to fight with such instruments as were not given him by Nature for that purpose He glorieth to be Lion-like Nailes commonly serve men and beasts to cover the extremity of Veines Sinews and Arteries that the naturall animall and vitall spirits might not evaporate that way they also serve many beasts in particular for offensive and defensive armes If Nature doth not purge the humours by convenient waies it is either too weake or too much oppressed if a man vents his wrath with unbeseeming weapons either his rage swelling too high makes him mad or his weaknesse casts him down The shape of the mouth the scituation of it the weakenesse of Teeth are all evident signs that Nature did not place them there for his defence And who will imagine the nailes to be mans armes seeing that when he will fight he hides them and whereas other Creatures strike with an open paw he only fights with a closed fist But since they weare them for a beauty it may be they have some such like conceit as Aristophanes puts upon the Philosophers who kept their nailes unpared not for miserablenesse Monstrosities of Armes that they would not part with the paring of their nailes lest with the parings of their nailes they should lose and communicate some portion of Wisdome diffused throughout their Limbs So these conceited women seeme too loath to part with this dangerous piece of affected beauty lest perchance they should lose so firme and precious a particle of their delicate substance or want too opportune a weapon fitted by Art to wreake their impotent revenge upon any provocation of their Cat-like valour Many Monstrosities and depraved conformations have appeared in the Armes and Hands and many have been borne without Armes Neare Esselinga Nechari there was a Monster borne Lycost lib. prodig Anno 1528 to wit an Infant with one Head foure Eares foure Arms and as many Feet Idem lib. eodem Anno Domini 1389 there was an Infant borne having foure Armes and as many Legs who lived untill he was baptized Pataeus oper suor l. 24. c. 2. Jovianus Pontanus reports that Anno Domini 1529. the seventh day of January there was seen in Germany a Male Infant with foure Armes and as many Legs Idem eodem lib. cap. 4. On the same day that the Venetians and Genuensians entred into a League there was borne in Italy a Monster with foure Armes and foure Feet endowed but with one Head which being baptized lived sometimes after Jacobus Rueffius the Helvetian Chirurgion declares that he saw the like but who had over and above the Genitals both of the Male and Female Jul. obsequens Tit. Graccus and M. Juventius Consuls there were boys born with foure Hands and foure Feet P. Crassus and Q. Scaevola being Consuls Monstrous Nations with many armes there was a Boy borne with three hands Idem and as many feet M. Marcellus P. Sulpitius Consuls Idem there was a Boy borne with foure hands and as many Feet At Venafrum there was a Boy borne with three hands and as many Feet Jac. Rueff l. 5. de Concept ex Rom. Hist Some other Histories of fourefold Armes we passe by But these are hardly to be accounted Monsters who have such a Multiplication of Armes because there are many Nations who appeare with such a Brachiall Redundancy for Lycost in sua Historia the Portugals sailing in the mid way to Calecut where the Dog-star cannot be seene they found in a certaine Island men provided with two Armes and as many Hands on the right side with Asses Eares and a Mans Face who run like Harts And we find it recorded in the Acts of Alexander the Great Idem King of Macedon that in India there were men endowed with six Armes and as many Hands who all their life time incur no sicknesse which was believed to be another species of men C. Valerius M. Herennius Consuls Jul. obsequens a maid brought forth a Boy with one hand Salmuthus speakes of a Boy who altogether wanted his Left hand Salm. obser Cent. 1. obs 15. in place whereof he obtained the fore-foot of a Cat a miserable Spectacle P. Africanus and Laelius Consuls Idem at Amiternum there was a Boy borne with one hand and three feet In Tartaria there is found a Nation that have but one Arme and one Leg and Foot of whom you may heare more in the three and twentieth Scene Many also have appeared without Armes Men without Armes And even now while this Impression of mans Transformation was working off there was publiquely to be seene a young man borne at Hagbourne within foure miles of Abbington whose name is Iohn Simons born without Armes Hands Thighs or Knees who had no joint in his Knees but one continued bone from his Hip unto his Foot not in height above three quarters of an Ell from head to foot and yet from the wast upward as proportionable a body as any ordinary man wanting his Armes and from the waste downward not a full quarter of a yard in the Twist He is about twenty yeares of Age he writeth with his mouth he threads a Needle with his mouth he tyeth a knot upon thread or haire though it be never so small with his mouth he feedeth himselfe with spoon-meat he Shuffels Cuts and Dealeth a pack of Cards with his mouth An observing Divine a Traveller and friend of mine told me upon occasion of Discourse of this armelesse man that he saw in Cheapside London but few daies before a child that was borne without Armes and had two little hands which it could move standing out of its shoulders a poore woman had the child in her armes begging with it Idem Lycost l. prod ostent p. 141 ex Rom. Histor Com. ad lib. 3. Tech. Galeni Text. 177. T. Gracchus M. Iuventius Consuls at Privenum there was a Girle born without a hand In Picenum there was an Infant borne without hands and feet Haly Rodoham saith he had seen a man who was then alive who had neither hands nor feet Anno 1591 Feet used for Hands Incert Author February 8th there was a Female born at Strausburge who wanted all her fingers both of her hands and feet and lived to the ninth of Iuly following It is not omitted by Dion Dion how that among other presents sent from the Indians to Augustus there was a little youth without Armes who yet with his feet performed the exploits of hands for he could bend a Bow shoot an Arrow and moreover sound a Trumpet We have seen saith Alexander Benedictus Alex. Benedict a woman borne without Armes Sim. Majolus using her Feet for hands in spinning and sewing Simon Majolus reports to have seen such Creatures often in Italy The Learned may find a world of such Histories in Skenckius and Aldrovandus And the recompence of this errour as they call it of
and cartilaginious are easily wrested and drawn out of their naturall scituation which afterwards by degrees harden into an excrescence which he had observed in many Hereupon becomming crook-backt and lame the naturall proportion of the body is depraved and the body made incommensurate for whereas a measure taken from the Crown of mans head to the sole of his foot should answer to the distance between the middle finger of his right hand to the middle finger of his left hand when the Armes are stretched out to the full length this proportion cannot be observed in crook-backt men and hence they are justly accounted unproportioned The providence that is to be used in the swathing of Infants is a thing of high concernment and therefore there cannot be too much said thereof Take therefore what Mercatus hath of this matter Cautions in ordering Infants This saith he ought alwaies to be the care of Nurses Mercat de Infant Educat l. 1. that when they swathe their Children they endeavour to touch and handle every part of their body gently and carefully to divide that lightly which is to be divided and to extend that which is to be extended and depresse that which is to be depressed and to fashion every part according to the innate and more comly proportion of each part yet they must do it with a tender compression and with the very ends of their fingers too But swath-bands being provided for that purpose for the right ordering of the structure of the body if there be need they must gently and softly revoake and rectifie the members but if they be formed according to Nature they ought in no wise inconsiderately to touch them because oftentimes they fall into worse condition through the carelesnesse of those that handle them and for that cause they must not only be very carefull to swathe their Children but also in laying of them down when they are swathed lest some part should chance to remain awry or ill figured They must also gently squeese the bladder that they may the more easily make water Moreover the hands and armes are to be extended to the knees They must lightly bring the feet on both sides backward to the back and before to the head that they may learne to bend every part which ought to be bent yet they ought not to remaine setled upon the belly lest they prejudice the Entralls neither againe ought they to hold them with their face downwards untill they are swathed all over For it is better first to compose the swathbands that being laid they may receive the Infant upon his back yet they must observe this caution lest in swathing them a leg or an arme the backe or the neck be by any meanes distorted Our Custome of swathing children condemned they ought to cleane the Nose and to wipe the eyes with a gentle linnen cloath and thus after they have suckt sufficiently to lull them asleep by very gentle motions of the Cradle for by violent rockings the Epilepsie ariseth And it is better from the third month that they should be carried and in the Nurses armes lull'd asleep also you must take heed that you bind them not too strictly for that oftentimes is the cause of gibbosity and crookednesse neither therefore ought they to be too loose because their members are wont to lose the naturall figure and acquire that which in the relaxed space can be acquired Moreover we ought not to permit them forthwith nor in the Summer time to have their armes at liberty before the space of three months and in the Winter not before foure yet the right hand must for some few daies be first taken out that thereby they may become right-handed indeed their hands are weakned and their fingers for the most part are depraved with crookednesse Also after nine months you may suffer them to put on shooes about which time they will be able to trample on the ground and to hold themselves upright and that they may do twice or thrice in a day and afterwards compell them by little and little and by degrees to go by steps so that by that labour you do not very much enforce them but gently untill they attaining more strength desire it of themselves and may without harme endure it We in England are noted to have a most perverse custome of swathing Children and streightning their Breasts Which narrownesse of Breast occasioned by hard and strict swadling them is the cause of many inconveniences and dangerous consequences For all the bones of new-borne Infants The naturall proportion of the Breasts especially the Ribs of the Breast are very tender and flexible that you may draw them to what figure you please which when they are too strictly swathed with Bands reduce the Breast to so narrow a scantling as is apt to endanger not only the health but the life of Children For hence it is that the greatest part of us are so subject to a Consumption and distillations which shorten our daies and bring us to an untimely Grave For they who have more streight and narrow Breasts are necessarily made opportune to spitting of bloud distillations and the inflamations of the parts of the Breast since the Lungs in such grow very hot for when the rest of the body retaines its proportion and due magnitude and the Breast is made narrower more bloud is collected about the Breast than it can digest or expell from it selfe whence neasting in those cavities especially of the Arterious veines or veine-Arterie degenerates into the causes of many diseases Moreover the Breast it selfe corrected is very much weakned whereupon the bloud flowing thither hotter or sticking there becoming sharpe doth easily erode the vessels neither is Nature now able to defend her selfe any longer The Breast hath an Ovall figure in its naturall magnitude it doth make eight Geometricall inches to wit that which begins at the throat-bone and is terminated in the sword-like cartilage the Back from the first Vertebra of the Breast to the end of the twelfth or reaching to the beginning of the first of the Loines obtaines a Geometricall foot and one inch So that the Breast is shorter than the Back by five Inches the sides run out from the Clavicula to the end of the Breast where the Bastard-Ribs end and have nine inches and a halfe the Perepheria of the Breast is two Geometricall foot and two Inches Swathing a cause of the Rickets If you render your breadth it is narrowed an Inch If you take it in it is dilated two Inches this is the naturall proportion Now when either by Nature or this foolish violence of Art the Breast by compressing is made narrower and unproportioned the Scapulae usually appeare prominent and they become such as Hipocrates calls Alatos and by that figure obnoxious to a Phtysique the back-bone not only being hurt and they made gibbous but the Lungs thereupon cannot preserve their figure the best prescription
People of the Indies affect the same mad Gallantry of a broad Head and platter Face to bring their Children to which Affected deformity they lay one board on the Forehead and another on the Neck so keeping them in press from Day to Day untill they be foure or five Yeares old The Geometricall pates of our Square-headed and Platter-faced Gallants is a new Contrivance For these Fashions of the Head were not knowne and discovered in the time of Galen nor the violation of this Artifice practised Galen reckoning up the foure unnaturall Figures of the Head the first where the Anterior eminency is lost the Posterior remaining in good case the second when the hinder Eminency or out-shoot is wanting the Frontall Jettie safe the third when both of them are missing the Fourth when the Temples are Eminent the Occiput and Sinciput depressed saies for this last Figure it may be imagined but not possibly be found against which Vesalius opposeth himselfe Vesalius cap. 5. lib. 1. alledging both Authority and Experience the Authority is of Hippocrates who as he saies writes that the Head sometimes doth more remarkably protuberat at the Eares then either forward or backward His Experience is taken from Three Whereof the First he saies he saw at Venice another at Bononia a Third at Genua Against him againe Fallopius opposeth himselfe and as for Hippocrates he saith that for this cause he had read Hippocrates through twice and could never finde any such thing and for the Experience he had seen the Venetian Boy who had not this Fourth Figure To Hofman it seems that this ought not to be accounted among the unnaturall or unvaletudinarie Figures For Pet. Aponensis Different 79. Conciliator not insisting upon these Occidentall Indian square-Heads above presented he findes Conciliator to write that he had seen two nay measured their Heads and to have found a greater distance from one Temple to the other then from the Occiput to the Sinciput Hugo Senensis also had seen this Figure as Th. Veiga testifies Th. Veiga Comment in cap. 11. Art Medicinal Gal. and Petrus Martyr saies he saw such a Boy at Milane At last Hofman agrees with Galen that such are Monstrous rare and invitall And verily these square-Headed Gallants must needs suffer some dammage in their intellectuals by this affectation for Physiognomers affirme that a Head that hath Angles argues an impediment of Judgment and ratiocination For even as an Eccho is lesse oppositely formed in Angular Buildings then in an Arch or winding Rounds So the Vigour of Judgment is more flourishing in a Skull Naturally round then in Heads knotty and Angular And therefore Man Naturally hath a great Advantage over other Creatures in the roundnesse of his Head for although in the Fabrick all Creatures seem to answer one generall Rule although they are of divers species and use yet by the wonderfull Device or Invention of God as Lactantius speaks there is one Similitude of frame in all for one disposition and one Habit produceth an innumerable varietie of Living Creatures For in all Creatures that Breath for the most part there is the same Series and order of Members nor do the members onely observe and keep their Tenor and Scituation but also the parts of the Members for in one and the same Head the Eares the Eies the nostrils the Mouth also and in the Mouth the Teeth and Tongue possesse a certain place which being the same in all living Creatures yet there is Infinite and Manifold diversity of Figures for that they are either more produced or contracted or comprised in lineaments variously differing As for Example the Head in other Creatures is formed after a Triangular manner and whereas it ought to be round in Man these Nations distending the orbicularity of their Heads change it into an Angular Body thereby to the great affront of Nature and abasement of the Humane Forme maintaining a greater Analogie between them and bruits then ever she intended If any accidentall depravation of the Head resembling this affected Irregularity threaten prejudice to the operation of the intellect the mischiefe may be prevented in Infants by the Physicall Corrector or Cosmetique Chirurgion whose Office it is to preserve what is according to Nature and in case of misprision to reduce unto the Naturall state the endeavour of which Art hath succceeded happily to many Dr. Garenciers told me he knew a Child that through the difficulty of Birth and the usuall accidents of hard Labour Dogs-Heads his Head was so compressed and driven into a kinde of Angularity that they much suspected some detriment would thereby accrew unto his understanding yet by the Midwives and Nurses care who indeed have the onely opportunity to officiate in this businesse I would they had as much judgment and ability for the place the Childes Head recovered the Naturall shape and it proved to have a very good Wit and understanding And although the Author of the Treasurie of Times indeed holds this for a Fable because all those Countries have been discovered and doe declare no deformity on the Peoples Bodies yet the relation is confirmed by some of the order of Predicants sent as Legats from the Apostolique State unto the Tartars De rebus Tartar c. 9. who assure us that there are a certaine Nation in Tartary who have a Dogs-Face Vinc. Hist lib. 31. cap. 11 Johannes de plano minorita the same Authors adding withall that although the Men have such a resemblance of a Dogs-Head as beforesaid yet the Women have a Humane Visage as other Women in the World have Therefore there is such a Nation the Authors being many and considerable who affirme it and Kornmannus assents thereto conceiving the relation to be true insomuch as it were a shame for any Man to be refractorie in point of beliefe and not to afford Credit to so Evident a truth For although this Nation of Men hath been accounted by many among the Types and Fabulous Narrations of the Ancients yet in these latter Times we have received credible Intelligence of such kind of Nations newly found Johannes de Plancarpio and Vincentius Burgundius make relations of Nations lately discovered having such Dog-like-Heads Odericus Poster affirmes that in Nicoverra a City of India there are men that have Dogs-Heads Mandevils Travels cap. 61. in the Isle called Macumeran which is a great Isle and a faire the Men and Women who are reasonable have Heads like Hounds Marcus Paulus the Venetian assures us that there is an Island named Daganian Kornmannus cals it Anganian the Inhabitants whereof have Heads like unto Dogs and live by feeding on Humane Flesh and Pausanias delivers unto us a relation of one Euphemus by descent a Carian who saw such People in the Islands of the Oceans when he was driven thither by a Tempest as he was sailing into Italy That testification also that Aristotle gives of Pigmies is much reverenced by Johannes Camers
their Originall It is demanded saith he whether Noahs sonnes or rather Adams of whom all Mankind came begot any of those Monstrous Men and he concludes that whatsoever he begot that is Man that is a Mortall reasonable Creature be his forme Voyce or whatever never so different from any ordinarie mans no Faithfull Person ought to doubt that he is of Adams Progeny yet is the Power of Nature shewn and strangely shewn in such God made all and when or how he would forme this or that he knowes best having the perfect skill how to Beautifie the Universe by opposition and diversity of parts but he that cannot contemplate the Beauty of the whole stumbles at the deformity of the part and not knowing the Congruence that it hath with the whole Yet God forbid that any one should be so besotted as to think the Maker erred in these Mens Fabrick though we know not why he made them thus be the diversity never so great he knowes what he doth and none must reprehend him therefore what Nations so e're have shapes differing from that which is in most Men and seem to be exorbitant from the Common forme if they be definable to be reasonable Creatures and Mortall they must bee acknowleged for Adams Issue But St. Austin here speaks more like a Divine then a Philosopher for although the supreame efficient and supernaturall cause of Monsters is God and that when Nature seems to deflect from the common Law established shee is rapt by a Divine force and there is aliquid Divini in the peculiar cause of these transfigurations of the Humane forme and that the finall cause of these prodigious apparitions may be the anger of God who is no way bound to the Law of Nature and who in revenge for some crime committed may transforme a Man as he did Nebuchadnezzar or give over a self-deformed Nation to the vanitie of their own inventions yet it sounds very harsh to the principles of our Philosophie that the God of Nature should be so glorified by such strange apparances that evill and imperfect Creatures should concurre to the perfection of the universe since they have no reference to the Beauty of the World because the Beauty of the universe consists in things perfect and permanent and Monsters quatenus Monsters being nothing but defects and privations can contribute no perfection and so consequently appertaine not to the Beauty of the universe if they did conferr any ornament they should for the most part be produced because the great decorum of the World is sustained by frequent effects but Monsters happen rarely and therefore they ought to be segregated from the Ornaments of the World and if they had come to light to adorne the World they had from the beginning of the World appeared which we read of no where How this Monstrous alienation from the Humane Form was first introduced and continued is not so easie to conjecture St Augustine de civit Dei St Augustine thinks that the same reason may be given for these deformed Nations as there is for those Monstrous productions of Men which sometimes happen among us of which kind of prodigious productions there are many records wherein Nature seems to have upbraided Mans invention and to retaliate his affectations Anno Dom. 1525 at Wittenberg an Infant was borne without a Head Anno 1554 In Misnia an Infant was born without a Head Fincelius de mirac nostri temporis the Effigies of Eyes expressed in his Breast Anno Domini 1562 in the Calends of November at Villafranc in Vasconia a Monster was borne a Female Acephalon the Pourtraiture of which headlesse Monster Fontanus who religiously affirmed that he had seen it having communicated to Johannes Altinus the Physitian Schenchius de monst capit he presented it to Paraeus when he was writing his Commentarie of Monsters Paraeus lib. 24. cap. 6. And reason may perswade us that it is not impossible for it may happen by the constitution of the Climate that the Neck may not be allowed to be eminently advanced above the Shoulders and yet the instruments of Nature may performe their Office in a nearer approach of the Neck unto the Body Kornmannus lib. 1. de vivorum miraculis which is the opinion of Kornmannus But for my own part I much suspect some villanous Artifice and affectation to have been concurrent causes of this non-appearance of the Head and some fantasticall dislike of the Naturall distance between the Head and the Body by the interposition of the Neck which hath been the humour of some other Nations who have in a manner no Neck as appears in this Scene and in the fifteen and sixteenth of this our practicall Metamorphosis where you shall find this very Nation described as if they affected to have their Shoulders higher then their Heads And Sr Walter Rawleigh saith their Heads appeare not above their Shoulders And I conceive that they are not so much headlesse as that their Heads by some Violent and constant Artifice are pressed down between their Shoulders and affecting to have their Shoulders higher then their Heads the Scapula's by the constant endeavour of their Levators grown to a habit hath drowned the Head in the Breast the Head being crowded too close to the Shoulders and as it were growing to them the Neck is quite lost and the Eies seem planted as upon the Shoulders and the Mouth in the Breast a shadow of which resemblance we may sometimes see in very croked short neck'd Men. And consequently all the uses of the Neck in point of circumspection are quite lost by this Artifice and the Donation of Nature therein is made void for they cannot with ease turne their Head about to and fro every way to looke about them the Spondyles or turning round Bones tied and fastened one unto another by joynts and knots cannot possible in this posture accomplish their Motions But this charge and evidence I give in only against them by way of presumption you Gentlemen Readers of the Jury may give up your Verdict according to your judgments and either find Billa Vera or returne Ignoramus Sr. John Mandevils Travels cap. 83. Beyond the Land of Cathay there is a Wildernesse wherein are many wild Men with Hornes on their Heads very hideous and speake not but rout as Swine That men should be so cornuted or have horns grow on their Heads is a thing neither impossible nor incredible for many have been Borne cornuted Amat Lusit cent cur 51. Amatus Lusitanus speaks of a Boy Borne with a little horne on his Head Lycost Chron de prod stent Ann. 1233 In Rathstade a Town in the Norican Alpes which the Inhabitants call Taurus there was an Infant Borne cornuted Jacobus Fincelius de miraculis Anno 1551 in a Village of Marchias call'd Dammenuvald neer Whitstock a Country Mans Wife brought forth a Monster with such a horned Head Among the Subalpians in Quierus
a little Town ten Miles distant from Taurin Teurin Anno Dom. 1578 Amb. Paraeus lib. 24. cap. 2. the seventeenth of January about 8 of the clock at Night an honest Matron brought forth a Child having five hornes one against another on his Head like unto Rams hornes Lanfraneus saw a man who came unto him for his advice Lanfraneus tract 3. Doct. 2. cap. 3. Chirur Major who had seven Eminencies in his Head one greater then another and in divers places whereof one was so great and acute like the horne of a young Goat or an Inch long Ingrassias saith Ingrassias that together with that prudent Chirurgian Iacobus à Sorius he saw at Panhorn a certaine Noble Virgin who had many crooked hornes sharpe at the end representing the Effigies of the hornes of a young Steere which rendred her so deformed that she rather look'd like a Devill then a Woman One Margaret about sixty years the Widow of David Owen a Welsh Man had growing in her Forehead a horn much like unto the horns of a Lamb as I finde in a private marginall note to Schenckius observations written by some Physician or Chirurgion that owned the Book It is reported of a certaine Sect of the Bannian Priests Aloisius Epist Meaco Iaponis ad Indias Sinas missa that they have as it were a little horne standing out upon their Heads I remember I have read in Camerarius or some other a Story of a certaine King who being jealous of his Queen and supposing himselfe to be a Cuckold dreamt one night that he was cornuted indeed and that he had reall hornes budding out of his Forehead and he found his dream true when he waked which the Author there descanting upon conceives to be possible by Vertue of Imagination transferring matter thither fit for such a production Horned Nations That hornes may be engrafted upon the Head appeares possible by the report too we have read of some Nations who are wont to cut off the spurs from the heeles of Cocks new gelt and to ensert them so cut off into their own Foreheads which afterwards encrease there and grow in a wonderfull manner Now whether this cornuted Nation was the offspring of any horned Monsters sufferd to propogate themselves and so to become nationall or whether they at first affecting such a badge of Beastiall strength engrafted them and so it became Naturall unto them I leave to my Masters of the Jury to find out upon a Melius inquirendum Among other contrivances of Mans cruell invention I shall annex a strange Histoy out of Fabricius Hildanus In the Yeare 1593 at Paris there was an Infant about 15 or 18 Months old who had the skin of its Head so extended that it exceeded the magnitude of the Head of any Infant Hydrocephalos that was ever seen This Childs Parents did carry it about from Town to Town to shew and thereby exceedingly enriched themselves Among other Monstrous formes and prodigious apparitions of the Head we shall here present Bicipites or Men with two Heads I saw saith Hali a Man that was Borne having two Heads one seperated from the other Coelius Rhodiginus is reported to have seen two Monsters in Italy one a man the other a Woman Paraeus lib. 24. oper suor cap. 2. their Bodies in all parts well and neately composed but that they had two Heads of which the Woman lived five and Twentie Yeares Bicipites Anno 1538 there was one Borne who grew up to the perfect Stature of a Man with his Head and Shoulders only double so that one Head was backwardly opposite unto the other wonderfull like one another their Beards and Eyes very much resembling each the other they had both the same appetite to meat both sensible of one hunger Ruâ—ff lib. 5. cap. 3. de concap generat hom their voyce alike the same desire of one Wife which they had and of enjoying her was to both Heads he was above 30 Yeares of age when my Author chanced to see him The like Monster Lycosthenes saw in Bavaria Anno 1541 Lycost Prodig ostent Chron. shee was a Woman of about Twenty six Yeares old with two Heads whereof one was sufficiently deformed I confesse I have not in all my inquisition discovered a Nation of such Men although there may possibly be such a Nation in the World since there have been such of both Sexes and wee by these relations see they may live to the Age of generation although it be against the common condition of Monsters who for the most part are very short lived for as they are borne against Nature so they live moreover they are very irksome to themselves because they are mocking-stocks to other Mortals therefore they judge their life displeasing to them but the number of those that have been Borne with two Heads are very many Lycost Anno mundi 3791. Ruff. lib. 5. cap. 3 de generat Homi. In Vientum there was a Boy Borne with two Heads At Frusinon a maid brought forth a Son with two Heads Anno Domini 601 there was a Boy Borne that was double Headed Men with two Heads Lycost lib prodig An. 3838. uterque ut Schenchius videtur ex Julio obsequente Lycost lib. prod Anno 1552 in Hassia three dayes after the Feast of the three Kings or Twelfth-Tide there was a Masculine Infant borne with two Heads a double Neck and with a Body very well compact and agreeing with the other members Anno 554 in the Village of Senas there was a Monstrous Boy Borne with two Heads which Valeriola reports from the Testimonie of Men of Credit who were Spectators and Eye witnesses of this Prodigie Valeriola loc com lib. 1. cap. 18 Cicero speaks of a Girle Borne with two Heads Cicero de divinat Aventimus Annal. Bojorum lib. 7. About the Yeare of our Lord 1413. On the 9th of the Calends of Aprill there was a Girle Borne in Sanders-Droff with two Heads Anno 1544 in the Month of January there was a Female Childe Borne with two Heads Cardan de variet lib. 14. cap. 77. in all other things representing one Body Anno 1487 at Patavia there was an Infant Borne Licosth lib. prodig in whom besides this Capitall luxurie there was nothing uncomely to behold Anno 1536 at Lovane there was an Infant Borne with two Heads Gemma lib. 1. c. 6. Cosmocrit And in the memory of Peucerus there was a Child seen in Hassia Peucerus Teratoscop 440. Facie aversa the fift of the Ides of January Anno 440 with two Heads reflected towards the Back whose Faces being obverse beheld one another with a frowning countenance Anno 1553 in a certaine village of Misnia Lycosth prodi called Zichest not far from Pirnauu there was an Infant Borne with two Heads being absolute in all the other Members Bicipites The apparition of these Monstrous Men was ever held prodigious
inferior parts and ascending to the top of the Head granting a free and open way unto them And since the Braine is severed so farr from the Fountaine of heat and confining so neer the Bones and under them fenced with no fat these Haires protect and warme it They therefore that cut them wholly away doe not only bring a deformitie upon Nature but affoord an occasion to defluxions Wee must avert then from Nature these calumnies of the opinions and practices of Men That no Haire is necessary or comely in Man That Haires are a purgament of the Body altogether unprofitable growing only that they may be shaved being made by Nature to doe nothing and recommend those Cosmetiques as laudable which preserve Haire for the use and intention of Nature condemning all those wayes of decalvation practised by the Ancients to the prejudice of Nature nothing but the rigid law of inexorable necessity in case of diseases being able to excuse Man for introducing upon himselfe a voluntary baldnesse shaving generally speaking being servile ridiculous and proper to Fooles and Knaves an infamous blot of effeminacy an index of ignominy calamitie and dammage uncomely because allied unto depiled baldnesse being in sooth a voluntary spontaneous and wilfull baldnesse shaving off the Head unto the quick being from all antiquity appropriated unto Fooles being proper in them to signifie the utter deprivation of Wit and understanding and at first began in mockery and to move laughter not to mention how repugnant it is to divine writ it is apparently a shame and a disgrace put upon Nature and the reproach as an indeleble Character of infamy cleaves unto the memory of him who beares the Name of Corses for being the first who suffered the Haire of his Head to be shaved His wit therefore was affected with a shamefull and impious Itch who scratcht his Head for such a Paradox as praised baldnesse Sinesius by Name who therein shewed more Wit then Honesty for because Dion had justly commended a bush of Haire he forsooth on the contrary would take upon him to commend baldnesse That the Haire is a Naturall Ornament all Allegoricall Authors have significantly maintained The Naturall Dign of Hair and that the depravation and voluntary absence thereof is a blemish and introduceth an aspect of humiliation most Nations have by their practice asserted and therein given their suffrage to the Naturall comelinesse thereof Amongst the Indians the King causeth the Haire of the greatest Malefactors to be cut thinking that to be the greatest reproach and punishment Herodot Purchas Pilgr 2. lib. 10. The Persians and the Canaryns Women cut their Haire at the Funerall of their Friends The People of Brasil and Southerne parts of America Idem pilgr. 2. lib. 7. although when they are angry they let their Haire grow long when they mourne they cut it Idem Pilgr 2. lib. 7. In Pegu Men and Women that be neer akin shave their Heads in signe of mourning Jeremiah 48. cap. 37. And baldnesse and a shaved Head were practicall tokens of mourning among the Jews Munster Cosmograph lib. 6. cap. 38. The Aegyptians onely who have many strange customs contrary to Nature whereas most mortals in Funerals shave their Heads and let their Beards grow long they on the contrary let their Haire grow long and shave their Beards Herberts Travels They of the Cape of Good Hope some shave one side of their Heads and leave the other curled and long Grimstone of their manners The inhabitants of S. Croix of the Mount their Heads are shaven bare on either side having a tuft of Haire in the midst some shave but one halfe either on the right side or on the left and most of them round about suffering the Haire to grow in the midst they say they received this custome from one Paicume Capt. Smiths Hist of Virginia The Sasquesahanoughs a Giant-like People of Virginia weare their Haire on the one side long the other short and close with a ridge over their Crownes like a Cocks combe The Dacians shave the crowne of their Head suffering the Haire to grow in the middle clipping it here and there in orbe Although these Men deprive themselves in a manner of halfe the benefit intended them by Nature yet some of them did it not out of any malice to Nature for whereas they had before-time much Haire upon their Fore-heads and the Enemy taking occasion thereby to lay hold on them the more easily they shaved themselves before and kept their Haire long behind But the ancient Gaules had no such colourable excuse but they remained as they use to paint opportunity Fronte capillata post est occasio calva And if the Maxies and the inhabitants of the Cape of Good Hope offer no affront to Nature in shaving one halfe of their Heads and letting the other grow Mâ—ns Haire fillited David was very impertinently angry with Hanun for serving his Ambassadors after that manner and they needed not to have staid at Jericho untill their Haire was grown And Demosthenes might have walked abroad without reproach when he had thus shaved his Head that for shame of being seen in so deforming a Garb of Haire he might keep the closer unto his study Neither are your Catch-Poles thus shaved at the Inns of Court any way ill intreated Pet. Mart decad 3. They of the Region Quicuri in the West Indies the Women use to cut their Haire but the Men let it grow behinde which they binde up with fillets and winde it in sundry rols as our Maides are accustomed to doe Cap Smiths Hist of Virginia The Women the Naturall Inhabitants of Virginia are cut in many Fashions agreeable to their Yeares but ever some part remaineth long Capt. Smiths descrip of New England In New England among the Native Inhabitants when a Maid is Married shee cutteth her Haire and keeps her Head covered untill it be growne again Pet. Mart. decad 7. Hieron Giravae Cosmograph The Chicoranes nourish their black Haire down to their Girdles and the Women in longer trace round about them both Sexes tie up their Hair Magin Indor In China the Men as well as the Women doâ— weare long Haire rolling it up upon the top oâ— their Heads which they fasten with a silver pin Magin America In Peru the Men weare long Haire which theâ— binde up with fillets Lindschoten The Bramenes never cut their Haire but weare it long and turned up as the Women doe Purchas Pilgr 2. lib. 9. The Quieteves Haire-Fashion is in hornes mocking them that want them as Women Long-haired Men. for as the Males have hornes which the Female Beasts want so these salvage Beasts also The Quieteves have a Fashion none may imitate four hornes one of a span long on the mould of the Head like a Unicorne and three of halfe a span one on the Neck at each Eare another all upright to the top
sinfull nor would have us go about to marre his worke or to do his last work which he hath reserved to himselfe in Heaven here upon earth that is to glorifie our Bodies with such Additions here as though we would need no Glorification there But concerning this kind of transgression against the honesty and truth of Nature or rather the sinfulnesse of it Cajetan is of an opinion that as a woman may conserve her naturall beauty without sin so she may also preserve it by Art by adhibiting the vertues of Fucusses Pigments and other paintings so it do not intend an evill end it is a fiction and vanity somewhat excusable Whereas it is concluded a mortall sin for any to sell such disguising trash to those they know will abuse it for an evill end And in this regard some Divines will not allow so much as palliation of any deformity in the Face which hath proceeded from licentiousnesse and intemperance or that they should be disguised by unnaturall helps to the drawing in of others and the continuation of their former sins The sin it selfe was the Divels act in thee but in the Deformity that follows upon the sin God hath a hand and they that suppresse and smother these by paintings and unnaturall helps to unlawfull ends do not deliver themselves of the plague but they do hide the markes and infect others and wrastle against Gods notifications of their former sins The invention of which Act of Palliation of an ascititious deformity against Gods indigitation of sin is imagined one reason of the invention of black Patches wherein the French shewed their witty pride which could so cunningly turne Botches into Beauty and make uglinesse handsome yet in point of Phantasticalnesse we may excuse that Nation Musitians Face Deformers as having taken up the fashion rather for necessity than novelty in as much as those French Pimples have need of a French Plaister But vocall Musique performed by Instruments which Nature hath invented for delight ought not to be set at naught for the same or peradventure no reason at all as it is by the Stoick morall Philosophers For the Wind-Musique doth not deforme the Visage it reformes yea conformes it and the vocall which is correspondent to the hearing altereth the proportion of the Face to conforme it to the Eye the one requires setlednesse to be well looked upon and the other receives its perfections from motion one unfolds the Beauty of the Visage the other both laies open and accompanies the sweetnesse of the voice where there is a sound Motion hath necessarily proceeded and the motion is with measure if the sound be harmonious Sometimes also it is voluntary accompanied with the Head Eyes and Mouth and with delight though without necessity if it be with proportion That motion which offends produces no harmonious sound or doth not accompany it proportionably SCENE XVI Long-necked Nations Nationall Monstrosities appearing in the Necke PEtrus Damianus Damianus libello de mirac Arch-Bishop of Ravenna and Cardinall relates that Robert King of France married a Kinswoman of his by whom he had a Son with a Gooses neck and head whereupon by a common consent of the French Bishops they were excomunicated the King compelled by these streights takes better Counsell and renouncing his incestuous Bed entred into lawfull marriage with another Beyond the streights of Magellan Pigafetta reports to have seen men with Necks of a Cubit long the other parts of their body being proportionable thereunto In Eripia as some write or according to Lycosthenes in the extreame part of Siricana or as it pleaseth others in some of the Valleys of Tartaria there harbours a Nation of so long a Neck that it wholly resembles the neck of a Crane afterwards in the top of the Neck there is a ferine Face Long gangrell necks Inconvenient with the Eyes and Nostrils of a man as also with a bill adorned with Gils like a Cock Aldrovandus indeed saies it will more availe one to read than believe this Relation yet he denies not but there are halfe-men with a long Neck and a ferine Face do live in those Regions their women being not so deformed as the men and they are said to be very seldome seen This Nation is carried with great force against their Enemies and chiefly against the Tartars Aldrovandus hath exhibited the Effigies of these Gangrell-Neck'd men to be considered of by his Readers Aldrov monst Hist lib. 1. which puts me in mind of that ridiculous wish of Philoxones that grumbled at Nature for the shortnesse of his Neck who would have had the Neck of a Crane that thereby he might have taken more pleasure in his meat or as some thinke to obtaine advantage in singing or warbling and dividing the notes in Musick which Cavill of Philoxones against Nature for not having respect unto the Taste or singing in the contrivance of his Neck is absurd and in the very foundation of the fancy to be condemned D. Brown Pseudodoxia Epid. lib. 7. cap. 14. as it is ingeniously observed by the late Enquirer into vulgar errours And if he had obtained this foolish request yet the justnesse of Nature could not have suffered him to have been a gainer by the bargaine for a long gangrell neck which would have made the head look as set upon a pole would by such an elongation caused a very inconvenient distance between the braine and the heart but the Epicure surely had a more reaching conceit Nations that have no Neck knowing that they are more greedy of meat and have better stomacks who have a greater space from the mouth to the paunch They that inhabit those Alpes which divide France from Italy their throats are encreased to that bulke and largenesse that both in men and women those gutturall bottles hang down even to their Navels and they can cast them over their shoulders and this is not commonly seen in the Allobroges Carinthians Syrians and Nations living about the Alpes but it is also familiar to some places of Spaine Fabricius ab Aqua pend Fabricius saith that such Tumours are frequent among the Bergomensians where the men and women all for the most part have such great pendent bags in the fore-part of their Throats Joan. Stumpf. lib. Chr. 10. cap. 20. Among the Rucantians a people of Helvetia now called Rhaeti the Inhabitants especially about the Town Ciceres are troubled with the same gutturall deformity M. Pol. lib. 1. cap. 31. Neither doth this happen only in Europe but also in Asia for the men there have such great wallets of flesh after a wonderfull manner hanging at their throats But in Syria the women have their throats so protended that they cast it behind their back as it were a Sack or Wallet Ortel in Illyrico lest it should hinder their Infants when they suck This swelling or Throat-Dropsie The cause of swelling throats is occasioned by the drinking
The cause of tallnesse of stature quocirca necesse est hoc idem in hominibus evenire Hujus autem conjectura fuerit quod in quibuscunque civitatibus consuetudo est adolescentes mares puellasque Conjugari in iisdem inutilia pufilla hominum corpora existunt In Florida they are not joyned in marriage untill forty yeares old Hier. Giran Cosmogr and they suckle their Children untill twelve yeares or untill they can provide for their own sustentation But if we cast our eyes abroad upon those Nations which still live according to Nature though in fashions more rude and barbarous we shall find by the relation of those that have lived among them that they much exceed us in stature still retaining as it seemes the vigorous constitution of their Predecessors which should argue that if any decay be it is not universall and consequently not naturall but rather adventitious and accidentall For proofe hereof to let passe other stories of Giants of late yeares as that which Amatus Lusitanus speakes of Amat Lusitan Curat 95. borne in Senogallia Parsons Evans the late Kings Porter c. We will content our selves with the Indies Melchior Nunnez in his Letters where he discourseth of the affaires of China reports that in the chiefe City called Paguin the Porters are fifteene foot high and in other letters written the same yeare 1555 he doth averre that the King entertaines and feeds five hundred such men for Archers of his Guard In the West Indies in the Region of Chica neare the mouth of the Streights Ortelius describes a people whom he termes Pentagones from their huge stature Nations of Giants being ordinarily of five Cubits long which make seven foot and an halfe whence their Country is known by the name of the Land of Giants Americus Vesputius who searched into the unknown parts of the world found out an Island at this day called the Island of Giants it may be them which Ortelius describes Sir Francis Drake his voyage about the world Magellane as the great Encompasser of the World observes was not altogether deceived in naming of them Giants for they generally differ from the common sort of men both in stature bignesse and strength of body as also in the hidiousnesse of their voice but yet they are nothing so monstrous or Giant-like as they were reported there being some English men as tall as the highest of any that we could see but peradventure the Spaniards did not think that ever any English man would come thither to reprove them and thereupon might presume the more bolder to lie the name Pentagones five cubits viz. seven foot and a halfe describing the full height if not somewhat more in the highest of them but this is certaine that the Spanish cruelties there used have made them more monstrous in mind and manners than they are in body Master Pretty Hackluit in his English voyage a Gentleman of Suffolke in his discourse of Candish his voyage about the world being himselfe imployed in the same actions tels us that measuring the print of an Indians foot in the sand not far from the Coast of Brasill he found it to be eighteen inches long by which computation the Indian himselfe in proportion could be no less than nine foot Cassanion likewise acknowledgeth that in the Land of Sammatra and neare the Antartick Pole Men of very tall stature some are found of ten or twelve foot high Lastly Anthony Pigafetta a great Traveller in his time as testifieth Goulart affirmes Goularts memorable histories of our Time that he had seen toward the same Pole so tall a Giant as other tall men did not reach with their heads above his Navell and others beyond the streights of Magellane which had their necks a Cubit long and the rest of their body answerable thereunto Hereunto may be added the Collections of Master Purchas in his Pilgrimage The Spaniards saith he which with Magellane first discovered the Streights saw Giants on this Coast of which he carried away one with him to sea where after for want of sufficient food he died And besides that some of our own at another time measured the print of mens feet eighteene inches in the sand Oliver Noort in his world-compassing voyage had three of his men slaine by men of admirable stature with long haire not far from Port-Desire about forty seven degrees of southerly Latitude and after in the Magellane streights discomfited a band of savages which neither would yield nor flee from their wives and children which were in a Cave just by till every man was slaine Foure Boyes the Hollanders carried away one of which learning their Language told them of three Families or Tribes in those parts of ordinary stature and of a fourth which were Giants ten or eleven foot high which warred upon the former Sebalt de Weert being detained five months in the streights by foule weather sent his men to fish for their provision which exceedingly failed who there were suddenly assayled by seven Canoes of Giants Over-talnesse of stature a deformity which they guessed to be so high as is mentioned who being put to flight by their peeces fled to land and pluckt up trees in their rude manner barricadoing and fortifying themselves against further pursuit of the Hollanders who were no lesse glad that they were rid of such company And in another place he saith that whole Families of those monstrous men are found at this day in America both neare to Virginia as Captaine Smith reports and especially about the streights of Magellane neare which he found Giants and in the same streights were such seene of the Hollanders ten foot in height whereas yet other Families were but of the ordinary greatnesse one Thomas Turner told me saith he that neare the River of Plate he saw one twelve foot high Joh. Laureat Anania Tract 4 Cosmogr To which we may adde those Giants called Patagones of nine or ten foot high which inhabit within a certaine Region of America who paint their faces with the juyces of certaine herbs Not to reckon the women of Selenitis Lycost Ravis Textor and Aldrovandus who contrary to the manner of other women lay Eggs which being hatched by them and disclosed there come forth men which encrease to a Giant-like stature These bodies that so exceed and run out in longitude lose the beauty of proportion for that thereby they become Giants a deformity not to be cured unlesse we should do as that Robber in Galen who cut off the feet of men that were too tall Concerning the originall of Giants and the cause of their vast procerity of body much might be collected out of sacred Writers The originall of Giants As Just Mart. in Apol. ad Senat Rom. in alia Apol. ad Antonium pium Tert. lib. de habitu mulier Lactant. li. 2. de orig her cap 15. Euseb lib. 5. de prapar Evang. cap. 4. Philo in
full of Devils How many monsters from the beginning of the world had the Devils brought forth to us What prodigies had they produced by conveying every where their seed into the wombs of women For it is the saying of Philosophers As often as a faculty and will concur to the same thing the effect is necessarily produced and is wont to appeare That Devils cannot generate upon women But there was never wanting a will to Devils of disturbing mankind and the order of this world for the Devill is as they say our Enemy from the beginning and as God is the Author of order and beauty so the Divell adverse to God is of confusion and turpitude Therefore if to this evill mind and disposition if to the most full will of this wickednesse and envy a like power had accrewed who can doubt but the utter confusion of all things and speciesses the greatest deformity had invaded the compt and beautified neatnesse and honesty of Nature with monsters every where arising And you should long since have heard of men miserably transformed into Diabolicall Changelings blessed therefore be the Creator of man who hath secured his beloved Creature from the malice and unappeasable rage of such an Enemy and Deformer As Chrysostome Nazianzen Hierom Theodoret Cyrill and of the modernes Philippus Broideus Cardanus Baptista Porta and Remigius For what a repugnancy would it be as one saith both to Religion and nature if the Devils could get men when we are taught to beleeve that not ever any was begotten without humane seed except the Son of God The Devill then being a spirit having no corporall substance but in appearance and therefore no seed of Generation to say that he can use the act of generation effectually is to affirme that he can make something of nothing and consequently the Devill to be God for Creation solely belongs to God alone Againe if the Devill could assume to him a dead body That Monsters may be made by the Art of Naturall Magique and enliven the faculties of it and make it able to generate as some affirme he can yet this body must beare the image of the Devill and it is against Gods glory to give permission so far unto him as out of the Image of God to raise up his own off-spring In the schoole of Nature we are taught the contrary viz. that like begets like wherefore of a Devill man cannot be borne Yet it is not denied but that Devils transforming themselves into humane shapes may abuse both men and women and with wicked people use the workes of nature Yet that any such conjunction can bring forth a humane Creature is contrary to Nature and Religion But although by a naturall way of generation the Devill cannot propagate the wicked as well as he can spiritually promote and encrease wickednesse and monsters yet monsters may be produced by Art magique and Creatures made double membred or dismembred and the viler the Creature the sooner brought to monstrous deformity which in more noble Creatures is more hardly brought to passe and consequently most difficult to be imposed on man the noblest Creature yet I believe the Devill hath attempted and furthered the production of such reall monstrosities as for the conclusions and wonderfull experiments of naturall Magique which are done only in appearance Vide Jo. Bapt. Neopolitan Mag. Nat. Scot in his discovery of Witchcraft l. 13 c. 18. they are very many To set an Horses or Asses head on a mans neck and shoulders cut off the head of a horse or an Asse before they be dead otherwise the virtue or strength thereof will be lesse effectuall and make an earthen vessell of fit capacity to containe the same Why the Amazons did lame their Male children and let it be filled with the oyle and fat thereof cover it close and daube it over with lome let it boile over a soft fire three daies continually that the flesh boyled may run into oyle so as the bare bones may be seen beat the haire into powder and mingle the same with the oyle and annoint the heads of the standers by and they shall seeme to have horses or asses heads If beasts heads be annointed with the like oyle made of a mans head they shall seeme to have mens faces as divers Authors soberly affirme If a Lamp be annointed therewith every thing shall seeme most monstrous It is also written that if that which is called Sperma in any beast be burned and any bodies face therewithall annointed he shall seeme to have the like face as the beast had But if you beat Arsenick very fine and boile it with a little Sulphur in a covered pot and kindle it with a new candle the standers by will seeme to be headlesse Aqua Composita and salt being fired in the night and all other lights extinguished make the standers by seeme as dead They therefore who upon this Question whether Devils can generate defend the Negative are most to be credited The Amazons were wont to lame their Children and to abuse them to carnall copulation supposing to have made them more fit for that imployment by mutilation It is true that they had an intent withall in that feminine Common-wealth of theirs to avoid the Domination of men to lame them thus in their Infancy both in their armes legs and other limbs An Art pretending to new-make a man that might any way advantage their strength over them and made only that use of them that we in our world make of women Some have taken upon them an Art which pretends to new make a man decayed by age their way is to cut a man in peeces and then put him into a putrifactory vessell which they report the Marquesse of Villena resolved to practise upon himselfe But Campanella dares not trust so great a worke to an Artificiall vessell and to spirits gotten by putrifaction and indeed saith he in men thus slaine the order of things seeme to stand against it not enduring a regress from a privation to a habit and the fable of the re-creation of old Father Jason in Ovid is as vaine Yet although Art failes in performance Nature as saith the Refuter of vulgar Errours works wonders in this kind making old men to become young againe there being many examples of this Renovation Delrio disq mag l. 2. Delrio sheweth out of Torquenda that in the yeare 1511 an old man at Tarentum of an hundred yeares old having lost his strength haire nailes and colour of his skin recovered all againe and became so young and lusty that he lived fifty yeares after Another example he brings of a Castilian who suffered the same change and of an old Abbatesse in Valentia who being decrepid suddenly became young her rugged skin grew smooth her gray haires became black and new teeth in her head Maffaeus hist Ind. lib. 1. Maffaeus speakes of a certaine Indian Prince who lived 340 yeares in which
inconveniences attend this affectation practised upon supposition of conferring beauty on children 8 Short-heads and Flat-heads by what Nations affected ibid. The Art whereby they attaine unto that figure of the Head ibid. The inconveniences that many times ensue this affected fashion of the Head with the reasons and examples thereof 9 Round-heads by what Nations affected of old and at this day 10 The art by which they acquire and nourish this figure of the head in their Children ibid. 11 12 The dammage they sustaine by thus forcing their heads to a sphericall forme or thorough roundnesse 11 12 A round head why commended by Albertus Magnus 12 Broad Heads by what Nations affected ibid. 13 What art they use to cause this affected deformity ibid. ibid. A very long thin ovall Head where affected ibid. By what art they attaine to this deformity ibid. Square Heads where in fashion 14 What Art is used to bring their childrens Heads to this fashion ibid. The violation of this Artifice not practised nor this fashion of the Head known in the time of Gallen ibid. That Gallen reckoning up the foure non-naturall figures of the Head and amongst the rest this though that this could not possibly be found ibid. Vesalius his authorities and experience opposing Gallen in this matter 15 Hofmans opinion concerning this being accounted among the non-naturall or invaletudinary figures of 〈◊〉 Head ibid. The dammage that these Gallants suffer in their intellectualls by this affectation ibid. 16 An example of a child borne with a kind of angular head by the physicall Corrector reduced to the naturall shape 16 17 Cynocephali or Nations affecting the forme or figure of a Dogs-head holding it a singular beauty in them 17 18 245 That they have this resemblance not naturally but artificially and how they bring their new-borne Children to this fashionable deformity 20 246 A kind of Physiognomy to discerne all Nations by the figure of their Heads 6 The regular beauty and honesty of Nature vindicated from these depravations of Art 34 35 The naturall figure of the head stated 36 It s legitimate magnitude 35 The foure equall reciprocall lines required that the parts of the head should agree among themselves ibid. 36 What inequality of these lines in their just and naturall constitution make a Head long short broad accuminate or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 36 That all figures of the Head are not equally naturall as Columbus supposeth 38 That that figure of the Head is naturall which is for the most part which also is commodious to the actions of Nature such being that which constitutes the naturall figure ibid. What naturall benefits they enjoy who have this figure with a decent magnitude ibid. Why this laterally compressed spheare should be the most proper and naturall figure of the head and the finall causes thereof enquired 39 40 41 The Nurses in those nations commended who have been tender in this point of offering violence to nature leaving her free to her own course not using any thing to hinder the naturall growth of the Head 41 A private example of the benefit received by a renunciation of all artificiall contrivance formerly practised on the Head upon imaginary conceits of beauty and generosity 42 A strange History of an artificiall Hydrocephalos 30 31 Horned Nations 28 29 By what art some of them come to have hornes on their Heads 30 Children born with hornes on their Head and men and women cornuted by a disease 28. 29 Ricipites or men with two Heads 31 32 33 The birth of such monsters ever held prodigious 34 The reason of such strange productions ibid. Acephali or headlesse Nations 20 21 22 23 The doubt of their originall resolved and that they are of Adams progeny 24 25 The finall cause of those prodigious apparitions 25 Why such monsters concurre not to the perfection of the universe ibid. A reason given of this monstrous alienation from the humane forme 26 Infants born without Heads ibid. That reason may perswade us that it is not impossible that the instruments of Nature may perform their office although the head be not advanced above the shoulders 26 27 The artifice which is supposed they use to reduce their Heads below their shoulders 27 That the donation of Nature in the use of the Necke is lost by this artifice 27 28 Nations who use art to alter the substance and temper of their Heads 42 Block Heads and Logger Heads where in request ibid. By what severall artifices they purchase this property of a hard head 43 That by the concurrent temper of the Climate and this artifice their sutures doe grow together and are obliterated their skuls growing solid ibid. Soft-heads where a tearme of reproach 42 That it is inconvenient to keep the Head to warm 44 Where the women have the suture Coronalis loose and how they defend it from the injury of the aire The mistake of Celsus affirming these hard-Headed Gallants heads to become hereby more firme and safe from pain moderately expounded by Fallopius 44 45 46 That although they gain a defence against outward injuries more then the ordinary provision of Nature doth afford yet that they thereby become more obnoxions to internall to wit diseases arising from the retention of fuliginous vapours 44 That their thick skuls may render them more indocile and oblivious ib. The justice and wisdome of Nature about Sutures suffering in the opinion of Celsus experimentally vindicated by Columbus 45 46 Haire NAtions esteeming the Hair upon the Head a very great reproach therefore affecting baldnesse 47 48 Where women shave their Heads and not men and are accounted fairest when their heads are shaven 48 49 The Haire maintained an ornament of the Head against those who would have it an abject excrement which Nature never intended for an ornament 49 50 The Haire no excrement and why ibid. The naturall uses of the haire set out 50 51 That they who cut them wholly away doe not onely bring a deformity upon Nature but afford an occasion of defluxions 50 All the waies of decalvation practised by the ancients to the prejudice of Nature condemned 51 Cosmetiques commended as laudable which preserve Haire for the use and intention of Nature ibid. That shaving the Head is a disgrace put upon Nature ibid. That an indeleable character of infamy cleaves to his name who first suffered the Haire of his Head to be shaved ibid. That his wit was misimployed who tooke upon him to commend baldnesse ibid. Nations who shave the foreparts of their Head 53 54 Nations that shave the hinder part of their Head onely ibid. Long dangling Earelocks worne before where a renewed fashion and a pestilent custome 54 Nations who weare their haire long on the right side of their Head and shave the left side ibid. That these men deprive themselves in a manner of halfe the benefit intended them by Nature 55 The vindication of Nature from this affront 57 58 Where the women use to