ANATOMY LECTURES AT GRESHAM COLLEDGE By that Eminent and Learned Physician Dr. THOMAS WINSTON AS PE RA T EN DO * AD AR DU A PE R LONDON Printed by R. DANIEL for Thomas Eglesfield at the Brasen Serpent in St. Paul's Church-yard MDC LIX AN EPISTLE TO THE READER Courteous Reader I Here present thee with the Anatomicall Lectures of that learned Physician Dr. Winstone who in his life time was well known for an excellent Practitioner of Physick In his youth he was a traveller unto Padua where then was the chief seat of Physick and best Physicians there to be found for tutours but not so now He lived many years the publick Reader of Physick in Gresham Colledge and being fellow of the Colledge of Physicians of London I suppose read these Lectures in his appointed course in their Colledge He was one of the eldest Physicians in the Colledge when he died as you may see by the Catalogue of Physicians in their dispensatory where you may find his name next Dr. Harvey's these Lectures are digested into a plain and clear method comprehending the whole body of Anatomy as then understood they being far more exact concise learned and adorned with greater varieties then those of Dr. Reads or any yet extant in the English It 's judg'd they will be well worth thy perusall and as well requite both thy purse and pains which hath been the chief endeavours of Thy ready Servant F. P. TABULA DE divisione corporis humani Page 3 De divisione Ventris inferioris Page 5 De Cuticula Page 10 De Cute Page 13 De Adipe Page 16 De Panniculo carnoso Page 19 De membrana Musculorum propria Page 21 De Musculis ventris inferioris Page 22 De Musculo oblique descendente ibid. De Linea Alba. Page 25 De Musculo oblique ascendente Page 26 De Musculis rectis Page 27 De Musculis Pyramidalibus Page 31 De Musculis transversis Page 32 De Peritonaeo Page 33 De Vasis Vmbilicalibus Page 37 De Epiploo Page 38 De Intestinis Page 42 De Ano. Page 60 De Mesenterio Page 61 De Pancreate Page 64 De Vena Porta Page 66 De Arteriis Abdominis Page 71 De Ventriculo Page 72 De Hepate Page 81 De Vesica Biliaria Page 87 De Trunco Venae Cavae descendente Page 90 De Trunco Aortae descendente Page 93 De Liene ibid De Renibus Page 101 De Vreteribus Page 115 De Vesica Vrinaria Page 118 De Vasis semen praparantibus Page 122 De Parastatis Page 125 De Testibus Page 126 De Vasis semen deferentibus Page 130 De Vesiculis seminariis Page 132 De Prostatis ibid. De Pene. Page 134 De Thorace Page 138 De Mammis Virorum Page 140 De Musculis medii Ventris Page 141 De Claviculis Page 144 De Sterno Page 145 De Costis Page 147 De Diaphragmate Page 149 De Pleura Page 152 De Mediastino Page 153 De Thymo Page 154 De Vena Cava ascendente ibid. De Arteria magna ascendente Page 162 De Nervis per Thoracem disseminatis Page 163 De Pericardio Page 163 De humore in Pericardio contento Page 164 De Corde Page 169 De Substantia Ventriculis Auriculis Cordis Page 173 De Pulmonibus Page 194 De Aspera Arteria Page 200 De Oesophago Page 206 De Capite Page 208 De Partibus communibus Page 210 De Pericranio Periostio Page 211 De Capitis Figurae Suturis Cranii Substantia Page 213 De Cranio Page 217 De Meningibus Page 219 De Tenui Meninge Page 224 De Vasis per Cerebellum disseminatis Page 225 De Cerebri Substantia ibid. De Nervorum Paribus Page 235 De Infundibulo Glandula Pituitaria Rete mirabili Cerebri usu Page 241 De Cerebello Page 247 De Spinali Medulla Page 250 DE DIVISIONE CORPORIS HUMANI THe diversity of Considerations in Physick have made various divisions of the body of Man Amongst the Greeks Divisio Curativa secund Hippocrates Hippocrat respecting the curing part divides the Body into Contenta Continentia impetum facientia which Galen follows 1. de Feb. and Avicenna 4. Galen Avicen Paulus Aegiâ—â— Can. sent 1. Paulus Aegineta lib. 1. cap. 100. with the same consideration divides the Body into the Head the Chest the Belly the Bladder In this last 100 years Fernelius 2. Meth. cap. 1. into three Regions Fernel The first Region begins à Gula and ends in mediam partem jecoris The second è medio jecinore ad tenues venarum partes quicquid incidit inter axillas inguina 3. Musculos complectitur membra ossa denique corporis molem ab ingrassu arteriarum venarum minorum which division Riolanus deduceth out of Galen Riolan lib. 8. cap. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The place is only De Aloe de nocumentis ejus It is worthy of observation in regard of the common Practice of Aloes in dry Bodies but nothing to the purpose that it 's cited in Riolan The second Consideration is Anatomicall here Hippocrates helps us not Aristot lib. 1. Divisio Anato Aristot de Histor Animal cap. 7. divides the Body into the Head the Neck the Chest the two Armes the two legs and Rufus Ephesius Rufus Galen lib. 1. cap. 3. But Galen gives the best which now is followed lib. de inaequal intemperie divides the Body into the Head the Chest the Belly the Extremities Yet Galen prosecutes not this division nor Vesalius nor Columbus nor Fallopius although they write expresly of Anatomy Laurent Bauhin Andreas Laurentius hath been curious Bauhinus exact in this businesse as necessary for the healing part of Physick to know the proper seat and place of every disease And therefore with these Fathers of Anatomy we will set out the Body with its divisions into three Regions or Ventricles and the Extremities The upper Region begins here Corp. 1 at the Vertex and ends at the Clavicles Regio Corp. 2 The second Region is the Chest and begins at the Clavicles and ends at the pointed Cartilage Corp. 3 The third is the Belly which begins at the pointed Cartilage and ends at the Sharebone The last is the extremities which part falls not into our Consideration at this time But the other three we will shew you and will begin with the lower Region that it may with expedition be removed for it is the sink of the Body and most subject to offend you This last then is divided into many parts which we will carefully expresse in regard they are so confounded and made hard by names De divisione Ventris Inferioris All Cavities where any nourishing moysture is contained in the body Anterioris Ventris nomina by Hippocrates are called Bellies but we are to speak of only the lower Belly which is properly called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 improperly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Rufus Ephesius interprets super ventrem
bending sometimes to the Spina to the right sometimes to the left where it touches the Coats of the vertebrae it runs up and coming to the middle of them it runs down and so about the 8. or 9. vertebrae is in the midst And so coming down under the artery towards the end of the chest dividing it self pierceth the Dia. phragma with the Aorta In sheep it goes down the left side and in all that chew the cud it 's double one on the right another on the left which is in men very rare Duplex apud Bauhinum quandoque Yet Bauhinus observed that once he found out of each side one which sprang out of the Trunk of Vena Cava about the third vertebra and both inserted themselves into the head of the Emulgent Sometimes above the Emulgent it 's joyned to the Cava sometimes beneath even at Os Sacrum it enters the Cava Therefore Bauhinus adviseth Observatio ejusdem that in the beginning of a Pleurisy Vena Poplitis or Saphena may well be taken and after apply Cupping-glasses to the loyns because it hath been observed that purulent matter of a Pleurisy hath critically been avoided by urine Valoula Amati Riolanus imbraced the invention of Amatus Lusitanus concerning the valves which belong to this veine and brags Tres Riolani Ego caeteris Anatomicis perspicacior ac diligentior vidi quod videre non potuerunt and I fear things not to be seen Sure I am Fallopius denyes them and so doth Laurentius and Eustachius in lib. de Vena sine pari Well but where doth he put these three valves The one in his exortu In exortu unam inveni the other two directly opposite to hinder all sudden rushings of bloud This vein hath 8. branches Rami hujus octo to nourish on both sides the 8. lower ribs and spaces and shoots many small veins into Oesophagus It hath communion with the chest veins which come from the Axillary Hence the benefit of bleeding on the same side Iungitur adiposae quandoque E. mulgenti it is sometimes joyned with adiposae and as I said with the Emulgent for the better purging the lungs by them and not by Arteria venosa and so to the left ventricule of the heart and from thence into the great arteries and so to the Kidneys Intercostalis is the last Intercostalis duplex ad 3.4 spacia and nourisheth 3. or 4. spaces of the upper ribs But this is sometimes wanting and then Azygos discharges that duty Some have observed a valve in his exortu he is on each side It comes à Ramo Subclavio at the beginning of the jugular veins A Subclavio and puts some of his branches into the vertebrae where the Nerves come forth The Trunk of Vena Cava having pierced the Pericardium and so being upheld by the Mediastinum and Thymum runs upwards in a streight line and whilest he is in the chest it 's called Subclavius and from this comes divers veins from the upper and from the lower part From the lower before that Subclavius is divided come four branches Mammariaâ— 1. Mammaria 2. Mediastina 3. Cervicalis 4. Muscula inferior Mammaria hath diverse beginnings from before and the middle seat of the Bifurcation Sometimes à Subclavit rame sometimes from the very Trunk Venae Cavae before it is divided this runs under the Sternum to the pointed cartilage where he sends perforamen ensiformis out a branch and by his way he is mingled with Azygos and Intercostales through the severall spaces of the ribs and so part of it goes forth of the chest to the muscles there and the breasts and part goes down to the muscles of the belly to the branches of Epigastrica where they joyn along the Hypochondria to the flanks Mediastina Mediastina comes from the Trunk of the left Subclavii by the region of the internall jugular and is carried above the hollow of the lung and the Pericardium per Thymum Mediastinum Hence it is called by Laurentius A Laureâ—â—â—â— Thymica diciter Thymica and Laurentius puts to it Capsularis because he would have the Pericardium to be nourished by it Howsoever it runs into the Diaphragma along with the Nerve for his better nourishment Cervicalis is a small vein which runs upwards close to the Vertebrae Cervicalis and gives nourishment to the muscles which lodge upon the vertebrae and thrusts his branches sometimes into the for amina of the nerves for the aliment spinalis medullae Muscula Inferior hath his originall sometimes from the externall jugulary by the upper muscles of the chest Muscula inferier and the inferiour of the neck before they come out of the cavity of the chest they are from the Subclavio but once come out they change their name and are called Axillaris Axillaris before it is divided gives two branches Scapularis interna externa Axillaris â—aâ—â—â— Scapularis interna Scapularis internae runs along the muscles of the shoulder and under the glandules of the arm-holes Externa Scapularis externa runs to the externall part of the shoulder and a piece is carried between the flesh and the skin After this the Axillary is divided into an upper vein which is Cephalica and into a lower which is Basilica Cephalica Basilica Thoracica superior Thoracica inferior out of this comes two branches Thoracica superior which runs to the chest and is plainly seen in womens breasts Thoraica inferior runs along the chest whithout and joyns it self with branches of Azygos and distributes it self along the broad muscle of the Back And therefore in Pleurisies out of the Axillary of the same side bloud may be taken From the upper part Subclavii 3. veins arise Muscula superior Iugularis externa interna which ascend up by the sides of the neck and each orifice hath 2. valves to hinder the falling back of bloud otherwise the upper parts should have no nourishment Muscula superior runs along by the externall jugular Muscula superior and into the skin and back-part of the neck it spreads many branches Iugularis externa is commonly one in each side Iugularis externa â—trinque duplex sometimes two in his rise and sometimes two in the middle of his course It differs a fingers breadth from the internall and from under the clavicle he sends forth two branches The one ariseth to the back part of the head the other ad Deltoidem musculum sub acrono and so running likewise up the neck he comes to the corners of the inferiour jaw where part of him is dispersed into fauces the other part behind the ears into the forehead upon the Temples where it meets with some branches of the forepart So that you see a branch of this runs to the face ears and forehead And therefore menta behind the ears for the shortnesse of the way in passions of the eyes is to good
flesh and nerve Substantia inter carneam nerveam Therefore it may be enflamed and be subject to convulsion it 's nervous ut extendi possit when it receives meat and so fall together It is fleshy and soft to give way to the descent of meat and lest by his softnesse it might hinder swallowing therefore it stands stretched at length It hath three coats The first common Tunica tres Communis à vertebrarum ligamentis 2. Propriâ— externa carnosâ— which comes from the ligaments of the vertebrae the second proper The outward is fleshy and thick as it were a muscle perforated and takes his beginning at the second cartilage of the Larynx and hath only transverse fibres that by these the aliment drawn by the fibres of the inward coat may be thrust into the stomach and these help in vomiting for if the upper fibres be first contracted then diglutition is made if the mouth of the stomach then for vomiting 3. Internall of a dissimilary substance Interna with thin and right fibres for the drawing of aliment out of the mouth into the stomach and this is not covered all with a vail there it might from the cuticle be separated from the skin It 's nervous and harder then the outward and more sensible for the more exquisite tast of those things that are swallowed And this continuated with the palate mouth lips to the left orifice of the stomach It hath very few oblique fibres least meat might be detained which might be a hurt to both arteries Venae Venae à Cava à Corona Portae Arteriae ab Aorta à Cal. coronario Nervi à sexto Pari Few yet some à cava and à Coronario portae Arteries from the trunk of the Aorta descending à Caeliaco Coronario Nerves from the sixt pair which for securities sake are carried obliquely and wound about the Oesophagus at last are fixed about the stomach Use is to be like a funnell to passe meat into the stomach Vsus De Capite HAving finished the Histories of the naturall and vitall parts Capui we come now to the Head which is the seat of the Animall This third venter the Head is properly that which ends at the first vertebra It 's placed in the supreme place for the honour of understanding Situs intellectus gratia Non oculerum ut Galeno placuit Rotundum Magnitudo dispar In duat partes divisum Capillata according to Galen for the eyes sake not for their security as for doing their office It is round not perfectly because it 's bent at the sides and most forward His greatnesse is not always alike but the greatest if all be proportionable is the best It is divided into two parts the one is hairy the other smooth Hairy from the fore-head to the Coronall suture and to almost the middle of the head is called Sinciput Sinciput The hinder part from Sutura Lamdoides and so to the first vertebra of the neck Occiput Occiput Vertex The middle between these Vertex It is veluti Centrum Calvariae about which the haires in gyrum vertuntur It is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is sometimes double and they are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bivertices double-crowned Spigel pag. 3. The side-pieces between the eares Partes continentes Communes Propriae Externae Pericranium Periostium Cranium Internae tunicae duae the eyes and the neck Tempora The parts are either containing or contained Containing are common as Cuticula Cutis Pinguedo Panniculus Carnosus or proper and these are either externall or internall Externall as Pericranium Periostium and two membranes the muscles and bones of the Cranium although the head of man hath very little flesh upon it Internall the two Coates Tenuis Dura Mater The contained are Cerebrum Contentae Cerebellum Cerebrum and Cerebellum from whence the medulla ariseth which without the Cranium is called spinalis De Partibus Communibus WE leave the discourse of haires in which argument Bauhinus is very large Pilorum suprema pars Media Insima yet we will play with a hair and divide it in partem supremam quae interdum finditar in partem mediam quae slectitur imam the roots which is glewed with a white and mucous substance and is the root for his strength to stick to his skin They are not round as is believed by you Non rotundi You may observe with a perspective glasse that they are square like stipites and caules neither are they begotten as it is commonly thought Non ex fuliginosit excre sed ex attracto sanguine ex fuliginosis cerebri excrementis but ex sanguine attracto per radicem pili in reliquum trunoum for the same in birds are pennae as you may see by the quills in young fowl which in the roots are bloudy and by the scales in fishes and Hippocrates in 6. Epidem Calvities sequitur exhausta sanguinis debita copia ejus scilicet à quo pili proveniunt Spigel 311. Moist brains bring forth long ones and dry short ones As for the history of common parts we have spoken in the region of the lower belly only here the cuticula is thicker and the cutis not of that exquisite sense as in the other venters Here is no pinguedo but a small quantity in occipite in some in fronte in obesis and in those that have no wrinkles for Rugae ob carnosam membranam fiunt Spigel 312. Membrana carnosa is under the skin and sticks to a musculous part and therefore it moves at our pleasure De Pericranio Periostio THe first of the proper containing parts is Pericranium Neither do we confound it with Periostium as Laurentius and Fallopius would have us and as we will shew you presently The Pericranium is a thick and solid membrane Pericranium à Pe tostâ—â—o differt lying under the Panniculus carnosus and so called because it compasseth all the Cranium without To this the Periostium is joyned by certain fibres Periostio neditur molle tenu exquisiti sensus Ortus à dura Matre It 's soft thin and of an exquisite sense because it breeds of the processes of the dura Mater which cometh forth of the sutures of the Cranium These processes are of the nature of ligaments which extending themselves over the Crunium and meeting together and so united makes this membrane which not only invests the Cranium but also the temporall muscles not so far as their insertion but ad ossajuguli for their defence This being so thick and solid cannot be properly said to be a proper coat of the muscles This runs over the forehead to the nose beneath the eyes and makes that ligament for the adnata tunica of the eyes Use 1. To wrap all over as in bands the
Cranium Vsus Investire Cranium 2. To tie the meninx to the Cranium that the brain fall not together Ligare meningem Cranio 3. To tie the skin of the head to the Pericranium Periostium is under it a nervous membrane most firm and thin and sticks as close as it doth to other bones Cutem Pericranio Periostlum Negatur à Fallopio Laurentio Bauhinus dentibus negat By this all bones have sense It is called Periostium quasi Circumossalis Laurentius and Fallopius denie this part But Vesalius teacheth us to divide it with the point of a knife Bauhinus saith all bones have it except teeth the inside of the scull and the articulations of bones lest in their motion they should cause pain De Capitis Figura Suturis Cranii Substantia HIppocrates and Vesalius follows him laid it down for a rule that the figure of th Cranium and of the sutures according to their number and seat make a variation Figura And therefore I intend to speak something of the figure of the head which is either naturall or depraved Naturalis Naturall is like an oblique sphere inclined and is bended at the Temples with an outset of the fore and back-part whereby it may hang equally poised upon th neck The depraved figure is that which differs from this Depravate and that is three-fold First is where the fore-parts eminency is wanting although the hinder part have it such are said to be bold insolent made for the want of brain which should be in the fore-part Second is where the hinder eminency is wanting and the fore-part remaining these want memory 3. Where both eminencies are lost both before and behind so that the head is of a round figure There is a fourth which is only imaginary as when both sides bend out But Galen cals this Monstrum There is a fift observed by Hippocrates figurae acuminatae and this is done by the midwifes first stroakings and bindings Some nations affect this as generous and noble with the French and Low Dutch it 's frequent But Bauhinus gives a reason because they lay their children on one side The Germans have rounder heads because they are laid upright The whole bone which covereth the brain is called Calvaria Calvaria Cranium Osseum ad tutelam or Cranium It was necessary to have it bony for the better defence of the noble part which is lodged under it It is round that it might be the sreer from danger It is great for the receipt of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum Componitur ex pluribus ossibus It 's compounded of many bones lest it should be cracked or broken all over with any wound or violent accident His composition by diverse sutures and seams is most defensible Raro sine suturis seldome any head found without sutures yet sometimes the Coronalis is blotted out and sometimes one of the rest Many times in old men then are all worn out but the last are the temporals Those about the Aequinoctiall have no sutures says Paraeus But Riolanus found some in his Moor. Where they are all wanting there is continuall head-ach as Celsus hath it If the head be flat before there is no coronall suture if behind there is no Lamdoides alwaies the Sagittalis is remaining and so the figure is T. If flat before and behind then like an X. But we will give you in brief an exact account of all the futures which are either common or proper Neither are they different in men and women as popular errour would make us believe The common are those which divide the scull from the Os Sphenoides ethmoides Communes tres and the upper jaw And these are three The 1. separates the os occipitis à Sphenoide compasseth totum os Cuneiforme The second coming out of the hollow of the Temples divides the upper jaw from the forehead The last is brought in by the late Anatomists and divides the os frontis à Cribroso The proper sutures are five Suturae propriae 5. verae 3. mendosae 2. Three Verae and two Mendosae I know that some make many more but to no purpose being but all pieces of the Mendosae The first of the proper is Coronalis 1. Coronalis Arcualis Puppis 2. Sagittalis The Arabian Translatours call it Arcualis Puppis And this crosses the top of the head to the Temples The second is Sagittalis this is stretched along the head per medium even from the Lamdoides to Coronalis sometimes to the top of the nose which is alwaies in infants and in some till seven years of age it 's seldome found in women and lesse in men especially if they have flat faces this sows the two bones sincipitis together and some the 2. frontis and sometimes it runs to a part of occiput The third is Lamdoides 3. Lamdoidis It 's called Lamdae Prorae sutura it's like a Greek Λ and seams the bones of the back-part of the head Mendosae duae Temporales Squamosae Corticales The Mendosae are two and are Temporales squamosae id est Corticales because like scales they are coated one over the other and may be called Commissurae better then Suturae Bauhinus makes four or five and sometimes six of them Use 1. 1. Vsus ligare duram Cratio To tie the dura Mater to the Cranium so as to keep the brain from compression or swaying But in those that have no sutures how then Certainly the dura Mater is tied to the Cranium within with many fibres which come not near the seat of the sutures Besides old men have not sutures 2. 2. Adliberam transpirationem For the freedome of transpiration of fuliginous and offensive vapours Hence those that have most and largest sutures are freest from pain Piccolhominy quarrels at this doctrine of Uses of Hippocrates and Celsus But Fallopius reconciles this difference from the internall or externall cause 3. 3. Viam vasis praebere To give way to the vessels to come forth as Venae puppis and the rest that are for the nourishment of the Periostium and the Pericranium 4. 4. Nefractura communicetur That the fracture or fissure of one be not communicable to another 5. That when nature could not make the Cranium even and of equall parts yet she made it of diverse 6. For the better penetration of medicines De Cranio SUbstance of the scull is variable according to our years Cranium infanlibus cartilagineum in those that are new-born it's cartilagineous and membranous especially near the sutures and in the middest and more elevated part of the head And this saith Galen 1. 1. Ad partune facilitandum 2. Ad augmentum Laminae duae For facility of birth 2. 2. Ad augmentum Laminae duae For augmentations sake in infants in elder years it 's bony The Anatomicall schoole says that
sed vi propria Figura is long and thick and big upwards till it comes to the loins and then it grows lesse when it comes at Os sacrum Cavity from the beginning within the Cranium is like Calamo Scriptorio and is so called sharp in the nib and small because here are no excrements this is the middle of the fourth ventricle The other is formed à Cerebello and where this is joyned to Cerebellum It 's true that there is not a cavity which manifestly appears yet it 's divided all along with tenui meninge so that you may think there is a cavity as in the pith of an oxe boyled is plain and appears in Paralysi where sometimes one sometimes the other side is affected Vesalius would have this simple and undivided ad lumbos Columbus to the seventh vertebra of the chest Bauhinus beneath the loyns and then like hairs of a horses tail descend in funiculos filamenta Yet throughout they answer unto the number of the foramina vertebrarum for so many pair are there and all ab ipsa Medulla Spinali Laurentius was once of the mind with Cabrolius that all these nerves shot from the supreme part Spinalis Medullae But he changed his mind after as appeareth in lib. 4. cap. 18. So that now he will have the lumbares à medulla dorsali but quosdam à cervicall non onmes and at their coming out of the vertebrae for their better strength nature hath made a nodus or ganglio similis to tie their fibres together Use is for the rise of the nerves as from another brain which might carry to the parts beneath the brain animall spirit and faculty sense and motion which it receives from the continuation of the brain except those branches of the sixt pair of the nerves which are disseminated per medium infimum ventrem Concerning the conjugations of nerves which come from this Spinalis Medulla some will have 28. some 29. some 30. we will follow our old Master and say there are 30. pair whose beginnings are different for the first two conjugations of the neck and the lowest five ossis sacri have a double beginning per duo foramina parte anteriore posteriore The other have one simple rise from one hole on each side of the vertebrae whereof 7 are of the neck 12 of the back 5 of the loyns 6 ossis sacri Columbus will have but 5 pair But we go with the Masters of Anatomy and say there are 7. The first conjugation and second have something that is peculiar unto them for they rise not as the other conjugations from the right and left side but one forward and the other backward As the first conjugation comes forth between the occipitium and the first vertebra and his backward branch runs into the small Muscles of the Occipitis and Vertebrarum the fore-branch runs into the muscles of the Gullet and Neck The second conjugation with his first branch is spent in the skin of the face the hinder branch into the Muscles of the second Vertebra and the Occiput The third conjugation comes out between the second and third Spondyle where the Anterior Ramus runs into the Muscles that bow the neck the Posterior into those that extend the Head and neck and so goes into the lip The fourth Conjugation coming out between the fourth fifth Vertebrae runs to the Muscles of the Neck the Arme the shoulders to the Diaphragma So doth the 5 and 6. spread themselves into the same parts The seventh Conjugation is spent in the arme and Diaphragma The Nerves of the Chest are 12. pair The first 2. pair run into the arme and the muscles of the chest The 10. but Bauh will have here but 9. be intercostales The nerves of the Loyns are 5. The backer branches are carried into the loins the fore-part into the Muscles Abdominis Femoris Testium The Nerves ossis sacri are 6. which are partly spent in Femur partly in Musculos vicinos Cutem besides in collum uteri the sphincteres musculos ani vesicae in Penem The whole Back is moved by four great Nerves which come from the 3 lowest conjugations of the Loyns and the 4. uppermost ossis sacri These are the disseminations of the thirty pair of Nerves which come from Spinalis Medulla Concerning their rise and their way all Anatomists are in Confusion FINIS