not sufficient strength to extinguish the venome of the venereous virulency but onely to give it ease for a time for because it heates attenuates provokes sweate and urine wastes the excrementitious humours by drying them it seemeth to cure the disease for that thereupon for some time the paine and all other symptomes seeme more remisse but these endeavours are weake and deceitfull as whereby that only which is more subtle in the humours in fault is exhausted and dispersed by sweat But
Clisters and with opening the Cephalicke veine in the arme the arteries of the temples must be opened taking so much bloud out of them as the greatnesse of the Symptomes and the strength of the patient shall require and permit Truly the incision that is made in opening of an arterie will close and joyne together as readily and with as little difficulty as the incision of a veine And of such an incision of an artery commeth present helpe by reason that the tensive and sharpe vapours do plentifully breath out together with the arterious bloud It were also very good to provoke a fluxe of bloud at the nose if nature be apt to exoneâ—ate herselfe that way For as Hippocrates saith when the head is grieved or generally aketh if matter water or bloud flow out at the nostrils mouth or eares it presently cures the disease Such bleeding is to be provoked by strong blowing or striving to cleanse the nose by scratching or picking of the inner sides of the nostrils by pricking with an horse haire and long holding downe of the head The Lord of Fontains a Knight of the Order when we were at Bayon had a bleeding at the nose which came naturally for the space of two dayes and thereby hee was freed of a pestilent Feaver which he had before a great sweat rising therewithall and shortly after his Carbuncles came to suppuration and by Gods grace he recovered his health being under my cure If the bloud doe flow out and cannot be stopped when it ought the hands armes and legges must be tyed with bands and sponges wet in Oxycrate must be put under the arme-holes cupping-glasses must be applyed unto the dugges the region of the liver and spleen and you must put into the nostrils the doune of the willow tree or any other astringent medicine incorporated with the haires pluckt from the flanke belly or throat of a Hare bole Armenicke Terra Sigillata the juice of Plantain and Knot-grasse mixed together and furthermore the patient must be placed or laied in a coole place But if the pain bee nothing mitigated not withstanding all these fluxes of bloud we must come to medicines that procure sleep whose formes are these Take of green Lettuce one handfull flowers of water Lillies and Violets of each two pugils one head of white Poppy bruised of the foure cold seeds of each two drams of Liquorice and Raisons of each one dram make thereof a decoction and in the straining dissolve one ounce and an halfe of Diacodion make thereof a large potion to be given when they goe to rest Also a Barly-creame may be prepared in the water of water-Lillies and of Sorrell of each two ounces adding thereto sixe or eight graines of Opium of the foure cold seeds and of white Poppy seeds of each halfe an ounce and let the same be boyled in broths with Lettuce and Purslaine also the Pils de Cynoglosso id est Hounds tongue may be given Clisters that provoke sleep must be used which may be thus prepared Take of Barly-water halfe a pinte oyle of Violets and water-Lillies of each two ounces of the water of Plantaine and Purslaine or rather of their juices three ounces of Camphire seven graines and the whites of three egges make thereof a Clister The head must be fomented with Rose-vinegar the haire being first shaven away leaving a double cloth wet therein on the same and often renewed Sheepes lungs taken warme out of the bodies may be applyed to the head as long as they are warme Cupping-glasses with and without scarification may be applyed to the neck and shoulder-blades The armes and legs must be strongly bound being first wel rubbed to divert the sharpe vapours and humours from the head Frontals may also bee made on this manner Take of the oyle of Roses and water-Lillies of each two ounces of the oyle of Poppy halfe an ounce of Opium one dram of Rose-vinegar one ounce of Camphire halfe a dram mixe them together Also Nodules may bee made of the flowers of Poppies Henbane water-Lillies Mandrakes beaten in Rose-water with a little Vinegar and a little Camphire and let them be often applyed to the nostrils for this purpose Cataplasmes also may be laid to the forehead As Take of the mucilage of the seeds of Psilium id est Flea-wort and Quince seeds extracted in Rose-water three ounces of Barly-meale foure ounces of the powder of Rose-leaves the flowers of water-Lillies and Violets of each halfe an ounce of the seeds of Poppies and Purslaine of each two ounces of the water and vinegar of Roses of each three ounces make thereof a Cataplasme and apply it warme unto the head Or take of the juice of Lettuce water-Lillies Henbane Purslaine of each half a pint of Rose-leaves in powder the seeds of Poppy of each halfe an ounce oyle of Roses three ounces of Vinegar two ounces of Barly-meale as much as shall suffice make thereof a Cataplasme in the forme of a liquid Pultis When the heate of the head is mitigated by these medicines and the inflammation of the braine asswaged wee must come unto digesting and resolving fomentations which may disperse the matter of the vapours But commonly in paine of the head they doe use to bind the forehead and hinder part of the head very strongly which in this case must bee avoyded CHAP. XXVII Of the heat of the Kidnies THe heat of the kidnies is tempered by anointing with unguent refrigerans Galen newly made adding therto the whites of egs wel beaten that so the ointment may keep moyst the longer let this liniment bee renewed every quarter of an houre wiping away the reliques of the old Or â„ž aq ros lb. ss sucti plant â„¥ iv alb ovorum iv olei rosacei nenuph. an â„¥ ii aceti ros â„¥ iii. misce ad usum When you have anointed the part lay thereon the leaves of water-Lillies or the like cold herbs then presently thereupon a double linnen cloth dipped in oxycrate wrung out againe and often changed the patient shall not lye upon a feather bed but on a quilt stuffed with the chaffe of oates or upon a matte with many doubled clothes or Chamelet spread thereon To the region of the heart may in the meane time bee applyed a refrigerating and alexiteriall medicine as this which followeth â„ž ung rosat â„¥ iii. olei nenupharini â„¥ ii aceti ros aquaerosar an â„¥ i. theriacae Ê’i croci Ê’ ss Of these melted and mixed together make a soft ointment which spred upon a scarlet cloth may be applyed to the region of the heart Or â„ž theriacae opt Ê’i ss succi citri acidi limonis an â„¥ ss coral rub sem rosar rub an Ê’ ss caphurae croci an gra iiii let them bee all mixed together and make an ointment or liniment At the head of the patient as he lies in his bed shall be set an Ewre or cocke with
portion of the nostrils from the nose it cannot bee restored or joyned againe for it is not in men as it is in plants For plants have a weake and feeble heate and furthermore it is equally dispersed into all the substance of the plant or tree neither is it easie to be consumed or wasted for when the boughes or branches of trees are broken torne or cut away they live neverthelesse and will grow againe when they are set or grafted neither is there any seate for the heart rightly prepared in them from whence the heat must necessarily run and disperse it selfe continually into all the parts thereof But contrariwise the separated parts of more perfect living creatures as of men are incontinently deprived of life because they have their nourishment life sense and whole sustentation not of themselves by faculties flowing or comming unto them from some other parts neither are they governed by their own heat as plants but by a borrowed heat so that above or beside the naturall faculty of the liver another vitall faculty commeth unto it from the heart Wherefore in stead of the nose cut away or consumed it is requisite to substitute another made by Art because that nature cannot supply that defect this nose so artificially made must be of gold silver paper or linnen clothes glewed together it must bee so coloured counterfeited and made both of fashion figure and bignesse that it may as aptly as is possible resemble the natural nose it must be bound or stayed with little threeds or laces unto the hinder part of the head or the hatte Also if there be any portion of the upper lip cut off with the nose you may shadow it with annexing some such thing that is wanting unto the nose and cover it with the haire on his upper lippe that he may not want any thing that may adorne or beautifie the face Therefore I have thought it necessary to set downe the figure or forme of both these kindes The forme of a nose artificially made both alone by it selfe and also with the upper lip covered at it were with the haire of the beard There was a Surgeon of Italy of late yeares which would restore or repaire the portion of the nose that was cut away after this manner Hee first scarified the callous edges of the maimed nose round about as is usually done in the cure of hare-lips then he made a gash or cavity in the muscle of the arme which is called Biceps as large as the greatnesse of the portion of the nose which was cut away did require And into that gash or cavity so made he would put that part of the nose so wounded bind the patients head to his arm as if it were to a poast so fast that it might remain firme stable and immoveable and not leane or bow any way and about forty dayes after or at that time when he judged the flesh of the nose was perfectly agglutinated with the flesh of the arm he cut out as much of the flesh of the arme cleaving fast unto the nose as was sufficient to supply the defect of that which was lost then he would make it even bring it as by licking to the fashion forme of a nose as near as art would permit in the mean while he did feed his patient with ponadoes gellies all such things as were easie to be swallowed digested And he did this work of curing the place where the flesh was so cut out only with certain balmes agglutinative liquors A younger brother of the family of St. Thoan being weary of a silver nose which being artificially made he had worn in the place of his nose that was cut off went to this Chirurgian into Italy by the means of the fore-named practice he recovered a nose of flesh againe to the great admiration of all those that knew him before This thing truly is possible to be done but it is very difficult both to the patient suffering and also to the Chirurgian working For that the flesh that is taken out of the arme is not of the like temperature as the flesh of the nose is also the holes of the restored nose cannot be made as they were before CHAP. III. Of the Placing of teeth artificially made in stead of those that are lost or wanting IT often times happeneth that the fore teeth are moved broken or stricken out of their places by some violent blow which causeth deformity of the mouth and hinders plain pronunciation Therfore when the jaw is restored if it were luxated or fractured and the gums brought unto their former hardnesse other teeth artificially made of bone or Ivory may bee put in the place of those that are wanting and they must bee joyned one fast unto another and also so fastened unto the naturall teeth adjoyning that are whole and this must chiefly bee done with a thread of gold or silver or for want of either with a common thread of silke or flaxe as it is declared at large by Hippocrates and also described in this figure following The figure of teeth bound or fastned together CHAP. IIII. Of filling the hollownesse of the Pallat. MAny times it happeneth that a portion or part of the bone of the pallat being broken with the shot of a gun or corroded by the virulency of the Lues venerea falls away which makes the patients to whom this happeneth that they cannot pronounce their words distinctly but obscurely and snuffling therefore I have thought it a thing worthy the labour to shew the meanes how it may be helped by art It must be done by filling the cavity of the pallat with a plate of gold or silver a little bigger than the cavity its selfe is But it must bee as thick as a French Crowne and made like unto a dish in figure and on the upper side which shall be towards the braine a little spunge must bee fastened which when it is moistened with the moysture distilling from the brain will become more swolne and puffed up so that it will fill the concavity of the pallat that the artificiall pallat cannot fall down but stand fast and firme as if it stood of it selfe This is the true figure of those instruments whose certain use I have observed not by once or twice but by manifold triall in the battel 's fought beyond the Alpes The figure of plates to fill or supply the defects of the Pallat. The figure of another plate for the Pallat on whose upper side there is a button which may be turned when it is put into the place with a small Ravens bill like this whose figure is here expressed CHAP. V. How to helpe such as cannot speake by reason of the losse of some part of the tongue CHance gave place and authority to this remedy as to many other in our art A certaine man dwelling in a village named Yvoy le Chastean being
all spices and all salted and spiced meats and all sharpe things wine especially that which is not allayed or mixed with water and carnall copulation with a man let her avoyd all perturbations of the minde but anger especially let her use moderate exercise unlesse it be the exercise of her armes and upper parts rather than the legges and lower parts whereby the greater attraction of the blood that must be turned into milke may bee made towards the dugges Let her place her childe so in the cradle that his head may be higher than all the body that so the excrementall humours may bee the better sent from the braine unto the passages that are beneath it Let her swathe it so as the neck and all the back-bone may be straight and equall As long as the childe sucketh and is not fed with stronger meat it is better to lay him alway on his backe than any other way for the backe is as it were the Keele in a ship the ground-worke and foundation of all the whole body whereon the infant may safely and easily rest But if hee lye on the side it were danger lest that the bones of the ribs being soft and tender not strong enough and united with slacke bands should bow under the waight of the rest and so waxe crooked whereby the infant might become crooke-backed But when he beginneth to breed teeth and to bee fed with more strong meat and also the bones and connexions of them begin to waxe more firme and hard hee must bee layed one while on this side another while on that and now and then also on his backe And the more hee groweth the more let him be accustomed to lye on his sides and as hee lieth in the cradle let him bee turned unto that place whereat the light commeth in lest that otherwise he might become poore-blind for the eye of its owne nature is bright and light-some and therefore alwaies desireth the light and abhorreth darkenesse for all things are most delighted with their like and shunne their contraries Therefore unlesse the light come directly into the childes face he turneth himselfe every way being very sorrowfull and striveth to turne his head and eyes that hee may have the light and that often turning and rowling of his eyes at length groweth into a custome that cannot bee left and so it commeth to passe that the infant doth either become poore-blind if hee set his eyes stedfastly on one thing or else his eyes doe become trembling alwaies turning and unstable if hee cast his eyes on many things that are round about him which is the reason that nurses being taught by experience cause over the head of the childe lying in the cradle an arch or vault of wickers covered with cloath to be made thereby to restraine direct and establish the uncertaine and wandering motions of the childes eyes If the nurse be squint-eyed she cannot look upon the childe but side-waies whereof it commeth to passe that the childe being moist tender flexible and prone to any thing with his body and so likewise with his eye by a long and daily custome unto his nurses sight doth soone take the like custome to looke after that sort also which afterwards he cannot leave or alter For those evill things that we learn in our youth do stick firmly by us but the good qualities are easily changed into worse In the eies of those that are squint-eyed those two muscles which do draw the eyes to the greater or lesser corner are chiefly or more frequently moved Therefore either of these being confirmed in their turning aside by long use as the exercise of their proper office encreaseth the strength soone overcomes the contrary or withstanding muscles called the Antagonists and brings them into their subjection so that will they nill they they bring the eye unto this or that corner as they list So children become left-handed when they permit their right hand to languish with idlenesse and sluggishnesse and strengthen their left hand with continuall use and motion to do every action therewithall and so bring by the exercise thereof more nutriment unto that part But if men as some affirme being of ripe yeers and in their full growth by daily society and company of those that are lame and halt doe also halt not minding so to doe but it commeth against their wills and when they thinke nothing thereof why should not the like happen in children whose soft and tender substance is as flexible and pliant as waxe unto every impression Moreover children as they become lame and crook-backt so doe they also become squint-eyed by the hereditary default of their parents CHAP. XXIII How to make pappe for children PAppe is a most meet foode or meat for children because they require moist nourishment and it must bee answerable in thickenesse to the milke that so it may not be difficult to be concocted or digested For pap hath these three conditions so that it be made with wheaten flower and that not crude but boiled let it be put into a new earthen pot or pipkin and so set into an oven at the time when bread is set thereinto to bee baked and let it remaine there untill the bread bee baked and drawne out for when it is so baked it is lesse clammy and crude Those that mixe the meale crude with the milke are constrained to abide one of these discommodities or other either to give the meale grosse clammy unto the child if that the pap be onely first boiled over the fire in a pipkin or skillet so long as shall bee necessary for the milke hence come obstructions in the mesaraike veines and in the small veines of the liver fretting and wormes in the guts and the stone in the reines Or else they give the child the milk despoiled of its butterish and whayish portion and the terrestriall and cheeselike or curdlike remaining if the pap be boiled so long as is necessary for the meale for the milke requireth not so great neither can it suffer so long boyling as the meale Those that doe use crude meale and have no hurt by it are greatly bound to nature for so great a benefit But Galen willeth children to bee nourished onely with the nurses milke so long as the nurse hath enough to nourish and feed it And truely there are many children that are contented with milke only and will receive no pappe untill they are three moneths old If the child at any time bee costive and cannot voide the excrements let him have a cataplasme made with one dramme of Aloes of white and blacke Hellebore of each fifteene graines being all incorporated in as much of an oxe gall as is sufficient and extended or spread on cotton like unto a pultis as broad as the palme of ones hand and so apply it upon the navell warme moreover this cataplasme hath also vertue to kill the wormes in the belly Many
and hang loose and lanke and her belly will be more hard and swollen than it was before In all bolies so putrefying the naturall heat vanisheth away and in place thereof succeedeth a preternaturall by the working whereof the putrefyed and dissolved humours are stirred up into vapours and converted into winde and those vapours because they possesse and fill more space and roome for naturalists say that of one part of water ten parts of aire are made doe so puffe up the putrefyed body into a greater bignesse You may note the same thing in bodies that are gangrenate for they cast forth many sharpe vapours yet neverthelesse they are swollen and pufted up Now so soone as the Chirurgian shall know that the childe is dead by all these forenamed signes he shall with all diligence endeavour to save the mother so speedily as hee can and if the Physitians cannot prevaile with potions bathes fumigations sternutatories vomits and liniments appointed to expell the infant let him prepare himselfe to the worke following but first let him consider the strength of the woman for if he perceive that shee bee weake and feeble by the smalnesse of her pulse by her small seldome and cold breathing and by the altered and death-like colour in her face by her cold sweats and by the coldnesse of the extreme parts let him abstaine from the worke and onely affirme that shee will dye shortly contrariwise if her strength be yet good let him with all confidence and industry deliver her on this wise from the danger of death CHAP. XXVI Of the Chyrurgicall extraction of the childe from the wombe either dead or alive THerefore first of all the aire of the chamber must bee made temperate and reduced unto a certaine mediocrity so that it may neither be too hot nor too cold Then she must be aptly placed that is to say overthwart the bed side with her buttockes somewhat high having a hard stuffed pillow or boulster underthem so that she may be in a meane figure of situation neither sitting altogether upright nor altogether lying along on her backe for so shee may rest quietly and draw her breath with ease neither shall the ligaments of the womb bee extended so as they would if shee lay upright on her backe her heeles must bee drawn up close to her buttocks and there bound with broad and soft linnen rowlers The rowler must first come about her neck and then crosse-wise over her shoulders and so to the feet and there it must crosse again and so be rowled about the legs and thighes and then it must be brought up to the necke againe and there made fast so that she may not be able to move her selfe even as one should be tyed when he is to be cut of the stone But that shee may not bee wearied or lest that her body should yeeld or sinke downe as the Chirurgian draweth the body of the infant from her and so hinder the worke let him cause her feet to bee set against the side of the bed and then let some of the strong standers by hold her fast by the legs and shoulders Then that the aire may not enter into the wombe and that the worke may bee done with the more decency her privie parts thighs must be covered with a warm double linnen cloath Then must the Chirurgion having his nailes closely pared and his rings if hee weare any drawne off his fingers and his armes naked bare and well anointed with oyle gently draw the flappes of the necke of the wombe asunder and then let him put his hand gently into the mouth of the wombe having first made it gentle and slippery with much oile and when his hand is in let him finde out the forme and situation of the childe whether it be one or two or whether it be a Mole or not And when he findeth that he commeth naturally with his head toward the mouth or orifice of the wombe he must lift him up gently and so turne him that his feet may come forwards and when he hath brought his feet forwards he must draw one of them gently out at the necke of the wombe and then hee must binde it with some broad and soft or silken band a little above the heele with an indifferent slack knot and when he hath so bound it he must put it up againe into the wombe then he must put his hand in againe and finde out the other foote and draw it also out of the wombe and when it is out of the wombe let him draw out the other againe whereunto he had before tyed the one end of the band and when hee hath them both out let him join them both close together so by them by little little let him draw all the whole body from the wombe Also other women or Midwives may help the endeavour of the Chirurgion by pressing the patients belly with their hands downe-wards as the infant goeth out and the woman her selfe by holding her breath and closing her mouth and nostrills and by driving her breath downewards with great violence may very much helpe the expulsion I wish him to put backe the foot into the wombe againe after he hath tyed it because if that he should permit it to remain in the necke of the womb it would hinder the entrance of his hand when he putteth it in to draw out the other But if there bee two children in the wombe at once let the Chirurgian take heed lest that he take not of either of them a legge for by drawing them so hee shall profit nothing at all and yet exceedingly hurt the woman Therefore that he may not bee so deceived when hee hath drawne out one foot and tyed it and put it up again let him with his hand follow the band wherewithall the foot is tyed and so goe unto the foot and then to the groine of the childe and then from thence he may soone finde out the other foot of the same child for if it should happen otherwise he might draw the legges and the thighes out but it would come no further neither is it meet that hee should come out with his armes along by his sides or bee drawne out on that sort but one of his armes must bee stretched out above his head and the other down by his side for otherwise the orifice of the womb when it were delivered of such a grosse trunke as it would be when his body should be drawne out with his armes along by his sides would so shrinke and draw it selfe when the body should come unto the necke onely by the accord of nature requiring union that it would strangle and kill the infant so that hee cannot be drawne there-hence unlesse it bee with a hooke put under or fastened under his chinne in his mouth or in the hollownesse of his eye But if the infant lyeth as if hee would come with his hands forwards or
happen by the same cause that twinnes and many at one birth contrary to natures course doe chance that is by a larger effusion of seed than is required for the framing of that part that so it exceeds either in number or else in greatnesse So Austin tells that in his time in the East an infant was borne having all the parts from the belly upwards double but from thence downewards single and simple for it had two heads foure eyes two breasts foure hands in all the rest like to another child and it lived a little while Caelius Rhodiginus saith he saw two monsters in Italy the one male the other female handsomly neatly made through all their bodies except their heads which were double the male died within a few daies after it was borne but the female whose shape is here delineated lived 20. five yeers which is contrary to the common custome of monsters for they for the most part are very short lived because they both live and are born as it were against natures consent to which may be added they doe not love themselves by reason they are made a scorne to others and by that meanes lead a hated life The effigies of a maide with two heads But it is most remarkeable which Lycosthenes telleth of this woman-monster for excepting her two heads shee was framed in the rest of her body to an exact perfection her two heads had the like desire to eat and drinke to sleepe to speake and to doe every thing she begged from dore to dore every one giving to her freely Yet at length she was banisht Bavaria lest that by the frequent looking upon her the imaginations of women with childe strongly moved should make the like impression in the infants they bare in their wombes The effigies of two girles whose backes grew together In the yeere of our Lord 1475. at Verona in Italy two Girles were borne with their backes sticking together from the lower part of the shoulders unto the very buttockes The novelty and strangenesse of the thing moved their parents being but poor to carry them through all the chiefe townes in Italy to get mony of all such as came to see them In the yeere 1530. there was a man to bee seene at Paris out of whose belly another perfect in all his members except his head hanged forth as if he had been grafted there The man was forty yeeres old and hee carried the other implanted or growing out of him in his armes with such admiration to the beholders that many ranne very earnestly to see him The figure of a man with another growing out of him The effigies of the horned or hooded monster At Quiers a small village some ten miles from Turine in Savoy in the yeere 1578. upon the seventeenth day of January about eight a clocke at night an honest matron brought forth a childe having five hornes like to Rams hornes set opposite to one another upon his head he had also a long piece of flesh like in some sort to a French-hood which women used to wear hanging downe from his forehead by the nape of his necke almost the length of his backe two other pieces of flesh like the collar of a shirt were wrapped about his necke the fingers ends of both his hands somewhat resembled a Haukes talons and his knees seemed to be in his hammes the right leg and the right foot were of a very red colour the rest of the body was of a tawny colour it is said he gave so terrible a scritch when he was brought forth that the Midwives and the rest of the women that were at her labour were so frighted that they presently left the house and ran away When the Duke of Savoy heard of this monster he commanded it should be brought to him which performed one would hardly think what various censures the Courtiers gave of it The shape of a monster found in an egge The monster you see here delineated was found in the middle and innermost part of an egge with the face of a man but haires yeelding a horrid representation of snakes the chinne had three other snakes stretched forth like a beard It was first seene at Autun at the house of one Bancheron a Lawyer a maide breaking many eggs to butter the white of this egge given a Cat presently killed her Lastly this monster comming to the hands of the Baron Senecy was brought to King Charles the ninth being then at Metz. The effigies of a monstrous childe having two heads two armes foure legs In the yeere 1546. a woman at Paris in her sixt moneth of her account brought forth a childe having two heads two armes and foure legges I dissecting the body of it found but one heart by which one may know it was but one infant For you may know this from Aristotle whether the monstrous birth bee one or more joined together by the principall part for if the body have but one heart it is but one if two it is double by the joyning together in the conception The portraiture of Twinnes joyned together with one head In the yeere 1569. a certaine woman of Towers was delivered of twinnes joyned together with one head and mutually embracing each other Renatus Ciretus the famous Chirurgian of those parts sent mee their Sceleton The effigies of two girles being Twinnes joyned together by their fore-heads Munster writes that in the village Bristant not farre from Wormes in the yeere 1495. he saw two Girles perfect and entire in every part of their bodies but they had their fore-heads so joined together that they could not be parted or severed by any art they lived together ten yeeres then the one dying it was needfull to separate the living from the dead but she did not long out-live her sister by reason of the malignity of the wound made in parting them asunder In the yeere 1570. the twentieth of July at Paris in the street Gravilliers at the signe 〈◊〉 the Bell these two infants were borne distering in sexe with that shape of body â—â—at you see expressed in the figure They were baptized in the Church of St. Nichlas of the fields and named Ludovicus and Ludovica their father was a Mason his nâ—me was Peter German his surname Petit Dieu i little-God his mothers name was Mathea Petronilla The shape of the infants lately borne at Paris The figure of two girles joyned together in their breasts and belly In the yeere 1572. in Pont de See neare Anger 's a little towne were borne upon the tenth day of July two girles perfect in their limbs but that they had but foure fingers apiece on their left hands they clave together in their 〈◊〉 parts from their chin to the navell which 〈◊〉 but one as their heart was also but one their 〈◊〉 was divided into foure lobes they lived haâ—â— an houre and were baptized The figure of a child with two heads and the body as bigge as one of
fore moneths old Caelius Rhodiginus tells that in a â—wn of his country called Sarzano Italy being roubled with civill warres there was born monster of unusual bigness for he had two heads having all his limbs answerable in grâ—ness tallnesse to a child of foure months old between his two heads which were boâ—h alike at the setting on of the shoulder 〈◊〉 had a third hand put forth which did not â—â—ceed the eares in length for it was not all â—…n it was born the 5. of the Ides of March 〈◊〉 14. The figure of one with foure legges and as manyarmes Jovianus Pontanus tells in the yeere 1529. the ninth day of January there was a man childe borne in Germany having foure armes and as many legges The figure of a man out of whose belly another head shewed it selfe In the yeere that Francis the first King of France entered into league with the Swisses there was borne a monster in Germany out of the midst of whose belly there stood a great head it came to mans age and this lower and as it were inserted head was nourished as much as the true and upper head In the yeere 1572. the last day of February in the parish of Viaban in the way as you goe from Carnuta to Paris in a small village called Bordes one called Cypriana Girandae the wife of James Merchant a husbandman brought forth this monster whose shape you see here delineated which lived untill the Sunday following being but of one onely sexe which was the female The shape of two monstrous Twinnes being but of one onely Sexe In the yeere 1572. on Easter Munday at Metz in Loraine in the Inne whose signe is the Holy-Ghost a Sow pigged a pigge which had eight legges foure eares and the head of a dogge the hinder part from the belly downeward was parted in two as in twinnes but the foreparts grew into one it had two tongues in the mouth with foure teeth in the upper jaw and as many in the lower The sexe was not to be distinguished whether it were a Bore or Sow pigge for there was one slit under the taile and the hinder parts were all rent and open The shape of this monster as it is here set downe was sent me by Borgesius the famous Physitian of Metz. The shape of a monstrous Pigge CHAP. III. Of women bringing many children at one birth WOman is a creature bringing usually but one at a birth but the 〈…〉 been some who have brought forth two some three some fouâ—… sixe or more at one birth Empedocles thought that the abundâ—…e of seed was the cause of such numerous births the Stoikes affirmâ—…e divers cells or partitions of the wombe to be the cause for the seâ—… being variously parted into these partitions and the conception divided there are more children brought forth no otherwise than in rivers the water beating against the rockes is turned into divers circles or rounds But Aristotle saith there is no reason to think so for in women that parting of the womb into cells as in dogs and sowes taketh no place for womens wombes have but one cavity parted into two recesses the right left nothing comming between except by chance distinguished by a certain line for often twins lye in the same side of the womb Aristotles opinion is that a woman cannot bring forth more than five children at one birth The maide of Augustus Caesar brought forth five at a birth a short while after she her children died In the yeer 1554. at Bearn in Switzerland the wife of Dr. John Gelinger brought forth five children at one birth three boies and two girles Albucrasis affirmes a woman to have bin the mother of seven children at one birth another who by some externall injury did abort brought forth fifteene perfectly shaped in all their parts Pliny reports that it was extant in the writings of Physitians that twelve children were borne at one birth and that there was another in Peloponnesus which foure severall times was delivered of five children at one birth and that the greater part of those children lived It is reported by Dalechampius that Bonaventura the slave of one Savill a Gentleman of Sena at one time brought forth seven children of which four were baptized In our time between Sarte and Maine in the parish of Seaux not far from Chambellay there is a family and noble house called Maldemeure the wife of the Lord of Maldemeure the first yeere she was married brought forth twinnes the second yeere she had three children the third yeere foure the fourth yeere five the fift yeere sixe and of that birth she died of those sixe one is yet alive and is Lord of Maldemeure In the valley of Beaufort in the county of Anjou a young woman the daughter of Mace Channiere when at one perfect birth shee had brought forth one child the tenth day following she fell in labour of another but could not be delivered untill it was pulled from her by force and was the death of the mother Martin Cromerus the author of the Polish history writeth that one Margaret a woman sprung from a noble and antient family neere Cracovia and wife to Count Virboslaus brought forth at one birth thirty five live children upon the twentieth day of January in the yeere 1296. Franciscus Picus Mirandula writeth that one Dorothy an Italian had twenty children at two births at the first nine and at the second eleven and that she was so bigge that she was forced to beare up her belly which lay upon her knees with a broad and large scarfe tyed about her necke as you may see by the following figure The picture of Dorothy great with child with many children And they are to bee reprehended here againe who affirme the cause of numerous births to consist in the variety of the cells of the wombe for they feigne a womans wombe to have seven cells or partitions three on the right side for males three on the left side for females and one in the midst for Hermaphrodites or Scrats and this untruth hath gon so far that there have bnene some that affirmed every of these seven cells to have bin divided into ten partitions into which the seed dispersed doth bring forth a divers and numerous encrease according to the variety of the cells furnished with the matter of seed which though it may seeme to have been the opinion of Hippocrates in his book De natura Pueri notwithstanding it is repugnant to reason and to those things which are manifestly apparent to the eyes and senses The opinion of Aristotle is more probable who saith twinnes and more at one birth are begot and brought forth by the same cause that the sixt finger groweth on the hand that is by the abundant plenty of the seed which is greater and more copious than can bee all taken up in the naturall framing of one body for if it all be forced
the growing heat some vehement concussion or jactation of the body be joined Therefore I thinke it manifest by these experiments and reasons that it is not fabulous that some women have beene changed into men but you shall finde in no history men that have degenerated into women for nature alwaies intends and goes from the imperfect to the more perfect but not basely from the more perfect to the imperfect CHAP. VI. Of monsters caused by defect of seed IF on the contrary the seed be any thing deficient in quantity for the conformation of the infant or infants some one or more members will be wanting or more short and decrepite Hereupon it happens that nature intending twinnes a childe is borne with two heads and but one arme or altogether lame in the rest of his limbes The effigies of a monstrous childe by reason of the defect of the matter of seed Anno Dom. 1573. I saw at St. Andrewes Church in Paris a boy nine yeeres old borne in the village Parpavilla sixe miles from Guise his fathers name was Peter Renard and his mother Marquete hee had but two fingers on his right hand his arm was well proportioned from the top of his shoulder almost to his wrest but from thence to his two fingers ends it was very deformed he wanted his leggs and thighes although from the right buttocke a certaine unperfect figure having onely foure toes seemed to put it selfe forth from the midst of the left buttock two toes sprung out the one of which was not much unlike a mans yard as you may see by the figure In the yeere 1562. in the Calends of November at Villa-franca in Gascony this monster a headlesse woman whose figure thou heere seest was borne which figure Dr. John Altinus the Physitian gave to mee when I went about this booke of Monsters he having received it from Fontanus the Physitian of Angolestre who seriously affirmed he saw it The figure of a monstrous woman without a head before and behind A few yeeres agone there was a man of forty yeeres old to be seene at Paris who although he wanted his armes notwithstanding did indifferently performe all those things which are usually done with the hands for with the top of his shoulder head and necke hee would strike an Axe or Hatchet with as sure and strong a blow into a poast as any other man could doe with his hand and hee would lash a coach-mans whip that he would make it give a great crack by the strong refraction of the aire but he ate drunke plaid at cardes and such like with his feet But at last he was taken for a thiefe and murderer was hanged and fastened to a wheele Also not long agoe there was a woman at Paris without armes which neverthelesse did cut sew and doe many other things as if she had had her hands We read in Hippocrates that Attagenis his wife brought forth a childe all of flesh without any bone and notwithstanding it had all the parts well formed The effigies of a man without armes doing all that is usually done with hands The effigies of a monster with two heads two legs and but one arme CHAP. VII Of monsters which take their cause and shape by imagination THe antients having diligently sought into all the secrets of nature have marked and observed other causes of the generation of monsters for understanding the force of imagination to bee so powerfull in us as for the most part it may alter the body of them that imagine they soon perswaded themselves that the faculty which formeth the infant may be led and governed by the firme and strong cogitation of the Parents begetting them often deluded by nocturnall and deceitfull apparitions or by the mother conceiving them and so that which is strongly conceived in the mind imprints the force into the infant conceived in the wombe which thing many thinke to be confirmed by Moses because he tells that Jacob encreased and bettered the part of the sheepe granted to him by Laban his wives father by putting roddes having the barke in part pulled off finely stroaked with white and greene in the places where they used to drinke especially at the time they engendered that the representation apprehended in the conception should be presently impressed in the young for the force of imagination hath so much power over the infant that it sets upon it the notes or characters of the thing conceived We have read in Heliodorus that Persina Queene of Aethiopia by her husband Hidustes being also an Aethiope had a daughter of a white complexion because in the embraces of her husband by which she proved with childe she earnestly fixed her eye and mind upon the picture of the faire Andromeda standing opposite to her Damascene reports that he saw a maide hairy like a Beare which had that deformity by no other cause or occasion than that her mother earnestly beheld in the very instant of receiving and conceiving the seed the image of St. John covered with a camells skinne hanging upon the poasts of the bed They say Hippocrates by this explication of the causes freed a certain noble woman from suspicion of adultery who being white her selfe and her husband also white brought forth a childe as blacke as an Aethiopian because in copulation she strongly and continually had in her minde the picture of the Aethiope The effigies of a maid all hairy and an infant that was blacke by the imagination of their Parents There are some who thinke the infant once formed in the wombe which is done at the utmost within two forty dayes after the conception is in no danger of the mothers imagination neither of the seed of the father which is cast into the womb because when it hath got a perfect figure it cannot be altered with any external form of things which whether it be true or no is not here to be enquired of truly I think it best to keep the woman all the time she goeth with childe from the sight of such shapes and figures The effigies of a horrid Monster having feet hands and other parts like a Calfe In Stecquer a village of Saxony they say a monster was borne with foure feet eyes mouth and nose like a calfe with a round and redde excrescence of flesh on the fore-head and also a piece of flesh like a hood hung from his necke upon his backe and it was deformed with its thighes torne and cut The figure of an infant with a face like a Frog Anno Dom. 1517. in the parish of Kings-wood in the forrest Biera in the way to Fontain-Bleau there was a monster borne with the face of a Frog being seen by John Bellanger Chirurgian to the Kings Engineers before the Justices of the towne of Harmoy principally John Bribon the Kings procurator in that place The fathers name was Amadaeus the Little his mothers Magdalene Sarbucata who troubled with a feaver by a womans perswasion held
childs mouth Milke soon corrupted in a flegmatick stomack The mothers milke is most similiar for the child The disease of the nurse is participated unto the child Gel. lib. 12. ca. 1. The best age of a nurse The best habit of body in a autse Lib. de inf nutr Of what behaviour the nurse must bee Why the nurse must abstaine from copulation What dugs a nurse ought to have What is to bee observed in the milke The laudable consistence of milke Why the milke ought to be very white Why a woman that hath red hair or freckles on her face cannot be a good nurse Why that nurse that hath borne a man childe is to be preferted before another Why she cannot be a good nurse whose childe was born before the time Anger greatly hurteth the nurse The exercise of the arms is best for the nurse How the child should be placed in the cradle Why an arch of wickers must be made over the childes head lying in the cradle Why a squint-eyed nurse causeth the childe to be squint-eyed How children become left-handed Three laudable conditions of pappe How the meale must be prepared to make the pap withall Why the meale wherewith the pap must be made must first be boiled or baked 1. de sanit 〈◊〉 A cataplasme to relaxe the childs belly For the fretting of the guts in children For the ulcers of the nipples or teats What moderate crying worketh in the infant What immoderate crying causeth When children must be weaned Why children must not be weaned before their 〈◊〉 appeare How children must be weaned What children are strong and found of body An often cause of sudden crookednesse A most certaine sign of the child dead in the wombe When the child is dead in the wombe hee is more heavie than he was before being alive That which is alive will not suffer that which is dead Lib. de tumorib Why the belly of a woman will be more bigge when the child is dead within her than it was before when it was alive The signes of a woman that is weake After what sort the woman in travell must be placed when the child being dead in her wombe must be drawne out How she must be bound How the Chirurgion ought to prepare himselfe and his patient to the drawing out of the child from the wombe How the infant that is dead in the womb must be turned bound and drawne out A caution to avoid strangling of the infant in drawing out the body Why the child must not bee drawn out with his hands forwards A history To diminish the wind wherewith the infant being dead in the wombe swolleth is pufted up that he cannot be gotten out of the wombe How the head of the infant if it remaine in the wombe separated from the body may be drawne out Why the head being alone in the wombe is more difficult to be drawne out Cold an enemy to women in travell What accidents follow the taking of cold in a woman that is delivered of child Secundines must be laid to the region of the wombe whilest they be warme Uugaents for the woman in travell that the region of the belly may not be wtiakled The medicine called Tela Gualterina A powder for the fretting of the guts What must bee done when the groine is torne in child-birth To drive the milke downe-wards By what reason and which way cupping-glasses being fastened on the groine or above the navell do draw the milke out of the breasts Astringent fomentations for the privie parts A distilled liquor for to draw together the dug that are loose and slacke The causes of the difficult child-birth that are in the women that travelleth The pasâ—ions of â—…hinâ—â—r the â—â—th The causes of difficult child-birth that are in the infant The externall causes of difficult child-birth Which is an easie birth What causeth easinesse of child-birth What Abortion is What Effluxion is Women are in more paine by reason of the effluxion than at the true birth The causes of Abortion Girding of the belly may cause untimely birth How bathes hot houses cause untimely birth Hip. 53. 37 sect 5. Hipaph 45. se 5. Hip. aph 〈◊〉 se 5. Women are in more pain at the untimely birth than at the due time of birth The errour of the first child-birth continues afterwards A plaster staying the infant in the wombe What children are ten or eleven moneths in the wombe A male will bee borne sooner than a female Why it is not sufficient to preserve life in the childe to hold open the mouth and privie parts of the mother so soone as the is dead and the childe alive in her body How the body of the woman that death in travell must be cut open to save the childe How it may bee known whether the infant be â—…live of not What superfoetation is A womans wombe is not 〈◊〉 into divers cels The reason of superfoetation Lib. de superfoetationâ—… 〈◊〉 the womb 〈◊〉 the conception of the seed doth ma 〈◊〉 â—imes afterwards open Lib. 7. cap. 11. The reason of the name What a mola is Lib. de steril Cap. 7. lib. 4. de usu part How the mola is engendered The signes of a mola enclosed in the wombe By what faculty the wombe moveth How the motion of the mola differeth from the motion of the infant in the wombe The mola doth turne to each side of the wombe as the situation of the body is A history The description of a mola carried seventeene yeeres in the wombe A vaine or unprofitable conception The mola 〈…〉 the infant in the 〈…〉 it is fastened unto it There things that provoke the flowers forcibly due also 〈…〉 or wast the mola The Chirurgion all 〈…〉 of the mola A history Apostumes of divers kinds in the Mesenterium The accidents that come when the Mesentertum is separated from the bodies adjoyning The dropsie comming of a tumour of the Mesenterium Tom. 1. 〈◊〉 1. c. 1. Lib 6. part morb cap. 7. The Mesenterium is the sinke of the body The Scrophulaes in the Mesenterium A scirrhus of the wombe How the seed is unfertile How the cutting of the veines behind the eares maketh men barren The defaults of the yard The signe of the palsie in the yard Magick bands and enchanted knots The cause why the neck of the wombe is narrow The membrane called Hymen The cause of the fluxe of women Apb 36. sect 5. Gal. lib. 14. de usu par cap. 9. Arist in prob sect de ster quae 3. 4. The signes of a hot wombe The signes of a cold wombe The signes of a moyst wombe The signes of a dry wombe A meet time for conception Arist l. 7. de hist anim c. 2. c. 5. Lib. 7. cap. 14. Lib. 6. cap. 12. Lib. 7. de hist c. nim c. 1. c. 6. lib. 7. cap. 14. What is the falling downe of the wombe The causes 〈…〉 lib. 7. de histor 〈◊〉 cap. 〈◊〉
generation should be granted to devills long since all places had beene full of them Wherefore if at any time women with childe by the familiarity of the devill seeme to travell we must thinke it happens by those arts we mentioned in the former chapter to wit they use to stuffe up the bodies of living women with old clouts bones pieces of iron thornes twisted haires pieces of wood serpents and a world of such trumpery wholly dissenting from a womans nature who afterwards the time as it were of their delivery drawing nigh through the wombe of her that was falsly judged with child before the blinded and as it were bound up eyes of the by-standing women they give vent to their impostures The following history recorded in the writings of many most credible authors may give credit hereto There was at Constance a faire damosell called Margaret who served a wealthy Citizen she gave it out every where that she was with child by lying with the devill on a certaine night Wherefore the Magistrates thought it fit she should bee kept in prison that it might bee apparent both to them and others what the end of this exploit would bee The time of deliverance approaching shee felt paines like those which women endure in travell at length after many throwes by the midwives helpe in stead of a childe shee brought forth iron nailes pieces of wood of glasse bones stones haires towe and the like things as much different from each other as from the nature of her that brought them forth and which were formerly thrust in by the devill to delude the too credulous mindes of men The Church acknowledgeth that devils by the permission and appointment of God punishing our wickednesse may abuse a certaine shape so to use copulation with mankinde But that a humane birth may thence arise it not onely affirmes to bee false but detests as impious as which beleeves that there was never any man begot without the seed of man our Saviour Christ excepted Now what confusion and perturbation of creatures should possesse this world as Cassianus saith if divells could conceive by copulation with men or if women should prove with childe by accompanying them howmany monsters would the divells have brought forth from the beginning of the world how many prodigies by casting their seed into the wombes of wilde and brute beasts for by the opinion of Philosophers as often as faculty and will concurre the effect must necessarily follow now the Devils never have wanted will to disturbe mankinde and the order of this world for the devill as they say is our enemy from the beginning and as God is the author of order and beauty so the devill by pride contrary to God is the causer of confusion and wickednesse Wherefore if power should accrew equall to his evill minde and nature and his infinite desire of mischiefe and envie who can doubt but a great confusion of all things and species and also great deformity would invade the decent and comely order of this universe monsters arising on every side But seeing that devills are incorporeall what reason can induce us to beleeve that they can be delighted with venereous actions and what will can there be where as there is no delight nor any decay of the species to be feared seeing that by Gods appointment they are immortall so to remaine for ever in punishment so what need they succession of individualls by generation wherefore if they neither will nor can it is a madnesse to thinke that they doe commixe with man CHAP. XVII Of Magicke and supernaturall diseases and remedies THat I may refresh the mind of the Reader invited to these histories of monsters raised up by the art of the divell witches and conjurers his servants I have thought good to add the following histories of certaine diseases and remedies supernaturall and wholly magicall out of Fernelius There are diseases which as they are sent amongst men by God being offended so they cannot expect cure otherwise than from God from whence they are thought supernaturally to have their essence and cure Thus the aire oft-times yet chiefly in the time of King David being defiled with the pestilence killed sixty odde thousand persons Thus Ezechias was strucke with a grievous disease Job was defiled with filthy ulcers by Sathan at Gods command And as the Devill the cruell enemy of mankinde commonly useth by Gods permission to afflict those so wicked persons by the wondrous subtlety of the devill offer violence and doe harme to many Some invoke I know not what spirits and adjure them with herbes exorcismes imprecations incantations charmes others hang about their neckes or otherwise carry certaine writings characters rings images and other such impious stuffe Some use songs sounds or numbers sometimes potions perfumes and smells sometimes gestures and jugling There be some that make the portraiture of the absent party in waxe and boast that they can cause or bring a disease into what soever part thereof they prick by the force of their words and starres into the like part of the party absent and they have no few other trickes to bring diseases We know for certain that magicians witches and conjurers have by charmes so bound some that they could not have to do with their wives and have made others so impotent as if they had bin gelt or made eunuches Neither do wicked men onely send diseases into mans body but also devills themselves These truely are soone distracted with a certain fury but in this one thing they differ from simple madnesse for that they speake things of great difficulty tell things past and hid disclose the secrets of such as are present and revile them many waies and are terrified tremble or grow angry by the power of divine words One not very long agone being by reason of heat exceeding dry in the night time rising out of his sleep and not finding drinke took an apple that he found by chance and eating it he thought his jawes were shut and held fast as by ones hands and that he was almost strangled and also now possessed of a Devill entring into him hee seemed in the darke to bee devoured of a huge exceeding blacke dogge which hee afterwards restored to his former health orderly related to me There were divers who by his pulse heat and the roughnesse of his tongue thought him to be in a feaver and by his watching and the perturbation of his minde thought him onely to rave Another young Noble-man some few yeeres since was troubled at set times with a shaking of the body and as it were a convulsion wherewith one while hee would move onely his left arme another while the right arme and also sometimes but one finger onely somewhiles but one legge sometimes the other and at other times the whole trunk of his body with such force and agility that lying in his bed he could scarce be held by foure men his
head lay without any shaking his tongue and speech was free his understanding sound and all his senses perfect even in the height of his fit He was taken at the least ten times a day well in the spaces between but wearied with labour it might have beene judged a true Epilepsie if the understanding and senses had failed The most judicious Physitians who were called to him judged it a convulsion cosen-germane to the falling sicknesse proceeding from a maligne and venemous vapour impact in the spine of the backe whence a vapour dispersed it selfe over all the nerves which passe from the spine every way into the limbes but not into the braine To remove this which they judged the cause frequent glysters are ordained and strong purges of all sorts cupping glasses are applied to the beginnings of the nerves â—omentations unctions emplasters first to discusse then to strengthen and weare away the maligne quality These things doing little good he was sweated with bathes stoves and a decoction of Guajacum which did no more good than the former for that wee were all farre from the knowledge of the true cause of his disease for in the third moneth a certaine Devill was found to be the author of all this ill bewraying himselfe by voice unaccustomed words and sentences as well latine as greeke though the patient were ignorant of the greeke tongue he laied open many secrets of the by-standers but chiefly of the Physitians deriding them for that hee had abused them to the patients great harme because they had brought his body so low by needlesse purgations When his father came to visite him he would cry out long before he came at him or saw him drive away this visitant keep him from comming in here or else pluck his chaine from about his necke for on this as it is the custome of the French order of Knights there hangs the image of St. Michael If holy or divine things were read before him he shooke and trembled more violently When his fit was over hee remembred all that he had done and affirmed that hee did it against his will and that he was sorry for it The devill forced by ceremonies and exorcismes denied that he was damned for any crime and said that he was a spirit being asked who he was and by what meanes and power he did these things he said that hee had many habitations into which hee could betake him selfe and in the time of his rest hee could torment others that he was cast into this body by a certain person whom he would not name and that he entred by his feet up to his necke and that he would go forth againe the same way when as his appointed time was come He spoke of sundry other things as others which are possessed use to doe Now I speake not these things as new or strange but that it may appeare that devills sometimes entring into the body doe somewhiles torment it by divers and uncouth waies other whiles they doe not enter in but either agitate the good humours of the body or draw the ill into the principall parts or with them obstruct the veins or other passages or change the structure of the instruments from which causes innumerable diseases proceed of these Divells are the authors and wretched and forlorne persons the ministers and the reason of these things is beyond the search of nature Pliny tells that the Emperour Nero in his time found magicall arts most vain and false but what need we alledge profane writers when as those things that are recorded in scripture of the pythonisse of the woman speaking in her belly of King Nebuchodonozor of the Magitians of Pharaoh and other such things not a few prove that there both is and hath beene Magicke Pliny tells of Denarcâ—us that he tasting of the entrailes of a sacrificed childe turned himselfe into a Wolfe We read in Homer that Circes in the long wandering of Ulysses changed his companions into beasts with an inchanted cuppe or potion and in Virgil that the growing corne may bee spoiled or carried away by inchantments which things unlesse they were approved and witnessed by many mens credits the wisedome of Magistrates and Lawyers would not have made so many Lawes against Magitians neither would there have beene a mulct imposed upon their heads by the law of the twelve tables who had enchanted other mens corne But as in magicall arts the devill doth not exhibite things them selves as those which he cannot make but onely certaine shewes or appearances of things so in these which are any wayes accommodated to the use of Physicke the cure is neither certaine nor safe but deceitfull captious and dangerous I have seene the Jaundise over the whole body cured in one night by a written scroule hanged about the neck also I have seene Agues chased away by words and such ceremonies but within a short while after they returned againe and became much worse Now there are some vaine things and verily the fancies of old women which because they have long possessed the minds of men weakened with too much superstition we terme them superstitious These are such as we cannot truely say of them wherefore and whence they have the faculties ascribed to them for they neither arise from the temperament neither from other manifest qualities neither from the whole substance neither from a divine or magicall power from which two last mentioned all medicines beyond nature and which are consequently to be used to diseases whose essence are supernaturall must proceed Such like old wives medicines and superstitious remedies are written figures and characters rings where neither the assistance of God or Spirits is implored Let me aske you is it not a superstitious medicine to heale the falling sickenesse to carry in writing the names of the three Kings Gaspar Melchior and Balthasar who came to worship Christ To help the tooth ache if one whilst Masse is in saying touch his teeth saying these words Os non comminuet is ex co To stay vomiting with certaine ceremonies and words which they absent pronounce thinking it sufficient if that they but onely know the patients name I saw a certaine fellow that with murmuring a few words and touching the part would stanch blood out of what part soever it flowed there be some who to that purpose say this De latere ejus exivit Sanguis Aqua How many prayers or charmes are carried about to cure agues some taking hold of the patients hand say Aequè facilis tibi Febris haec sit atque Mariae virgini Christi partus Another washeth his hands with the patient before the fit saying to himselfe that solemne Psalme Exaltâ—bo te Deus meus Rex c. If one tell an Asse in his eare that hee is stung by a Scorpion they say that the danger is immediately over As there are many superstitious words so there are many superstitious writings also To helpe