Definitions of a Part as being of no great Use and for the same Reason I will not trouble the Reader with the several Divisions which Anatomists make of the Parts of the Humane Body All the Parts are made up of Fibres It is sufficient to know that all the Parts are made up of Threads or Fibres of which there be different Kinds for there are some soft and flexible and these are either hollow like small Pipes or spongious and full of little cells as the nervous and fleshy Fibres others there are more Solid flexible but with a natural Elasticity or Spring as the Membranous and Cartilaginous Fibres And a Third sort are hard and inflexible as the Fibres of the Bones And of all these some are very sensible and others are destitute of all sense some so very small as not to be easily perceived and others on the contrary so big as to be plainly seen Now the several Parts of the Body are formed by the various texture and different Combination of some or more of these Fibres and therefore tho' commonly the Bones Nerves Ligaments Cartilages Veins and Arteries are reckoned Similar Parts No Similar Parts that is Parts made up of one sort of Fibres yet all of them have either more or less of different sorts of Fibres and may be called Dissimilar Parts as well as the Lungs or Stomach SECT II. Of the External Parts The Division of the Body THE Body is divided into four Principal Parts which are the Head the Thorax the Abdomen and the Extremities viz. the Arms and Legs The external Parts of the Head The External Parts of the Head or upper Cavity are the Face and the Calva or Hairy Scalp The Parts of the Face are the Brow the Ears the Eyes the Cheeks the Nose the Philtrum and its sides the Mustaches the Lips the Mouth and the Chin. The Parts of the Hairy Scalp are the Sinciput or Forehead under which lieth the Os frontis it reaches to the Coronal Suture The Occiput or hind-Hind-head under which lies the Os Occipitis it reaches from the angle of the Sutura Lambdoidalis to the first Vertebra of the Neck The Vertex or Crown of the Head under which is the Sutura Sagittalis and part of the two Parietal Bones The Temples or the sides of the hairy Scalp under which are the Crotaphite Muscles the Ossa Petrosa they reach to the Suturae Squammosae Of the Ear. The External Ear is divided into two Parts of which the upper is called Pinna or the Wing the lower Fibra or Lobe The Parts of the Pinna are the Helix which is the outward circle or border of the Ear the Anti-helix which is the Semicircle within the other and almost parallel to it The lower end of this Semicircle makes a little Prominence which is called Antitragus there is another Prominence just opposite to it which is called Tragus because of some Hair that is upon it The Cavity made by the Anti-helix is called Concha the hole in the middle of the Ear which goes to the Tympanum is called Alvearium Of the Eyes The External Parts of the Eyes are the Supercilia or Eye-brows the Canthus Internus or the great Angle where the Caruncula Lachrymalis is the Canthus Externus or the little Angle which is the furthest from the Nose the Palpebrae or the upper and lower Eye-lids which cover the Eyes the Cilia which are little Cartilages on the edge of the Eye-lids the Puncta Lachrymalia which are two little holes near the big Angle of the Eye there are Hairs upon the Cilia in form of a Pallisado The Orbite is a Cavity made by the Bones in which the Globe of the Eye is contained with its six Muscles the Tunica Conjunctiva which is the white of the Eye the Cornea the Iris in the middle of which is Pupilla or Pupil or Sight Of the Nose Lips c. The Nose has its Spina or ridge It reaches from the Brow to the Cartilage Acromion The Acromion reaches from the end of the Spine to the Globulus or tip of the Nose The Nostrils are the Passages into the Nose The Alae or wings of the Nose are the sides of the Nostrils The Columna is the little fleshy Portion which reaches from the tip of the Nose to the Philtrum it divides the Nostrils The Philtrum is the little Canal which comes from the lower part of the Nose upon the upper Lip The Cheeks reach from the lower part of the Eyes to the Lips The Mentum or Chin is the fore part of the Lower-Jaw The Lower-Jaw reaches from the two Ears to the Chin inclusively The Lips are the Musculous Flesh at the entry of the Mouth their External Part is called Prolabium and that which is tinctured red Prostomia The Gums are the Flesh which cover the lower part of the Teeth Of the Neck The Neck reaches from the Head to the Claviculae or Chanel Bones Its Parts are the Throat which is its forepart along which descends the Trachea Arteria or Wind-pipe and the Oesophagus or Gullet The Pomum Adami is the eminence which appears in the upper Part of the Throat The Cervix is the hind-part of the Neck its upper part is called Lophia the middle Fossa and the lower Epomis The Parotides make the upper and lateral Part of the Neck Terthra the middle and Paralophia the lower The Claviculae or Chanel-bones are the two little Bones situated at the Basis of the Neck above the Breast Of the External Parts of the Thorax 〈◊〉 middle Cavity All that lies betwixt the Claviculae or Chanel Bones and the Diaphragma or Midriff is taken for the Thorax that is to say from the Basis of the Neck to the last of the false Ribs inclusively The forepart of the Thorax is called the Breast it is composed of the Claviculae and the Sternum or Breast Bone which is in the middle it begins at the Claviculae and terminates in the Cartilago Xiphoides or Sword like Cartilage Under the Sternum lies the Mediastinum and the Heart in its Pericardium The Mammae or Dugs are two round Tumours which appear upon the forepart of the Chest under which are situated part of the Ribs the Pleura and the Lungs There stands upon their Centre a little Protuberance called Papilla or Nipple which is encompassed with a reddish circle called Areola The hinder Part of the Thorax is called the Back composed of 12 Vertebrae or Joints and two Scapulae or Shoulder Blades which are the two upper Parts of the Back on the sides of the Vertebrae The lateral Parts of the Thorax are called Peristerna Of the External Parts of â—he Abdomen 〈◊〉 lower Belly The Lower Belly extendeth from the Cartilago Xiphoides to the Os Pubis the forepart is called Abdomen and the hind-part the Backside The Abdomen is divided into upper middle and lower Parts The upper reaches from the Cartilago
Mother shall have during her life The Vse of the Vmbilical Vessels The Use of the Umbilical Vessels is to carry the Maternal Blood by the Veins to the Foetus for its nourishment that which is unfit for this Use is carried back by the Arteries to the Placenta whilst the Foetus is still supplied with more by the Vein so that there is a continual Circulation betwixt the Mother and the Foetus Of the Placenta The Placenta is a glandulous Body fixed to the bottom of the Womb by several small Protuberances or Roots it grows in proportion as the Foetus grows it is of a circular Figure at its biggest 't is two fingers thick and six or seven in Diameter its Concave side is smooth its Convex by which it is tied to the Womb is rough and unequal there are as many of them as there are Foetus the Umbilical Vessels terminate in it The use of the Placenta is to separate and prepare from the Arteries of the Womb that part of the maternal Blood which is fittest for the nourishment of the Foetus and to send back by the Veins of the Womb the Blood which is brought by the Umbilical Arteries Of the Posture of the Foetus The Foetus is almost of an oval Figure whilst it lies in the Womb for its Head hangs down with its Chin upon its Breast its Back is round and turned opposite to its Mothers Back with its Arms it embraces its Knees which are drawn up to its Belly and its Heels are close to its Buttocks its Head upwards and its Feet downwards But about the ninth Month it changes its Posture the weight of the Head makes it to tumble so its Head falls down its Feet get up and its Face turns towards its Mothers Back but because then it is an irksom tho' favourable Posture for its Exit the motion it makes for its relief give frequent Pains to its Mother which causes a Contraction of the Womb for the Expulsion of the Foetus When the Child presents in any other Posture it should be carefully put back again and if possible turn'd to the right way if that can't be done it should be brought out by the Feet CHAP. III. Of the Thorax or Middle Cavity SECT I. Of the Dugs HAving already described the Figure Bounds and External Parts of the Thorax we come now to examine the Substance and Use of its several Parts amongst which the first that presents it self is the Dugs The Dugs are like two Semispheres situated upon the Pectoral Muscles in the upper Part of the Chest one on each side they have each a small Protuberance in their middle called the Nipple about which there is ordinarily a darkish coloured circle called Areola The Substance of the Dugs is composed of a great number of Glands of an oval Figure of which some are much bigger than others these Glands lie in a great quantity of Fat of Veins Arteries and Nerves the Vessels make several Plexus's about them and terminate also in them They have each an Excretory Duct which as they approach the Nipple join and unite together till at last they form 7 8 or more small Pipes called Tubuli Lactiferi which have several cross Canals by which they communicate with one another that if any one of them be stopt the Milk which was brought to it might not stagnate but pass thorow by the other Pipes which all terminate in the Extremity of the Nipple The Nipple is made of a fibrous and spongious Substance thorow which the Tubuli Lactiferi pass It has several Nerves Veins and Arteries which give it an exquisite sense and a small erection when it is handled The Dugs have Arteries and Veins called Mammariae from the Subclavian Vessels they have others also from the Thoracica Superior which are spread chiefly in their External Substance They have Nerves from the Vertebral Pairs and from the sixth Part of the Brain The use of the Dugs is to separate the Milk for the Nourishment of the Foetus The Arteries which terminate in the Glands which compose the Substance of the Dugs bring the Blood pregnate with a Chyle which has received its last Perfection by its Circulation thorow the Lungs this Chyle being separated by the Glands of the Dugs runs thorow the Tubuli Lactiferi upon the Suction of the Child The Dugs in Men are very small they are chiefly for an Ornament I have seen some Men who have had Milk in them SECT II. Of the Diaphragma or Midriff UNder the Dugs lie the Muscles and Bones which compose the forepart of the Thorax these are described in their proper Places having therefore cut them up and having laid the Cavity of the Thorax open the Diaphragma Pleura Mediastinum Heart and Lungs appear Of the two Muscles which compose the Midriff The Diaphragma is composed of two Muscles which divide the middle and lower Cavity The First and Superiour Muscle is Circular where it beginneth from the Sternum and the last Ribs on each side and ends in a Tendon or Aponeurosis which hath always been taken for the nervous Part of the Midriff The Second and Inferiour Muscle comes from the Vertebrae of the Loins by two Productions of which that on the right side comes from the first second and third Vertebrae of the Loins that on the left side is somewhat shorter and both these Productions join and make the lower Part of the Midriff which joins its Tendon with the Tendon of the other so as that they make but one Membrane or rather Partition The Midriff is covered with a Membrane from the Pleura on its upper side and by the Peritonaeum on its lower side it is pierced in its middle for the Passage of the Vena Cava in its lower Part for the Oesophagus and the Nerves which go to the upper Orifice of the Stomach and betwixt the Productions of the Inferiour Muscle passes the Aorta the Thoracick Duct and the Vena Azygos Of its Vessels The Midriff receives Arteries and Veins called Phrenicae from the Cava and Aorta and sometimes on its lower Part two branches from the Vena Adiposa and two Arteries from the Lumbares It has two Nerves which come from the third Vertebrae of the Neck which pass thorow the Cavity of the Thorax and are dispersed in the Muscles of the Midriff Some say that these Diaphragmatick Nerves are the Organ of Laughter of Weeping of Sneezing and of Singing because of the Connexion they have with the Nerves which go to the Muscles which perform these Motions Of its Vse The Midriff in its natural Situation is Convex on the upper side towards the Breast and Concave on its lower side towards the Belly therefore when its Fibres swell and contract it must become plain on each side and consequently the Cavity of the Breast is enlarged to give liberty to the Lungs to receive the Air in the Inspiration and the Stomach and Intestines are
side of the twelve Vertebrae of the Back they are crooked and like to the Segments of circles they grow flat and broad as they approach the Sternum but the further they are from it and the nearer they are to the Vertebrae they are the rounder and thicker at which end they have a round head which being covered with a Cartilage is received into the Sinus in the Bodies of the Vertebrae and at the Neck of each Head except the two last Ribs there is a small Tubercle which is also received into the Sinus of the transverse Processes of these same Vertebrae The Internal Superficies of the Ribs is smoother than the External they have each a small Canal or Sinus which runs along their under sides in which lies a Nerve Vein and Artery The Substance of the Ribs is partly bony partly cartilaginous which facilitates their Motion in Respiration At their cartilaginous end they are tied to the Sternum where they are harder in Women than in Men that they may the better bear the weight of their Dugs The Ribs are of two sorts the seven upper are called Costae Verae because their Cartilaginous ends are received into the Sinus's of the Sternum The five lower are called Falsae because they are shorter and softer of which only the first is joined to the Extremity of the Sternum the Cartilaginous Extremities of the rest are tied to one another thereby leaving greater space for the dilatation of the Stomach and Intrals The last of these false Ribs is shorter than all the rest it is not tied to them but sometimes to the Midriff and sometimes to the Musculus Obliquus Descendens The use of the Ribs is to contain and defend the Heart and Lungs to sustain the Muscles which move them in Respiration SECT XI Of the Breast Bone THE Sternum or Breast Bone is situated in the middle of the Breast Sternum it is composed of seven or eight Bones in Infants which at first are Cartilaginous but which harden and unite into three Bones after they are seven years old the Substance of these Bones is not solid but somewhat spongious The first and uppermost Bone is the biggest and largest it is uneven and rough on its outside but smoother on its inside where it has a shallow furrow which gives way for the descent of the Wind Pipe It has a Sinus lined with a Cartilage on each side of its upper end wherein it receives the Heads of the Claviculae The second is longer and narrower than the first and on its sides there are several Sinus's in which the Cartilaginous ends of the Ribs are received The third is shorter but broader than the second it receives into the Lateral Sinus's the Extremities of the last true Ribs it terminates into a Cartilage which hardens sometimes into a Bone called Cartilago Xiphoides or Ensiformis because it is broad at its upper end where it joins the third Bone and grows narrower to its Extremity where it is sometimes forked and sometimes it bends inwards compresses the upper Orifice of the Stomach and causes a great Pain and Vomiting The use of the Sternum is to defend the Heart and to receive the Extremities of the true Ribs SECT XII Of the Claviculae and Scapulae THE Claviculae or Channel Bones are two in number Claviculae situated at the basis of the Neck above the Breast one on each side they are pretty long and small at one end they are joined to the Production of the Scapula called Acromion by the Articulation called Synchondrosis at the other end to the upper end of the Sternum by the Articulation called Arthrodia they are crooked like an Italian S for the Passage of the Vessels which pass under them and to facilitate the Motion of the Arms. Their Substance is Spongious with a Cavity in their middle therefore they are the more easily broken and the sooner united when broken their use is to uphold the Arms to keep them at a little distance from the Sternum therefore Beasts which make not use of their Hoofs as Hands have no Claviculae whilst Apes Rats and several others which do use their fore Legs as we do our Hands have them The Scapulae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Shoulder-blades Scapulae are two large and broad Bones like the Triangle called Scalenum they are situated on each side of the upper and back part of the Thorax their Substance is thin but solid and firm their outside is somewhat Convex and their inside Concave their upper edge is called Costa Superior and their lower Costa Inferior their broad end is called their Basis which with the two edges make the upper and lower Angles They have each three Processes of which the first runs all along the middle of their outside and 't is called their Spine That end of the Spine which receives the Extremity of the Clavicula is called Acromion The second Process is a little lower than the Acromion 't is short and sharp like a Crow's Bill therefore called Coracoides these two Processes are tied to one another by a strong Ligament which serves to keep the Head of the Humerus in the Cavity of the third Process which is called Cervix This Process is the Extremity of the Scapula which is opposite to its basis It has a pretty large and round Sinus tipt about its brim with a Cartilage which makes it the deeper it receives the head of the Humerus The use of the Scapula is to receive the Extremities of the Clavicula and Humerus for the easier motion of the Arm and to give a rise to the Muscles which move the Arm. SECT XIII Of the Bones of the Arm and Hand The Humerus THE first Bone of the Arm is the Humerus or Shoulder Bone 't is long and round its Substance or Fibres are pretty solid and compact it has a pretty wide and long Cavity in its middle in which is contained its Marrow At its upper end it has a round Head covered with a Cartilage which is received into the Cavity of the Neck of the Scapula but because this Head is much larger than the Cavity therefore it is surrounded with a strong Ligament which rises from the edge of the Cavity of the Scapula At its lower end it has two Protuberances the one External which receives the Extremity of the Radius the other Internal which is received into the Semicircular Sinus of the Vlna On the foreside of this Protuberance there is a small Sinus which receives the fore Process of the Vlna and on the backside there is another large Sinus which receives the Olecranium There is another small Protuberance on the side of this from which the Muscles that lie on the inside of the Arm arise The Vlna or Cubitus Ulna is a long and solid Bone with a Cavity in its middle It lies on the inside of the fore Arm reaching from the Elbow to the Wrist it
and the Muscles of the Back they are not perforated as those of the Neck nor have they a dimple or Sinus as those of the Back The Cartilages which are betwixt their Bodies are thicker than any of the rest Of the Os Saorum The Six Vertebrae of the Os Sacrum grow so close together in Adults as that they make but one large and solid Bone of the figure of an Isosceles Triangle whose basis is tied to the last Vertebra of the Loins and the upper Part of its sides to the Os Ilia and its Point to the Os Coccigis It is Concave and smooth on its foreside but Convex and unequal on its backside It hath five holes on each side but the Nerves pass only thorow the five on its foreside It s acute Processes or Spines are shorter and less than those of the Loins and the lower is always shorter than the upper Os Coccigis The Os Coccigis is joined the Extremity of the Os Sacrum it is composed of three or four Bones of which the lower is still less than the upper till the last ends in a small Cartilage it resembles a little tail turned inwards its use is to sustain the straight Gut it yields to the pressure of the Foetus in Women in Travail and Midwives use to thrust it backwards but sometimes rudely and violently which is the occasion of great Pain and of several bad Effects From what has been said it is easie to understand how the Motion of the Back is performed tho' each particular Vertebra has but a very small Motion yet the Motion of all is very considerable We have said that the Head movese only backwards and forwards upon the first Vertebra and Semi-circularly upon the second The small Protuberance which we have remarked in the Bone of the hind Head falling upon another in the first Vertebra stops the Motion of the Head backwards that it compress not the Spinal Marrow and when the Chin touches the Sternum it can move no further forwards The Oblique or Semicircular Motions are limited by the Ligament which ties the Process of the Second Vertebra to the Head and by those which tie the first to the second Vertebra The Motion of the other Vertebrae of the Neck is not so manifest yet it is greater than that of the Vertebrae of the Back because their acute Processes are short and straight and the Cartilages which are between their Bodies thicker The twelve Vertebrae of the Back have the least Motion of any because their Cartilages are thin their acute Processes are long and very near to one another and they are fixed to the Ribs which neither move forwards nor backwards But the greatest Motion of the Back is performed by the Vertebrae of the Loins because their Cartilages are thicker and their acute Processes are at a greater distance from one another for the thicker the Cartilages are the more we may bend our Body forwards and the greater distance there is betwixt the acute Processes the more we may bend our selves backward This is the Structure and Motion of the Vertebrae when they are in their natural Position but we find them also in several persons several ways distorted If the Vertebrae of the Back stick out such as have this Deformity are said to be bunch-backed and in such the Cartilages which are between the vertebrae are very thin and hard forwards but considerably thick backwards where the oblique Processes of the Superior and Inferior Vertebrae are at a considerable distance from one another which distance fills up with a viscous Substance This inequality of the thickness of the Cartilages happens either by a relaxation or weakness of the Ligaments and Muscles which are fastened to the backside of the Vertebrae in which case their Antagonists finding no opposition remain in a continual Contraction and consequently there can be no Motion in these Vertebrae If this Deformity has been from the Womb then the Bones being at that time soft and tender the Bodies of the Vertebrae partake of the same inequality as the Cartilages If the bunch be towards one Shoulder for example towards the right then the Cartilages on that side are very thick but thin and dry on the other side on the left side the oblique Apophises come close together but on the right there is a considerable distance betwixt them and the Ligaments and Muscles are greatly extended on the right side but those on the left are as much contracted If the Vertebrae are distorted inwards all things have a different Face The Cartilages and sometimes the Vertebrae are very thick forwards but mighty thin and hard backwards the acute and oblique Processes are very close to one another and the Ligaments upon the Bodies of the Vertebrae are greatly relaxed but the Muscles and Ligaments which tie the Processes together are very much contracted These Distortions seldom happen in the Vertebrae of the Loins but such as are so miserable have little or no Motion of their Back SECT IX Of the Ossa Innominata THE Ossa Innominata are two large Bones situated on the sides of the Os Sacrum in a Foetus they may be each separated into three pieces which in Adults unite and make but one Bone in which they distinguish three Parts The first and Superior Part is called Os Ilium the Intestine Ileum lieth between it and its fellow It is very large almost of a Semicircular Figure a little Convex and uneven on its External side which is called its Dorsum and Concave and smooth on its Internal side which is called its Costa It s circumference or edge is called its Spine It is joined to the sides of the three Superior Vertebrae of the Os Sacrum by a true Suture it is larger in Women than in Men. Os Publis The second is the Os Pubis which is the inferior and forepart of the Os Innominatùm 't is united to its fellow of the other side by an intervening Cartilage by which means it makes the forepart of the Pelvis or Bason of which the Os Sacrum is the back Part and the Ilia the sides Os Ischium The third is the Inferior and Posterior Part called Ischium or Coxendix it has a large Cavity called Acetabulum Coxendicis which receives the head of the Thigh Bone the circumference of this Cavity is tipt with a Cartilage called its Supercilium where it joins the Os Pubis it has a large hole called Foramen Ischij Pubis about the circumference of which the Muscles called Obturator Internus and Externus arise And at its lowest end it has a large Protuberance upon which we sit and from whence the benders of the Leg arise And a little above this upon its hinder Part it has another small acute Process betwixt which and the former Protuberance lies the Sinus of the Ischium thorow which the Tendon of the Obturator Internus passes SECT X. Of the Ribs THere are 24 Ribs Costae twelve on each
is big at its upper end and grows smaller to its lower end At its upper it has two Processes which are received into the fore and hind Sinus's of the Extremity of the Humerus the foremost Process is small and short the hindmost called Olecranium is bigger and longer it stays the fore Arm when it comes to a straight line with the Arm. Betwixt these Processes it has a Semicircular Sinus which receives the inner Protuberance of the lower end of the Humerus upon which we bend and extend our fore Arm. The inside of this upper end has a small Sinus which receives the Circumference of the round Head of the Radius It s lower Extremity which is round and small is received into a Sinus in the lower end of the Radius and upon this Extremity it has a short and small Process from which the Ligaments which tie it to the Bones of the Wrist arise this Process serves to keep the Bones of the Wrist in their place The Radius is another Bone of the fore Arm Radius which accompanies the Vlna from the Elbow to the Wrist in its upper end it has a small Cavity which receives the outer Protuberance of the Humerus The Circumference of this Cavity rouls into the small Sinus in the upper end of the Vlna Near its lower end which is bigger than its upper it has a little Sinus which receives the end of the Vlna and in its Extremity it has two Sinus's which receive the Bones of the Wrist Altho' the Vlna and the Radius accompany one another yet they touch not but at their Extremities They bend from one another in their middle but they are tied together by a strong and broad membranous Ligament The Vlna is articulated to the Humerus by a Ginglimus which only admits of the motion of Flexion and Extension to the end that when we lift any great weight the Vlna may not turn to a side and so avoid the resistance of the weight But because if the Hand were only confined to this Motion we could have but little use of it therefore the Wrist is joined to the Radius which performs the Motion of Pronation and Supination by which means the hands partake of the Motion of both Bones The Bones of the Carpus The Carpus or Wrist is made up of eight little Bones of a different Figure and bigness they are placed in two ranks four in each rank The first rank is articulated with the Radius The second with the Bones of the Metacarpus The last little Bone of the first rank lies not at the side of the third which answers to the Bone of the Metacarpus of the little Finger as all the rest do by one another but it lies upon it They are strongly tied together by the Ligaments which come from the Radius and by the annulary Ligaments thorow which the Tendons which move the Fingers pass Altho' this Ligament be thought but one yet it gives a particular case to every Tendon which passes thorow it The Bones of the Metacarpus The Metacarpus is made up of four Bones which answer the four Fingers that which sustains the Fore-finger is the biggest and longest they are round and long a little Convex and round towards the back of the Hand and Concave and plain towards the Palm They are hollow in their middle and full of Marrow they touch one another only at their Extremities leaving spaces in their middle in which lie the Musculi Interossei In their upper end there is a Sinus which receives the Bones of the Wrist and their lower Extremity is round and is received into the Sinus of the first Bones of the Fingers The Bones of the Fingers The Bones of the Fingers and Thumb are fifteen in each Hand three to each Finger they are a little convex and round towards the Back of the Hand but hollow and plain towards the Palm except the last where the Nails are The order of their Disposition is called first second and third Phalanx The first is longer than the second and the second than the third The upper Extremity of the first Bone of each Finger has a little Sinus which receives the round head of the Bones of the Metacarpus The upper Extremity of the second and third Bones of each Finger hath two small Sinus's parted by a little Protuberance and the lower Extremity of the first and second Bones of each Finger has two Protuberances divided by a small Sinus The two Protuberances are received into the two Sinus's of the upper Extremity of the second and third Bones and the small Sinus receives the little Protuberance of the same end of these same Bones The first Bone of the Thumb is like to the Bones of the Metacarpus and it is joined to the Wrist and second of the Thumb as they are to the Wrist and first of the Fingers The second Bone of the Thumb is like the first Bones of the Fingers and it is joined to the first and third as they are to the Bones of the Metacarpus and second of the Fingers The Fingers are moved side-ways only upon their first Joint Ossa Sesamoidaea Besides these Bones there are some small ones called Ossa Sesamoidaea because they resemble the Grains of Sesamum they are reckoned about 12 in each Hand they are placed at the Joints of the Fingers under the Tendons of the Flexores Digitorum to which they serve as so many Pulleys SECT XIV Of the Bones of the Thighs Legs and Feet THE Thigh has only one Bone which is the longest of all the Bones of the Body its Fibres are close and hard it has a Cavity in its middle 't is a little convex and round on its foreside but a little hollow with a long and small ridge called Linea Aspera on its backside At its upper end it has three Epiphises which separate easily in Children The first is its Extremity which is a large and round head covered with a Cartilage which is received into the Acetabulum Coxendicis wherein it is tied by two Ligaments The first is pretty large and comes from the edge of the Acetabulum The second is round and short it comes from the bottom of the Acetabulum and is inserted in the middle of the round head the Part immediately below this round head which is small long and a little Oblique is called its Neck It makes an Angle with the Body of the Bone by which means the Thighs are kept at a distance from one another that the Muscles on the inside of the Thighs might lie the more conveniently without rubbing upon one another or hurting of the Privities Besides this obliquity of the Neck of the Bone conduces much to the strength of the Muscles of the Thigh because it removes their Insertions from the Center of Motion Trochanter major The second is called Trochanter major it is a pretty big Protuberance on the External side
nothing but a bundle of small Husks which answer to so many Papillae of the Skin From whence we may conclude that the Nails are nothing but the covers or sheaths of the Papillae Pyramidales of the Skin on the Extremities of Fingers and Toes which dry harden and lie close upon one another their use is to defend the ends of the Fingers when we handle any hard or rugged Body The Bones of a Skeleton are The Os Frontis 1 Occipitis 1 Ossa Parietalia 2 Temporum 2 Ossicula Auditus 8 Os Ethmoides 1 Sphaenoides 1 Mali 2 Maxillare 2 Vnguis 2 Nasi 2 Palati 2 Vomer 1 Maxilla Inferior 1 Dentes Incisivi 8 Canini 4 Molares 20 Os Hyoides 1 Â 61 Vertebrae Cervicis 7 Dorsi 12 Lumborum 5 Ossis Sacri 6 Os Coccygis 3 Scapulae 2 Claviculae 2 Costae 24 Sternum 1 Ossa Innominata 2 Â 64 The Humerus 2 Vlna 2 Radius 2 Ossa Carpi 16 Metacarpi 8 Digitorum 30 Â 60 The Os Femuris 2 Rotulae 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Ossa Tarsi 14 Metatarsi 10 Digitorum 28 Â 60 In all 245 Besides the Ossa Sesamoidaea which are sometimes found to the Number of 48. CHAP. VI. Of the Muscles which are not yet described SECT I. Of the Muscles of the Face THE Eye-brows have each a Muscle called Corrugator It arises from the great Canthus of the Orbit and terminates in the Skin about the middle of the Eye-brows Some reckon this Pair only a Prolongation of the Frontales their Name declares their Use The Nose has three Muscles The first arises from the upper end of the two Bones of the Nose and are inserted into the upper Part of the Alae They pull the Nose upwards The second Pair arise from the Os Maxillare and are inserted into the sides of the Alae They dilate the Nostrils The third Pair arise from the same Bone above the Dentes Incisorii and are inserted into the Extremities of the Alae which they pull downwards The Muscles of the Lips are four Proper Pair The Incisivus or Elevator Labii Superioris it arises from the upper Part of the fourth Bone of the upper Jaw and descending obliquely is inserted into the upper Lip above the Dentes Incisorii It s Antagonist is the Triangularis or Depressor Labii Superioris it ariseth from the lower edge of the lower Jaw between the Massater and the Quadratus and ascendeth by the Angle of the Mouth to the upper Lip The Caninus or Elevator Labii Inferioris it ariseth from the fourth Bone of the upper Jaw below the Incisivâ—s it descends and passes under the Intertion of the Zygomaticus and is inserted into the under Lip It s Antagonist is the Quadratus or Depressor Labii Inferioris this is some thin fleshy Fibres which lie immediate under the Skin upon the Chin they arise from the edge of the forepart of the under Jaw and are inserted into the upper Lip There are three Muscles common to both the Lips The first and the second are Zygomatici one on each side they come from the Os Zygoma and going obliquely they are inserted near the Angles of the Lips When one of these Muscles acteth it draws both Lips obliquely to a side they receive often some Fibres from the Caninus The third is the Orbicularis or Sphincter Labiorum it surrounds the Lips with Orbicular Fibres when it acteth it draws the Lips together There is one Muscle on each side common to the Lips and Cheeks which is the Buccinator it lies under the other Muscles it makes the inner Substance of the Cheeks its Fibres run from the Processus Coronae of the lower Jaw to the Angle of the Mouth And they adhere to the upper part of the Gums of both Jaws Thorow its middle pass the upper Ductus Salivales by this Muscle we contract the Cavity of our Mouth and thrust the Meat between our Teeth The Muscles of the lower Jaw are twelve Pair six on each side The first is the Temporalis or Crotaphites it arises by a Semicircular fleshy beginning from a Part of the Os Frontis from the lower Part of the Parietalis and upper Part of the Temporalis From thence they go under the Zygoma and gathering together as to their Centre they are inserted by a short but strong Tendon into the Processus Coronae of the lower Jaw The second is the Massater it is a thick and short Musele it arises from the Zygoma and from the first Bone of the upper Jaw and is inserted into the lower edge of the lower Jaw from its External Angle to its middle It s Fibres run in three Directions those which come from the Zygoma run obliquely to the middle of the Jaw and those from the first Bone of the upper Jaw cross the former and run to the Angle of the lower Jaw and the Fibres which are in its middle run in a perpendicular from their Origin to their Insertion These two Muscles pull the Jaw upwards The third is the Pterigoidaeus Internus it arises from the Internal Part of the Processus Pterigoidaeus and descends to be inserted into the Inferior Part of the Internal side of the lower Jaw near its Angle When this Muscle acteth it draweth the Jaw to a side The fourth is the Pterigoidaeus Externus it ariseth from the External Part of the same Process and goes backwards to be inserted between the Processus Condiloides and the Coronae on the inside of the lower Jaw This Muscle pulleth the lower Jaw forwards The fifth is the Quadratus this is a broad membranous Muscle which lies immediately under the Skin it ariseth from the upper Part of the Sternum from the Claviculae and from the Acromium it covereth all the Neck and adheres firmly to the lower edge of the lower Jaw and being produced it covers also the lower Part of the Cheeks When this Muscle acteth it pulleth the Cheeks and Jaw downwards The sixth is the Digastricus it ariseth fleshy from the upper Part of the Processus Mastoidaeus and descending it contracts into a round Tendon which passes thorow the Stylohyoidaeus then it grows fleshy again and ascends to the middle of the edge of the lower Jaw where it is inserted When this Muscle acteth it pulleth the lower Jaw down SECT II. Of the Muscles of the Head THE Head is lifted up or pulled backwards by four pair of Muscles The first is the Splenius which ariseth from the four upper Spines of the Vertebrae of the Back and from the four lower of the Neck and ascending obliquely it adheres to the upper transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck and is inserted into the upper Part of the Occiput The second is the Complexus it ariseth from the transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck and ascending obliquely it adheres to the Spines of the same Vertebrae and is inserted into the Occiput When one of these Muscles acteth it moves the Head backwards to one side The
third is the Rectus Major it ariseth from the Spine of the second Vertebrae of the Neck and is inserted into the lower Part of the Occiput The fourth is the Rectus Minor it lies under the Major it cometh from the back Part of the first Vertebra of the Neck and is inserted below the former They nod the Head backwards The Semicircular motion of the Head is performed by The Obliquus Inferior which comes from the Spine of the second Vertebra of the Neck and is inserted into the transverse Process of the first The Obliquus Superior comes from the transverse Process of the first Vertebra of the Neck and is inserted into the Lateral and Inferior Part of the Occiput The Mastoidaeus arises fleshy from the upper Part of the Sternum and Extremity of the Claviculae and ascending obliquely 't is inserted into the back part of the Processus Mammillaris When either of these Muscles acteth the Head turneth to the contrary side The Head is bended forwards by The Rectus Internus which arises from the forepart of the five Inferior transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck and is inserted into the foremost Appendix of the Occipital Bone near its great hole The Rectus Internus minor observed and described by that accurate Anatomist Mr. Cooper in his most exact Treatise of the Muscles it lies on the forepart of the first Vertebra like the Rectus Minor on the back part and is inserted into the Anterior Appendix of the Os Occipitis immediately under the former These nod the Head forwards being Antagonists to the last named Muscles Fallopius has described another Pair which come from the transverse Processes of the first Vertebra and is inserted near the Processus Mammillaris these last help to move the Head a little to one side SECT III. Of the Muscles of the Neck THE Neck is bended and extended it is bended by two Pair of Muscles The first is the Longus which is fastened to the Body of the five upper Vertebrae of the Back and to all those of the Neck but because the last are more moveable than the first therefore they are its Insertion and those of the Back its Origination The Scalenus arises from the first and second Ribs and Part of the Claviculae and ascending it 's inserted into all the transverse Processes of the Neck except the first This Muscle seems to be three yet I will not encrease their number It is perforated for the Passage of the Veins Arteries and Nerves Because the neck is more easily moved than that Part of the Ribs to which they are fastened therefore it 's justly reckoned amongst the benders of the Neck The Neck is extended by the Musculi Vertebrales of which afterwards SECT IV. Of the Muscles of the Scapula THE Scapula is moved backwards and forwards upwards and downwards by four Muscles The first is the Serratus Minor Anticus it ariseth thin and fleshy from the second third fourth and fifth Superior Ribs and ascending obliquely it is inserted fleshy into the Processus Carocoides of the Scapula which it draws forwards it helps also in Respiration The second is the Trapezius or Cucullaris because with its fellow it represents a Cowl it arises from the Occiput above the Splenius from the Spines of the Vertebrae of the Neck and from the eighth Superior of the Back and is inserted into the Spine of the Scapula to the Acromium and Clavicle It moves the Scapula obliquely upwards directly backwards and obliquely downwards according to the three Directions of its Fibres The third is the Rhomboides so called from its Figure it lies under the Cucullaris it ariseth from the two Inferiour Spines of the Neck and four Superior of the Back and is inserted fleshy into the whole basis of the Scapula which it draws backwards The fourth is the Levator Scapulae it arises from the second fourth and fifth transverse Processes of the Neck by so many distinct beginnings which unite and are inserted into the Superior Angle of the Scapula which it draws upwards It is also called Musculus Patientiae because those who are any-ways grieved use it These Muscles may move the Arm as those of the Arm move it because of the Connexion of the two Bones They help also in Respiration SECT V. Of the Muscles of Respiration and of the Benders and Extensors of the Vertebrae THE Cavity of the Thorax is dilated and contracted in Respiration by twenty nine Pairs of the Muscles Fourteen Pair dilate it and as many contract it And one Pair viz. the Diaphragma helps both in the one and other this last we have described already The Muscles which dilate the Thorax in Inspiration are The Intercostales Externi they are eleven on each side situated between the Ribs they arise from the lower edges of each Superior Rib and are inserted into the upper edges of each Inferior Rib their Fibres descend obliquely from the back part forwards The Subclavius arises from the lower side of the half of the Claviculae that is nearest the Acromium and descends obliquely to be inserted into the upper Part of the first Rib near the Sternum The Serratus Anticus Major it comes from the whole basis of the Scapula and is inserted into the seven true Ribs and first of the false Ribs by so many distinct Portions which represent the teeth of a Saw The Obliquus Descendens of the Abdomen lie between the spaces of its lower Indentations The Serratus Posticus Superior it ariseth by a broad and thin Tendon from the two Inferior Spines of the Vertebrae of the Neck and the three Superior of the Back and growing fleshy 't is inserted into the second third and fourth Ribs by so many distinct Indentations When all these Muscles act they draw the Ribs upwards bringing the Ribs to right Angles with the Vertebrae and consequently the Cavity of the Thorax must be wider and shorter but because at the same time the Diaphragma contracts and becomes plain therefore the Cavity is also longer The Muscles which contract the Cavity of the Thorax are The Intercostales Interni they have the same Situation Origination and Insertion as the Externi with this difference that their Fibres run contrary to the Fibres of the Externi viz. from the forepart backwards It is more probable they also serve to dilate the Thorax for when two Parts are equally drawn to one another the more moveable viz. the lower Ribs must approach the less moveable viz. the upper Ribs considering also that a greater strength is required to draw up the Ribs than to pull them down to their natural Position The Triangularis arises from the lower Part of the inside of the Sternum and is inserted into the Cartilages where they join the Bones of the fourth fifth sixth and sometimes seventh true Ribs The Serratus Posticus Inferior rises by a broad and thin Tendon from the three Inferior Spines of the Vertebrae of the Back and from the two
Superior of the Loins its Fibres ascending obliquely grow fleshy and are inserted by four Indentations into the four last Ribs The Sacrolumbus it ariseth fleshy from the Superior Part of the Os Sacrum Posterior Part of the Spine of the Ilium and from all the transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Loins It gives a small Tendon to the Posterior Part of each Rib near its root The Muscles which extend the Vertebrae are the Sacer the Spinatus Semispinatus and Transversalis Colli all which M. Du Verney reckons but one which he calls Vertebralis of which one Plan arises from the Spines of the Os Sacrum and of the Vertebrae of the Loins and is inserted into the Spines of the Vertebrae of the Back another arises from the Spines of the Back and is inserted into those of the Neck Under these there are others which go from the transverse Processes of the Inferiour Vertebrae to the Spines of the Superior Vertebrae and as many which go from the oblique Processes to the Superior Spines of which ordinarily the Fibres of three oblique Processes make a Tendon to one Spine It seems to be as proper to make the Extensors of the Vertebrae one compound Muscle as three for in effect they are almost as many really distinct Muscles as there are oblique transverse and acute Processes in the Vertebrae but because this would multiply the number of the Muscles and cause a great confusion if they were to have all distinct Names therefore it is better to call them by the Name of Musculi Vertebrales The Vertebrae of the Neck are bended by two Pair of Muscles which have been already described the Vertebrae of the Back have no Benders and those of the Loins are bended by the Muscles of the Lower Belly and by one proper Pair which is called the Psoas Parvus it arises fleshy from the sides of the upper Vertebrae of the Loins and it has a thin and broad Tendon which embraces the Psoas of the Thigh and which is inserted into the Os Iâ—nâ—minatum where the Os Pubis and Ilium join together SECT VI. Of the Muscles of the Humerus or Arm. THE Arm moves five different ways upwards downwards forwards backwards and round The Arm is lifted upwards by the Deltoides Supra spinatus and Coracobrachialis The Deltoides is of a triangular Figure it comes from all the Spina Scapulae from the Acromium from the External half of the Clavicula from all these places its Fibres drawing together pass above the Articulation of the Humerus and are inserted by a short Tendon four fingers below the Head of the same Bone almost on its External side Steno shews that this Muscle is composed of twelve simple Muscles according to the direction of its Fibres it pulls also the Arm a little forwards and backwards The Supra spinatus rises fleshy from all the basis of the Scapula that is above the Spine It fills all that space between the upper side of the Scapula and its Spine to which two it is also attached it passes above the Acromium the Articulation of the Humerus and is inserted into the Neck of the Humerus which it embraces by its Tendon The Coracobrachiaâ—is rises from the Processus Coracoides Scapulae by a tendinous beginning and passing over the Articulation it is inserted into the middle and Internal Part of the Humerus The Teres Major and the Latissimus Dorsi pull the Arm downwards The Teres Major rises from the lower Angle of the Scapula and is inserted with the following a little below the Head of the Humerus The Latissimus Dorsi or Aniscaptor with its fellow covers almost all the Back It hath a thin and large tendinous beginning which comes from the Posterior Part of the Spine of the Ilium from the Superior Spines of the Os Sacrum from all the Spines of the Vertebrae of the Loins and from the seven lower of the Thorax it passes by the Inferior Angle of the Scapula to which it is sometimes attached and is inserted with the Teres Major by a strong and broad Tendon The Pectoralis moves the Arm forwards it ariseth by a fleshy and Semicircular beginning from the inner half of the Clavicula from the Six Superior Ribs it covereth a great part of the Breast and is inserted by a short but strong and broad Tendon into the upper and inner Part of the Humerus between the Biceps and Deltoides It s Fibres near their Insertion decussate each other Those which come from the Clavicle and first Ribs are on the lower side of the Tendon and those from the inferior Ribs are on the upper side of the Tendon The Arm is drawn backwards by the Infra spinatus the Transversalis and the Subscapularis The Infra spinatus covers all the space that is between the Spine of the Scapula and its Inferior side and passing between the Spine and the Teres Minor 't is inserted into the Neck of the Humerus The Transversalis or Teres Minor comes from the Inferior edge of the Scapula upon which it runs between the former and the Teres Major and is inserted into the Neck of the Humerus The Subscapularis covers all the Internal side of the Scapula it rises fleshy from its basis from its upper and lower Costa and is inserted into the Neck of the Humeras It draweth the Arm close to the Ribs The Tendons of these three last Muscles surround the Articulation of the Humerus When all these Muscles move successively they move the Arm circularly SECT VII Of the Muscles of the Cubitus and Radius THE Cubitus is bended and extended by six Muscles the Biceps and Brachiaeus Internus bend it the Longus Brevis Brachiaeus Externus and the Anconeus extend it The Biceps is so called because it hath two Heads of which one rises from the upper edge of the Cavity of the Head of the Scapula This Head is round and tendinous and is enclosed in the Channel in the Head of the Humerus The other arises from the Processus Coracoides it is broad and tendinous and both together unite about the middle and forepart of the Arm and make one Belly which is inserted by a strong and round Tendon into the tubercle at the upper end of the Radius Some of the Fibres of this Tendon form a large and thin Aponeurosis which covers all the Muscles of the Radius and Fingers externally Care ought to be taken in Blood-letting not to cut across but according to the length of the Fibres of this Aponeurosis The Brachiaeus Internus lies partly under the Biceps it arises by a fleshy beginning from the middle and Internal Part of the Humerus and is inserted into the upper and forepart of the Cubitus by a very short but strong Tendon The Longus is the first of those which extend the Cubitus it ariseth from the Inferior Costa of the Scapula nigh its Neck and passeth between the two round Muscles it descendeth upon the backside of
of it comes out at the hole in the foreside of the same Bone under the Orbit and is distributed in the Cheeks and Nose Another passes under the Processus Zygomaticus and is distributed in the temporal Muscle and the third is distributed in the Palate and Muscles of the Pharynx The third branch of the fifth Pair passes thorow another hole of the Os Sphaenoides and then it divides into two branches the first of which is again divided into four branches of which the first passes between the Condile and the Corone of the lower Jaw to the Massater The second is distributed in the Crotaphites The third passes under the Processus Zygomaticus to the Buccinator Glands of the Cheeks and upper Lip And the fourth passes from behind the Condile of the lower Jaw where it joins the Pars Dura over the Jaw and is distributed in the Face The second branch is divided into three others The first passes between the Pterigoidaeus Externus and the Internus and towards the Angle of the lower Jaw it sends out a branch which makes the Chorda Tympani which goes also to the Muscles of the Malleolus and then it joins the Portio Dura before it comes out of the Cranium the rest is spread on the Chin. The second goes along the sides of the Tongue sends out several branches which join the ninth Pair It gives also some twigs to the Glandulae Sublinguales to the Muscles of the Tongue and Os Hyoides The third goes to the teeth of the lower Jaw by the holes in its inside The sixth Pair The sixth Pair of Nerves rise from the sides of the Processus Annularis This is a small Nerve which passes straight thorow the Foramen Lacerum and is wholly spent on the Musculus Abducens But a little before it enters the Orbit it casts back a branch which alone makes the root of the Intercostal Nerve It passes out of the Skull by the same passage the Carotidale Artery enters As soon as it is come out of the Skull it with a branch of the tenth Pair and of the first and second of the Vertebrae of the Neck forms a large Plexus called Cervicalis Below this it receives a branch made of a twig of the tenth Pair and of the first of the Neck As it descends above the Musculus Scalenus and below the eighth Pair it receives a branch from each of the Vertebral Nerves When it comes to the Clavicula it divides into two branches of which one passes above the Axillary Artery and the other under it and then they immediately join again they with a branch of the first Pair of the Back form a pretty large Plexus at this place and sometimes before for it observes no regularity it casts out a branch which with a branch of the eighth Pair forms the Plexus Cardiacus then it goes down the Cavity of the Thorax under the Pleura near the Vertebrae and as it passes by it receives a branch from every Pair of the Back by which it grows bigger and bigger As it goes out of the Thorax it divides into several branches of which the three Superior in the right side form the Plexus Hepaticus and in the left the Plexus Splenicus These Plexus's furnish Nerves to the Kidneys to the Pancreas to the Caul to the lower Part of the Stomach to the Spleen to the Liver to the Mesentery to the Intestines and their branches form a large Net upon the Mesenterick Arteries called Plexus Mesentericus The Inferior branches as they go down upon the Vertebrae of the Loins receive a branch from the first of the Loins and they send out some branches which join those of the Superior branches which go to the Guts and which form the Net upon the Mesenterick Arteries Then they go down into the Bason and form a large Plexus above the streight Gut to which it gives Nerves as also to the Bladder Vesiculae Seminales Prostratae in Men and to the Womband Vagina in Women Nervus Auditorius The seventh Pair is the Nervus Auditorius it arises from the hind part of the Processus Annularis it enters the hole in the inner Process of the Os. Petrosum it divides into two branches that which is soft is called Portio Mollis and it is distributed in the Labyrinth Cochlea and Membranes which cover the Cavities of the Ear. That which is hard is called Portio Dura it goes out of the Ear by that hole which is between the Processus Mastoides and Styloides it divides into two branches of which one goes to the Muscles of the Tongue or Os Hyoides and it gives a small branch to the eighth Pair The other is distributed in the External Ear Nose Lips and Cheeks Par Vagum The eighth Pair is the Par Vagum it rises from the sides of the Medulla Oblongata behind the Processus Annularis by several Threads which join together and go out by the same hole that the Sinus Laterales discharge themselves into the Jugulares It is joined by a branch of the Nervus Spinalis or Accessorius Willisii and by a small branch of the Portio Dura immediately after it comes out of the Skull it gives a small branch to the Larynx as it goes down the Neck above the Intercostal Nerve by the side of the Internal Carotide At the Axillary Artery it casts back the recurrent Nerves of which the right embraces the Axillary Artery and the left the Aorta These two branches ascend on each side of the Trachea Arteria to the Larynx where they are spent on the Muscles of the Larynx and Membranes of the Trachea Then the eighth Pair after it has entered the Cavity of the Thorax sends out two branches which with the branches of the two Intercostals form a little above the Heart between the Aorta and the Trachea the Plexus Câ—â—dincus which gives a great number of small branches to the Pericardium and Heart particularly very many creep along the Aorta to the left Ventricle The eighth Pair gives also several branches to the Lungs which accompanying the Bronchiae then it descends upon the Oesophagus and is spread upon the Stomach and some twigs go to the Concave side of the Liver as has been said already With this Nerve it is usual to describe another which passes out of the Skull at the same hole with it It is called Nervus accessorius Willisii it arises from the Medulla Spinalis about the beginning of the sixth Pair of the Neck as it ascends to the Head it receives on each side a twig from the first five Pair of Nerves of the Neck as they rise from the Medulla Spinalis then it enters the Skull and passes out of it again with the eighth Pair and is wholly spent upon the Musculus Trapezius The ninth Pair The ninth Pair rises from the Processus Olivares of the Medulla Oblongata it passes out of the Skull by its own proper hole in the Os
Occipitis as it passes to the Tongue it gives some branches to the Muscles of the Os Hyoides but its Trunk is distributed in the body of the Tongue and its Extremities form the Papillae Rotunde of the Tongue The tenth Pair The tenth Pair rises by several small threads from the beginning of the Medulla Spinalis then ascending a little it goes out at the same hole of the Dura Mater at which the Vertebral Artery enters passing between the Protuberance of the Occiput and the first Vertebra in the Sinus which we have observed in this Vertebra Then it gives a branch to the first Pair of the Neck which goes to the Plexus Cervicalis it gives another to the second Pair and a third to the Intercostal Nerve and then it is all spent on the oblique Muscles of the Head SECT III. Of the Nerves which come out between the Vertebrae THE Nerves which come out between the Vertebrae are thirty Pair they arise from the Spinalis Medulla which as we have said before is a continuation of the Substantia Medullaris or Medulla Oblongata of the Brain contained in the great holes of the Vertebrae It s Internal Substance is mixed in several places with a Substance like the cortical Substance of the Brain as Malpighius has observed From the first Vertebra of the Neck to the first of the Loins it is divided by the Pia Mater into the right and left side not quite thorow its middle but the depth of a line or two in its fore and hind Part. From the first of the Loins to its Extremity it is divided into a great number of Fibres which separate from one another if they be shaken in warm Water this Part because of its resemblance is called Cauda Equina 'T is covered by four Membranes of which the first is that which lines the great holes of the Vertebrae The second is the Dura Mater which has two Sinus's one on each side of the Medulla they reach from the Occiput to the last of the Os Sacrum The third is the Pia Mater and the fourth called Arachnoides is a very fine Membrane which contains only the bundles of Fibres which make the Vertebral Nerves All the Nerves as they rise out of the Medulla Spinalis are by the Pia Mater divided into two Plans which lie one above the other And as soon as the Nerves are come out of the Vertebrae they send a branch to one another where they make a little Ganglio The Nerves of the Vertebrae are thirty Pair seven of the Neck twelve of the Back five of the Loins and six of the Os Sacrum they come out at the holes in the sides of the Bodies of the Vertebrae which have been taken notice of in the Osteology Of the Nerves of the Neck The first Pair of the Neck is spread in the Muscles of the Head and Neck it joins a branch of the tenth Pair which goes to the Plexus Cervicalis and it gives another branch to the Intercostal Pair below the Plexus The second Pair of the Neck gives also Nerves to the Muscles of the Head and Neck to the External Ear and Skin of the Face The third gives some branches to the Neck and Head it sends out the Nervus Diaphragmaticus being joined by a branch from the fourth Pair This Nerve goes straight down the Cavity of the Thorax and is spread on the Midriff The fourth fifth sixth and seventh gives some branches to the Muscles of the Neck and Head but their greatest branches together with a branch of the first of the Back enter the Arms. As soon as they enter they join all together and then they immediately divide into five branches The first and innermost goes all to the Skin which covers the inner and fore part of the Arm. The second goes down by the inner Protuberance of the Humerus by the benders of the Fingers and in the Palm of the Hand it divides into five branches of which one goes to each side of the little and the ring Finger and the fifth to the External side of the middle Finger The third accompanies the Artery between the Subâ—imis and the Profundus and divides also into five tranches of which one goes to each side of the Thumb and fore Finger and the fifth to the Internal side of the middle Finger The fourth passes under the Biceps to the outer side of the Arm and Back of the Hand to be distributed into the Fingers as the foregoing The fifth is spent on the Mulcles on the inside of the Arm. All these Nerves except the first give branches to the Muscles as they pass by Of the Nerves of the Back The first Pair of the twelve Pair of the Back gives a branch as is said to the Arms. The twelfth Pair is dispersed in the Muscles of the lower Belly and all the rest run along the Sinus in the under side of each Rib giving Nerves to all the Muscles that lie upon the Ribs and Vertebrae Of the Nerves of the Loins The first and second Pair of the Loins give Nerves to the Muscles of the lower Belly to the Inguen to the Yard and to the Parts contained in the Basin The third and fourth give some branches to these same Parts but their Trunks join and make the Nervus Anterior Femuris which is dispersed in the forepart of the Thigh This Nerve sends a branch thorow the hole in the Ischium which is spent in the Tricepâ— The last of the Loins with a branch of the fourth enter the Thigh Of the Nerves of the Os Sacrum The Nerves of the Os Sacrum come not out at the holes on its backside but at those in its foreside and the last comes out between the Extremity of the Sacrum and the Os Cocygis The first four Pair of the Os Sacrum give some twigs to the Parts in the Basin but their great branches with the last and a branch of the fourth of the Loins make the Nervus Sciaticus which is the greatest Nerve in the whole Body As this Nerve passes between the Gracilis Posterior and the Semimembranosus it gives a branch to the Skin When it comes to the Ham it divides in two of which one goes along the Perone to the upper Part of the Foot and gives a branch to both sides of each Toe The other passes under the Gemelli by the inner Ankle and is distributed in like manner to the Toes in their under sides The fifth and sixth of the Os Sacrum are very small they are dispersed in the Sphincter and Bladder and Natural Parts SECT IV. Of the Veins in General THE Ancients thought that the Veins had only one Coat but Willis hath remarked that the Vena Cava and the Vena Pulmonaria have four different Coats which apparently they have thorow all their Ramifications The first of these Coats is woven of nervous Fibres disposed length-ways but not altogether in a straight
The fifth and last branch is the Epigastrica which goes up under the Musculi Recti After that the Trunk of the Iliaca is come out of the lower Belly it is called Cruralis it sends out two or three branches which lose themselves in the Skin and Muscles upon the upper and forepart of the Thigh Four or five fingers below the Groin the Crural sends out three branches bigger than the first three The first is called Muscula which gives several branches The first passes between the Muscles called Iliacus and Pectineus and loses it self in the third Head of the Triceps in the Semimembranosus or Seminervosus in the beginning of the Biceps in the Quadrigemini and in the Cavity of the great Trochanter The 2d 3d and 4th go to several parts of the Triceps Gracilis Posterior Then the Trunk of the Muscula goes under the first of the Triceps and divides into three branches more The first having pass'd the third of the Triceps is lost in the Semimembranosus The second passes under the Femur to the Vastus Externus The third goes a little lower casts branches to the Tendon of the third of the Triceps it loses it self at the end of the Seminervosus and at the end of the great Head of the Biceps The second considerable branch of the Trunk of the Crural goes to the External Part of the Thigh passes under the Sartorius under the Gracilis Rectus it casts some branches to the end of the Iliacus to the beginning of the Gracilis Rectus to the Vastus Externus Cruralis Membranosus and forepart of the Glutaeus Minor The third rises almost from the same Part of the Crural and loses it self in the middle of the Gracilis Rectus Cruralis and Vastus Externus The Crural having sent out these three branches gives several branches to the Sartorius to the Gracilis Posterior but the greatest goes to the Vastus Externus As the Crural descends it sinks the deeper in the hind part of the Thigh passing thorow the Tendons of the Triceps being come to the Ham the first branch it sends out is spread on the hind part of the Thigh Bone and it goes to the little Head of the Biceps then it casts out several other branches which lose themselves in the fat and in the Extremities of the Muscles behind the Femur Under the Ham it sends out two Poplitaeae which go round the Knee the one in the inside the other in the outside It casts out a little lower several other branches of which some go to the beginning of the Gemini of the Soleus Plantaris and Poplitaeus and the rest surround the Tibia on all sides Then it divides into two branches of which the first passes thorow the Membrane which joins the Tibia and Perone together upon which it continues its way giving branches to the Tibiaeus Externus and to the Extensores Digitorum The second branch divides into two more the one External the other Internal The External after it hath given branches to the Soleus to the Peronaeus Posterior and to the Flexor Pollicis pierces the Membrane between the Tibia and Perone rises upon the External Ankle to spread it self upon the upper part of the Foot The Internal as it descends gives branches to the Soleus to the Flexores Digitorum to the Tibiaeus Posterior then it passes by the Cavity of the Perone where it divides into two branches of which one passes under the Tenar to the great Toe the other passes between the Musculus Brevis and the Hypotenar and is distributed into the other three Toes FINIS A TABLE OF THF CHAPTERS and SECTIONS CHAP. I. Of the Component External and Common Parts of the Body SEct. I. Of the Component Parts pag. 1. Sect. II. Of the External Parts pag. 2 Sect. III. Of the Common Parts and first of the Epiderma or Cuticula pag. 11 Sect. IV. Of the Skin pag. 12 Sect. V. Of the Hair pag. 14 Sect. VI. Of the Fat pag. 15 Sect. 7. Of the Membrana Adiposa Carnosa Communis and Propria Musculorum pag. 18 CHAP. II. Of the Lower Belly SEct. I. Of the Muscles in General pag. 20 Sect II. Of the Muscles of the Lower Belly pag. 23 Sect. III. Of the Peritonaeum pag. 26 Sect. IV. Of the Navel pag. 28 Sect. V. Of the Omentum ibid. Sect. VI. Of the Oesophagus pag. 31 Sect. VII Of the Stomach pag. 34 Sect. VIII Of the Intestines pag. 38 Sect. IX Of the Mesentery Lacteal Vessels Receptacle of the Chyle and Ductus Thoracicus pag. 46 Sect. X. Of the Glands in General pag. 50 Sect. XI Of the Pancreas and Succus Pancreaticus pag. 54 Sect. XII Of the Liver and Gall-Bladder pag. 55 Sect. XIII Of the Spleen pag. 62 Sect. XIV Of the Kidneys Glandulae Renales Vreters and Gall Bladder pag. 67 Sect. XV. Of the Parts of Generation proper to Men pag. 72 Sect. XVI Of the Parts of Generation proper to Women pag. 81 Sect. XVII Of the Generation of the Foetus of the Vmbilical Vessels of the Placenta of the Posture of the Foetus and term of Delivery pag. 93 CHAP. III. Of the Thorax or Middle Cavity SEct. I. Of the Dugs pag. 99 Sect. II. Of the Diaphragma or Midriff pag. 101 Sect. III. Of the Pleura Mediastinum and Thymus pag. 104 Sect. IV. Of the Pericardium Heart and its Parts pag. 106 Sect. V. Of the Lungs pag. 118 Sect. VI. Of the Larynx pag. 125 CHAP. IV. Of the Upper Cavity or Head SEct. I. Of the Frontal and Occipital Muscles and of the Pericranium pag. 129 Sect. II. Of the Dura and Pia Mater pag. 131 Sect. III. Of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum pag. 138 Sect. IV. Of the Eyes pag. 151 Sect. V. Of the Ear pag. 161 Sect. VI. Of the Nose pag. 171 Sect. VII Of the Mouth and Tongue pag. 173 CHAP. V. Of the Bones SEct. I. Of the Bones in General pag. 183 Sect. II. Of the Cartilages and Ligaments in General pag. 186 Sect. III. Of the Articulations of the Bones pag. 187 Sect. IV. Of the Bones of the Cranium pag. 191 Sect. V. Of the Bones of the Vpper Jaw pag. 202 Sect. VI. Of the Lower Jaw pag. 207 Sect. VII Of the Teeth pag. 208 Sect. VIII Of the Spine and Vertebrae pag. 211 Sect. IX Of the Ossa Innominata pag. 220 Sect. X. Of the Ribs pag. 222 Sect. XI Of the Breast Bone pag. 223 Sect. XII Of the Claviculae and Scapulae pag. 225 Sect. XIII Of the Bones of the Arm and Hand pag. â—â—â— Sect. XIV Of the Thighs Legs and Feet pag. 232 Sect. XV. Of the Nails and Number of the Bones pag. 238 CHAP. VI. Of the Muscles SEct. I. Of the Muscles of the Face pag. 241 Sect. II. Of the Muscles of the Head pag. 245 Sect. III. Of the Muscles of the Neck pag. 247 Sect. IV. Of the Muscles of the Scapula pag. 248 Sect. V. Of the Muscles of Respiration and of the Benders and Extensors of the Vertebrae pag. 250 Sect. VI. Of the Muscles of the Humerus or Arm pag. 254 Sect. VII Of the Muscles of Cubitus and Radius pag. 257 Sect. VIII Of the Muscles of the Palm of the Hand and of the Wrist pag. 260 Sect. IX Of the Muscles of the Fingers pag. 262 Sect. X. Of the Muscles of the Thigh pag. 266 Sect. XI Of the Muscles of the Leg pag. 269 Sect. XII Of the Muscles of the Foot pag. 271 Sect. XIII Of the Muscles of the Toes pag. 274 A Table of the Muscles pag. 277 CHAP. VII Of the Nerves Veins and Arteries SEct. I. Of the Nerves in General pag. 287 Sect. II. Of the Nerves which come immediately out of the Skull pag. 288 Sect. III. Of the Nerves which come out between the Vertebrae pag. 297 Sect. IV. Of the Veins in General pag. 301 Sect. V. Of the Vena Porta pag. 304 Sect. VI. Of the Trunk of the Cava Asscendens pag. 307 Sect. VII Of the Venae Subclaviae Jugulares and their Branches pag. 309 Sect. VIII Of the Veins of the Arms and Hands pag. 311 Sect. IX Of the Trunk of the Cava Descendens pag. 313 Sect. X. Of the Lymphatick Vessels pag. 317 Sect. XI Of the Arteries in General pag. 319 Sect. XII Of the Trunk of the Aorta Ascendens pag. 321 Sect. XIII Of the Aorta Descendens pag. 324 Books Printed for William Keblewhite at the Swan in St. Paul's Church-Yard EIght Chirurgical Treatises on these following Heads viz. 1. Of Tumours 2. Of Vlcers 3. Of Diseases of the Anus 4. Of the Kings-Evil 5. Of Wounds 6. Of Gun-shot Wounds 7. Of Fractures and Luxations 8. Of the Lues Venerea By Richard Wiseman Sergeant-Chirurgeon to King Charles the second Folio The Condemnation of Monsieur Du Pin's History of Ecclesiastical Authors by the Arch-Bishop of Paris also his own Retractation Translated out of French Quarto Mr. Bramston's Sermon before the Lord-Mayor on Prov. 27.1 Quarto A Letter of Advice to a Friend upon the Modern Argument of the Lawfulness of Simple Fornication half Adultery and Polygamy Quarto Fifteen Sermons Preach'd upon several Occasions and on various Subjects By John Cockburn D. D. Octavo Jacob's Vow or Man's Felicity and Duty two Parts By John Cockburn D. D. Octavo An Enquiry into the Nature Necessity and Evidence of Christian Faith in several Essays Part I. Of Faith in General and of the Belief of a Deity Part II. Of Faith with Respect to Divine Providence By John Cockburn D. D. Octavo A Discourse concerning the Inventions of Men in the Worship of God By the Right Reverend Father in God William Lord Bishop of London-Derry The Fourth Edition Octavo His Admonition to the Dissenters of his Diocese against Mr. J. Boyse Octavo A Vindication of the Liturgy of the Church of England Explaining the Terms Order and Usefulness of it By John Clutterbuck Gent. Octavo Nomenclator Classicus sive Dictionariolum Trilingue A Classical Nomenclator with the Gender and Declension of each Word and the Quantities of the Syllables By John Ray M. A. and Fellow of the Royal-Society The Third Edition Octavo The Life of the Right Reverend Father in God Seth Lord Bishop of Salisbury and Chancellor of the most Noble Order of the Garter With a Brief Account of Bishop Wilkins Mr. Lawrence Rooke Dr. Isaac Barrow Dr. Turbervile and others Written by Dr. Walter Pope Fellow of the Royal-Society