and properly termed flesh And in Hippocrates his Language by flesh many times is ment the Muscles 2. Viscerous flesh or the flesh of the Bowels Erasistratus cals it Parenchyma or an Affusion of blood Galen cals it Similar and simple flesh which supports the Vessels of the bowels fills up the empty spaces and performs the Action 3. Membranous flesh or the fleshy substance of every Membranous part as in the Gullet Stomach Guts Womb bladder 4. Glandulous flesh or the flesh of Kernels which serves 1. For to support the divisions of Vessels 2. To drink up superfluous humors especially wheyish humors because the Kernels are of an hollow Spungy substance and therefore they are vulgarly termed Emunctories or Clensers Those in the Neck being counted Clensers of the Head those in the Arm-pits of the Heart those in the Groyns of the Liver 3. To moisten the parts for their more easie motion or otherwise to prohibit dryness Such are those which are situate by the Tongue Larynx Eye-corners c. But the similar parts are reckoned to be ten A bone a Gristle a Ligament a Membrane a Fibre a Nerve an Artery a Vein Flesh and Skin Of these some are similar only in the judgment of Sense as Veins Arteries some add Muscles others are simply and absolutely similar That Veins Arteries Nerves Muscles are not truly simple and similar hath been rightly taught by Aristotle for a Muscle consists of Flesh Fibres and a Tendon Nerves are made up of the Dura and pia Mater with Marrow Arteries of two different coats the Veins of a coat and of Fibres as some will have it and Valves Simply and truly similar parts are Bones Gristles Ligaments Membranes Fibres Flesh and Skin To these some add the Ureters the Air implanted in the Ear c. but in vain For 1. They are not parts common â—â— the whole body but proper to some parts 2. The implanted Air of the Ears is nothing but an implanted spirit which cannot be reckoned among solid parts Here we are to observe that all these parts are commonly divided into Spermatical Sanguine or mixt The Spermatical are made of seed and such are the eight first reckoned which if they are cut asunder they breed not again nor can they be truly united but they are joyned together by a Callus in the middle by reason of defect of matter and formative faculty which acts not after the Conformation of the Parts The Sanguine or fleshy Parts contrarywise are bred again because they are supposed to be made of Blood as the Flesh A mixt Part is the Skin of which we shall treat hereafter in Book 1. Chap. 2. For feed and blood are commonly accounted the two general Principles of which we are made so that in the Seed there is very little of the material principle but much of the active but in the blood much of the material principle and but a little and weak portion of the active or effective principle The first Rudiments and underwrap as it were of the parts are said to be made of Seed and the woofe or superstructure of blood flowing in But what the Truth is in Contradiction to this vulgar opinion we have taught in our Anatomical Controversies For we are rather to hold that the parts are at first made only of Seed as of their matter and that the Mothers blood doth nourish and encrease and amplifie the Parts The Skin in comparison to other Parts hath an indifferent proportion of Seed not so much as the Spermatical nor so little as the Sanguinary parts The Compound or dissimilar Parts are those which may be divided into divers unlike parts as an Hand cannot be cut into other Hands but into Bones Muscles Veins c. The dissimilar parts are by the Phylosopher called Members but they are vulgarly termed Organical or instrumental parts Now in every Organ there are for the most part four kinds of parts For example sake in the Eye there is 1. That part by which the action viz. Seeing is performed namely the Chrystalline Humor 2. That without which it cannot be performed as the Optick Nerve 3. That by which it is the better performed as the Coats and Muscles of the Eyes 4. That by which the action is preserved as the Eye-lids c. And because the Dissimilar parts are more or less Compounded they are divided into four degrees or ranks The 1. Is such as are similar to the sense as a Muscle Vein Artery The 2. Is made of the sormer and the rest of the similars as a Finger The 3. is compounded of the second as an Hand Foot c. The 4. Is compounded of the third as an Arm or Leg. Finally the Body is divided into its greatest Members as by some into the Head Chest Belly and Bladder by others as Aristotle Ruffus a 〈…〉 Oribasius into the Head Neck Chest under they comprehend the lower Belly and therefore Hippocrates placed the Liver in the Chest the Arms and the Legs But others have better divided them into the Bellies and Limbs The Bellies are certain remarkeable Cavities of the Body wherein some noble bowel is placed and as there are three principal Members so are there three Bellies the lowest belly commonly called Abdomen or the Paunch contains the Liver and Natural parts The Middle or Chest containes the Heart and vital parts The uppermost or Head contains the brain and Animal parts The Limbs which were given us for more conveniency of living are the Arms and the Legs And therefore we shall make four books 1. Of the Lower belly 2. Of the Middle belly 3 Of the supream belly or Cavity the Head 4. Of the Limbs And to these shall answer four Petty Books The first of the Veins which arise from the Liver in the lower Cavity The second of the Arteries which arise from the Heart in the middle Cavity The third of the Nerves which are commonly thought to spring from the brain The fourth of the bones which are most what in the Limbs and as the bones joyned together make a compleat frame and bodies as it were so also do the Veins Arteries and Nerves We may find another division of the body in Fernelius which nevertheless is of no use save in Physick He divides the body into pulplike Regions and Private Private Regions he calls the brain Lungs Kidneys Womb c. Publick or common he makes three extended through the whol body 1. Hath the Vena porta and all the parts whereinto its branches are spred 2. Begins at the Roots of Vena Cava and is terminated in the smal Veins before they become Capillary 3. Hath the Muscles Bones and Bulk of the body and ends in the Skin We purge the first Region cheifly by the Guts The second by the Urinary passages The third by the Pores of the Skin The I. TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE This TABLE holds forth the Pourtraicture of a Living Man wherein
sense of feeling for every Membrane is the Adaequate Organ as may be seen in the Bones Nerves Stomach c. For though all the Organs of the senses are dissimilar parts yet one similar part is the primary cause of the action which is to be performed by the whole Organ For examples sake the hand is indeed the Organ of feeling and especially that part of the skin which covers the hollow of the Hands and Feet as being of all other most temperate And because the skin is temperate in the first qualities it is therefore also temperate in the second as 〈…〉 hardness thickness thinness 〈…〉 The first use of the Skin is to be a Covering for the Body and therefore it hath received a Figure so round long c. as the subject parts required and therefore also it is seared without the Body and because it was to be as it were the Emunctory of the Body The professors of Physiognomy commend unto us another use of the skin as it is streaked with lines who are wont to tell mens Fortunes from the Lines and Hillocks in their Hands and from the Planetary and Adventitious Lines in their Foreheads A third use is Medicinal being good for Anodinâ— Emplasters Being dried it helps women in Labor Epileptick Convulsions according to the experience of Hildanus and Beckerus Wounds of the Scul according to Poppius The fourth is more illustrious that it might give way to Excrements and exclude insensible sooty Fumes by way of insensible Transpiration by which we are more disburthened then by all our sensible Evacuations put together By this Sanctorius through the statick Art in the experience of thirty years did learn that many persons in the space of one natural day do void more by transpiration then in fifteen dayes together by stool The fift is to attract 1. Air in transpiration in Apopleâ—tick and Hysterical fits and in such as dive deep and bide long under the Water 2. Juyce in long fasting from plasters applied if we credit the Observations of Zacutus Lufitanus and the force of purgative and other external Medicaments And for this cause 'T is bored through in divers places for the ingress and egress of things necessary Now its holes are some of them visible as the Mouth the Ears the Nostrils c. others invisible and insensible as the pores Those pores of the Body being otherwise not Conspicuous are seen in the winter when the Body is suddenly bared for then the Scarf-skin looks like a Gooses skin when the feathers are pul'd of By reason it seems of these pores it was that a certain Persian King made use of the skins of Men for windowes if we may credit Orabasiâ—s The Skin is thick six fold thicker then the Scarf-skin but thinner then it is in other Animals nor must any one judg of the thickness of the Skin after it is made into Leather for by Tanning it is much contracted and thickned And it seems to be made lighter for a Mans skin Tanned according to the Observation of Loselius weighs four pounds and an half It is soft and exquisitely sensible but softer and thinner in the Face Yard and Cods harder in the Neck Thighs soles of the Feet Back of a midling constitution between hardness and softness in the tops of the Fingers So some part of the skin is extream thick as in the Head according to Aristotle falsly cited by Columbus Some is thick as in the Neck some thin as in the sides whence proceeds tickling some yet thinner as in the Palms of the Hands some thinnest of all as in the Lips In Children 't is more thin and porous then in grown persons in women then in men in an hot Countrey then in a cold Also the Skin is more rare and open in the Summer then in the Winter and therefore it is that the skins of Animals flaid off in the Summer do more hardly retain their hair then such as are flaid off in the winter Also it varies very much according to the diversity of the suoject so that in some it hath been of an admirable density and thickness if we beleive Petrus Serâ—… who tels of two Negro women that could without hurt take up carry hold and almost extinguish burning oles with their bare Hands Fallopius saw the skin of 〈…〉 so 〈…〉 that he lost his feeling 〈…〉 â—easoâ—… of the Nerves As to its Connexion some skin is easily separated from the parts under it as in the lower and middle Belly in the Arms and Thighs From others with more difficulty by reason of the thick Membrane to which it is fastned by the Fibres and by means of the Vessels In the soles of the Feet and Palms of the Hands it is hardly separated to which parts it grows that they might lay the faster hold Also hardly from the flesh of the Forehead and of the whole Face especially of the Ears and Lips by reason of tendons and Muscles mixed therewith especially the Muscle Latus so called mingled therewith So in the Forehead it is moveable and in the hinder part of the Head of some People by reason of peculiar Muscles but it is not so in the rest of the Body The skin hath received common Vessels for Nourishment Life and Sense It hath received two cutany Veins through the Head and Neck from the Jugulars two through the Arms Breast and Back from the Axillaries two through the lower Belly Loyns and Legs from the Groyns which are Conspicuous in women after hard Labor and in such as have the Varices in many branches It hath few Art â—â—ng And those very small in the temples and Forehead Fingers Cod and Yard It hath no Nerves creeping in it but it hath many ending in it as Galen conceived though Iohannes Veslingus the prime Anatomist of Padua sayes there are very small branches of Nerves running through the skin and that rightly for their presence was necessary to cause the sense of Feeling CHAP. III. Of FAT FAt is a similary Body void of Life growing together out of Oyly blood by reason of the coldness of the Membranes for the safegard of the whole Body That it is void of Life appears in that it is cut without pain and Consumptions thereof shew as much Therefore Pliny writes that living sowes are gnawn by Mice and Aelian reports that the Tyrant Dionysius was so Fat that when he was a sleep the pricking of Needles could not awake him Also in Greenland they cut fat out of living Whales which they never feel nor perceive Pinguedo fat which the Greeks term Pimele is by Gaza ill translated Adeps for Pinguedo is an Aiery hot and moist substance of the moister sorts of Animals and is more easily melted with heat and will scarce ever become hard again nor can it be broken and it is soft laxe and rare but understand the contrary in Suet which easily grows hard and stiff but is hardly dissolved
whence t is called Geneo-glossum it ends well-near into the middle of the tongue inwardly Veslingius will have it fastned into the Basis of the Os hyoides and therefore he reckons it amongst the Muscles thereof And by reason of the diversity of its Fibres it seems to perform contrary actions for the greatest part of the Fibres which is towards the Root of the tongue being drawn towards the Original the tongue is thrust without the Lips but the smallest part of the Fibres acting t is drawn inwards This pair hath inscriptions as if it were many Muscles The fourth pair arises fleshy out of the upper and middle Region of the Os hyoides and is terminated in the middle after it is drawn out according to the length of the tongue It is somtimes obscurely divided as if it were many Muscles It s Use is to draw the tongue right in and so to depress the same And it is called Basioglossum or Hypsiloglossum The fift pair is called Cerato-glossum because it arises from the upper horns of the Hyoides and is obliquely inserted into the sides of the tongue near the Root thereof Its arises somtimes from the lower horns viz. when the higher are wanting especially in Women And this pair is double in Oxen. It s Use is to move the tongue directly downwards towards the inner parts when both act but if only one be contracted it moves it to the right or left side By others an eleventh Muscle is added which yet is no Muscle because it consists not of fleshy Fibres but it is a parcel of flesh consisting of very many Kernels and far situate at the Root of the tongue and appearing when the foresaid Muscles are taken away It s Use is that the tongue may be moistened by this plenty of Kernels The Use of the Tongue is I. To be the Instrument of Tast II. Of Speech III. To further the chewing of Meat by turning it this way and that way IV. To lick with By all which it appears that the tongue is not necessary to the very being of life but to the well being for the part thereof may be cut off without danger of life or health Zacutus Walaeus and others after Galen have found by experience Abenzoar Joubertus Forestus have observed that Stones have bred under the tongue hindring Speech till they were cut out and I remember that long since such stones were taken out at Padua THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE LIMBS BY Limbs we understand those Members which grow as it were out from the Trunk of the Body viz. the ARMES above the LEGS beneath In which are chiefly considered the Muscles Veins Arteries Nerves and Bones Of the four last I shall treat in the four following Manuals but of the Muscles of the Limbs in this Book as also of the neighboring Parts viz. the Head Neck Chest Back c. their Muscles not because they appertain to the Limbs but because in the Order of Dissection an Anatomist cannot shew them before the Muscles of the Limbs Chap. I. Of the Arm and Hand in General with the Nails ARistotle calls the Arm with its Hand Organon Organón the Instrument of Instruments wherewith Man otherwise naked and unarmed is guifted that he may not be inferior to the Brute-beasts and conquered by them but may overcome them making for himself Weapons and other necessary Instruments Man therefore hath received Reason and Hands which Beasts have not and the Hand is his Servant and Instrument Now the old Writers Hippocrates and Galen by HAND did understand that Part of the Body from the top of the Shoulder to the ends of the Fingers and this is termed summa Manus And it is divided into the Arm and Hand strictly so called or the extrema manus And the Arm is divided again into the Shoulder and Cubit the Shoulder is the part of the Arm from the Shoulder-tip to the bending of the Elbow The Cubit is that part from the bending of the Elbow unto the Wrist The Manus extrema or Hand properly so called is divided into the Brachiale or Wrist which is the part between the Elbow and Palm into the Postbrachiale or Metacarpum after-wrist which is the part between the Wrist and beginning of the Fingers and into the Fingers The Postbrachial part internal is called the Palm of the Hand the external part is called the Back of the Hand There are many Fingers that the action of the Hand might be the better performed which is laying hold also that we might be able to take up the smallest matters which we do by two fingers and other things of many-shaped Figures and because all things could not be comprehended with one hand two were made that meeting together the one might help the other The right Hand is more active commonly and more ready for motion not for those causes which others childishly cite but 1. Because in a mans right side is the Vena sine pari so called which peradventure is double in such as can use both hands alike 2. Because the bones are more heavy in the Shoulder Shoulder-blade and whol arm then on the other side as some men know for certain which may proceed from an impression of more plentiful Heat in the Mothers Womb the right part wherof is hotter then the other Hence Aristotle teaches that naturally the right hand excels the left and in another place he tells us the first endeavor of motion is on the right side so that when a man is about to walk first moves his right Leg a Bird about to flie moves first its right wing 3. Because the trunk of the Subclavian Artery is greater on the right side then the left as they know that have diligently considered the matter in opposition to Riolanus though the difference is not neither needed to be very great Plato conceives that all men are naturally ambidexters viz. that they can use both hands alike and that it is mens unskilfulness and ignorance that makes them right handed only or left handed But Aristotle is of Opinion that from our first Formation the right sides of our Bodies are alwaies in a manner hotter and stronger then the left unless any man by much custom and much exercise do draw much Heat and Spirit to his left Hand that he may become Ambidexter and able to use it as his right Now the Fingers for perfection of Action are made five in number differing in length and thickness T is besides nature if either the Fingers be quite wanting which I have seen at Malta and at Florence or if in place of true Fingers there appear only certain soft marks as big as Peason which I lately observed here at Hafnia The first is cal'd Pollex a Pollendo because of its strength and it alone is opposed to the whole four when any thing is to be taken up and therefore it is thick The second is cal'd Index and Demonstrator the shewer
of Cava through the Liver p. The Scapularis intern◠q. The Scapularis extern◠r. The Thoracica superior s. The Thoracica inferior T. The Cephalica V. It s external Branch X. It s internal branch which in part constitutes the Mediana ZZ The Basilica Vein 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Its first Bough 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The external Branch of the second Bough 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The internal branch of the second Bough 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The third Bough constituting the other part of the Mediana 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Salvatella These following Characters design the lower Veins AA The Emulgent Veins BBBB The Spermatick Veins ccc The Veins of the Kidney-kernels dddd The Lumbal Veins EE The Rami Iliaci ff The Muscula superior gg The Sacra HH The Ramus Iliacus externus II. The Ramus Iliacus Internus kk The Muscula media LL. The Venae Epigastricae mmmm The Hypogastricae Venae nn The Muscula inferior oo The Vena pudenda PP The Crural Branch Qqqq. The Venae Saphaena rr The Ischias minor ssss The Muscula ttt The Poplitaea uu The Suralis xx The Ischias major page 313 Basilica as shal be said in the following Chapter touching Veins of the Head From the Axillary after its division from the Trunk of the Basilica arise two Veins 1. Thoracica superior spent into the Muscles spred upon the Chest and into Womens Dugs 2. Inferior which somtimes grows out of the superior creeping all over the side of the Chest whose branches are joyned by way of Anastomosis with the Branches of Vena sine pari which proceed out of the Chest From the upper part of the subclavian trunk there first arises muscula superior spread out near the jugularis externa into the skin and muscles of the hinder-part of the Neck And afterwards The jugular Veins so called because they ascend in the Jugulum at the sides of the Neck and they are internal or external External which sometimes either in its original or in the middle of its passage is twofold creeping upwards under the Skin and provides for the external parts of the Head Face Neck and Fauces For under the root of the Ear it is divided into the internal and external branch The internal goes unto the muscles of the Mouth Fauces Hyoides c. The exterior being under the Ear propped with kernels is divided into two parts one part is caried into the fore-parts of the Face the Nose and Cheeks and in the middle of the Forehead being joyned with a Branch of the other side it makes the Vein of the Forehead which is usually opened The other is carried through the sides the Temples and the Occiput This the wise Severinus opens with very great successe in the Head-ach Hoarsness Shortness of Breath Pleurisie pain of the Spleen Tetters Squinzy and which I was present and saw in Varices of the Face Mean while these branches are variously mingled in the Head and the Crown of the Head The internal Jugular in men is the greater because of their abundance of Brains but in Beasts it is contrarywise T is called Apaplecta and does ascend to the side of the Trachea to which it sends branches Reaching to the Basis of the Skull in its hinder-part it is divided into two branches The one which is the greater is carryed backwards with the lesser branch of the Carotick Arterie through the hole of the Os Occipitis which is made for the sixt Pare of Nerves and enters into the cavity of the dura mater The other being lesser entring at the hole of the third and fourth pare is spent into the Dura Mater Chap. 7. Of the Veins of the Arms and Hands THe axillary Vein as we have observed in the foregoing Chapter is divided at the beginning of the Arm into two remarkeable Branches the upper and lesser or the Vena Cephalica and the lower and greater or Easilica The upper is called Vena humeraria Cubiti inferior Cephalica or Capitalis the Head-vein because it is wont to be opened in Diseases of the Head by the Ancients and by later Surgeons also either out of Ignorance or Superstition In Brutes it arises from the external Jugular in Men allwaies from the axillary yet so that from the external Jugular a short twig may be inserted into the Cephalica It is carried in the Surface of the Body between the fleshy Membrane and Coat of the Muscles It s external branch termed Funis Brachii at the middle of the wrist in the lower part is joyned to a branch of the Basilica and afterwards arising into the outer side of the wrist passing along between the ring finger and the little finger it is called Salvatella which is that which the Arabians term Siele who as others at this day commend the opening thereof in the left hand against melancholick diseases acute Fevers and tertian Agues but in vain and upon no ground at all As Joh. Bap◠Sylvaticus has proved in a distinct Treatise and Severinus lately whatever Spigelius may dispute touching Anastomoses of the Arteries in the extream parts wherewith the Spleen abounds For the Spleen is more remote and any other part may be as wel opened for there are Anastomoses in a manner every where They make that the inner branch of the Cephalica which constitutes the mediana Basilica by some call'd Cubiti interior Epatica Jecoraria c. the Liver vein because in diseases of the Liver it is usually opened but in the left side t is termed Lienaris the Spleen vein because the opening thereof is commended in Diseases of the Spleen upon no ground at all But let Surgeons take heed when they open this Vein least they wound a Nerve of the third and fourth pare which lies neer the same whence follows great pain a Feaver Convulsion and Death Also Arteries lie beneath the same which being hurt causes au Aueurisma and effusion of Blood This Vein is divided into more Boughes then the Head vein Under the tendon of the pectoral muscle it is divided into three Branches I The first goes along with that Nerve of the Arme which they cal the fourth II The next is termed Medius and Profundus beneath the Elboe Joynt divided into an external and an internal branch separated but a little way one from another The former provides for the Thumb Forefinger and Middlefinger as also for the external muscles of the Hand The latter being stretched along the middle bone of the Cubit servs the Middlefinger the Rinfinger and the little finger as also the internal Muscles of the Hand III The Subcutaneus is divided at the inner swelling of the Arm is divided into a foremore and hindermore Branch The latter descends under the Ulna by the little finger where it is joyned to a Branch of the Cephalica The former as it passes along the Cubit produces another remarkeable Vein which proceeds sometimes directly otherwhiles with various turnings unto the wrist And then
Arteries Ureters the Womb the Gall-bladder and the Piss-bladder the Gullet the Stomach the Guts the Stones The term Meninx is properly given and peculiarly to the Membranes of the Brain Now a Membrane is a similar part broad plane white and which may be stretched made by a proper Membrane-making faculty of clammy and watery Seed to the end that it might by cloathing defend the Parts The Form thereof is the equality of its Surface Thinness and Lightness least it should burden compactness and strength that it might be widened and stretched It s Use is 1. To cloath and defend the Parts by reason of its hardness and compactness and to be the Instrument of feeling For the Parts feel by help of the Membranes And so great is the necessity of Membranes that Nature hath covered every Part with a Membrane 2. To strengthen the parts 3. To defend the parts from the injury of the Cold and to keep the Natural Heat from exhaling 4. To joyn parts with parts So the Mesentery knits the Guts to the Back 5. To shut the mouths of the Vessels least the Humors should flow out or flow back As in the Bladder where the Ureters are implanted in the Ventricles of the Heart by the Valves Now a Membrane is thicker or thinner The thin Membrane differs in thinness For the Periostium of the Ribs is thinner then the Pleura the Periostium of the Head is thinner then the Pericraneum the pia mater is thinner then the dura mater The thick Membrane is the Membrana carnosa which is not every where alike thick for it is thicker in the Neck then other places And now let us speak of the Membrana carnosa or fleshy Membrane The Panniculus carnosus or Membrana carnosa is by some termed a membranous Muscle by others a Nervie Coat a fattie Coat c. It is termed fleshy because in some places as about the Forehead the compass of the Neck and the Ears it turns to a musculous flesh and in such Creatures as by the help hereof can move their whole Skin it seems to be a Muscle It is endued with such fleshy Fibers especially in their Necks by the motion whereof they drive away flies But in Man save in his Forehead it is immoveable only Vesalius and Valverda report that there were some men who could move the Skin on their Chest and Back and in other parts just as oxen do In whom doubtless this Membrane was made of the same constitution which it hath in Brutes Moreover in new-born Children it resembles flesh by reason of plenty of blood in grown persons it is like a Membrane by reason of continually being dried In a Mans Body if exact Separation be made it will appear to consist of four distinct Membranes Spigelius and others do take those membranous Fibers which are every where interwoven among the Fat to be Panniculus carnosus or Membrana carnosa It s Use is 1. To defend the neighboring Parts yea and to cover and defend the whole Body and therefore it is situate all over the body 2. To keep in the Fat that it flow not out or melt by reason of the continual motion of the Muscles 3. To support those Vessels which are carried into the Skin which go between the Skin and this Membrane for it is knit unto the Skin by very many Veins some fewer Arteries branches of Nerves and membranous Fibers and to the Membranes under the Muscles by the smaller Fibers It is therefore false that when the Fat is consumed by fasting the Skin sticks to the Muscles no otherwise then a Ball to a peice of cloth wherewith it is covered It sticks most firmly to the Back in fashion of a Membrane and therefore it is said to arise from thence In the former part of a Mans Neck and his Forehead it can hardly be separated from the Skin and the Musculus latus it sticks so close and is thought to constitute the Musculus latus The Surface thereof is slippery there where it touches the Muscles by reason of that clammy Humor which is wont to be daubed upon the Membranes least the motion of the Muscles should be hindred It is of exquisite sense and therefore if it be twitched by a sharp Humor it causes shivering and shaking as by Choler in Agues The proper Membrane of the Muscles which some will have to spring from the Pericranium or Periostium others from the nervous Fibers of the Muscles is thin and is knit unto the Muscle by most thin filaments It s Use is 1. To cloath the Muscle and separate them one from anothe◠2. To impart unto them the Sense of 〈…〉 CHAP. V. Of the Muscles in General A Muscle is termed in Greek Mus a Mouse because it resembles a flaid Mouse and the Latins cal it Lacertus a Lizard from its similitude with that Creature Howbeit we cannot allot one certain figure to the Muscles by reason of their variety A Muscle is an Organical Part the Instrument of voluntary motion For only this part can receive the Iuflux of the motive faculty Helmont allowes the muscles a life peculiar to themselves which continues for a while even after death as the convulsive motion in the Falling-sickness which continues involuntarily Which nevertheless does more truly arise from the retraction and driness of the Nerves and defect of Spirits Also the same man is in an error in conceiving that new fibres do arise in the muscles and cause the Palsie No man ever saw them nor can they be bred anew because they are Spermatick parts The Palsie ought rather to be referred to a defect of some fibres A muscle is an Organical part because it consists 1. Of flesh 2. Of a tendinous part and these are the two parts of a muscle which perform the Action 3. Of Veins to carry back the Nutriment 4. Of Arteries preserving the inbred Heat and bringing the Nourishment to the part 5. Of Nerves which contribute sense and especially motion For the Brain sends the motive faculty through the Nerves into the Muscles 6. Of Membranes which encompass and keep the muscles together 7. Of Fat which moistens them and hinders them from being dried by over much motion The Muscles of the whole Body are most straitly conjoyned one with another Yet sometimes they gape and are at some distance when Wind wheyish Humor or some other matter gets between them as in the bastard Pleurisie and concerning a Soldier whipt by the Turks Veslingus told me that his muscles were so widened and separated that if he bent his body but a little every muscle would bear it self out from its Natural situation bunching out as it were and swelling We divide the Muscles into two parts a fleshy part and a tendinous part Again we make the tendinous part to be either united or disgregated and severed United where the whole tendinous part appears white and
Situation as the Teeth 8. In Use as the Navil-vessels and those of the Heart the Gut Caecum c. 9. In Motion as the Lungs c. 10. In Excrements 11. In Strength and Perfection of the Whole The XXIX TABLE This TABLE shews how the Parts of a Child in the Womb differ from those of a grown Person The FIGURES Explained FIG I. AA The Deputy-kidneys BB. The true Kidneys as yet distinguished into sundry Kernels il expressed by the Graver in respect of their Situation C. The Arteria magna out of which branches go to the Deputies and the Kidneys D. The Vena cava out of which the Emulgents proceed and the little Veins of the Deputies FIG II. Shews the Posture of a Child in the Womb which does nevertheless somtimes vary A. The Head of the Child hanging downwards so as its Nose is bid between its Knees BB. The Buttocks to which the Heels are applied CC. The Arms. D. The Cord drawn along its Neck and turned back over its Fore-head which is continued with the Womb-cake expressed in the next Figure FIG III. AAA The Membrane Chorion divided BB. The Membrane Amnios as yet covering the Cord. CC. The hollow and inner side of the womb-cake which looks towards the Child with the Twigs of Vessels D. A Portion of the twisted Cord. FIG IV. Shews the outside of the Placenta which cleavs to the Womb though here separated with the Clifts and Chinks EEEE which vary in Number and Depth FIG V. Shews the Skeleton of a young Child in very many things differing from that of a Person grown up as appears by the Text FIG I. AA The Deputy-kidneys BB. The true Kidneys as yet distinguished into sundry Kernels il expressed by the Graver in respect of their Situation C. The Arteria magna out of which branches go to the Deputies and the Kidneys D. The Vena cava out of which the Emulgents proceed and the little Veins of the Deputies FIG II. Shews the Posture of a Child in the Womb which does nevertheless somtimes vary A. The Head of the Child hanging downwards so as its Nose is bid between its Knees BB. The Buttocks to which the Heels are applied CC. The Arms. D. The Cord drawn along its Neck and turned back over its Fore-head which is continued with the Womb-cake expressed in the next Figure FIG III. AAA The Membrane Chorion divided BB. The Membrane Amnios as yet covering the Cord. CC. The hollow and inner side of the womb-cake which looks towards the Child with the Twigs of Vessels D. A Portion of the twisted Cord. FIG IV. Shews the outside of the Placenta which cleavs to the Womb though here separated with the Clifts and Chinks EEEE which vary in Number and Depth FIG V. Shews the Skeleton of a young Child in very many things differing from that of a Person grown up as appears by the Text These things will be more evident if we shall run over all the particles which are in a Child different from the parts of our Bodies 1. The Umbilical or Navil-Vessels vulgarly called the Navil strings are three and hollow throughout to pass and repass the Mothers blood which in grown persons turn to Ligaments 2. There is little or no appearance of the Call because there is as yet no publick digestion of the Stomach or Guts and they are sufficiently cherished by the Members of the Child folded together and the hear of the Womb. 3. The stomach is smal no bigger then a Wall-nut and for the most part empty there being no publick Concoction or it is moistened with a clammy Humor 4. The Caecum intestinum is large somtimes thick other whiles long for the most part ful of Excrements of which I spake before 5. The thin Guts appear contracted colored with yellow Excrements descending through the Gall-bladder 6. The thick Guts especially the Rectum do contain thick black Excrements from the private digestion of the Stomach Guts Liver and Spleen or of the Spleen only voided hither by the Caeliaca or of the Liver alone purged out by the Choler-passage They are black through their long stay 7. The true Kidneys are compacted of very many Kernels The deputy Kidneys are large and more hollow 8. The Liver with its 〈◊〉 fills both the Hypochondria The Spleen is smal because there is yet no fermentation in the Stomach and Veins The color of both is more bright and red then in a grown person 9. In the Dugs there are no kernels only a little sign of a Nipple 10. The Thymus growing to the Vessels is visible beyond the Heart with a threefold large kernel 11. The Ears of the Heart are large especially the right Ear and pale 12. The Unions of the Vessels in the Heart by Anastomosis and a little Channel are singular of which we shall speak in the following Book 13. The Lungs shine with a yellow redness which is afterwards allayed by their motion Because they are at present immoveable because transpiration alone and the Ventilation of the Mothers Blood do suffice the Child in the Womb unless it happen to cry in the Womb. 14. In the Head all things are large The Eyes stick out the skull is exceeding big but divided into many parts the brain is soft and commonly overflows with moisture the Pericranium continued with the Dura mater passes through the Sutures 15. In the Skeleton the Bones of the whole Body are soft in the first months afterwards some are hard according as they are of use as the Ribs some are gristly as the Brest-bone the Wrist-bone and the Tarsus or beginning of the Foot all without any hard Apophyses or Epiphyses which nevertheless in tract of time do grow to a bony hardness the middle parts growing hard first and after their hardning some remaine one continued bone others are divided into many Particles 16. The Crown of the Head remains very long open covered only with a Membrane which by little and little with age grows close up The Sagittal future reaches to the Nose The greater Conjunctions of the bones are moveable placed one upon another that in the coming out of the Womb the skul being pressed may give way to the straitness of the passage The Os Cuneiforme is divided into four parts The Bones of the Nose and both the Jawes are divided a Gristle coming between The Teeth lie hid in their sockets covered with the Gums The Vertebrae of the Back have no sharp productions that they may not hurt the Womb. The Breast-bone being soft hath in the middle according to the length thereof four little round bones Plane and Pory Also the Planke Hip and Share-bones are distinguished by Gristles The Carpus and Tarsus are Gristly and afterward as the Child grows bigger they are spread out into divers bones when there is a necessity of using the Hands and Feet to handle and go 17. In the outward parts as the Skin Hairs Nails c. there is some difference known to all II.
of the Substance is not every where alike For here and there it is glandulous especially in the tops of the Hillocks as being the Emunctories of the childs Work-house placed in the outmost Verges It is thicker in the middle of the hillocks and thin about the brims variously interwoven with the Capillary Veins For It hath Vessels viz. Veins and Arteries running through the same from the Umbelical Vessels which by little and little are all extenuated about the brims of the Womb-cake making wonderful contextures closely sticking to the Substance thereof so that no part of the Branches is void They are joyned together by various Anastomoses which shall be hereafter described through which the blood in the child runs back out of the Arteries into the Veins For I have observed in the Veins of the Womb-cake how that the blood contained may easily by ones finger or an instrument be forced towards the Trunk or Cord but not towards the Womb-cake The contrary where to happens in the Arteries which by impulse of the finger do easily send the blood to the Womb-liver but hardly to the Trunk It s Use is 1. To support the Navil-vessels under which it is spred as a Pillow The XXX TABLE This TABLE presents a Child in the Womb naked al the Coats both proper and common being divided The FIGURE Explained AA Portions of the Chorion dissected and removed from their place B. A portion of the Amnios CC. The Membrane of the Womb dissected DD. The Womb-cake or womb-liver being a Lump of Flesh furnished with divers Vessels through which the Child receives its nourishment E. The Branching of the Vessels which in this place make one Ligament to cover the Umbilical Vessels FF The Band or Ligament through which the Umbelical Vessels are carried from the Womb-cake to the Navil GG The Situaton of a perfect Child in the Womb ready to be born H. The Implantation of the Umbilical or Navil-vessels into the Navil The third called ALLANTOIDES the Pudding-membrane does not cloath the whol conception but compasses it round like a Girdle or a Pudding It s Use is to receive Urin from the Urachus in Brutes For in Mankind there is no such Membrane for the child in a woman its Urin is received by the Amnios mingled with Sweat or is kept in the Bladder till the Birth-time And therefore Spigelius cannot be excused for admitting this Membrane in Mankind whose Description because it belongs not to this Anatomy he that desires to see let him look in Aquapendent Chap. XXXVII Of the Vmbelical or Navil-vessels THe Membranes being diffected and removed the UMBELICAL Vessels come in view so called because in the Region of the Navil the child being excluded and the blood a little forced up to nourish the sâ—me they are cut off and being tied in a knot do make The NAVIL which is in the 〈…〉 of the Belly yea and of the whole Body if you measure it with a circle the Arms being stretched out Now there are four Navil-vessels ONE VEIN TWO ARTERIES and the URACHUS Which are covered and veiled as it were with a certain common Coat or Crust which some call Intestinulus Funiculus Laqueus c. which does not only wrap up all the Vessels but also distinguishes them one from another And the Use of this Coat is to keep the Vessels from being intangled one within another broken or any other way hurt The VENA UMBILICALIS much greater then the Artery being carried through the two Coats of the Peritonaeum is bred in the first place before all other Veins in respect of Perfection because it ought to afford nourishment to the rest It is seen inserted into the Liver by a Cleft and goes through the Navil somtimes simple otherwhiles double and divided into two Branches the length of about an Fâ—ll and half as far as to the Womb-cake And it is variously coiled or rouled about that its length-might prove no hinderance From the Navil it goes over the Breast and from thence it is obliquely carried over the right and left side of the Throat and Neck turning it self back at the hinder-part of the Head and so over the middle of the Fore-head unto the Womb-cake somtimes also by this simple flexure on the left hand it compasses the Neck like a chain All which is to be understood of the whole Cord and the rest of the Vessels contained therein And this Journey being finished it spreads infinite Branches through the Secondine till it loose it self into exceeding delicate fine hairy thrids It s Use is to draw Blood to nourish the Child and to carry it into its Liver Now the way is doubtful Most men perswade themselves that the Veins and Arteries of the Womb are joyned with the little Veins and Arteries of the Womb-cake and that from them joyntly blood is derived into the Navil-vessels to the Child But the Arteries are to be excluded from this Office because they are not joyned to the womb nor ought they to carry any thing to the child but to carry back from the child to the womb-cake The Veins do only bring thither and that by a twofold way either immediately from the womb or mediately Immediately when they are joyned to the Vessels of the womb mediately when by the interceeding or going between of any fleshy Substance whatsoever both in Mankind and Beasts which is alwaies for the most part glewed to the womb and violently broke off in the Birth it is sucked through Pipes first out of the womb into the outer parts of the womb-cake and thence into the Capillary Veins thereof out of the least into the greater till at last it is carried to the Umbilical Trunk and to the Liver Nor does it slip through the Veins of the womb into the Pipes because the Blood of the Veins does not nourish but it is brought in by the Arteries in a woman with child and goes up back again by the Veins in a woman not with child This Vein seems full of certain Knots which are nothing but a more thick and fleshy Constitution of the Membrana carnosa in those Parts and a wider opening wherewith as a spoon the Blood is drawn in in its long Journey and is by little and little stopped least it flow too violently that the Blood may be there the longer labored as we see in the Spermatick Vessels and that the Vessels may be stronger By the Number of these Knots the Midwives do guess the number of Children that a woman shal bear and if the Knot which first follows be white and narrow they foretel that the next child will be a Girl if red round and swelling that it will be a Boy The first Divination is vain for there are as many Knots in the Navil of the last child as of the first But the latter may be excused by the defect or abundance of Natural heat whence the Diversity of Sexes arises From the distance
And by the Superaboundance or Deficiency hereof the Voice is hurt For in the former contracted by Distillations it becomes Hoarse in the latter through burning Feavers c. It becomes squeaâ—ing If it overabound we are quite Dumb and unable to speak and the moisture being consumed our Speech returns again which might happen in that same dumb Son of Craesus mentioned by Herodotus and in Aegle a Samian wrastler mentioned by Valerius Maximus and Zacharias Orphanus a Fool of whom Nicolas Fontanus tels a story in his Observations This Coat is of exquisite sense that it may raise it self to expel what ever is trouble-some thereunto Between these two Membranes is the proper substance of the Trachea arteria which is partly of the nature of a Gristle and partly of a Ligament The VIII TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE represents the Aspera Arteria the Oesophagus the recurrent Nerves about the Arteria Magna and the Arteria Axillaris behind FIG I AA The Muscle contracting the Oesophagus BBB The Oesophagus or Gullet CCC The Aspera arteria or Wesand placed under the Throate D. The Membrane between the Wesand and the Gullet EEEE The Nerves of the sixth Conjugation FF Nerves of the Tongue inserted behind GG The right recurrent Nerve turned back to the Artery of the Shoulder HH The left recurrent Nerve about the Descendent Trunk of the Arteria Magna II. A Nerve tending to the left Orifice of the Stomach and to the Diaphragma KK A Nerve descending to the Diaphragma L. The jugular Arteries on each side one M. The left humeral Artery N. The right Humeral or Shoulder Artery OO The Arteria Magna or great Artery PP The Trunks of the Arteries descending to the Lungs FIG II. This Figure shews the upper part of the Gullet with its Muscles AA The Musculi Cephalo-pharyngaei sâ— called BB. The Musculi Spheno-pharvngaei CC. The Musculi Sâ—â—lopharyngaei DD. The Sâ—luncterd awn from the Gullet E. The Inâ—de of the Gullet F. The Descending part of the Gullet page 120 I. For the Voices sake because that which makes a sound must be solid II. Otherwise by reason of its softness it would alwaies fall together and would not easily be opened in Respiration It was to be partly Ligamental and not wholly of a Gristly substance for if it should consist of one only Gristle or many circular ones I. It would be evermore open and not somtimes widen and then fall together II. It would bear hard upon the Gullet to which nevertheless it ought to give way especially in the swallowing down of solid meats that the Throat or Gullet might be sufficiently widned And so the Gristles help to frame the Voice and the Membranous Ligaments for Respiration The Gristles are many round like Rings but not exactly For on their backside where they touch the Gullet a fourth part of a circle is wanting in place whereof there is a Membranous substance From their shape they are termed Sigma-shap'd resembling the old Greek letter C til they are fixed in the Lungs for then changing their Fignre they change their name For the Wind-Pipes do there consist of perfect Gristles Round four square or Triangular but where they are joyned to the rest of the Vessels of the Lungs they become Membranous These Gristles are joyned together by Ligaments going between which in Men are more fleshy in brute Beasts more Membranous and in men the shew like little Muscles And the Gristles do every where keep an equal diâ—…n from another and the higher the â—…ey â—hey are It hath Vessels â—â—mmon wiâ—â— others Veins from the the external Jugulars Arteries from the Carotides Nerves from the Recurrent Nerves of the sixth pair It s Use is I. In drawing in the Air that by it as a Pipe the Air may be received from the Lungs as from a pair of Bellows Hence comes that same Wheezing in such as have the Tissick the Pipes of the Wesand being stopped so that the Air coming and going and not finding a free passage makes that Hissing noise II. In blowing the Air out I. That through it Fuliginous Excrements may be voided at the Mouth and Nostrils For which intent the mouths of the Vena arteriosa do so artificially joyn with the Mouths of the Aspera arteria that there is passage only for sooty steams but not for blood unless it come away by force and violent Coughing In the next place that it may help to form the voice which it doth by expiration likewise though some Juglers frame their Voice by inspiration only or drawing in of their Breath And therefore Hippocrates calls it the breathing and vocal Organ A wonder therefore it is that some Men can live long in the Water like Fishes by Nature and not by Art if Cardan is to be believed in the second Book de Subtilitate when he makes relation of one Calanus a Diver in Sicily who would lie three or four hours under the Water And how in the West-indies everywhere such as dive for Pearl-oysters will lie an hour together under the Water If they did this by some art it were not so wonderful So the Aegyptians are most perfect divers and exercise Robberies that way For as appears by the Description of Nicolus Christophori Radzivilij his journey to Hierusalem they lie lurking under the Waters and not being content to steal on land what ever they can catch they draw into the water and carry it away and frequently they catch a man as he lies upon a Ships deck draw him under the water and kill and strip him of his cloathes So that such as sail are said many times to watch all night armed And in the same parts aboundance of fisher men will dive under the water and catch fish with their hands and they will come up with a fish in cach Hand and a third in their mouths These persons doubtless do either live only by Transpiration as such do that have fits of the Apoplexy and the Mother or they have Anastomoses open in their Hearts by means of which as in the Womb the blood is freely moved without any motion of the Lungs Chap. XI Of the Larynx THe Head or beginning of this Lung-Pipe is termed LARYNX which is the voices Organ T is Situate in the Neck and that in the middle thereof for it is In Number one that there may be only one voice It s Figure is round and almost circular because it was to be hollow for the voices sake but on the foreside it is more Extuberant on the hinder side depressed that it may give way to the Gullet especially in the time of swallowing in which while the Oesophagus is depressed the Larynx runs back upwards and so assists the swallowing both by giving way and bearing down that which is to be swallowed It s Magnitude varies according to the Ages of persons For in younger persons the Larynx is strait which makes
the substance of the Brain or in those Ventricles in the forepart thereof 2. That the Animal spirit may be contained and kept in the brain as in a Store-house after it is generated And the substance truly of the Brain is a convenient House and Receptacle for the Animal spirit seeing it is the same with the internal Marrowy substance of the Nerves which also contains the said Animal Spirit Now I am of Opinion that in the Brain properly so called or the Rinde is contained Animal Spirit for Sense and that in the whole Marrow Head and Tail Spirits is kept for Motion which shall be made manifest in the following Chapter Chap. IV. Of the Parts of the Brain in Particular and I. of the lengthened and Spinal Marrow and its noble Ventricle SOme with Galen Vesalius Fallopius intending to contemplate what is contained in the Brain begin their Dissection in the upper part and proceed to the lower and therefore they do unfitly propound and explain many parts I treading in the steps of Constantinus Varolus shall take a quite contrary Course yet such as is true and accurate beginning at the lower part of the brain and so passing to the uppermost and I shall afterward propound the order of parts from top to bottome for their sakes that will needs follow the vulgar and common way of Dissection where also a third way of Dissection shall be propounded Beginning therefore at the lowest part of the Brain we meet first with the beginning of the lengthened Marrow the progress whereof because it is contained in the Vertebra's of the Spina or Back-bone therefore it is termed Spinalis and Dorsalis Medulla the Spinal or Back-marrow And if any one shall think we ought therefore to begin with the brain because the Spinal Marrow is said to take its beginning therefrom we answer that we make the Marrow both as it is within the Skull and in the Back-bone to be the beginning rather of the brain and that the brain being divided into two parts is as it were a certain double process or production of the Marrow it self Which is yet more manifest to those that behold the Anatomy of Fishes for there the Head and Tail of the Marrow is very great but the process of the Marrow or the brain is very little the Cause whereof is that Fishes use motion more then sense intimating that the brain or barke contributes more to sense and the Marrow it self to Motion Hence Fish are dull of Sense but very nimble in motion And according to this opinion of ours that saying will be verified than an hard body is fittest for motion and softer for sence The IV. TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE presents the fourth Ventricle of the Brain the Brainlet and the Corpus Callosum in several Figures FIG I. AA The Brainlet or Cerebellum and its Globes B. The Worm-like process of the Cerebellum or Brainlet CCCC The processes of the Brainlet which make the bridg of Varolius D. The beginning of the spinal Marrow EE Two roots or smaller Processes of the spinal Marrow arising from the Brainlet F. The fourth Ventricle likened to a Pen GG A portion of the Brain cleaving to the Brainlet FIG II. AA The inner whiteish substance of the Brainlet BBB The outer and more duskish substance compassing the white about CCCC An Elegant structure of the Brainlet Representing the branchings of Trees FIG III. AA The appearance of the brain cut off in the middle as far as to the Ventricles BB. The corpâ—s callosum drawn a little to the left â—ide C. A portion of the Sickle turned backwards DD. The right fore Ventricle uncovered above EE The left Ventricle open in like manner FF The Plexus choroides G. A portion of the Speculum or Septum Lucidum HH The dura Mater drawn away on both â—ides â—â— The two Thighes or portions of the Fornix page 136 The lengthened Marrow arises as some conceive from the brain alone according to others from the Brainlet or Cerebellum But it hath both to speak now at a vulgar rate for its beginning For it arises from four Roots or Foundations two of which are greater from the fore-part of the brain commonly so called two are lesser from the inner part of the Brainlet or petty Brain From these united the spinal Marrow seems to be constituted But it is peradventure a more true opinion to think that those originals are processes of the Marrow it self as was said before The Substance of the Medulla oblongata or lengthened Marrow is a little harder then that of the brain One part thereof is within the Skull four Fingers breadths above the great Hole of the Hind-part of the Head Another and the longest part thereof is without the Skull in the Vertebra's from the first of the Neck to the last of Os sacrum It s Figure is longish and round The Scripture calls it the Silver Cord. In its beginning it is thicker and larger then elsewhere It is further divided into the right and left part even as the brain is by the pia Mater which immediately invests the same which may be seen in the Marrow of an Oxe indifferently boyled Hence there may be a Palsie of only one side of the body Now it is divided into many little Cords as it were about the sixt and seventh Vertebra of the Chest and if the spinal Marrow of a body newly dead be presently plunged in cold water and a separation of these cords made you may see the shape of an Horses tail especially towards the end divided into many long Hairs so that according to Laurentius the Nerves also of the Back and Loyns do spring from the Marrow of the Neck It is covered with a tripple Membrane the first which immediately covers it is from the pia Mater The second is from the dura Mater and cleaves to the former Which two according to the Observation of Spigelius are not separated any distance one from another as they were within the Skul but touch one the other The third being external springs according to Galen from a strong Ligament which binds together the foreparts of the Vertebra's and in the hinder part ends into a strong Coat least in bending or extending the Back-bone the Marrow should be hurt A thick and clammy humor is poured round about this Coat to moisten the same Afterwards the Marrow is shut up in the Vertebrae least it should be hurt as the brain is shut up in the Skul seeing it is a noble part and the original of the Nerves Therefore the Ancients called the Cavity of the Spina or Back-bone Hieran Surigga the holy Pipe In the beginning of this Marrow while it is yet in the Skul there appears ingraven An Hollow Cavity which Galen calls the Ventricle of the Brainlet others call it the fourth Ventricle of the brain though it is not in the brain
common to the Mouth Palate Tongue Larynx Gullet and Stomach but in the Nostrils it is thinner and of exquisite sense for being vexed it causes Sneezing it is bred with many little holes which go into the Os cribrosum Riolanus informs us that within the Cavities of the Nostrils there are spungy parcels of flesh to be seen of a reddish colour wherewith the spungy bones of the Nose are filled of which being swelled the Disease in the Nostrils called Polypus is bred touching the pulling out and cure whereof read Tulpius The Use of the outer Nose is 1. That through it air may enter into the Brain for the needs of the Animal Spirits 2. That by it air may enter into the Lungs for the cooling of the Heart and to breed vital Spirits 3. That by the Nostrils Odours may be carried to the Mammillary processes which lie concealed above the Os cribrosum And therefore they whose Nose is cut off at the Roots cannot smell at all or badly 4. That the Excrements of the Brain may flow down there through as by a Channel Which is but a secondary use of the Nose because Jo. Walaeus Jo. Dom. Sala my Masters and my self have known some persons that never voided any Excrements at their Nose 5. It is also somtimes assistant to the Voice 6. It adds an Ornament to the Face It is storied in the Chronicles of England how a company of honest Maidens of that Country in the time of the Daneish War did cut off their own Noses that they might preserve their Maidenheads from the violence of the Daneish Soldiers by this deformity This was the punishment of Adulterers in Aegypt which also Jebovah threatens to the Inhabitants of Hierusalem by the Prophet Ezekiel In our Historiographer Saxo we read how Hialto deformed a Curtezan by cutting off her Nose when she asked him who should be her next Lover And therefore because it makes much for the Ornament of the Face the Chirurgia Curtorum was invented teaching how to supply a Nose in the room of that which is cut off of which see Tagliacotius Chap. XI Of the Mouth Cheeks and Lips THe last Organ of Sense remains viz. the Tongue the Organ of Tasting which before I explain I must propound the external parts about the Mouth and the internal parts in the Mouth The external parts about the mouth are sundry The upper part under the Eyes between the Nose and the Ears by reason of its usual Redness and the unusual by reason of blushing is called Pudoris sedes the Seat of shamefastness Maium or Pomum the Apple also Circulus Faciei the Circle of the Face The lower and looser part which may be blown up as we see in Trumpeters is termed Bucca the Cheek the upper part of the Lip is called Mystax The Cavity imprinted therein and dividing the same is called Philtrum from its loveliness Now the Lips are two the upper and the lower and the chink between both is termed Os the Mouth The outer parts of the Lips which hang over are called Prolabia The lower part under the lower Lip is called Mentum the Chin the fleshy part under the Chin is termed Buccula Now the Mouth consists of parts partly boney as the upper and lower Jaw with the teeth partly fleshy as the Lips Lip-muscles Cheek-muscles and lower Jaw-muscles The whole inner capacity of the Mouth is cloarhed with a thick Coat which goes also about the Gums and Lips and is thought to be doubled when it constitutes the Uvula The Uses of the Mouth are 1. To receive in Meat and Drink and to prepare the same or begin Chylification the beginning of which is performed in the Mouth 2. To receive in and let out the Air. 3. To speak and frame the Voice 4. To give passage to the Excrements of the lungs the Head and Stomach by hawking spitting and vomiting Two pare of Muscles there are common to the Cheeks and Lips on each side two Muscles The first is that same broad and square muscle lying under the skin of the neck which the Ancients did not distinguish from the Skin It arises about the Channel-bones and the hinder-part of the Neck and with oblique Fibres which a Surgeon must diligently observe least he cut them freely and athwart and so make the Cheeks to be pulled away to one side it is implanted into the Chin the Lips and Root of the Nose and sometimes of the Ears which parts also it moves to the part and this is first cramped in the Spasmus Cynicus The second lies under this which makes the Cheeks with its Bulk and therefore is termed Buccinator the trumpetting Muscle which is most conspicuous in Trumpetters T is round like a Circle thin and membranous interwoven with sundry Fibres inseparably clothed with the coat of the Mouth In the Centre hereof Casserius hath observed a certain strong band breeding from without and creeping to the Cheek-bone where it is terminated into a certain small and lean Muscle directly opposite to the Bucca This Muscle arises from the upper Cheek-bone is inserted into the lower at the Rooâ—s of the Gums It s Use is to move the Cheeks and Lips and it is to the teeth instead of an hand while it thrusts the meat this way and that way to the teeth that it may be more exactly chewed The Lips consist of undigested spungy flesh Fallopius reckons it for the ninth pare of Muscles which move the Lips whose Skin is so mingled with Muscles that it seems to be a musculous Skin or a skinny Muscle They are covered with a Coat common to the Mouth and Stomath and thence it is that in such as are ready to vomit the lower Lip trembles The parts of the Lips which touch one another are red because of the afflux of blood Their Use is 1. To shut in the Mouth and Teeth and to defend the inner parts from cold and external Injuries 2. For the conveniency of Eating and Drinking 3. For the Voice and Speech 4. To cast out the Spittle and therefore that Servants might not spit nor speak they were bound with Skins as Ammianus Marcellinus informs us 5. For Ornament There are some proper Muscles of the Lips besides the common ones aforesaid which nevertheless may vary in respect of number Some reckon fewer and others more for some are by some Authors counted simple which others reckon to be manifold The proper Muscles which move the upper Lip are on each side two Three there are which move both Lips The lower Lip is moved only by one proper pare The first pare proper to the upper lip is a remarkable pare described by Fallopius which slipping down from the corner betwixt the Eyes and Nose is straight way sunk into the Substance of the upper Lip The other pare arising from the upper Jaw-bone just in the Cavity of the Cheeks under the Socket of the Eye thin
or pointer because therewith we point at any thing The third is the longest and middlemost cal'd Impudicus the shameless because Physitians use it in filthy and stinking places not is it wont to be adorned with Rings The fourth is termed Medicus also Annularis the Ring-finger because it is adorned with a Gold Ring before any of the rest by reason of a common buâ— false opinion Repugnant to Anatomy viz. that a Vein should come from the Heart to this Finger above all the rest now the Heart is comforted with Gold The fift cal'd Auricularis the Ear-finger because fittest to pick the Ears is smallest and by us cal'd the little Finger The Cause therefore of laying hold which is the action of the Hand or as others speak less accurately its chiefest use is the apt composition of the whole Hand Yet the chief Organ of this motion is a Muscle the strength is in the Bones which are three in every finger the lower of which as the sustainer is alwaies greater then that which is above it and stronger and in the Joynts they are furnished on each fide with a Gristle on which an Oyly moisture is poured out for Hummectations sake and to Facilitate the motion A secondary use of the Arms and Hands as Kyperus learnedly Discourses is the better to help our going by their weight and ballancing Yea and to speed our going and therefore dancers on the Ropes whose Foot is broader then that which they tread on do bear themselves up with long Poles and when they dance a pace they ballance themselves with their Hands which they move this way and that way The Nails are placed externally on the tops of the Fingers as also of the Toes whose upmost part being white is called the Root of the Nailes the white half Moon and the little Skin which grows to the Root Their matter is not Alimentary Humors as Aemilius Parisanus and Plempius would have it and others but thick Excrements not which ascend from the Heart as Rosa Anglicana conceives or from the Arteries but from the Bones and Gristles as the great Hippocrates doth affirm The Efficient is that heat which the Soul directs to this rather then any other part of the Body But the Nailes are not made by the Soul as Parisanus and Plempius contend because in Cacochymick and Phlegmatick persons they grow more abundantly in such as have been twenty five years dead according to the observation of Pareus Nor are we moved when they say that there is a great variety of colours in horns and shels of Fishes for they no more prove the action of the Soul in such things then in party coloured and speckled Marble Their End and Use is I. To fence the ends of the Fingers and Toes which are exceeding soft and to saveguard them by their hardness so that they may more easily take up any thing So in the Feet that they may be able to resist the hardness of the Ground and stand firm And therefore it was ill said by him of old that the Gods had erred in their placeing the Nails II. For ornament and therefore we cover our Fingers when the Nails are impaired III. To rub scrarch and defend which is a secondary use IV. To free the Body from superfluous Humors and steams Fuliginous V. To afford Physiognomists and Physitians tokens of Life and Health which may be seen in divers authors And Achmetes ch 74. 75. interprets dreams concerning them according to the Tradition of the Indians Persians and Aegyptians Their form we gather from the Accidents Their Figure is somwhat convex that they may apply themselves to the Fingers They have a substance indifferently hard that they may resist but yet flexible that they may yeild a little and not break They are Transparent and therefore variously coloured for according to the flesh beneath them they are red blewish c. And therefore Physitians are wont to observe the Colour of the Nails for the Nails for examples sake grow pale when the heat of the Heart is deficient in such as are at deaths door they are livid and brown Those same white spots which in yong people somtimes appear in their Nails spring from a vigorous heat which drives hidden Excrements to the Nails and separates them from others of a different Nature They are knit about the Root with a Ligament and Skin grows about them without and flesh grows under them or rather the tendons of Muscles there dilated there is therefore in that place an exquisite sense and great pain when they are hurt And so much may suffice to have spoken of the Nails briefly and by way of Compendium Chap. II. Of the Muscles of the Humerus or of the Brachium peculiarly so called THe common containing Parts being removed viz. the Scarf-skin the Skin the Fat the Membrana carnosa c. the MUSCLES shew themselves by which the motion is made of which I am to treat in this whole Book in a convenient place though Hofman think otherwise especially because the Doctrin of the Muscles is useful and necessary by reason of Issues Wounds c. And in the other parts they could not be treated off Now touching the action of the Muscles of the Arm in general it is to be noted that the inner Muscles do mostly serve to bend and the outer to extend And in the whole Arm the internal Muscles are more and stronger then the external because bending is more worthy then the extension The Humerus is variously moved and therefore it hath sundry Muscles partly lying upon the Chest and partly growing to the Scapulae or Shoulder-blades c. Some reckon them seven others The FIGURE Explained This TABLE represents all the Muscles of the Body described by the Authour which are to be seen before AA The Muscles of the Neck called Musculi long B. The Muscles Scalenus C. The Muscle Mastoides which bends the Head dd The Vertebra's of the Neck E. The Levator Scapulae lifter of the Shoulder FF The Claviculae or Chanel bones G. The Breast-bone call'd Sternum H. The Acromon or Shoulder-tip ii The Musculus Subclavius K. The Pectoral Muscle L. The Muscles Deltoides MM. The Muscle Biceps N. The Musculus perforatus or bored Muscle O. The Serratus minor or Smaller-saw-muscle PP The greater Saw-muscle or Serratus maâ—or qqqq The Intercostal or Rib between Muscles RRRR The branchiaeus on each Arm conspicuous from each part of the Biceps SS The first Arm extender or the Longus TT The Musculus Radij pronator rotundus V. Radij Pronator Quadratus W. Supinator Radij primus X. Carpi flexor primus or externus Y. Musculus palmaris Z. Carpi flexor alter or the internus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Os Radij 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Os Cubiti 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Ligament which fastens the Cubitus to the Radiâ—◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Digitorum flexor sublimus or
Perforatus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Profundus or Perforans under the former 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Musculi Lumbricales 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Flexor pollicis or Thumb-bender 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Muscles which draw the Thumb towards the Hand The following Characters serve to point out those Muscles which run out from the Region of the Loyns to the End of the Feet in the forepart of the Body A. The Muscle Psâ—as or Lumbaris B. The Muscle Iliacus C. The Obturator internus DDDD The Musculus Triceps or Tripple-headed Muscle EE The Musculus Lividus FF The Rectus in its scituation but on the right Leg hanging by its End GG The Vastus internus H. The Vastus externus which on the right Leg hangs separated H. The Musculus membranosus or the Fascia lata KK The Musculus Crureus LL. The Musculus longus Fascialis or Sartorius MM. The Musculus gracilis NN. The Musculus Tabiaeus anticus O. The Musculus peroneus Biceps PP The Muscle which extends the four Toes of the Foot Q. The Muscle which extends the great Toe R. The Musculus Gastroenemius rrrr The Musculi Interossei S. The transverse Ligament of the Foot T. The Tibia V. The Fibula X. The Patella eight and Casserius nine For the Arm is said to be lift up by two Muscles Deltoides and Supra-spinatus and downwards by two the Ani scalptor and Rotundus major forewards by one alone viz. the Pectoralis backwards by three the Infra-spinatus and Sub-scapularis and the Transversus brevior But they conceive the circular motion thereof is caused by all of them acting one after another but others will have the Arm to be wheeled about by the Infra-spinatus Supraspinatus and Sub-scapularis But I shall in recounting them follow the order of Dissection The first is termed Pectoralis because it takes up the Breast or forepart of the Chest being great and fleshy which Galen conceived might be divided into three or four It arises from wellnigh the whole Brest-bone and the Gristles thereto annexed where it is a little tendinous in part of the Clavicula and the fift sixt and seventh true Ribs 'T is implanted with a short broad Nervous and strong tendon into the Os Humeri between the Deltoides and the Biceps It s Use is to move the Arm to the Brest and as the Fibres are contracted more to the upper or lower part or right forward so doth the Arm incline this way or that way This is the Muscle which suffers in that torment which the Italians call Tratta de corda the Strappado For it is very much haled and drawn a sunder when the Arms are pulled forcibly backwards The second is called Deltoides from its likeness to the Greek letter Δ also Triangularis Humeralis which is fleshy and so abides and is spread upon the Head of the Shoulder It arises from the middle of the Clavicula looking towards the Scapula and from the top of the Humerus with a fleshy end indeed but yet a strong tendon lies concealed therein It s Use is to lift up the Arm. In the middle hereof the Ancients were wont to make Fontanels or Issues but others in the external part of the said Muscles but an Issue is better made in the space between the Deltoides and the Biceps as I shew in my Treatise of Issues because 1. There is the Cephalick or Head Vein 2. It is between two Muscles 3. It may be very well seen and dressed by the Patient Now the place is exactly found below the Shoulder joynt four or five Fingers bredth where when you bend the Arm you may feel the space between the two Muscles and the Arm being lift up it is Circumscribed in fat persons with a small Cavity as Claudinus Solenander and others observe Ferrara measures four Fingers bredth from the Elbow upwards See also Glandorpius The third is broadest of all and with its fellow covers almost the whole Back 'T is called Ani Scalptor Clawbreech because it draws the Arm backwards and downwards It arises with a membranous and very broad beginning from the points of the Vertebra's of the Back bone from the Os sacrum and Ilium as far as to the six Vertebra of the Chest It is inserted between the Pectoral and the round Muscle with a strong short and broad Tendon It s shape is triangular Fallopius out of Galen against Vesalius doth teach that this Muscle is furnished with a new but very smal beginning while from the lower Corner of the Shoulder-blades it receives very many fleshy Fibres This Muscle because it hath a large beginning and therefore divers Fibres according as they are variously contracted so the Shoulder is either drawn more upwards or depressed more downwards And because it also passes through the lower corner of the Shoulder blade therefore it lightly draws the same also away with the Shoulder The fourth is called Rotundus major and it is obliquely seated behind under the Axilla being fleshy thick and rounder then the rest It arises fleshy from the Rib of the lower Scapula and ascending a little with its tendon short broad and strong it is implanted with the Pectoral into the upper and lower part of the Humerus It s Use is to draw the Arm downwards and backwards and to work contrary to the Deltoides The first is short and round quite fleshy which arises with a sharp beginning out of the lowest corner of the Scapula after it grows thicker and thicker to the middle of its belly and thence growing smaller by little and little it terminates with an acute end into that Ligament wherewith the Head of the Shoulder is involved It hath an oblique Scituation and some call it Transversus musculus brevior others Rotundus minor And it is the eighth in Fallopius his account which Muscle others suppose to be a certain portion of the fourth The sixt is called Infra-spinatus also Superscapularis inferior because it covers the whole external bunching part of the Scapula whose form also it bears but becoming more narrow it is with a broad and short Ligament inserted into the Shoulder It is thought to wheel the Arm backwards and outwards The seventh is the Supraspinatus also Superscapularis superior also Rotundus minor it is fleshy and somewhat longish over the Armpit it fills the Cavity between the upper Rib of the scapula and the Spina thereof out of which it grows Now it is inserted with a broad and strong tendon into the Neck of the Humerus at the Ligament of the joynt being carryed above the first joynt The Use of this is thought to be the same with that of the former Others conceive it moves upwards with the Deltois The eighth is termed Subscapularis or Immersus being very fleshy it quarters betwixt the Scapula and the Ribs and takes up the inner part of the Scapula but it is inserted with a broad tendon internally into the second Ligament of the
it extends and raises up the Chest VI. Is the TRIANGULARIS small and subtile in lean persons scarce fleshy it lies inwardly concealed under the Breast-bone out of the lower part whereof it hath its Original And therefore it may conveniently be called the Muscle of the Breast-bone It s obliquely inserted into the lower Gristles which it draws to and straitens the Chest Chap. V. Of the Muscles of the Head THe HEAD is moved either secondarily by the muscles of the Neck according to the motion thereof or primarily upon the first Vertebra to which it is immediately and closely joyned bein bent forward and backward It is turned round upon the tooth-fashioned Process of the second Vertebra on which the hind-part of the Head rests and to which it is firmly fastned as it were upon an Axle-tree which motion is performed by nine pare of Muscles The first pare is long and thick by some called Splenium spred out on each side upon the Vertebrae It arises from a double beginning one from the Spinae of the upper Vertebra's of the Chest another from the five lower Spinae of the Vertebra's of the Neck from which it is carried to the middle of the Occiput It s Use is to draw the Head directly backwards But if only one do act the motion is thought to be made circularly to one side The second is implicated and complicated and therefore termed Complexum It seems to consist as it were of three Muscles It hath divers beginnings at the seventh Vertebra of the Neck at the first third and fourth of the Chest and it is after a different manner implanted into the Occiput Riolanus observes touching the Fibres of the Splenium and the Complexus that they are cross-wayes intersected and disposed for the strength of both the Muscles The third Pare is scituate under the second small and thick which Vesalius would have to be the fourth part of the former Muscle It is inserted into the hindermore Root of the Processus mammillaris Its Use is lightly to bring the Head backwards and if but one act to bring it backwards to one side The fourth pare is called Rectum majus being small fleshy and lean It arises from the second Vertebra of the Neck ends into the middle of the Occiput The fift pare called Rectum minus lies concealed under the former pare It s Rise is from the first Vertebra of the Neck its insertion and Use is as of the third and fourth The sixt is the Obliquum superius which lies also beneath It rises according to some out of the middle of the Occiput and descending is inserted athwart into the points of the Processes of the Neck But others among whom Veslingus do rightly think it arises from the Process of the first Vertebra and ends into the Occiput by the outward side of the Recti The seventh called Obliquum inferius arises from the second Vertebra of the Neck and is inserted into the transverse Process of the first Vertebra The Use of the two oblique Muscles is to bring the Head about to the Sides The eighth called Mastoides arises long and round in the forepart of the Neck for the most part double from the upper part of the Brest-bone and the Clavicula it is inserted with a fleshy and thick End into the Mammillary Process which it embraces It s Use is to turn the Head A ninth pare is added by Fallopius under the Throat in the forepart of the Neck lying near the first pare of the Neck It arises nervous from the Ligaments of the Vertebra's of the Neck and is inserted into the Basis of the Head which it turns in like manner with the former Chap. 6. Of the Muscles of the Neck THe Muscles of the Neck are on each side four The two first extend the two others do bend the same I. The two LONG ONES lye hid under the Oesophagus or Gullet arising from the first Vertebra of the Chest with a beginning fleshy and sharp they ascend into the extuberant Process of the first Vertebra with an acute tendon and sometimes are inserted into the Occiput near its great Hole It s Use is to bend the Neck right forwards and the Head withal and if but one act it turns it on the one side The SCALENI so called which some count Muscles of the Chest have a peculiar Hole through which Veins and Arteries enter into the Arms. They arise fleshy at the side of the Neck from the first Rib they are inserted inwardly into all the Vertebra's for the most part of the Neck and especially into their transverse Processes III. The TRANSVERSALES duo seated in the back do rise from the six Vertebra's of the Chest which are uppermost and outmost they are inserted externally into all the transverse Processes of the Vertebra's of the Neck And between these Nerves go out Their Use is to extend or to bend backwards but if one act alone to move obliquely IV. The two SPINATI possess the whole Neck between the Spinae and are long and large They arise from five Spines of the Vertebra's of the Neck and seven of the Chest They are strongly implanted into the whole lower part of the Spine of the second Vertebra Their Use is the same as of the third pare Chap. 7. Of the Muscles of the Back and Loins THe Spine of the Back or Back-bone is moved forward backward to the right and to the left and circularly Yea and in tumblers we may see infinite motions of the Back For tendons are brought to all the Vertebra's as though the Muscles were many and infinite which tendons nevertheless many Anatomists do refer to some one great Muscle and say that one Muscle hath many tendons But commonly they make four pare of Muscles of the back where it is to be observed if only one act the back-bone is moved side-wayes if the pare acts it is either bended or extended The FIGURE Explained This TABLE presents certain Muscles which do first offer themselves to sight in the Hinder-part of the Body aa The Muscles of the Head called Complexi BB. The Muscles called Splenij CC. The two Levators Scapulae D. The Trapezius or Cucullaris out of its place E. The Supra-spinatus F. The Infra-spinatus G. The Rotundus major h. The Rotundus minor II. The Rhomboides KK The Dorsi latissimus L. The Serratus posticus superior M. The Serratus posticus inferior NN. The Dorsi longissimus OO The Sacrolumbus P. The Quadratus Q. The Sacer Dorsi musculus R. The Musculus longus which extends the Arm. S. The Musculus brevis the other Arm-extender TT The Supinator Brachij alter according to our Author see the first pare in the next Table V. The Extensor Carpi primus which some term Bicornis here hanging down W. The Extensor Carpi secundus XXxx The two Extensores Digitorum Z. The External Apophysis of the Shoulder 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Deltoides T. The Brachieus These following Characters
Arm swel and being opened they void as much Blood as you wil yea all that is in the body Likewise if with your finger you press the Vein below the Orifice the blood stops if you take away your finger it runs again whence we gather that the blood runs from the outmost small Veins of the body upwards unto the great Veins and the Heart and not from the upper and greater Veins into the lower smaller and more remote 2. Without Blood-letting the Veins being pressed with the finger shew as much for if in an Arm either hot or whose Veins naturally swell you force the blood downwards with your finger towards the fingers there follows no blood in the upper part of the Vein but it appears empty Contrariwise if you force the blood from the Fingers-ward upwards you shall presently see the Veins full more blood following that which you forced up 3. If you shall plunge your Arms and Legs into cold Water or Snow being first bound when you unbind the same you shal perceive your Heart offended and made cold by the cold blood ascending thereunto and it will be warmed if you put your Legs or Arms as aforesaid into hot water Nor is it any other way by which cordiall Epithems applied to the Wrists and Privities do good 4. In persons that are hanged their Heads and Faces become red the Veins being distended because the recourse of the Blood into the Heart iâ— hindred as in opening of the Veins of the Head the upper parts in the Head swell the other parts towards the Heart being empty But the Halter being loosed from the dead body the swelling and redness of the Face does fall by little and little unless the Blood which is forced into the smallest Veins cannot run back again because of the coldness of the parts 5. In Dissections of Live-Animals the matter is most evident For in what part of the body soever you bind a Vein it appears lank and empty on that side of the Ligature next the Heart and on the other side it swels where it is furthest from the Heart and neerest the extream parts of the Body 6. In a living Anatomy if you lift up a Vein and open it being tied beyond the Ligature plenty of Blood flows out on this side nothing at all which you shall find true in the crural and jugular Veins of any Creature whatsoever though you cut the Veins quite in sunder as I have often experimented with the great Walaeus and Harvey was not ignorant thereof 7 The Valves of the Veins do conspire to this end which are so contrived that they stand all wide open towards the Heart and afford an easie passage from the smallest Veins to the greatest and from thence to the Heart But from the Heart and great Veins being shut they suffer nothing to go back no not Water driven by force or a Probe unless being hurt they gape 8. The Liver sends only to the Heart the Heart only to the Lungs and all the Arteries as hath been already demonstrated concerning the Heart Seeing therefore the Blood by continual pulsation is sent in so great quantity in all parts and yet cannot be repaired by Diet nor can return back to the Heart by reason of the Miter-fashioned Valves of the Aorta nor abide stil in the Arteries which are continually driving the same nor finally is there so much spent by the parts to be nourished it follows that what remains over and above is brought back again to the heart and enters the Veins by Circulation Whereof although some dark Footsteps are extant in the writings of the Ancients as I have proved in my Book de Luce Animalium and Walaeus and Riolanus do afterward declare the same at large yet it hath been more â—â—â—erly manifested in this Age of ours to that most ingenious Venetian Paul Sarpias Fulgentius as relates from his papers and soon after to Harvey an Englishman to whom the commendations and praise of first publishing the same to the World and proving iâ— by many Arguments and Experiments are justly due finally to Walaeus and others approving the same The Primary End therefore of the Veins is to carry and recarry Blood unto the Heart the secondary ends may be these following II. A little to prepare the said Blood as do the Rami Lactei or to finish and perfect the same as a small portion of Vena Cavae between the Liver and the Heart III. To perserve the Blood as the proper place preserves that which is placed therein as much as may be in a speedy passage and to retain it within its bounds For extravenated Blood or Blood out of its natural place viz. Veins and Arteries curdles and putrefies Also in the Veins themselves when they are ill affected and the course of the Blood is stopped somtimes the Blood is found congealed witness Fernelius somtimes a fatty substance is found instead of Blood as in the Nerves which Bontius saw among the Indians IV. Some would have the red veins to make Blood and the milkie veins to make Chyle but they are quite mistaken The Form of the Veins is taken from sundry Accidents It s Figure is that of a Conduit pipe It s Magnitude varies For the Veins are great in the Livet as in their Original in the Lungs because they are hot soft and in perpepetual motion and theresote they need much nourishment because much of their substance spends but especially because all the Blood in the Body passes this way out of the right into the left Venrricle of the Heart as hath been proved already In the Heart by reason of its heat and because it is to furnish the whole Body with Arterial Blood received in and sent out by continual pulsings Also the emulgent Veins are great by reason of plenty of blood and serosities which is brought back from the Kidnies to the Vena Cava But where the substance of a part is lasting and is not easily dissipated by reason of the smal quantity of Heat the Veins are lesser as in the Brain where the Veins do not alwaies easily appear and in the Bones where they never manifestly appear though the Animal be great In all parts towards the ends they are very small and are divided into Capillary Veins sprinkled into commonly confounded with the flesh that the superfluous Blood may be better received into them which is one way by which the Arterial Blood is mediately passed through the porous flesh to the Veins which way also Blood made of Chyle in the Liver is infused into the little branches of the Venae Cava The other is by the Arteries immediately For The Connexion is such with the Arteries that every Vein is for the most part attended with an Artery over which it lies and which it touches Galeâ— tels us a a Vein is seldom found without Arteries but no Artery is ever found without a Vein But there is in the Body a
and Bladder M. A. Severinus ingeniously proves because 1. The quittor must needs rest at the bottom of the Midriff 2. By the motion of the Septum it is easily made thin 3. By the same motion the mouths of the vessels are opened which may more truly be said of the Arteries which carry Blood to the Kidnies by their emulgent Branches and with the Blood sundry excrements as quittor Serum c. Afterwards the Vena cavae ascends by the Septum and boring its passage through the Pericardium it goes a little towards the left hand and infinuates it self into the right Ventricle of the Heart with a large hole where it is joyned on all sides to the left Ear-let and there is made 2 The Vena Coronaria which is somtimes double compassing the Basis of the Heart at the Rise whereof a little Valve is placed not suffering the Blood to return into the Trunk For it is joyned with a continued passage to the Artery that it may therefrom receive blood which is to return to the Cavae Afterwards the ascendent Trunk does at last bore its way through the Pericardium and taking the former shape it had under the Heart but smaller thorugh the middle division of the Lungs no more upon the Vertebra's of the Chest where now the Gullet and Wesand rest it ascends to the Jugulum Mean while there is bred 3. A remarkable Vein above the Heart called Ayzgos sine pari the Vein without a fellow because in a Man and a Dog it is commonly but one quartering on the one side without another on the other side But there are two in some Creatures which chew the cud as Goats and in Swine c. And in the Body of Man I have often seen two once I found none at all instead whereof on each side there descended a Branch from the Vena Subclavia It arises from the hinder part of the Cava but more towards the right hand and descends through the right Cavity of the Chest but in Sheep contrariwise it arises from the left side of the Cavae and descends through the left In a Man after its Beginning which is between the fourth and fist Vertebra of the Chest it bends a little back towards the right side and outwardly unto the eighth or ninth Vertebra of the Chest where it begins to possess the very middle space Howbeit I have observed it presently after its rise to descend right forward above the middle of the Back-bone and to send out branches on each side This Truncus sine pari for the space of eight lower Ribs sends out on each hand Intercostal branches which are somtimes here and there joyned by way of Anastomosis with the branches of the Thoracica inferior which arises from the Basilica and with the Intercostal Arteries And therefore a Vein is not alwaies to be opened in a Pleurisie of the right side as Vesalius would have it Neer the Eighth Rib it is divided into two Branches The one being somtimes the greater ascends under the Diaphragma to the left side and is inserted somtimes into the Cavae above or beneath the Emulgents somtimes into the Emulgent it self This way according to the vulgar Doctrine pleuritick persous are many times critically purged by Urine and void out that way abundance of Quittor which matter may more truly be said to be purged out by the emulgent Arteries by mediation of the Heart The other on the right hand goes to the Cavae and is joyned thereto seldom to the Emulgent somtimes bove the Emulgent Often times it is implanted into the last somtimes into the first lumbal Vessel for which cause in the beginning of a Pleurisie the Ham-vein may be opened to draw away the Blood which would otherwise ascend out of the Arteries and small Veins into this Vein And whereas Hollerius and Amatus dream that this Vein hath Valves in its Beginning it is false and therefore false it is that the Cavae being evacuated the Vena sine pari is not evacuated because the Regurgitation is hindred by the Valves Fallopius denies them because he saw both Wind and Blood regurgitate from thence 4. The Intercostalis superior on each side one which is sent to the Intervals of the four upper Ribs when the Azygos hath not sent branches to all the Intervals of the Ribs Chap. 6. Of the Vena subclavia and its Branches and the Jugulars THe Branches aforesaid being constituted the Cavae ascends to the Claviculae underpropped with the Thymus where it is commonly thought to be divided and in many Anatomical Tables is so represented into four parts on either side into an upper part and a lower whence a common Error of Practitioners arises who scrupulously open the Basilica Vein in parts affected beneath the Neck the Cephalica in Diseases of the Head But at the Claviculae â— channel-bones the truncus vena cavae is divided not into four branches but two only on each side one the right and left which are termed Subclavij and by some Axillares Wherefore it matters not in Diseases below the Neck whether you open the Basilica or Cephalick Vein for the Trunk of Vena Cavae is alike emptied for the Cephalica and Basilica proceed from one root The Chyrurgeon ought to cut that which of the two is most apparent Howbeit in Diseases of the Head if the Circulation did not perswade the contrary the opening of the Cephalick Vein would help a little more because there is a branch inserted thereinto proceeding from the external jugular which I have observed more than once in divers Bodies But the Case is all one because the Carotick Arteries exclude all this Difference From the Subclavian Veins there arise both upper and lower Veins and the lower both before and after division before the division four 1. The Mammaria whose original doth notwithstanding many times vary on each side one somtimes without a fellow descending into the Duggs of which I have made frequent mention This by way of Anastomosis is somtimes joyned to the Epigastrica under the right Muscles of the Abdomen 2. The Mediastina which comes to the Mediastinum and the Thymus 3. Cervicalis for the Muscles which lie upon the Vertebra's and for the Marrow of the Neck 4. Muscula inferior for the lower Muscles of the Neck and the upper of the Breast and this also arises somtimes from the external Jugular The FIGURE Explained This TABLE propounds the chief distribution of Vena cavae through the whole Body A. The Trunk of Vena Cavae below the Heart B. Its Trunk above the Heart C. An hole whereby it gapes into the Heart DD. The Subclavian Branches ee The mammary Veins f. The Vena Mediastina gg The Venae cervicales hh The Venae Vertebrales iiii The Jugulares externae kkkk The Jugulares internae Lllll. The Vena Azygos or sine Pari. mm. The Intercostalis superior nn The Rami phrenici ooooo The Branches
the Occiput The second pare arises between the first and second Vertebra and so of the rest in order The first and second pare are disseminated into the Muscles of the Head and to the Ears The third and fourth into the Muscles of the Cheeks also those which are common to the Head and Neck The fift with the branches of the fourth and sixt do make the remarkable midrif Nerves and the fift with the foresaid sends a part backwards and a part forward into the Muscles bowing the Head those of the Arms Shoulderblades and the Skin there The sixt to the Arms and the hollow of the Shoulder-blades The seventh is joyned with two of its Neighbours viz. the sixt of the Neck and first of the Chest whose greatest part goes to the Arms and as far as the Hands For there are carried into the Arms five or six pare of Nerves viz. from the fift sixt and seventh pares of the Neck also from the first and second pares of the Chest which when they first break forth they are all mixed and united nor are separated without dammage and soon after they are severally divided into the foresaid Pares to the End haply that by that light concourse a collection might be made of animal spirits Hence Topick Medicaments in a Palsie or Convulsion of the Arm the upper part of the Arm being affected must be applied on the side of the upper part of the Back and the Neck from whence the Nerves proceed not directly in the middle either of the Back or Neck unless by reason of the common beginning of the Nerves The first Pare from the fift pare of the Neck goes chiefly into the Deltoides Muscle and the Skin of the Arm leaving a part which accompanies the Vena humeraria The second being thicker is carried through the Middle and Forepart of the Cubit where it furnishes the Musculus biceps whereupon it is joyned with the third Nerve and afterwards going downwards it salutes the Supinator longior with a twig but at the bending of the Cubit it is divided somtimes into Two otherwhites into three branches 1. The upper and lesser goes along the outside of the Arm to the outer part of the first or second Interjuncture of the Thumb 2. The middle and thicker descends obliquely within the Cubit to the Wrist 3. The lower being stretched along by the inner branch of the Basilica is spent into the Skin of the Cubit and Hand The third is joyned with the former under the Muscle Biceps it provides for the Brachiaeus and the inside of the Hand The fourth being the thickest goes along with the Vena profunda and the Artery Afterwards is variously divided Now it furnishes the Muscles which extend the Cubit the Wrist the Thumb the fore and the middle Finger and the Muscles which stretch the Fingers out The fift stretcht along by the former between the Muscles of the Cubit which it furnishes descending through the lower and hinder part of the Cubit where when we strike against any thing or compress the Nerve we feel a nummedness in our fingers in the middle thereof it is divided into two One branch goes externally through the Ulna to the Middle Finger Ring-finger and little Finger On the Inside of the Fingers for securities sake that they may give place in laying hold of any thing for there Wounds are more pernicious than in the middle The other goes inwardly through the Ulna betwixt the Finger-bending Muscles as far as the Wrist and sends branches to the same parts as the former sent to The sixt is spent into the Skin of the Cubit going betwixt the Skin and the Membrane The FIGURE Explained This FIGURE presents the spinal Marrow and the Nerves derived therefrom to the Limbs A. The beginning of the spinal Marrow â—eâ—r the Skull bbbb The Boughs orderly propagated from the Medulla ccc The Body it self of the Marrrow half included within the Vertebrae above which little Veins and Arteries spread themselves DDdd Branches arising from three pare of Nerves of the Neck and two of the Chest to be distributed into the Hand E. The Contexture and Commixion of those Nerves ff The first pare of Nerves of the Hands gg The second Pare hh The third Pare ii The fourth Pare bigger than the rest kk The fift pare l. The sixt pare which is under the Skin M. The first Nerve of the Thigh N. The second Nerve ooo The branch of the second Nerve which accompanies the Saphaena PP The third Nerve of the Thigh QQQ The fourth Nerve of the Thigh thickest of all rr The Ramus externus ss The Ramus internus page 333 CHAP. IV. Of the Nerves of the Chest the Back and Loyns FRom the Marrow of the Back arise twelve pare or as some reckon eleven all and every of which after thir Egress are divided into the greater and lesser branches the one of which is carried forward the other backward being bowed backwards The foremore branches are sent into all the Intercostal spaces the internal and external ones both which I have somtimes seen divided into two branches for the Muscles which lie upon the Chest also for the oblique descendent of the Belly The hindermore and lesser branches go backwards to the spines of the Back betwixt the Muscles which grow to the Vertebrae into which they are partly consumed and partly into those which grow from these points of the Spines as into the Rhomboides Cuculares c. Out of the spinal Marow when it is in the Vertebrae of the Loyns there arise somtimes five somtimes four pare of Nerves which pares are greater than those of the Back And each of these is divided into the foremore and hinder branches which are disseminated partly into the Muscles of the Loyns and Hypogastrium and partly into the Thighes For 1. This Pare gives a branch to the fleshy parts of the Midriff and then provides for the Muscles of the Belly and Loyns 2. It affords branches to some of the Muscles of the Thigh and Leg and as many suppose a branch to the Spermatick Vessels 3. It goes to the Knee and its Skin and part accompanies the Saphaena and part goes to the Muscles which rest upon the Loyns 4. Among the Lumbal ones it is the greatest proceeding to the fore Muscles of the Thigh and Leg as far as to the Knee 5. I passes through the hole which is betwixt the Hip-bone the Share and Flank bones and bestows branches upon some of the Muscles of the Thigh Yard neck of the Womb and Bladder But the greatest branches go from these three parts unto the Thighs as shal be said in the following Chapter CHAP. V. Of the Nerves which proceed from the Marrow of Os sacrum and of the Nerves of the whole Foot OUt of the spinal Marrow contained in the Os sacrum there arises five pare of Nerves or as some reckon them six pare out of the four uppermost of which and the three
or kind But they are out because Bones thus joyned have no motion yet peradventure they may some waies pertain to Synarthrosis because of the firmness they afford to the parts of the body With a Medium there is also a threefold growing together of the Bones by reason of a threefold body coming between as the Medium 1. A Gristle and the conjunction is called Sunchondrosis as in the Bones of the lower Jaw and the Share-bones 2. A Ligament and it is termed Sunneurosis as is seen in the Union of the Huckle-bone with the Thigh bone 3. Flesh or a Muscle and it is called Sussarcosis as in the Os hyoides with the Scapula The Substance of the Bones is hard but not with driness in an healthy State but with a shining fattiness to which others joyn an acid or sharp spirit and a volatil Salt in which regard they easily take fire and are burnt instead of Wood as the Rogus of the Romans or their Funeral-fires did witness and our English Bonefires for anciently and yet in the North they kept their Bones of Beef c. til an occasion of Triumph and then brought them out for joy to make Bone-fires otherwise they would easily be broken as we see in calcined Bones and in that old Woman whose Members would break at the least touch as Nic. Fontanus relates in his Observations And Galen tels of some bones that would turn to Sand and Dust like rotten wood which is the effect of driness The Less this Hardness of the Bones is the better do broken bones grow together and unite But in Persons that are come to years they do not truly grow together nor are regenerated but are as it were glewed together by the coming between of another substance like Glue which they term Callus Galen cals it Porus. Now a Callus somtimes happens beside the Intent of Nature through overgreat plenty of Aliment and bad Nutrition viz. when by a boney callus the three upper Vertebra's of the Neck are so glewed together as they seem to be but one bone or when the first Vetebra is glewed to the Skul and such persons cannot express their consent or dissent by moving their Head forwards or backwards as the manner is There is a greater hardness in some Bones than in others as the Thigh c. But other Bones are softer as of the Os Spongiosum the last bones of the Fingers c. Fernelius Ruellius Hollerius have found all the bones so preternaturally soft that they might be bowed like Wax and that chiefly by the venereal Pox witness M. Donatus The Cartilago insiformis proves somtimes so soft and flaggie that it falls of which see Codronchius The parts of the Bones are solid or Hollow yet Plinie tels us that there were some that lived whose bones were solid without any hollowness who are by him called Cornei and that such persons are known in that they never sweat nor thirst which Salinus avouches of one Lyddanus a Syracusian But both these Authors can somtimes drop leasings The Cavities are either within where the Marrow is which cavities nevertheless are not every where conspicuous or without at the joyntings which hollownesses if they are deep they are called Cotúlai or Cotulides not coâ—ulâ—dones also Acetabula Sawcers Cotyle was among the Ancients a measure of Liquors containing as much as their Hemina also a kind of Drinking Cup as some suppose If the Cavities are shallow they are called Glênai and Glenoeideîs from the form of the Eyes hollowness when the Eye-lids are shut The solid parts of the Bones are three The first and principal is called Os and is the hardest part seated commonly in the middle The second is by the Greeks called Apophysis also they term it Probolen and Ecphâ—seâ—in c. the Latines call it Processus Productio Projectura Extuberantia c. It is a part of a bone not only touching as Epiphusis but continued bunching out beyond the plain surface of the Bone such as many are in the Vertebra's of the Back also in the lower Jaw-bone It s chief Use is for the original and Insertion of parts as Muscles The third is Epiphusis or Appendix Adnascentia Additamentum being a bone growing upon a bone by a simple and immediate Contact though not with so very plain a Surface but a little mutual Ingress of Heads and Hollows like Ginglumus though without motion The Substance of the Epiphyses is rare and loose being at first for the most part gristly but in persons grown to years it is hardned and turns to a bone yea in elderly persons the Epiphysis is so united to the bone as if they were but one contined bone At the Ends of the Epiphysis a Gristle is placed But all Bones have not these Epiphuses growing to them yet there are divers of them as in the Scapula on the Bones of the Tibia and the Fibula viz. on each side at the Tree and Foot c. Also the Tooth of the second Vertebra the Rotator magnus the Appendices Styloydes are Epiphyses The Use of Eppiphyses 1. In soft bones they are instead of covers that the Marrow may not run out 2. They serve for firmness for that Basis is most firm which is broadest and largest 3. That from them Ligaments may arise 4. According to Pavius that they might be as it were an intermediate matter to be inserted betwixt a bone and Ligaments as the Membranes betwixt the Brain and Skull The Apophysis are in some places called Capita Heads in other places Cervices Necks in other places Tubercula bunches in some place Spina thorns in other places Mucrones sharp points But the parts which at the round of the Cavities stick out and hang over like Lips are called Supercilia Brows and Labra Lips Chap. II. Of Gristles in General GRistles next to Bones are the hardest similar parts and almost just of the same Nature with Bones for such Beasts as have no Bones have Gristles instead of Bones according to Aristotle But they differ because they are softer than Bones though harder than Ligaments and though very many Gristles are in process of time turn'd into Bones as Cardan shews by the example of a Thief of Milaine whose wesand was become boney Also many Sceletons of my Kinsman Henry Fuirenus declare that the Cartilago scutiformis or sheid-fashion'd Gristle is changed into the hard substance of a Bone which I also have observed in Dissections yet all Gristles are not so as the Ensiformis that of the Share of the Spines of the Back of the Nostrils and Ears which nevertheless somtime in aged persons are turned into Bones Moreover a Gristle hath no Marrow no Cavities nor Caverns The Efficient is the Gristl-making power or faculty The Matter according to Aristotle is the same with that of the Bones from wich he wil have them to differ only gradually According to Galen it is an earthy but withall moist part of the Seed partly clammy and glewish
partly fat but more clammy than fat Its Use 1. Is principally to render motion more easie and lasting in the Joynts whiles it anoynts the parts of the Bones least by mutual rubbing one against another they should wear and fret Hence in some Joynts are found Gristles which crustover two bones joyned together 2. To defend the parts from external injuries For they are not easily bruised and broken because they are hard and not friable nor are they easily cut and squeezed as the soft and fleshy parts Hence the extream parts of the Nose are gristly Hence Gristles are joyned to the Breast-bone and Ribs to defend the Heart and Lungs and the Gristle Ensiformis to defend the Midriff and the mouth of the Stomach 3. To make such a Connexion of the Bones as is termed Sunchondrosis 4. To shape parts prominent or hollow as appears in the Ears Larynx and Wesand 5. To fill up hollownesses especially in the Joynts as is seen in the Knee 6. To serve for a cover as in the Epiglottis 7. To be as an underpropper to sustain somwhat as the Gristles of the Eyelids bear the Hairs Their Situation is various for Gristles are found in sundry parts in the Eye-lids Nose Ear Larynx Wezand Spine Chest Ear-lets of all and every of which in their places Their Magnitude also varies so also Their Figure is divers as ring-fashion'd Sheild-shap'd Sword-like c. As to their Connexion Some Gristles constitute parts of themselves as that of the Nose Xyphoidis the Coccyx others grow to bones which knit them together either without any other medium as in the Share and Breast-bones or by common Ligaments coming between as in the Connexion by Diárthrosis In Substance some are harder as those which in time become boney others are softer fastning the Joynts and resembling the Nature in a manner of Ligaments and are therefore called Chondro-syndusmoi Gristly Ligaments Now though their Substance be hard yet it is flexible and tough because less cold and dry than a bone and because compassed with a snotty matter And this Substance of theirs is void of sense because it hath no acquaintance with Nerves nor Membranes Nor was it requisite that it should feel least in motion when the Gristles rub and strike one against another pain should be caused In other things they agree with Bones Chap. III. Of Ligaments in General LIgamentum a Band or Tie is by the Greeks called Súndesmos The Ancients as Hippocrates Aristotle and Galen somwhere call it Nervum and Nervum colligatum a Nerve and a twisted Nerve or Nerve tied together because in shape and colour it counterfets a Nerve and otherwise the term Ligament may in a large signification be applied to any part which fastens divers parts together Also Galen calls the beginning of a Muscle Ligamentum part whereof is thought to turn to a Tendon All these are improper acceptations I shall now decipher a Ligament properly so called It s Efficient is the Ligament-making Power It s Matter is a clammy roaping part of the Seed It s Use is like a cord to bind together the parts of the body especially the Bones and so to keep them together in the Head Chest Back and Limbs that they may not be dislocated or dispointed Because of its most strong cleaving thereunto a Ligagament is said to arise though it be indeed made of the Seed from the Bone primarily somtimes from a Gristle gristly bone or Membrane and it s said to be inserted into a Bone Gristle Muscle or some part Or if you would rather have it so Ligaments grow among the Bones of in the Bones Their Situation Some are without among the Bones as the grisly Ligaments so called which are thick and commonly round others are wound externally about the bones which are thin and membranous As to Figure some are broader which Anatomists term membranous Ligaments as hath been said others are longer which are called Nervous Ligaments And they call them so because of their resemblance not as if a Ligament were truly membranous or nervous So they are called membranous which being broad and thin do compass the Joynts also which are wrapt about Tendons and Muscles It s Substance is solid white bloodless softer than a Gristle harder than Nerves and Membranes for it is as it were of a middle Nature betwixt a Gristle and a Nerve It is without Cavity Sense or Motion It was to be without Sense least it should be alwaies pained in Motions when as the Ligaments are made somtimes longer and shorter that is to say are contracted and extended Some nevertheless wil have membranous Ligaments to feel but they must grant it to be so by means of membranes and not of their own proper substance For this substance of theirs is as Galen tels us divisible into fibres visible to the sight which experience also confirms Now this Substance is in some places softer and more membranous than in others as in all Ligaments wel-neer which go round about the Joynts and among these it is softer about the Joynt of the Shoulder than about that of the Hip and yet softer where it goes about the inter-joyntings of the fingers But in other places the substance is harder and as it were in part gristly and therefore they are in such places termed gristly Ligaments and they are such as lie concealed among the Bones as that which goes from the Head of the Thigh into the Hip-joynt Chap. IV. Of the Skull in General WE divide all the Bones of the Skeleton into the HEAD TRUNK and LIMBS and them into the Arms Legs The whole structure of the Bones of the Head is termed CRANIUM the Skul because it is as it were Crános an Helmet some term it Calva and Calvaria It s Situation and Magnitude follow the Brain and correspond thereunto It s Figure is natural or non-natural and depraved It s natural figure is round that it may hold the more yet a little longish towards the fore and hindparts where it branches forth that it may contain the Brain and Brainlet on the sides it is flatted but more towards the fore-parts and therefore the hind-part of the Head is of greater capacity than the forepart of which Albovinus King of the Longbeards or Lombards made a Drinking Cup for Festival daies as Diaconus relates in his History The depraved and non-natural Figure thereof is manifold 1. When the foremore protuberancie of the Head is wanting and such persons are counted foolish and mad for want of Brain which ought to be most plentiful in the forepart of the Head 2. When the Hinder Protuberancy or bunching forth is wanting 3. When both are wantings so that the Head is round as a Ball such as the Heads of the Turks and Greenlanders are thought to be And these three depraved figures Hippocrates doth acknowledg 4. The fourth Figure Galen adds which he conceives may be imagined but not really found when the length is changed
Jaw-bone like a Pipe so that a bristle put in at one hole will come out of the other The one is more inward hindermore and greater receiving in a part of those Nerves which we reckon to be the fift pare to the Roots of the teeth with a little Vein and Artery The other is more outward less round by which a Branch of the foresaid Nerve received in is sent out to the lower Lip It hath sundry Asperities and Cavities for the Risings and Insertions of Muscles Also on each side two Processes called Horns carried upwards One goes out forwards broad and thin whose point or sharp end is called Corone into which the Tendon of the Temporal Muscle is implanted And therefore Hippocrates counts the Luxation of the lower Jaw-bone deadly The other hindermore is carried backwards representing a little bunch and is called condulodes having a little Head coverd with a gristly crust under which there is a longish Neck By this Process the Articulation is made with the Temple bones where yet another Gristle is placed between the Cavity and the gristly head to facilitate the motion Also a common membranous Ligament doth cover this Articulation Chap. XII Of the Teeth in General THe Teeth are called DENTES as if you would say Edentes Eaters and by the Greeks odontes as it were edôuntes Eaters and they are Bones properly so called hard and solid smooth and white like other Bones They have some things peculiar which other bones have not which nevertheless doth not exclude them from the number of Bones 1. They are harder than other Bones that they may bite and chew hard things and they are little less harder tha Stones nor can they easily be burnt in the Fire and whereas in the Sarcophagus or Flesh-eating Stone the whole body is consumed in forty daies the Teeth remain unimpaired and therefore Tertullian writes that in them is the Seed of our future Resurrection 2. The Teeth are naked without any Periosteum least they should pain us when we chew 3. Yet they have a Sense but more of the first than of the second Qualities and especially rather of what is cold than what is hot contrary to the Nature of flesh according to Hippocrates and hence they are so an◠to be set on edg But the whole Tooth doth not feel of it self but the inner softer and more marrowy part which is covered over with an hard external part which is not pained neither by Fire nor Iron as in a Sword under the most hard rind of the Steel an Irony marrow less hard lies within and the Skin through the sensless Skars-skin doth feel so the inner part of the Tooth feels through the outmost into which inner part being hollow little soft Nerves enter and little cloathing Membranes Hereupon a certain Nun at Padua causing a very long Tooth shee had above all the rest to be cut off to avoid the Deformity thereof shee presently fell down into a Convulsion and Epileptick fit Now in the part of her Tooth which was cut off there appeared the tokens of a Nerve 4. Hence they receive Nerves into their Cavity which other bones do not 5. They grow longer than any other of the Bones almost all a mans life because they are dayly worn by biting and grinding as Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo The hardest Stone a dropping House-Eve hollows Cause drop upon drop drop after drop still follows But not by force And look how much they wear away so much are they still augmented which hence appears in that if any Tooth fall out and grow not again the opposite Tooth grows so much the longer as the empty space of the former Tooth comes to Fallopius considering the praemises and how new Teeth are thought to breed he collects that the formative faculty remains alive in the Teeth to extream old age Helmont counts the matter of the Bone not to be meerly boney but as it were of a middle nature betwixt Bone and Stone because the Teeth turn to Stone whatever kind of food sticks long to them be it Bread Flesh Herbs Fish Apples Beans or Pease c. But there is no petrification or turning to Stone unless the things eaten be of a tartareous Nature but only a drying the moisture being consumed by the Spittle nor are the Teeth made bigger by that addition which somtimes is scraped off somtimes turne to clammy filth The Teeth are bred in the Womb after the Generation of the Jaw-bones twelve in each Jaw or a few more as I shall speak hereafter touching their number four Cutters two Dog-teeth six Grinders which lie somwhat imperfect and concealed within the Jaws for it is rare for an Infant to be born toothed least the child as it sucks should hurt the Nipple And therefore in an Abortion or a young Infant small teeth may be pulled out They break out of the Gums sooner in Brutes though Varro be otherwise minded as touching Horses because they are sooner capable of solid meat in mankind at the seventh month or later after the Child is a year old and the upper sooner than the lower yet in some the lowest first and among the rest The fore-teeth in the first place because 1. They are most sharp 2. They are less then the rest 3. Because the Jaw-bone is there thinnest 4. Because there is most need of them both to speak with and to cut and bite the meat And at that time when the Teeth of Infants shoot forth Hippocrates tels us that Feavers Convulsions Fluxes of the Belly arise especially when the Dog-teeeth come forth because when the Teeth make their way through the Gums they torment more than pricks in the Flesh These Teeth have a Substance boney hard and hollow where they break out but in their hinder part they have a soft substance covered with a thin and transparent Membrane And about the seventh and fourteenth yeer other Teeth are wont to break out the former falling away in both the Jaws ten four Cutters two Dog-teeth and four Grinders And the former fall out in the fourth fift and sixt year because the holes grow wider and therefore the Teeth being at that time soft do grow loose and fall out Nicephorus in his Interpretation of Dreams saies that for a man to dream he looses a Tooth another comes in the Rome betokens gain and unexpected Joy If their Teeth do not shed the latter Teeth come out at new holes the upper commonly on the outside the lower on the inside as there were new ranks of Teeth More frequently they spring out on the sides and augment the number But these Teeth are not bred anew without the Womb for then likewise Membranes Nerves Vessels and Ligaments might be bred anew but the seeds of them lie within the Jaws For Eustachius and Riolanus have observed some smaller Teeth at the back of the rest which fall out a very thin partition being
remain in grown persons as in Children but the middle ones growing together the number of bones comes to vary in that place These Bones are distinguished by transverse lines and are knit together by Sanchondrosis for the Gristles are interposed like Ligaments The first and uppermost bone is large and thick plain and uneven of an Halfmoon fashion above representing the joyning of a Dagger blade into the haft some term it Jugulum the Throat-pit others call it Furculam the little fork It hath on each side an hollowness in the upper part to receive the Heads of the Claviculae or Channel-bones in which copulation Gristles come between And another Hollowness within engraven in the middle that it may give way to the descending Trachea or Wesand The second is more narrow and hath many hollownesses on each side to receive the Gristles of the Ribs The third is yet less but broader than the second and ends into the Gristle which is termed Kupâ—o idès Sword-fashion'd and Mucronata pointed because towards the end it is sharp like the point of a Sword The Arabians term it the Pomegranate Avicen calls it Epiglottalis and the common name is Scutiformis Shield-fashioned This Gristle is triangular and oblong sometimes round at the End and sometimes broad otherwhiles cloven whence some call it Furcâ—lla the little fork 't is seldome double Sometimes 't is perforated for the Dug-veins and Arteries which are accompanied by a Nerve Sometimes in aged persons it attains a bony Substance Vestingus hath found it a Fingers length not without great hurt to the Stomach and trouble when a man bows himself Pavius also saw here a bony Substance in a person troubled with extream shortness of breath This if it be too much pressed and bowed inwards the parts beneath it are hurt viz. the Liver and Stomach and the Infants perish for want of Nutriment of which see Condronchius and Septalius Zacutus Wilhelmus Piso This Disease is by some Women cal'd the Hearts compression Folius hath observed two Muscles placed on the side hereof by which this Gristle is lightly moved downwards and inwards The Cavity appearing outwardly in this place is called Fovea or Scrobiculus Cordis The Use of the Sternum or Breast-bone 1. Like a shield to defend the Heart from external dangers 2. To sustain the Mediastinum 3. To collect the Ribs and fasten themselves one to another CHAP. XIX Of the Channel-bones and Shoulder-blades THe Channel-bones are called Claviculae Cleâ—des in Greek that is the Keyes because they shut up the Chest and like Keyes do lock the Shoulder-blade to the Breast-bone or because they resemble the Keyes used by the Ancients which Spigelius saw in an old house at Padua Celsus calls them Jugula a jungendo from joyning others call them Ligulas Os furcale Furcalem superiâ—rem They are seated athwart under the lower part of the Neck on the top of the Breast on each side one They have the Shape of a long Latine S that is to say of two Semicircles set one to another contrariwise at the Throat externally they are convex inwardly a little hollowed that the velsels carried that way may not be compressed But in Men they are more crooked that the motion of their Arms may be less hindred in Women less for beauties sake seeing the hollows in that place are not so visible in Women as in Men and therefore Women are not so nimble to throw Stones as Men are Their Substance is thick but fistulous and fungous and therefore they are often broken Their Surface is rough and uneven They are knit to the upper process of the Shoulder-blade by a Gristle which nevertheless grows not thereto that it may give way a little in the motions of the Shoulder-blade and Arm only it is detained by Ligaments embracing the Joynt by a broad and longish head and with the Sternon or Breast-bone it is joyned by another little head as was said before It s Use is to serve the sundry motions of the Arm which because it rests upon this bone as on a prop therefore it is more easily moved upwards and backwards And therefore it is that Brutes have no channel-bones excepting the Ape Squiril Mouse and Hedge-hog or Urchin Os Scapulae the Shoulder-blade is by the Greeks termed Omopláâ—eÌ„ because it makes the breadth of the Shoulder those that speak barbarously calls it Spatula It is a bone broad and thin especially in the middest but in its processes thick on each side one resting upon the upper Ribs behind like a Shield It s Figure is in a manner triangular Its Parts are sundry The Internal is hollow the other part which hath both a corner and an upper and lower Rib is gibbous which is termed Testudo the Tortoise also the Back of the Shoulder-blade There is also a certain Spine or sharp-point looking above and beneath the cavities which are termed Interscapulia It hath three Processes I. Is the extream part of the Spine lately spoke of and is called AoroÌ„miom the Shoulder-tip or Summus Humerus whereby 't is joyned to the Clavicula or Channel-bone II. Is lesser lower and sharp and from its likeness to a Crows bill 'c is cal'd Coracoeidâ—s also Aâ—churodâ—s from the likeness it hath to one part of an Anchor also Sigmoâ—idés and by this process the Shoulder bone is contained in its place III. The shortest is termed Auchè cervix the Neck in the end whereof there is a superficial cavity whereunto the Head of the Shoulder is inserted which that it may not easily slip cut the deepness of the Cavity is encreased by a thick Gristle compassing the Lips And by this process and Cavity the Shoulder-blade is joyned with the Arm. It hath five Epiphyses three at the inside and at the Basis near the carriage of the Spina Two of them produce Ligaments which joyn its head to the Shoulder and the Shoulder-tip to the Clavicula But common Ligaments thin and Membranous do compass the Joynt of the Shoulder-blade and Arm. Use of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade 1. It serves to strengthen the Ribs 2. For the Articulation of the Shoulder and Channel-bones and for their security And therefore the Shoulder is seldome without very great violence dislocated or disjoynted upwards or to one side but for the most part downwards where no Shoulder-blade hinders 3. For the implantation of Muscles 4. Primarily for the action of laying hold according to Hofman to which they are subservient by inarticulation partly and partly by the explanation of certain Muscles of the Arm. 5. Secondarily to cover the Heart CHAP. XX. Of the Bones of the whole Arm and Hand THe Bones of the Arm and Hand are divided into the Brachium or Arm peculiarly so called Cubitus the Cubit and Extrema manus the Hand The Os Brachii or Arm-bone is a single Bone great and strong long round and uneven In its upper part it hath an Appendix or great Head growing to it which is round
covered with a Gristle and articulated with the Scapula by Diárthrosis The FIGURE Explained This TABLE shews the Skeleton of a grown Body that the contexture of the Bones may be seen one with another A. The Bone of the Forehead bb The Coronal Suture C. The Temple Bones d. The Teat-like production or Processus mammillaris E. The Os jugula F. The upper Jaw-bone GG The lower Jaw-bone hhh The Vertebrae of the Neck iiiiii The Ribs KK The Sternum or Breast-bone LL. The Claviculae MM. The inner-side of each Shoulder-blade NN. The Arm-bone or Os humeri OO The Head thereof joynting into the Shoulder PP It s lower part articulated with the Cubitus and Radius ' where is qq The inward knob thereof rr The outer knob SS The Cubit bone called Ulna TT The other Cubit bone called Radius uu The Process of the Ulna crooked backwards which Galen calls olecranum xx The lesser process of the Ulna YY The Wrist consisting of eight little Bones ZZ The Mâ—tacarpus consisting of four Bones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Finger rows 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Thumb compounded of three bones These following Characters do point to the lower Bones of the Skleleton Aaaaa The five Vertebrae of the Loyns BB. The innerside of Os Sacrum with its holes CC. The Cavity of Os Ilii constituting a great part of the Pelvis or Basin DD. The Os Coxendicis with its Acetabulum or Sawcer EE The Share-bones with their Holes F. A line knitting the Share-bones by help of a Gristle GG The Thigh-bone hh The round head of the said bone ii The Neck thereof kk The external process of the Neck or the great Trochanter ll The other process or less Trochanter mmmm The lower heads of the Thigh-bone NN. The Mola â—â—atella or Knee pan OO The Tibia right and left in which pppp Shews the two upper Hollownesses rr Shews the Spina ss The lower Process of the Ankle-bone TT The Fibula or other Leg-bone so called or the Peâ—one uu It s lower part constituting the external Ankle XX. Seven Bones of the Tarsus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Astragalus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Calx Calcantum or Heel-bone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Os cubiforme Die-fashioned-bone YY The bones of the Metatarsus ZZ The bones of the Toes of which two are reckoned to the Great Toe and to the other Toes three a piece Place in here The Skeleton of a grown body The lower part is articulated to the Cubitus and Radius where there are two processes the External which is less and crusted with a Gristle the Internal having two Hollows representing a Pulley whereby the Cubit being joyned by way of Ginglymos may be bent to a most acute angle but not extended beyond a right line The Boats of the Cubit are two shorter than the Shoulder and having Appendixes on either side resting mutually one upon another and joyned one to another by a Membranous Ligament The first being lower greater and longer than the other is termed Ulna Cubitus by the barbarous Writers focile majus the other being upper and lesser is termed Radius or focile minus The Ulna or Ell so called for some resemblance it hath to the Drapers Metwand termed an Ell in its upper part is articulated with the Shoulder by Ginglymos and therefore it hath there Processes and Hollows The Processes are two longwise shaped and as it were triangular rough that the Ligaments might strongly close upon the Joynt and compass the same fast They are termed Coâ—dâ—ai that is Beaks Bills or Acorns The foremore and uppermore is less and goes into the hollow of the Shoulder the later is thicker and larger and ends in an obtuse angle and goes into the hinder hollow of the Shoulder Galen calls it Olecranum Hippocrates Ancona the Latines Gibberum In the middest of these is a great Cavity or Hollow like an half Circle whence 't is called Sigmocides from the letter Sigma so shap'd of old by the Greeks It hath as yet another smooth external lateral Cavity for the head of the Radius In the lower part it is articulated with the Wrist both by a Gristle going between as also by an acute process therefore termed Styloides Bodkin-like whence a Ligament arises which fastens the Cubit to the Wrist-joynt The other Bone cal'd Radius is more oblique or crooked and is a little distant from the other in the middle where a thin Ligament comes between but above the Ulna receives the Radius beneath the Radius receives it The upper part thereof is articulated with the outward part of the Brachium by way of Diarthrosis whence proceeds the forward and backward motion The lower is articulated with an Appendix with the Wrist-bone at the greatest Finger The upper part of this is thinner the lower thicker contrary to what is in the former The Hand hath four sorts of Bones those of the Carpus Brachiale or Wrist those of the Matacarpus or post brachiale the After-wrist those of the Fingers and the Sesamus-seedbones The Carpus or Wrist which the Arabians call Rasetta hath eight distinct nameless Bones very unequal differing in Shape and Magnitude At their first original they are Gristles afterwards they become Spungie Bones They are covered with very strong Gristly Ligaments and withall so fastned together as if they were but one Bone And these Ligaments arising from the lower processes of the Radius and Cubitus do serve for Articulation But there are other Ligaments which are transverse and shaped like rings for to strengthen and safely to carry along the Tendons the internal containing the tendons of the Muscles which bend the Fingers and the external containing the Tendons of the Muscles which extend the Fingers which Ligaments or Bands though they seem to be one may be divided into many The bones of the Wrist are dispersed in a certain order for above there are four articulated with the Radius and the Cubitus beneath as many knit to the four bones of the Metacarpus or After-wrist The Metacarpium After-wrist or Palm hath four bones others say five reckoning the first of the Thumb amongst them shaped longwise and small They are joyned to the Wrist by a Connexion of obscure motion and by Gristly Ligaments with the Fingers by way of Ginglymos These Bones are fistulous containing Marrow hollow within bossie without They have Appendixes on each side which neer the fingers are round and longish heads going into the hollowness of the Fingers In the middle they gape one from another where the Muscles cal'd Innerâ—â—ssâ—i do lye conceal'd The bones of the Fingers are fifteeâ— in each Finger three For the first of the Thumb is reckon'd in this number because it hath a looser articulation than the post-brachialia The row of Fingers on a hand the Greeks call Phalangas because they resemble a rank of Souldiers in battle array Each of the Fingers have Ligaments on their insides according to their length
like Channels whereby they are fastned one to another The bones of the Finger differ in Magnitude For in every Finger the first is greates than the second the second than the third and they are all thicker at the Joynt where their knobs are termed â—…duloi â—odi knoâ— Without they are bunching within hollow and plain the better to lay hold They have Processes above and beneath besides the bones of the third Interjuncture which they did not need above where they are joyned to the Nails CHAP. XXI Of the Bones of the whole Leg Foot and Thigh THe Pes or Leg taking the word in a large sence is divided into three paâ—ts as the Arm was viz. into Femur the Thigh Tibiam the Shank and Eâ— trâ—mum pedem the Foot â—emur the Thigh is so termed a ferendo from bearing because it bears and holds the Creature up it consists of one only Bone but the greatest and longest in the whole body whose fore and external part is more bunching the inner and hinder more Saddle-shap'd For it descends obliquely inwards unto the Knee which Chirurgeons are to observe lest in the Fracture thereof they come to disorder this situation The upper part hath three Processes which are rather Epiphyses and are easily sepaarated in young Children I. Is a most great and round Head made of an Appendix which is inserted into the Acetabulum or hollow Sawcer of the Coxendix and is by a double Ligament fastned to the said Coxendix or Hip-bone the oâ—e common broad membranous but thick enough compassing the Joynt round about the other round as it were a Gristle as if it were a Gristly Nerve betwixt the head of the Thigh and the Depth of the Cavity least the head of the Thigh fall out The Neck hereof hath a double process furnished with an Appendix which Appendixes are easily pluckt asunder in Infants but not in grown persons II. Is external which is called Magnus Trochanter or Rotator the great whirler or wheeler about having hollows Impressions and Lines III. Is internal cal'd parvus Rotator Whose Use is for the original and Insertion of those Muscles by which the motions are caused â—â— and therefore also it is that they are called Trochanteres Wheelers of Whirlers about The lower part is articulated or joynted with the shank by way of Ginglymos For at the Knees with a double head the inner more thick the outer more broad and flat it enters the Cavity of the Tibia between which heads there is a large space of a Thumbs-breadth through which the vessels do pass unto the Thighs with a Nerve of the fourth pare and wounds in this part are dangerous by reason of Convulsions Mola so called from its likeness to a mill-stone is a round and broad Bone it is in this place put upon the joynting of the Thigh and Shank where the Knee is compas'd with a membranous Ligament all save the Mola others call it Rotula Patella Mola Scutum Os scutiforme c. the Knee-pan because it constitutes the Knee It s Substance for some months in young Children is Gristly in grown persons it becomes bony It s shap'd like a Buckler for in the middle one part thicker than the rest bunches out It growe to and is fastned by certain thick Tendons of some Muscles of the Thigh It is movable and for to make the motion more easie inwardly at the Thigh-bone 't is cover'd with a slippery Gristle It s Use is I. To strengthen the joynt in that part lest the Thigh should slip and be dislocated inwards and so a man shall fall especially walking downwards and much bending his Knee 'T is reported that in Nova Zembla Men bend their Knees as well backwarde as forwards II. To defend the Tendons of the Muscles Tibia the shank being that part which is between the Kneâ— and the Ankle consists of two Bones as the Cubitus or lower half of the Arm. The one being inner and greater is called by the name of the whole Tibia Câ—â—me by some focile majus canna major c. In an Elephant alone of all Creatures as Bonitus informs us there is a bending or joynting in the middle of the Shanks besides the other ordinary bendings common to all Creatures In the upper part it hath a Process in the middle received by the Cavity of the Thigh-bone and two cavities framed long-wise for the Heads of the Thigh-bone the depth of whose Hollows is encreased by a Gristle fastned thereto by Ligaments which is movable soft slippery and smeared with an Oyly moisture thick in its circuit thâ—â— towards it Centre and therefore termed Lunata Moonshap'd A knob growing there doth separate the two Cavities from the top whereof a strong Ligament proceeding it is fastned into the hollow of the Thigh-bone But from the fore and rough side come two Ligaments which encrease the Moon-fashion'd Gristles It s foremore part which is sharp and long is termed Spina where the shape of the Bone is as it were triangular and so acute that it is like the edge of a Knife and therefore if the Bone of the Tibia or shank be strucken on this forepart it causeth exceeding pain because the neighbouring Skin and the Periosteum are cut by this sharp Bone as it were with a Knife In the lower part there is a Process void of flesh sticking out with a bunch near the Foot and 't is cal'd malleolus internus the inner Ankle-bone as the process of the Fibula is termed malleolus externus the outer Ankle-bâ—ne Fibula peâ—â—â—e the Button because it seems to button together and joyn the Muscles of the shank is also cal'd Sura the Calf Canna minor Focile minus c. and it is a smaller and lanker bone drawn along before the Tibia without as the Radius before the Cubit In the Upper part its round head doth not touch the Knee but it subsists beneath but with its lower â—â—rt it goes beneath the Tibia and therefore 't is as long a bone as the Tibia is In the middle the Tibia and Fibula hold a gaping distance one from another by reason of the Muscles of the Feet there placed in which space a thin broad Ligament joyns these Bones together according to their longitude 't is joyned also to the Tibia by a common Ligament above and beneath Beneath the Head becoming sharp hath an Appendix which growing thick begets a process called Malleolus externus the outer Ankle-bone which is lower than the inner Ankle-bone The Bones of the Foot are divided as the Bones of the Hand into three parts into the Tarsus Metatarsus and the Toes The Bones of the Tarsus are seven though some number only the last four to be in the Tarsus because the three first have no Bones in the Hand answering to them I. It 's cal'd Astrágalos in Latine Talus and commonly Os Balistae the Sling-bone also Quatrio because of its four sides 'T is placed beneath the shank bones as a
to the left Emulgent or Vena cava in the right side through the Mesenterick Arteries to the Guts through the Veins to the â—amâ—s mesentericus through the Caeliack Arteries to the Spleen through the Ramus splenicus of Veâ—a porta forthwith to the Liver through the branches of the Arteria caeliaca which answer to the following Veins to the Stomach and Call through the Gastrick and Epiploick Veins to the Ramus splenicus that the short Arterial and Venal Vessels are branches of the caeliacal Artery and the Vena splenica which when they are come unto the middle space betwixt the Stomach and the Spleen are divided into two branches one of which goes to the Stomach the other to the Spleen by this branch of the Artery the Blood goes to the Spleen and by the branch of the Stomach to the Stomach and by the venal branches to the Trunk of Vas breve from the Stomach and the Spleen it is moved through the emulgent Arteries to the Vena cava by the coronal Artery of the Heart into the Vein out of the coronal vein of the Heart into the Vena cava by the Intercostal Arteries into the Pleura out of the 〈◊〉 by the Veins into the Azygos and thence into Vena cava And this I found by binding the Veins and Arteries 〈◊〉 live Anatomies which did swell in that part which diâ— look towards those parts from which we have shewed the course of Blood to come and the other parts did not only grow empty but quite settle and fall in And I was very careful not to bind an Artery with a Vein for then the Artery swelling towards the Heart would have ra sed the Vein above it and so it would have seemed that the Vein was filled on both sides the Ligature Now in the Head and Neck I saw and that in a live Goose most easily and in an Hen that the jugular being tied did swell from the Head towards the Ligature and was emptied from the Ligature towards the Cava so that it is there also man fest that the Blood returns from the Head through the Veins into the Heart But if it should come to the jugular veins I cannot determine since by reason of the hardness of the Skull I could not accurately dissect the living Brain but that the Beast would first die but credible it is nevertheless that it flows through the carotick and cervical Arteries unto the four Ventricles of the Brain for they have passages open to the said Ventricles For those most learned Men Franciscus Sylvius and Franc. Vander Shagen have told me that the fibrous substance being pul'd away which frequently is found congealed in the Veins and Arteries of dead bodies when it was drawn back in the carotick Artery it discovered a certain motion as far as to the third Ventricle of the Brain and veriâ—y since the blood out of the Ventricles through the jugular veins flows back into the Heart the Ventricles cannot receive it elsewhere then from the Arteries But whether the Arteries do shed it immediately into the Ventricles or into the branches which arise from the Ventricles is not very easily discerned because the Arteries are hardly distinguished from those little branches seeing the Arteries also have only one Coat in the Brain but I am apt to beleive that the Arteries empty their blood into those little branches of the Ventricles rather then into the Ventricles themselves because I have observed those vessels which are inserted into the Ventricles to be greatest near the ventricles as branches are wont to be at their Original And thus it is in grown persons but in the Child in the Womb the Circulation seems to be somewhat otherwise and thus I conceive it is The Blood out of the Mothers Womb does not go into the Umbilical Arteries which according to the Observation of Arantius are not joyned to the Womb but it enters into the Umbilical Vein and from thence into the Liver the Vena cava and right Ventricle of the Heart for the Heart beats in the Child though it be imperfect Out of the right Ventricle it goes into the Vena arteriosa but because the Lungs do not breath and therefore are not opened they cannot receive the blood plentifully noâ— send it to the Arteria venosa and therefore it goes out of the Vena arteriosa by a peculiar passage into the Aorta and likewise by a peculiar passage or hole of the Vena cava getting into the Arteria venosa 't is poured into the left Earlet of the Heart and into the left Ventricle thereof Out of the left Ventricle of the Heart just as that out of the Vena Arteriosa it enters into the Arteria Aorta so that in the Womb-child Nature useth the two Ventricles for one least in the Child in the womb which ought to have much but no intense heat and which must not be dry the Blood being twice boyled should be burnt being destitute of the cooling and Fanning action of the Lungs Out of the Artâ—â—ia Aorta the Blood-goes to the Umbilical Arteries for they being bound the part towards the Child doth pulse and swell the other part towards the Womb is void of pulsation Out of the Umbilical Arteries it goes to the Placenta or Womb-cake where the Arteries are joyned to the Veins by manifest Anastomoses and by those Anastomoses the blood entring into the Vein is again carried through all the forementioned journey These are the Vessels by which the blood flows from the Heart But from the Vessel of the Arteries it goes into the Veins after a double manner first and most usually by Anastomoses by which the Arteries are joyned to the Veins which Anastomoses are sometimes great and in the greater Vessels as about the Spleen in the Bladder in the Womb in the Womb-liver And the most accurate Bâ—slerus observes the like Anastomosis of the Arteria Aorta into the Vena cava of the Belly but I could never yet be so happy as to finde it in the Body of Man or Beast And therefore they are not all in the extream parts of the Body but some in the middle parts and therefore we see in a Cripple whose limbs are cut off the same motion of the blood continued out of the Arteries into the Veins Secondly it seems also possible that Blood may pass out of the Arteries into the Veins through the flesh it self for we see when a Vein is opened till the colour change Inflamations fall because the Blood shed out of the Vessels is drawn out of the Flesh But I conceive the passage of the Blood this way is but seldome and in small quantity So that it is now I conceive clear what the motion of the Blood is and by what waies it is accomplished it follows that we enquire what kind of motion it is and how it is performed I have observed that this Motion of the Blood out of the Heart
Nose The parts of the Nose The Skin Muscles of the Nose The Gristles of the Nose Its Vessels The Coat of the Nostrils The cause of Sneezing The use of the Nose The Names of the outward parts about the Mouth The use of the Mouth Two pare of Muscles common to the Cheeks and Lips Spasmus Cynicus The Figure of the Muscle Buccinator The Lips Trembling of the Lip in such as are ready to cast how caused Four pare of muscles moving the upper Lip Muscles common to both Lips Muscles of the lower Lip Muscles of the lower Jaw Temporalis The use of the temporalâ— muscle Why t is dangerous to hurt the temporal muscle Mansorius primus Alaris Mansorius alter Graphyoides Gingiva Palatum The Uvula how seated Its Muscles The falling oâ— the Uvula Vulgar Error Names of the Os hyoides It s Construction Its Muscles The Use of Os hyoides The tongue It s Scituation Number Figure Magnitude It s Connexion A Pernitious Practice of midwives It s Coat Substance Whether the tongue be a muscle Its Vessels The line of the tongue Its muscles The use of the Tongue The Limbs what Why the muscles also of the Head Neck Back c. are handled in this Book The use of the Hand Manus what Why many Fingers on the Hand Why the right Hand is more active then the left The number of the Fingers Laying hold How the Hand is compounded Of the Nails Colour of the Nails and signs from thence Whence the sense of the nails proceeds The Muscles of the Humerus how many The place of an Issue in the Arm. It s Use The Error of other Anatomists An Order in Dissection Pes what What a Vein is 'T is proved against Aristotle that the Liver not the Heart is the Original of the Veins Blood is not made in the Heart The Vse of the Veins According to the Ancients According â—o later Authors the Primary Vse Their secondary Vse Figure Magnitude Connexion Anastomosis of Veins and Arteries Anastomoses of the Veins in the Liver Of sundry kinds Why the Veins are in some places invested with Coats in others not Whether the Veins have Fibres Who first observed the Valves in the Veins How the Valves of the Veins were found The Cause of the Varices The Valves of the Veins what Where they are not found at the original of the Veins Their Magnitude In what Persons there are most Valves It s Figure Substance Vse According to Harvey The Vena Portae why so called The Branches of the Portae in the Liver termed Roots The Spleen-Veins of the Stomach Call Pancreas Spleen Call Stomach Of the Stomach Call Guts Of the Mesentery The Meseraick Veins According â—o Harvey The History of the Milkie Veins The History of the Vena Lacteae Their Name Their Situation Their Insertion in the Liver It s Substance Their Quantity Number Their Use The Haemorrhoid Veins what The Error of other Anatomists The Differences between the internal and external Haemorrhoides The Vena Cava what It s division into great Trunks The ascendent Trunk what The Vein of the Midrif pericardium and mediastinum Anastomosis The Error of Vesalius How pleuritick persons are purged by Urine Why the Ham-vein is profitably opened in a Pleurisie The Error of Amatus Lusitanus and Hollerius touching Valves The Error of other Anatomists An Error of Practitioners in Blood-letting The most apparent Vein is to be opened Anastomosâ—s Jugular veins why so called A Caution in opening the Basilica or Liver vein The Variation of the Veins of the Arm. The name Artery What an Artery is The End of the Arteries Why the Arteries pulse The Pulse how caused Whether the Arteries are dilated together with the Heart or no. It s Magnitude Whether the Arteries do feel Their Substance How many Coats an Arterie hath Whether an Artery may be opened and how Whether the Blood of the Belly be circulated The significations of the term Nervus A Nerve what The Beginning of the Nerves The Error of Aristotle Whether the moving Nerves and the sensitive differ A new opinion of the Author touching the number of the Nerves The use of this Doctrine in Physick The Nervus sine pari Why the Nerves are not hollow Whether the Optick Nerves are hollow Nerves hard or soft Why the moving Nerves are hardest Whether there be any smelting Nerves A Praeocupation Processus Mammillares The Organ of Smelling The Error of others about the rise of the Optick Nerves The Union of the optick Nerves and the true Cause thereof The Error of others about the Rise of the Eye-movers Why one Eye being moved the other moves also Why somtimes when the temporal muscle is hurt the Eye is hurt likewise Whether the sixt pare be the same with the fift Why we cough when the Earpâ—cker goes far into our Ear. The Recurrent Nerves How Hoars-ness comes after the Cholick Why Vomiting in the stone of the Kidney The Nerves of the whole Arm. The Nerve Sine parâ— The reason of the Authors Method Why he treats last of the Bones Why he treats of the Gristles and Ligaments with the Bones Whether the Marrow be the Nutriment of the Bones Why creeping things cannot go Why many Bones in a living Creature The Periostium feels but not the Bones The Sense of the Teeth A Bonefire properly what The division of the Skeleton Depraved shapes of the Head eleven in number Other shapes of the Head observed by the Author The Error of Chirurgeons An Head without Sutures The Error of Aristotle The coronal Suture why so called The triangular Bones of the Skul Why some Sutures are like Scales A great number of Sutures See Tab. 4. Fig. 1. Why the wounds of the Sinciput are deadly The triangular bone in Dogs The Cavities in the Ossa petrosa How the Teeth do differ from other Bones Which part of the Tooth feels The Teeth are bred in the Womb. Why Children are sick of Teeth-breeding Why and when young ones loose their Teeth Whether new Teeth are bred out of the womb Many teeth argue long life The Diseases and Pains of the Teeth how caused Speech him Why Men have few dog teeth Why the upper Grinders have more roots then the lower A Transition What the Spina is Why the first Vertebra has no Spine An incurable Squinzie by Luxation of the Tooth The Os sacrum why so called Os sacrum properly hath no Vertebrae The Os coccygis may be loosned Why the Os Ilium is larger in Women The Share-bones are loosned in Child-birth Why there are great Holes in the Sharebones The Share-bones larger in women An Admonition for Chirurgeons The Gristles of the Ribs Why the Ribs are many is number How many Ribs Adam had How many true Ribs there are The bastard Ribs The Cartilago Ensiformis An â—â—llowâ—e â— about the channelâ—â—nt What the Scapula is A Memento for Chyrurgions Their shape Magnitude Situation To PARIS The occasion of this writing What Blood it is which