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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
head_n	arm_n	foot_n	loin_n	3,319	5	15.0994	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
B05906	The parfait mareschal, or Compleat farrier. Which teacheth, I. To know the shapes and goodness, as well as faults and imperfections of horses. II. The signs and causes of their diseases, the means to prevent them, their cure, and the good or bad use of purging and bleeding. III. The way to order and preserve them, when upon travel, to feed, and to dress them. IV. The art of shoeing, according to a new design of shoes, which will recover bad feet, and preserve the good. Together with a treatise, how to raise and bring up a true and beautiful race of horses: as also instructions, whereby to fit all kinds of horses with proper bits, whereof the chief draughts are represented in copper-plates. / Written originally in French by the Sieur de Solleysel Escuyer, sometime one of the overseers of the French Kings Royal Academy of Riding, near to the Hostel de Conde in Paris. And translated from the last Paris impression, by Sir William Hope of Kirkliston Kt. Lieutenat Governour of the Castle of Edinburgh. By whom is also added as a supplement to the first part, a most compendious and excellent collection of horsemanship, taken from the best and most modern writers upon that subject, such as Mr. De la Brow, Pluvinel, and the Great Duke of Newcastle. Part I.; Parfait mareschal. English. 1696	Solleysel, Jacques de, 1617-1680.; Hope, William, Sir.	1696 (1696)	Wing S4458; ESTC R184351	1,036,506	744

to draw blood from any of the Members governed by any of the Celestial Signs when the Moon enters into that Sign whereby the Member is governed that they intend to take blood from because at that time that particular part of the body will abound with humidity which might occasion some extraordinary defluction of humors upon it and to know exactly what Signs which in the Almanacks and other Astronomical Books are commonly marked with the following Characters govern such and such Members you are to remember that Aries ♈ governs the Head Taurus ♉ the Neck and Throat Gemini ♊ the fore Thighs and Legs Cancer ♋ the Counter or Breast Leo ♌ the Heart Virgo ♍ the Belly and Guts Libra ♎ the Back and Reins Scorpio ♍ the Privy-parts Sagittarius ♐ the Thighs Capricornus ♑ the Knees and Hams Aquarius ♒ the Bones of the Legs and Shanks and Pisces ♓ the Feet of both the hind and fore Parts in Rhyme thus Aries Head Taurus Neck Gemini Arms require Cancer Breast Leo Heart Virgo Guts desire Libra Loins Scorpio Secrets Sagitarius Thighs Capricorn Knees Aquarius Legs and Pisces Feet supplies But without having regard to these Observations whose Foundations may be debated People don't scruple when necessity requires to act without consulting the Constellations although without an urgent necessity they should not Now Horses have a great many Veins through their whole body which may be seen in the Anatomy Del Segnior Carlo Ruini printed at Venice and in Mr. Snaps Anatomy of a Horse in English But People most commonly blood them in the Jugular Veins which lye in each side of the neck near to the throat they blood them there for prevention but it should never be done when the Moon is in Taurus ♉ this being observed as much as possible a Horse may be bled in that part for several Diseases as I have already told you to wit for the Farcy Mange Diseases of Repletion or too great abundance of Blood and many others People take blood from the Temples for the infirmities in the Eyes occasioned by accident if the Moon be not in Aries ♈ these Infirmities must proceed from strokes bites or blows and then the Veins in those parts are to be opened with a smal Lance. Horses are bled beneath the Tongue for Head-akes or for being disgusted and over-heated by excessive Labour or for Colicks and the Vives people have a little Lance made purposly for opening the Veins in that part They also bleed Horses in the Gristle of the Nose by strikeing it through with an Awl or Botkin without regarding whether they hit the Vein or not and that for Colicks Vives and for being very much overheated by excessive rideing As also in the middle of the Palate above the fourth Bar when a Horse is disgusted they bleed them in this part more conveniently with a Lance than with a Horn although people commonly term it the strikeing a Horse in the Palate with a Horn it is good for Horses which are dull harassed and overheated This bleeding in the Palate is many times practised with a great deal of success by persons who know not why they do it They give to their Horses every first Tuesday of the Month a stroke in the Palate with a Lance or sharp Horn in French un Coup de Corne and then cause receive the blood amongst a measure of bran which the Horse afterwards eats and these Horses which are thus ordered are observed to thrive extraordinarly I know no reason for this only experience hath discovered to me that the practice of it is pretty good although I am altogether ignorant of its cause If it happen that your Horse lose too much blood by a stroke thus given him in the Palate you are to raise his head very high by tying a cord about his upper fore-teeth as if you were going to give him a drench and then the blooding will stop of its own accord I saw once a Horse who dyed of a stroke thus given him in the Palate with a sharp horn and whereof they could not stop the blooding neither with Vitriol nor with a button of fire or any thing else they could apply so that the Horse lost all his blood and dyed I have since fallen upon a Remedy that would have saved him and w●● is but a triffle Take the half of a Walnut-shell and applying the hollow i● of it to the orifice of the Wound press it a little hard upon it and so hold it for quarter of an hour after which the shell will stick of its own accord and so 〈◊〉 the blood which perhaps no other remedy could have done People also take blood from the Basilsck or fore-thigh vein for strains in the should or when the Mange is in those parts but this is very rarely done and when it is must be observed that the Moon be neither in the Sign of Gemins II nor Cancer 〈◊〉 and when it is taken from these Veins it is commonly with Fleems and not with Lance. They take blood from the Pasterns for strains infirmities in the Hams and K●●● observing that the Moon be not in Aquarius 〈◊〉 it is taken from those parts 〈◊〉 with a Fleem or Lance as a man hath a mind for it Horses are let blood of in the Toes for beating in the Feet infirmities of the Le● such as swellings and oppression of the Nerves c. providing that the Moon be 〈◊〉 in Pisces ♓ it is taken in this part with the Butteris or drawing Iron They are bled in the Flanks for Colicks and other pains in the Belly someti●● also for the Farcy still observing that the Moon be not in Virgo ♍ the Veins of 〈◊〉 Flanks are opened with a small Lance made for that purpose In the flat of the Thighs for blows and strains in the hanches taking notice 〈◊〉 the Moon be not in Sagittarius ♐ it is drawn there with Fleems In the Tail or Dock for the Fever and Pursyness but then it is to be noticed 〈◊〉 the Moon be not in Scorpio ♏ people take it in this part with a long Lance. When a man bleeds a Horse he should alwayes make a good large Orifice in the Vein that so the most thick and terrestrial Blood may be evacuated because when the Orifice is too small it is only the most subtile of the blood that is drawn so that is this case the blooding doth more hurt than good I have made these Observations of the Celestial Signs which are good when the Disease will allow you the time to make choise of your own hour for blood-letting but if the Disease be pressing then there is neither Sign nor Constellation which should delay or hinder it CHAP. LXX Of the Precautions to be observed in Blood-letting WHen a man intends to blood a Horse he should not only let him rest the day before but also the day following He should likewise choose for it as I have

Rings or Mallious whereby it is Curbed or fixed upon the near side the Cheeks of the Bitt handsomly furnished with bosses not too big and either rich or plain according to your fancy not two Rows of little Chains tyed to the Bitt within his Mouth but only one at the most But above all This Rule is chiefly to be observed to put as little Iron in your Horses Mouth as possibly you can If his tongue be very bigg the Liberty must be the wider if little the Liberty the less but you must take heed that the Apuy or resting place of the Bitt be never made too near the Liberty for it would gall him but the resting place must be where it ought which is about a fingers breadth from the Liberty upon each side of it and the Bitt must rest upon the Barrs a fingers breadth above the Tushes Those branches are weakest whose extreamities when the Reins are slackt come nearest to the Horses Neck and those strongest which go most forwards from his Neck and good reason for it because you have the greater Pull you may also measure with a little string or peice of a Rideing Rod from the eye of the Bitt straight down and if the extremitys of the Branches be within that line they are weak and Gentle and the more they are within it they are still so much the Weaker but if they be without it then they are strong or hardy and the more they are without it they are still so much the more strong You must also consider another thing which is that the Cheecks are like to a Lever the longer it is it hath the more force and the shorter it is it hath the less for a Boy with a long Lever will lift up more then the strongest man with a short and so in a Bitt the longer the branches are they have the more force and the shorter they are they have the less for that which is the furthest from the Center hath the most force for Lifting or Pulling and that which is nearest the Center the least force so that very short branches make them as strong or hardy as you will can never have that force which longer Cheecks have Again if a Horse hold too much up his head and out then they make use of shorter branches and stronger to pull his head down and in wherein they are pretty Right and so if a Horse hold his head too low and bringeth it in so round that he arms himself against the Bitt which is to rest the branches upon his breast so that you have no further Pull or Command of him at all and because this vice is contrary to holding up his head and out for which they used short branches and stronger to bring it in they therefore think they should make use of long and weak Branches to pull it up For they reason thus that if a strong Branch pulled him down then a weak Branch will pull up his head Wherein they are mightily deceived for when a Horse arms himself against the Bitt as it is certain that long Branches will sooner come to his Breast then short ones so is it as certain that weak Branches will come sooner to his Breast then those which are strong but it seems this they do not very exactly consider otherwayes they would be very soon sensible of their errour For to a Horse that arms himself against the Bit you must have not only a short branch that will not so soon touch his breast but also a strong branch to keep it yet further from his breast the hooks of the Curb ought likewise to be made a little longer and so justly turned as not to offend or hurt the sides of of his Cheecks and if the Curb doth not ly in its right place two little iron Rings fastned closs to the Top of the Hooks to keep them steady and fixed is the best Remedy all other devices in Bitts or Curbs being insignificant and to little purpose Now the Bitts following are generally the best for all Horses whatsoever Viz. First A plain or simple Canon with Branches a La Conestable Secondly A plain Seatch with branches a La Conestable Thirdly a Canon a La Pignatel which is a Bitt with a gentle falling and moving up and down and the Liberty so low as not to hurt the Roof of the Horses mouth which is the best Bitt certainly for all Horses which have any thing of a big Tongue which I am sure they do not like to have pressed and therefore I recommend that Liberty above all things in Bitts with the branches a La Conestable To discharge a Horses lips I would have Olives with the Liberty a La Pignatel those Olives extending not so far upon every side of the Mouth as to the extremitys of them and having little Rings at the ends of them give Liberty to his Lips and discharges them but indeed I would have of all but two sorts of Bitts which are first the Canon a la Pignatel and secondly the Olives a la Pignatel to discharge his Lipps if need be but the branches alwayes a la Conestable Thus you have the Truth of Bitts brought into a narrow compass There is little vertue in them to bring a Horse to understanding on which a man must work and that is his Reason by the favour of the Logitians distinction of reasonable and unreasonable Creatures for were they as good Horsemen as Scholars they would have made another distinction Well then you see it is not a peice of Iron can make a Horse knowing for if it were the Bitt-makers would be the best Horsemen No it is the Art of appropriated Lessons fitting every Horse according to his Nature Disposition and Strength punishing and with good Lessons rectifying his Vices rewarding him and preserving him in his Horse Vertues which will make him a Just and ready Horse and not the Trusting to an ignorant peice of Iron called a Bitt For I will undertake to make a perfect Horse with a Cavezon without a Bitt better then any man shall with his Bitt without a Cavezon so highly is the Cavezon when rightly used to be esteemed and that is the true Art which maketh a Horse and not the Ignorance and Folly of a strange Figured Bitt The Famous Pignatel at Naples never used but simple Bitts which made the ignorant wonder how he could Dress Horses so perfectly with so few kinds of Bitts but he freely told them It was their Ignorance made them wonder at his Art And so likewayes that great Master in this Art Monsieur de Pluvinel did the some for he had alwayes a plain Cavezon and not too sharp and to make it yet the Gentler did alwayes line it with double Leather at least again working with the Cavezon and making use of such Bitts as I have named to you It rarely falleth out that a Horse either wryes his Head sucks up his Bitt or puts his Tongue over the Bitt

to the end first that they may give no displeasure or trouble to the horse and next because a long and gentle Branch such as this in a manner brings a horse who hath a mouth too tender and delicate to endure a hard and firm hand and also assists and supports him in the action of Stopping without suffering him to precipitate his force for that purpose because this Branch comes easily to his Counter so that both his Mouth and Barrs are thereby eased This Branch may serve to bring in or raise a horse's Head according as the Curb is either lengthned or shortned these two effects 't is true will not be performed with the same ease and advantage wherewith they are by Branches whose shoulders and other shapes are particularly designed for that purpose but because this Branch is that which must gain a horse's consent with ease and pleasure therefore People commonly make use of no other untill this hath first somewhat habituate him to them This Branch is commonly joined to a simple Canon Mouth for as that Mouth is the most gentle of all Bit-mouths therefore is it joined with this Branch which as I have said is also most Gentle but if you horse because of his having a too sensible tender or ticklish mouth will not suffer the pressure of a Canon simple because of the inequality of its Appuy which renders such horses uncertain then you are to join to this Branch a Mouth à Trompe which will bring the horse to a firm Appuy especially being assisted by a good hand and the judicious conduct of a skilful Rider 2 Vne Branche à la Conestable See Plat. 3. Fig. 2. THis Branch à la Conestable Or after the Duke of Mommorancy Constable of France his fashion is round as those will have it who understand not what belongs to good Work for there is no cut work upon round Branches as people make them now a-days so that a good Workman cannot thereupon show his skill it is left to every one to please their own fancy but as to my own particular round Branches seem very ridiculous This Branch is upon the line of the Banquet and so will be proper for a horse which naturally carries his head well and in as becomeing a posture as possibly he can for without much Philosophy a horse that Carries exactly well should have alwise given to him a Branch upon the line of the Banquet because it is to no purpose to subject him by the means of a firm Branch if he immediatly yeeld what is required of him by one that is more gentle This Branch may be adjusted or join'd to any Bit-mouth a man pleases but as its use is to preserve a horse in his naturally beautiful Posture there is appearance that his mouth is good and therefore for the most part you are not to join any other Bit-mouth to it but a simple Canon or Scatch however it is not but when you are obliged for certain Reasons to give your horse a rude Mouth you may join to it this Branch only with a design to weaken or diminish the strength of the Bit-mouth for it is a Maxim that a man may either strengthen or weaken the effects of a Bit-mouth by means of the Branch From whence it follows that a man can give to a horse either a rude or gentle Branch without any intention of either bringing in or raising his head but only of fortifying or weakning the operation of the Bit-mouth What I have here said shall not be repeated lest it should trouble the Reader and therefore he is to apply it to all Branches whatsoever 3 Vne Branche à Gigotte See Plat. 3 Fig. 3. THe Branche à Gigotte Or Branch after the form of a Gigot or Leg and pretty well kneed and also bruised forwards at the Jarret or Ham is upon the line of the Banquet but as it is hardy the matter of sixteen lines or an inch and four lines at the Ham and that it is also bruised or set forwards by a false Ham therefore it will be proper for Horses which naturally carry well and as such horses many times either through the weakness of their Reins or weariness may come to fall from such a beautiful Carriage and even to carry low therefore I fancied this Branch would be proper for such in respect First that it is upon the Line of the Banquet and therefore capable to maintain them in their good Carriage And Secondly The hardiness or strength of it at the Ham together with the help of its false Ham will raise their heads in case they have either of these imperfections I mentioned I also think that a man can commit no great fault in giving a horse who has his head naturally well placed this Branch which we call à Gigotte because he may come of this Branch will oblige him to continue in his becoming posture this Branch may be joined to a gentle Bit-mouth for the very same Reasons I gave in discoursing of the preceeding Branch and People commonly join it to Canon or Scatch-mouths It is not but that there are horses who have naturally their Heads and Necks well enough placed and yet have bad and hard Mouths and who therefore require a firm Bit to stop and conduct them in this case you are not to hesitate but to give immediatly a Bit conform to the inward parts of the Mouth and disposition of the Horse who perhaps may afterwards discover that his mouth is only bad through too great Ardour or an excessive desire to go forwards to such a horse as this a rude Bit would produce no other effect but the ruine of his Mouth 4 Vue Branche à Genouil See Plat 3. Fig. 4. THis Branche à Genouil Or Branch very much kneed at the Jarret or Ham after the Form of a beut knee is after the model of those Branches which raise a Horse's head and is proper for horses which Arm themselves against the operation of the Bit so that I cannot recommend to you a better for that purpose it appears at first view ridiculous being of an extraordinary shape but it is it alone hath discovered to us that there was no other means to raise a horse's head but by the help of a hardy Branch although it be only between the Ham and Sevill-hole that it raiseth the Touret or Sevill-hole being placed upon the outside of the Line of the Banquet it therefore follows that the Branch is hardy and yet notwithstauding of this it also Raiseth This Branch is only hardy a few Lines at the lower end of the Branch but at the Ham it is full three Inches hardy and that to give strength enough to the lower part of the Branch to Raise so that it will be proper for a horse which arms himself after either of the manners I shall immediatly explain horses Arm themselves most commonly for having their necks too slender and easie which they make use of to shun

the subjection of the Bit by bringing in so very much their heads that the lower parts of the Branches rest upon their Counters which renders any effect that the Bit can produce in their mouths altogether useless because there is no action of a Bridle that can force a horse to thrust out his nose directly as they can bring it in for all Branches can do this but none that Till now there hath never been sound any thing of better use for such horses as Arm themselves than the Branch à Genouil I shall explain two ways how horses Arm themselves the First is as I have already told by resting the Branches against their Counters the common remedy is to give to such shorter Branches which are so far from rectifying it that upon the contrary it constrains them more and thereby obliges them to arm themselves more strongly after this manner than they did at first and if there should be long Branches given them then they could not be restrained or kep't in people are therefore necessitate to have recourse to this Branch à Gonouil which although pretty long yet is so turned that it cannot so soon reach their Counters as an ordinary Branch which is but six Inches long measuring from the lower part of the Bit-mouth to the Touret or Sevill-hole because instead of pulling down their Noses as other Branches generally do this raises them and yet it is ten inches long so that one would think that for this reason it would reach sooner their Counters whereas it doth no such thing and that by reason of its great bent at the Ham. The Second way of horses Arming themselves is that when a man would restrain them they turn in so very much their Heads that they immediatly touch their Necks with their Chins and thereby render the effects of the Branches useless there is no other remedy for such but to place a ball of wood covered with Velvet or any other thing to make it appear neat betwixt their Jaw-bones upon the Chaul-band of the Bridle this is an Invention left to us by Mr. de la Brow which is certainly the only Remedy can be made use of with best success for this imperfection The bigness of this Ball should be proportioned according to the hollow between the upper parts of the Jaws because were it too little it would remain altogether useless and without effect being wholly lodged between the two Jaw bones and if it were too big besides that it would appear too much it would also shift from one side to the other and so be frequently dislodged but being so adjusted that the half of the Ball may enter between the two Jaw-bones and the other half remain without and meet with his Throat it will then keep in its place by reason that the hollow betwixt the two Jaw-bones straitens as it descends so that the Ball cannot therefore be dislodged but must of necessity prevent the horse's Arming himself 5 Vne Branche Françoise See Plat. 3. Fig. 5. ALL Horses do not Arm themselves but many carry low therefore the raising a horse's head is one of the most difficult things we undertake because a man may bring in a hundred when he will not raise so much as one however the two Branches I am to describe after other will perform this effect the one more the other less The First is the Branche Françoise or Branch after the French Fashion which is hardy about four Lines at the Touret or Sevill-hole and kneed an Inch and nine Lines at the Jarret or Ham with the Eye of the Branch a little higher than ordinary to give the more force to the Branch which is but a very little hardy it will therefore be proper for raising a horse which carries his head low because the Sevill at the lower end of the Branch inclining backwards towards the neck hath borrowed a sufficient strength from the Ham which is pretty much kneed in that part to make it the more powerful for Raising This Philosophy will not be approved of by every one because it hath been but little understood till of late and people had difficulty to conceive how a hardy Branch could raise a horse's head but seing it is a matter of Fact which is agreeable to reason and although it were not yet clear Matters of Fact are not to be debated I shall explain how this may come to pass The greatest and most sensible effect of a Branch is from the Shoulder to the Ham but from the Ham to the Sevill it is not so great now in this Branch the Shoulder hath strength enough of it self and which is more it continues its strength to the very Ham again the lower part of the Branch or Sevill serves it self advantagiously of this strength for raising a horse's head by inclining backwards towards the neck where however it is hardy because it remains about four Lines upon the outside of the Line of the Banquet so that our Proposition still holds good that hardy Branches help to Raise a horse's head 6 Another Branch à la Conestable but which is more hardy than the preceeding See Plat 3. Fig. 6. HOrses carry their Heads differently and so consequently their necks I immediatly before proposed the Branche Françoise or Branch after the French fashion whose effect is to raise although but little because it is only hardy at the Sevill about the matter of four Lines whereas this Branch à la Conestable or after the Duke of Mommorancy Constable of France his fashion is somewhat more hardy having eight Lines at the Sevill Hole and about two Inches at the Ham therefore it will be proper to raise a horse's head which carrieth it very low the false Ham or part of the Branch which is bruised or advanced forwards more than the other part of the Branch to which it is Soldered is a great help to it because it augments the strength of the lower part of the Branch the Eye being of a good height will also give strength to the operation of the Branch and the Shoulder which is so turned as not to constrain too much will likewise assist the Branch to Raise Now because it is most difficult to raise a horse's head which inclines to carry low I have therefore proposed three Branches for it the First is that à la Gigotte marked 3d. which although it be only upon the Line of the Banquet and that it appears to be fit for nothing else but to preserve a horse in a good Carriage yet as it is hardy at the Ham it will therefore in some measure Raise The Second is the Branch à la Françoise marked 5th which raises more than the preceeding because it is its proper effect but however with a great deal of gentleness because it is only hardy at the Sevill-hole the matter of four Lines although the rest of its parts be very well proportioned for that purpose Thirdly There is this à la