like a Dâ—…g by reason of the length of their Nose The differences of Apes are taken in French principally from their size for the great ones are simply called Singes or Apes whether they have a Tail or no or whether they have a long Nose like a Dog or a short one and the little Apes are called Guenons or Monkeys The four Apes which we describe were of the Genus of the Cercopitheci because that they had Tails But their smalness permitts them to be ranged only under the Genus of Monkies They were but fourteen inches from the Crown of the Head to the begining of the Tail which was twenty inches The Arm had four inches from the Elbow to the end of the fingers was six inches the Thigh four and a halfe the Leg five and the Foot four from the Heel to the end of the longest Toe They did likewise all agree in several other things which are common almost to all Apes viz. 1. That they had Hairs on each Eye-lid which Aristole has observed to be peculiar to the Ape among the Quadrupeds These Haires according to Aristotle's observation were so fine that it was hard to descern them 2. That in the lower Jaw there was a Pouch or Sack on each side into which these Animals used to put what they would keep 3. That the Teeth were very white and like Man's except the Canini which were very long in the upper Jaw and very strait in the lower Jaw being without Point and differing from the Incisores only in their being straiter and longer 4. That the Feet were almost like the Hands as they generally are in other Brutes the Toes of the Feet being as long as those of the Hands which is not in Man whose Toes are two thirds shorter than his Fingers The Feet of our Apes did indeed more resemble the Hands of Man than their own by reason of the conformation of the great Toe which resembled a Thumb being long slender and a great way parted from the first Finger whereas in the Hand or Paw the Thumb was so short and so close to the first Finger that it seemed almost useless 5. That the Parts of generation in three of our Subjects which were Males were different from those of Man there being no Scrotum in two of these Subjects and the Testicles not appearing by reason that they were hid in the fold of the Groyne It is true that the third which was one of the Sapajous had a Scrotum but it was so shrunk that it did not appear 6. That the Skin stuck close on the Buttocks The three Males differed only in Colour of their Hair. The fourth Subject which was a Female was of the Cynocephali kind not having a flat Face like the others but a Nose somewhat long like little Bolonia Dogs Yet its long Tail did make it to be of the Cercopitheci kind like the others whose differences amongst the Ancients were taken from the Colour of the Hair the Cercopitheci simply called being those which have but one Colour and those which have several being called Cepi that is to say Gardens by reason of the diversity of Colours wherewith they seem to be flowered and Imbroidered as â—…lian reports Pythagoras to have sayd The first of our Apes was of the first Species of the Cercopitheci being all of one Colour viz. of a Red somewhat inclining to a Green. This colour which was predominant was only a little darker on the Back and lighter on the Breast and Belly The second was of the second Species because that besides the Greenish-Red colour of the Hair which covered the Back the Hair which adorned the Belly Breast and inside of the Thighs and Arms was Gray The third and fourth were likewise more diversified with Colours This Species is called Sapajou These two Subjects were different not only in colour and the various shape of their Spots but also in the Forme of their Nose which was long in the one and flat in the other The first which was a Male was white on the Belly Stomach Throat on the inside of the Armes and Thighs and on the Buttocks All the Back from the Ompolatae to the Tail was of a dark-Red The Flanks the outside of the Armes and Thighs the Leggs and Crown of the Head were Black and every black Hair had also little Red and White Spots there being two Red Spots towards the end and the half towards the root being white On the Chin there was a white Picked Beard an inch long The Hair on the Back was an inch in length about the Neck an inch and a halfe it was in this place more Staring than in the rest of the Body and made as it were a Ruffe The Brow had a White list on which a row of Black Hair was elevated like Eye-Brows The Iris in the Eyes was of a Redish Yellow The Pupilla was very large The Head was round with a kind of a flat Face resembling the Visage of a Man with a short and Flat Nose The other Sapajou which was a Female had the Nose long inclining to the Cynocephali It s Hair was of three colours viz. Red Gray and a dark Chest-Nut The Belly and Breast were mixt with Red and Gray The Armes and Leggs were of a dark Chestnutt the Back had the Chestnut and Red mixt together so that in some places there was more Red in others more Chestnut which made great Spots almost as in Cats It had neither the White on the Fore-head nor the Beard as the other Sapajou The Ears of the first Sapajou were round and so small that round the hole they were not extended above a line and a half being intirely covered with the Hair. The Writers of Physiognomie have thereon apparently Founded the Judgement which they do make of little round Ears which they do put as a sign of a deceitful and Villanous temper such as is the Apes Authors do not agree touching the internal parts of the Ape Aristotle Pliny and Galen do averr that they are wholly like to those of Man. Albertus do's on the contrary affirm that as much as Apes are like to Man on the outside so much are they unlike in the inside So that there is no Animal as he sayes which has the intrails so different from Mans as the Ape The Observations which we have made are repugnant to both these Opinions which are both too extream Yet we found that our Apes did more resemble Man in the external parts than in the internal and that there are more Animals which have the inward parts as like to those of Man as our Apes than there are which do as much resemble Man as our Apes do in their exteriour figure The Rings or Holes of the Peritonaeum were as in Dogs the Epiploon was different from that of a Man in several things 1st It was not fastened to the Colon in so many places having no connexion with the left part of this Intestine â—…d
which adorned the Belly and Thighs exceeded not four Inches and a half on the Back it was much shorter The Hair which did cover the Back and Flanks was of two sorts For besides the great hair which did appear there was a small one very short and fine hid underneath about the roots of the greatest as in the Castor The Head Belly and Leggs had only the great Hair. At the places where this Hair was long as at the top of the Head on the Neck Back Flanks and Belly it was a little frizled and waved as in Goats The Ridge of the Back the top of the Stomach the bottom of the Throat Flanks the Crown of the Head and outside of the Ears was of a dark Minime Colour From the Ears to the Nostrills there was likewise a list of the same Colour which surrounded the Eyes The rest of the Hair was of a foul reddish white The Tail exceeded not three Inches in length The Ears were five On the inside they were bordered with a white Hair. The rest was smooth and of a dark Chestnut-Colour The Eyes were large They had an internal Eye-lid which was drawn towards the little corner of the Eye it was red 'T is perhaps upon this account that Alâ—…ertus affirmes that the Chamois has Red Eyes The upper Lip was a little Cleft in the middle as in the Hare The Hornes grew on the fore-part of the brow a little above the Eyes The Colour thereof was black They were round and ray'd in Circles and not like a Sâ—…rew Oppian calls the Chamois Strepsiceros that is to say an Animal with turned Hornes Aldrovandus and Gesner do interpret this Equivocal word and do upon good grounds believe that Oppian meant that these Horn's are turned and bent backward and not turned like a Screw as they are in the Sheep of Candia which Belonius calls Strepsiceros Indeed the Hornes of our Chamois were turned backwards but because he was young they were not crooked as they are in the more Aged in which they do grow so bending backward and so Pointed that it is reported that these Animals do tare their Skin in scratching themselves and that it sometimes happens that they do there remain so intangled that they cannot gett them out again which is the reason that they are Famisht to Death It is also reported that these hooks do serve to stay them when they do fall from the top of the Rocks on which they do love to run It is doubted whether the Chamois is the Animal which Pliny calls Rupicapra or whither it is the Caprea for Pliny says that there are two kinds of wild Goats Ionston thinks that the Caprea of Pliny is the Chevreuil Scaliger is of Opinion that the Caprea is the Chamois and that the Chevreuil is the Capreolus which Votto explaining Columella distinguishes not from Caprea no more than Aldrovandus who says that Caprea is in French called Chevreuil so that Rupicapra according to Scaliger is a common Genus to Caprea and Ibex yet it is probable that the Rupicapra of the Ancients is our Chamois because Pliny says that the Rupicapra is different from the Dama in that it has Horns turned backward and that the Dama which is another Animal than our Doe has them turned forward and he moreover reports that the Caprea has branching Horns which corresponds to the Chevreuil Belonius pretends that the Chamois derives its name from the Greek word Kemas but the description which Aelian gives of the Kemas makes it appear very different from the Chamois for amongst other things he says that the Kemas has Horns turned forwards He likewise affirms that it has the Ears garnished with a very thick Hair which was not found in our Chamois as has been already remarked Now Scaliger who reasonably complains of the little exactness which the Ancients used to describe and rightly distinguish Animals by their proper names has himself greatly contributed to the confusion which is at present found in the names of all the Goat-kind of which this is one For besides the confusion which he makes of Caprea with Rupicapra he likewise gives Aldrovandus and Gesner occasion to think that the Kemas which he takes for the Chamois is in French called Faon and this Error of Scaliger proceeds from his not making the distinction that there is between Kemas according to its common signification and Kemas according to that in which the Poets do use it for according to the first it in truth signifies our Fawn Kemas coming from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to sleep or to be lain down because that the Fawns of Savage Beasts dare not to go out of the Dens and Caverns where they do sleep and are usually-layd but according to the second signification which is particular to the Poets as Aelian reports it signifies an Animal wholly different from the Fawn of the Deer and other Animals which in French are called Faon Our Chamois had Incisores only in the lower Jaw like other Animals which chew the Cud. They were eight in number and uneven those of the middle being a great deal larger than those which were at the sides resembling those in the Gazella The Feet were cloven and hollow underneath and not filled with Flesh as in the Gazella for the flesh was drawn inwards so that each Claw made a print in the Earth like a Horse's and the extremity of the horn which bore upon the ground was very sharp The anteriour part of the Epiploon was fastned on the left side to the first Ventricle In passing to the right side it was joyned to the third descending from thence it went underneath the lower part of the first and by re-ascending behind was fastened to the bottom of this first Ventricle so that this Epiploon was not laid on the Intestines as it generally is There was three Ventricles The first which was the greatest was composed of two Membranes the interiour of which was Velveted and might be easily separated from the external The Second which was the least had some wrinckles raised on the inside which did form different Figures and composed as it were a Net. The Third which was of a middle size had dentilated leaves such as are in the third Ventricle of Oxen. Bartholinus has found in the Chamois which he describes that the two Orifices of the Ventricle for he speaks only of one were very near each other but in our Subject they were very distant as the Figure demonstrates The third Ventricle had a strange body fastened to its interiour Membrane This Body was composed of a hard Membrane in which there was Gravel inclosed Genser says that the Chamois uses to swallow Gravel to clear his Tongue and Throat which are generally bedaubed with Pituita or Phlegm which takes away their Appetite Besides this strange Body which was naturally Clammy there was a Ball or glewy Bowl but easily separable It was of an Oval Figure containing thirteen lines to ten One
Errors of these great Men and that we do only advertise the Reader that our Observations agree not with theirs For we think not that this comparison of our Dilligence with their Remissness a vain Ostentation and utterly unprofitable seeing that it may contribute to an instruction more precise and which better imprints the Idea's of things when their true Description is distinguished and marked by the opposition of that which is false Or however this demonstrates supposing both the contrary Observations to be true that one may conclude that in consideration of the Particularities wherein we differ Nature is variable and inconstant For which Reason we have chosen a particular way of making our Descriptions For whereas the Ancients and generality of the Moderns do handle the Doctrine of Animals like that of the Sciences always speaking in general we only expose things as singular and instead of affirming for instance that the Bear has Fifty-two Kidnyes on each side we say only that a Bear which we dissected had the Conformation thereof very particular and in describeing it if we testifie our Admiration that no one has made this remark and that even those who have made the Anatomy of these Animals are silent therein it is because that we suppose that Nature who rarely sports her self in the conformation of the Principal Parts has formed the Kidnyes of other Bears after the same Fashion as we have found them in our Subject In the Description of rare Animals which do come from Forreign Countries we have have been particularly careful to represent their external Form exactly and to denote the size and proportion of all the Parts seen without the Dissection Because these are things almost as little known as what is within the Body The familiar Animals are otherwise described For the bigness form and situation of their parts as well exterior as interior are compared to those of Man whom we do establish as the Rule of the Proportion of all the Animals Not that we do think that he is absolutely better proportioned than the most deformed Beast Because that the Perfection of every thing depends upon the Relation it has to the End for which it is made And it is true that the Ears of an Asse and the Snout of a Hog are parts as admirably well proportioned for the uses to which Nature has designed them as all those of Man's Visage are to give him the Majesty and Dignity of the Lord of all the Creatures But it is necessary to agree of some one Measure and Module as is observed in Architecture And considering the whole Universe as a great and statley Edifice which has several Apartments of a different structure the proportions of the most Noble are pitcht upon for the Regulating all the rest So that when it is said for Example that a Dog has a long head little stomack and the legg all of one thickness it is onely in comparing these parts with those which are found of the same kind in Man. We do likewise describe all the parts of Man's Body altho' there are not so many new things to speak of as those of other Animals it being very difficult to add any thing to the Ancients and Moderns who have handled this Matter with all the exactness immaginable and with a success comparable to the Grandure and Dignity of the Subject To a great number of particular Observations which we have made we added all the other Remarks which are common to us with other Authors and which we do not give for new but only as being in some sort considerable by reason of the certainty and credit which the Testimonies of so many Persons who have contributed to these Descriptions may add to the Facts which we declare This so precise exactness in relating all the particulars which we observe is qualified with a like care to draw well the Figures as well of the intire Animals as of their external Parts and of all those which are inwardly concealed These Parts having been considered and examined with Eyes assisted with Microscopes when need required were instantly designed by one of those upon whom the Company had imposed the charge of making the Descriptions and they were not graved till all those which were present at the Dissections found that they were wholly conformable to what they had seen It was thought that it was a thing very advantagious for the perfection of these Figures to be done by a Hand which was guided by other sciences than those of Painting which are not alone sufficient because that in this the Importance is not so much to represent well what is seen as to see well what should be represented Our Memoires being thus composed it is to be hoped that they will afford Matter for a Natural History which will not be unworthy of the Greatest King that ever has been and that if in this to equal Alexander as he equals and surpasses him in all other things he wants so great a Person as Aristotle the care which His Majesty has taken to supply this Defect by the Number of Persons which he has chosen for this Employ and by the Order observed to perform the things with an absolute exactness will make this Work which was undertaken by his Command not inferior perhaps to that which has been done for Alexander The Explication of the Figure of the LYON IN the lower Figure he is represented alive his Head turned on one side as he sometimes carries it notwithstanding the stifness of his Neck The Claws tho' very great are indiscernable being covered with hair which is very long at the extremity of the Paws The Form which the Tail has under the Hair is not seen by reason of the different length of the Hair which makes it to appear of equal thickness from the beginning to the end In the Parts which the Dissection discovers A. The Crest of the Cranium BB. The Zygoma Cc. The great and little Canini d. The Incisores E. The Apophysis Coronoides of the lower Iaw FFF The Molares G. The extremity of the Radius H. The extremity of the Cubitus II. The Bones of the Carpus 1111. The four Bones of the Metacarpus 2222. The four Bones of the first Phalanx of the Toes 3333. The four Bones of the second Phalanx OO The last Bones of the Toes We have represented one a part and out of its articulation which with the two others marked 2 3 which are likewise separated from the rest of the Paw makes one of the Toes You may observe the bending which the Bone marked 3 has at its extremity which makes a Condylus or Protuberance to make room for the last Bone which is articulated to it to bend upwards K. A part of the Skin of the Tongue seen with a Microscope LL. Little Eminencies which are near the root of every one of the Points which are upon the Tongue MMM The Points which make the Tongue rough N. One of the Points Separated
Uteri yet it is very true to say that the structure and use of the Tuba in Women and the Cornua in Brutes have nothing essentially different seeing that as there are some Examples of the Conception made in the Tuba we have some Observations which do manifest to us that this Tuba has sometimes also an evident Cavity We have here put the Figure of the Uterus of a Woman in which we found two apparent Cavities which made some windings eight Lines long and near two broad at their beginning which from the Fundus Uteri did Penetrate into the Tuba At the end of each of the Cornua a little below the Testicle there was a long Body of a Nervous Substance which was taken for the Ligamenta Teretia For it descended into the Groyne and was there dilated like a Goose's Foot as in Women It s original was only different in this that in Women these Ligaments proceeded from the very Body of the Uterus at the place where the Tuba began a good distance from the Testicle Soranus Writes that he had seen in a Woman this round Ligament which he calls the Cremaster of the Testicle of Women which was fastened near the Testicle even as we have Observed in our Lyonness The Mediastine was not pierced like a Net as in the first Lyon but its Membrane was thick and continued The Lungs had seven Lobes three of each side and one in the middle Those of the right side were larger than those of the left The whole Parenchyma of the Lungs was scirrhous The Vena Coronaria was very large but the Heart was much less than in the two Lyons which have been dissected The inside of the left Ventricle was scirrhous towards the mouth of the Artery of the Lungs and it seemed that the Lungs had communicated this Distemper to the Heart There were two Polypus's one in each Ventricle of the Heart All the Basis of the Heart on the out side was sirrounded with a flimy Substance which formed several unequal Protuberancies instead of the Fat which is commonly found in this place The Tongue was armed as in the Lyons with great points like Claws they were lesser softer and blunter The Ventricles of the Brain were very large and the Cavity where the Falx enters and which divides the Cereâ—…rum in two was likewise very deep containing ten Lines The Glandula Pinealis was exceeding small not exceeding a Line The Christalline Humour like as in Lyons was more convex before than behind which was not found in the other Lyonness where it was flat and more convex behind The Membrane which is put into the bottom of the Eye and laid on the Choroides which we call the Tapetum was of an Isabella Colour intermixt with a brisk Greenish Blew It was easily separable from the Choroides which remained intire with its ordinary thickness after that we had taken away the Membrane which forms this Tapetum The Optick Nerve was near the Axis of the Eye In it 's middle there was seen to appear a Foramen which disappear'd when the whole Retina was layd on one side and that it was not equally extended about the Optick Nerve on the Concavitie of the Choroides The Explication of the Figure of the CAMELION IT is represented alive perched on a Tree somewhat crooked towards the side which it ascends to discover as much as is possible the top of the Head and bottom of the Belly In The Parts which the Dissection discovers A. The Gall-Bladder B. The left Lo e of the Liver C C. The right D. The Oesophagus E. The Ventricle F. The Pylorus G. The Ductus Cholidocus h. The Vena Porta I. The Vena Cava K K K. The Intestins L M. A Membrane which held all these Parts linkt together and suspended N. The first Bone of the Sternum O. The left Lobe of the Liver P. The upper part of the Lungs blown up and speckled with red Spots Q Q Q. The rest of the Lungs blown up R. The Aspera Arteria tyed to keep the Lungs blown up S S. The Os Hyoides T. The Cartalaginous Style to which the Trunk which sustains the Tongue is fastened X X. The Tongue Y. The Trunck drawn up Z Z. The Kidneys Γ Γ. The Cornua Uteri Δ. The Neck of the Uterus K K. The Intestines Θ Θ. The Eyes λ λ. The Optick Nerves Î . The Brain We did not think that the Skeleton needed any Explication by reason of the Neatness of the Figure and the exactness wherewith it is described in the Discourse THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CAMELION THere is scarce any Animal more Famous than the Camelion its admirable Properties have ever been the Subject as well of Natural as Moral Philosophy The changing of its Colour and the particular manner of feeding which is attributed to it have in all Ages given great Admiration and Exercise to those that do apply themselves to the Knowledg of Nature And those Wonders which Naturalists have related of this inconsiderable Animal have made it to be the most Famous Symbole used in Rhetorick and Ethicks to represent the base compliance of Courtiers and Flatterers and the Vanity wherewith simple and light Minds do feed themselves It s very name in Tertullian is the Subject of a Serious Meditation upon False-glory and he proposes it as the Example of the Impudence of Cheats and Boasters It is not known truly why the Greeks have bestowed so fine a Name upon so vile and ugly a Beast by calling it the Little-Lyon or Dwarf-Lyon according to Isidâ—…re's Etymology Gesner says that it somewhat resembles the Lyon without mentioning wherein Panarolus would have it the Tail which is crooked at the end as he says like the Lyons But the Truth is that neither the Camelion nor the Lyon have a crooked Tail. It would be more probable to place the Resemblance on the Crest which they both have on the Top of the Head which makes a kind of Casque But it appears on the Lyons Head only when the Fleâ—…h of the Musculi Crotophitae is cutt off Licetus thinks that this Name was given it because as the Lyon Hunts and Devours other Animals so the Camelion catches Flies by the same reason that a little Worm which Hunts and takes Ants as Albertus hath described is called Formicaleon and that a little Lobster as Pliny and Athenaus report is named Lyon because it is of the same Colour The Camelion is of the kinde of four-footed Beasts which do lay Eggs as the Crocodile and Lizard which it sufficiently resembles save that its Head and Back is not flat like the Lizards who has likewise much shorter leggs with which it crâ—…wls very fast along the ground whereas the Camelion has longer leggs and goes easily only upon Trees where it delights it self much more than on the ground because that as it is sayd it fears the Serpents from which it cannot secure it selfe by flight and that from thence it spies
things which disturb it it is not strange that the Black and adust Humour which is in the Blood being carryed to the Skin should there produce the Brown Spots which appear on it when is Angry even as we do see that our Countenance becomes Red Yellow or Livid according as the Humours which are Naturally of those different Colours are carried thither By the very same reason also when by a contrary Motion the Humours wherewith the Skin is Naturally imbued do return into the Vessels or dissipate themselves so that others do not succeed in their place the Skin waxeth White by the separation of the Pellicles which do compose the little Eminencies for this Whiteness happens to them as to our Epidermis or Scarf-skin which being dryed and separated into little Flakes in the Disease called Pityriasis the Skin Whitens extraordinarily and seems to be rub'd over with Meal Abundance of such probable reasons may be found before any one shall occurr whereby the Truth may be demonstrated But to conclude our Observations on the Camelion with somthing more Solid than is in this Philosophy of Colours we will relate the Remarks which we made on its Bones whereof we do keep the Skeleton and wherein we have observed a great many considerable particulars The Bones which composed the Cranium or Skull seem'd to be made only to sustain the Crotaphitae which filled all the Head as well without as within with a Whiteish and Fibrous Flesh. The three Crests which were upon the Head mett together in one point towards the Back part Two of these Crests which covered the Eyes like Eye-brows left great vacuities each making a kind of Zygoma The principal cavity of the Skull consisted in the Orâ—…itae or Eyeholes for that wherein the Brain is contained was without comparison the least These two Orbitae were open one into the other so that the Eyes touched on the inside as is seen in several Birds Which Pliny has excellently described when he says that the Camelions Eyes are very large and little distant one from the other For this little separation cannot be meant of that which is at the Face between each Eye because that is very broad in all Camelions this little distance of the Eye one from the other in the Face being proper to Man only as the greatest is peculiar to Sheep according to Aristotles opinion Each half of the lower Jaw was composed of two Bones articulated per Diarthrosin the Apophysis which goes from the corner of the Jaw to the Condylus which is articulated with the Bone of the Temples being a distinct Bone. The Back-bone comprehending the Tail had seventy four Vertebrae two in the Neck eighteen in the Thorax two in the Loynes two at the Os Sacrum and fifty in the Tail. The first of the Neck was the only one which had its Spinous Apophysis bent upwards and which was differently from the rest received on both sides All the other had in their Body a Cavity in their upper part which received and in the lower a Head which was received by the Cavity of the next which made a kind of Ginglymos All in general had their seven Apophyses except the Vertebrae of the Tail which have eight viz. two Spinous a large one and another very small one underneath with the two transverse and four Oblique ones by the means of which all the Vertebrae were articulated the oblique Superiour Apophyses of one Vertebra passing over the lower of the Vertebra next above it The Ribbs which Gesner makes sixteen were eighteen of each side and of three sorts The two first above reacht not to the Sternum no more than the three last below The third fourth fifth and sixth were joyned there by Appendices which were not Cartilaginous but of the same Substance with the Ribbs and these two sorts of Ribbs were joyned together by an Angle which they made the one descending downwards and the other ascending towards the Sternum The other nine Ribbs were not fastened to the Sternum but each was joyned to its opposite by the means of a common Appendix and which went from the right Ribb to the left being bent in the middle of the Breast and Belly The Sternum was composed of four Bones the first of which was very large and made like a Trefoyle The Ompolatae or Shoulder-blades were so long that they reached from the Back-bone to the Sternum to which they were joyned instead of Claviculae The Ossa innominata were after the usual manner joyned by the Os Pubis but the Ischium was not firmly articulated to the Sacrum by a Cartilage For it was the Os Ilium which was there fastened by a looss Ligament So that it appeared that these Bones after the same manner as the Omoplatae have a Structure and connexion altogether different from what is found in all other Animals where the Omoplatae are fastened to the Trunck of the Body but by very looss Ligaments in comparison of the Ossa Innominata And it has been observed that the Omoplatae in the Camelion are very closely fastened to the Trunk as has been said and the Ossa innominata on the contrary are very moveable even as the Omoplatae are in other Animals The Ossa Innominata made a hole forewards on each side but which was partly formed by the Os Pubis and partly by the Ischium The Humerus which was articulated with the Omoplaae per Ginglymon as the Femur is generally with the Tibia had an Apophysis near its Head like to a Trochanter and the Femur which was joyned with the Ischium per Enarthrosin had no Trochanter's The Leggs as well before as behind were alike being every one composed of two Bones which rather resembled a Radius and Cubitus than a Perona and Tibia because that they were both articulated to the Femur as well as the Humerus and were both capable of bending upwards and downwards The Feet and Hands or rather the four Hands were also alike and differed only in this that the Fore-feet had as it were a Carpus composed of twelve little Bones and those behind had something which rather resembled a Tarsus because that the Bones were larger than those which seemed to make the Carpus Yet there was none which jetted out enough behind to make a Talus which might be one of the Causes which makes the Camelion's Pace so slow These Bones of the Tarsus were six in Number There was neither Metacarpus nor Metatarsus unless you would so call the two first Phalanges of the Toes because that they were joyned together as the Bones of the Metacarpus and Metatarsus commonly are there being only the last Phalanges which were separated and appeared like Toes There was likewise this difference between the Feet and Hands for in the Feet the Part which hath three Toes was articulated on the right side of the greatest of the two Bones which do make the Leg and on the contrary in the Hands it was set against the
Horns wreathed about than bent as those of all other Goats usually are this one sort of roundness being peculiar to the Horns of the Gazella amongst the Goat-kind supposing it to be a Species of Goat because that the other Horns of these Animals are of Angles and Planes like those of all Sheep except that of Candia which hath round Horns as Belonius observes who says that even in his time it was in the Country called Stripsoceri which might well be the reason that made Scaliger to say that the Strepsiceros is a kind of Sheep These Horns were hollow half way and filled with a pointed Bone which fastened them to the Head by the means of a Pericranium which covered it This Pericranium was very hard thick and moistened with a great deal of Blood like as the in-side of the Bone which was spongious like the Diploe The external Superficies of the Bone being very solid and streaked with some Furrows according to its length contrary to the Furrows of the Horns which were transverse as hath been declared At the root of these Horns there was a Tuft of Hair longer than that of the rest of the Body The Nose was a little flattish like to the Goats but yet more in the Male than in the Females for its Nose was shorter as it usually is in the generality of Brutes where the Males have the Head always rounder than the Females The Palate was covered over with a very hard Skin like long Scales The Dentes Incisores which were wanting in the upper Jaw because that this Animal chews the Cud were eight in the lower Jaw very keen and of an unequal size the two foremost being as large as the other six whose breadth went taper-wise and being likewise a great deal larger at either end than towards their Root The Tail in the Females had long and Blackish Hair. It was flat at its Origine and about two Inches large towards its first Knotts and was contracted and reduced to one at the place where there grew long Hair which hung down to the Hammes The Tail of the Male had not this long Hair which in all the Females resembled that of a Mans Head it was only a little longer than that of the rest of the Body and softer than that of the Tail of the Females The Fore-leggs upon the bending of the Knee were covered with Hair somewhat longer and harder than on the rest of the Legg It was layd and turned half on the right side and half on the left like the feather of a Horse and in this place the Skin was a great deal thicker than elsewhere which made it a kind of a little Cushion to kneel on like the Callosities which are on the Knees of the Camel. The Gazella which Fabius Columna describes better resembled the Camel than ours for it had this place wholly deprived of Hair. The Foot which was a great way Cleft and fortified with two great Hoofs besides the two little ones at the Heel like the foot of the Wild-Goat had this also resembling the feet of the Camel that it rested half upon the Hoof which only fortified the forepart and half on the Skin which in the hinder-part covered a round and much thicker Flesh than is on the Feet of Staggs Wild-Goats and other Animals which have Cloven Feet And this Flesh is probably more fitt to walk upon the Sands of Lybia than on the Lands of other Countrys which are Stony as we understood by the Feet of one of our Gazella's which was much swelled for having been hurt in this tender part unprovided of a Hoof. We Observed also that these Feet are Cleft after a particular manner because that the two Hoofs which might be moved a great way from one another were joyned by a Skin which was very easily extended Which made us to doubt whether the Gazella might not be the Animal which Aelian reports to be by the Greek Poets called Kemas to which he gives a great many Marks which are seen in the Gazella but amongst other things he says that its Feet which are like to those of a Goat are so Formed that they do help it to Swim This Skin was shorter in the Feet of the Male whose Hoofs opened not so much as in the Feet of the Females Our Gazella's had but two Teats which had each but one Papilla On the side and underneath the Teats there was in the Inguina or Groins two Cavities like Sacks not very deep where the Skin was without Hair as it is about the Papillae but this Skin was not so sleek being rough and like a Barley-Corn These Cavities were filled with a Substance like Wax Which may have occasioned the mistake of Ioannes Agricola Ammonius who has taken the Civet-Cat for a Gazella by reason of the Baggs which the Civet-Cat has to contain its Sweet Smelling Liquor the Civet-Cat and Gazella being otherwise Animals altogether unlike and these Cavities or Sacks which are seen in the Gazella do much more resemble those which Hares have in the same place than those of the Civet-Cat The Male had these Cavities or Sacks as well as the Females All these Particular Circumstances which we observed in these Females were only in three of our Gazella's the fourth differed from the rest in that it had no Cushion on the Knees although the others much Younger had it but it had not this place bare like that of Fabius Columna which it otherwise resembled by reason that it had this Black List along each Flanck which Aelian has observed in the Lybian Dorcas The Male had also this very List. AS to the internal Parts the Epiploon in all the five Gazella's was furnisht with a hard and Redish Fat which covered and inclosed almost all the Vessells which are in this Part by following and accompanying them into all their divisions This Epiploon Swam not upon the Intestines but Inveloped them behind except in one of our Subjects in which towards the left side the Ileum was fastned to the Peritonaeum by a great Number of Fibres In the others it descended from the anteriour and middle part of the Ventricle to which it was fastned and passing into the bottom of the lower Belly under the greatest part of the Intestines came to fasten it selfe to the Center of the Mesentery and Ascending higher returned to the lower Part of the Ventricle The Cartilago Xiphoides was four times bigger in Proportion than it is in other Animals being an Inch and half in Breadth and spreading out of each side of the Sternum to which it is fastned and turning it self round to end in a double obtuse Point The Liver as to its Figure and Shape was very like to a Mans being divided into two great Lobes besides which there were two lesser one whereof which was the least was extended to the right Kidney which it half covered the other was in the middle upon the Spine In the hollow part of the Fawâ—…'s
has as yet been seen only by Amatus Lusitanus who has observed some of this Nature at the beginning of the Azygos and which he thought to serve to hinder the Bloud of the Azygos from returning into the Trunck of the Cava but this Conformation is extraordinary whatever this Author sayes who averr's himself to have seen it a thousand times because that all Anatomists with an unanimous consent do testifie and avow to have seen the contrary and never to have found Valves in the Veins whose Situation favoured not the Motion of the Bloud towards the Heart The Carotides having been opened long-ways it was observed that they had several Rays like transverse Cutts which interrupted the continuitie of the Fibres which are according to the length of the internal Membrane of this Artery which appeared to be made to knitt together these Fibres and to fortifie them even as it is seen in the Fibres of the right Muscle of the Belly which are so interrupted by the transverse lines that they are called Enervations It was searcht whether the same thing could be found in the Crural Artery but it was smooth and even and had not these Cutts The Globe of the Eye was an inch and a half in Diameter The Crystalline was more convex behind than before The Explication of the Figure of the Pintado THe Pintado which is represented in the lower Figure has no Tuft at the root of the Beak like that whose Head is represented in the upper Figure As to other particulars the Ten which we describe had all that is remarkable in this viz. the Tail turned downwards as it is in Partridges the Neck and Leggs longer than Partridges are the Feet provided with Membranes after the manner of Water-Fowl the Head covered with a Casque the top of the Beak garnished with two Appendices and the whole Plumage black or dark-gray Spekled with white Spotts In the Upper Figure A B. One of the Feathers of the Wing A is the part of the Wing which is uncovered B is that which is covered by another Feather C D. One of the Feathers of the Belly C the part of the Feather which covers the Down marked D. E F G. The Head almost as big as the life E the Tuft which grows out at the root at the Beak F. the Casque or Bonnet G The fleshy Beards g. The hole of the Ear. H H. The small Muscles of the Aspera Arteria I I. The Artery of the Lungs divided into two Branches K K. The Carotides the left of which seems to proceed immediately from the Heart L. The Cross or bending of the Aorta on the right side M N. The Heart N. The Right Auricle O O. The Liver P. The Gall-Bladder Q. The Ductus which conveys the Choler into the Intestine R. The Intestine S. The Ventricle or Gizard T T. The Venae Iliacae V. A single Testicle fastened to the Bifurcation of the Iliack Veins X X. The Emulgent Veines Y. The continuation of the Trunck of the Aorta beyond the Venae Iliacae a a. The Iliack Arteries which do serve for Emulgents b b. The Kidneys c c. The Ureters THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF TEN PINTADO'S THe Birds which we describe are a kind of Hen called Pintado by reason of the exactness of the Figures which seem as if Painted on its Plumage these figures not being irregular and as it were accidentally made as in the generality of other Birds Upon this very reason some of the Ancients made Choice of the Names which they have given to these Fowl For by Varro and Pliny they are called Variae and by Martial Guttatae by reason of the white Spots wherewith their whole body is diversified and Speckled as it were with several drops Their Eggs are likewise Painted and Chequered with white and black thus this sort of diversitie is a thing Natural and perpetual to these Birds which this particularity distinguishes from common Hens which in the Genus of Birds are almost the sole ones which have not the Plumage alwayes with the same Colours in their Species Hens being indifferently white black gray yellow or mixt with all these colours Other Authors have given to the Pintado's Appellations taken from the Country where they do generally breed which is Africa by calling them Hens of Africa Barbary Numidia Guinea Mauritania Tunis Pharos that is to say Aegypt Margravius reports that in the Kingdome of Congo it is called Quesele Pliny relates that they are also called Meleagrides because that according to the report of his time they went annually from Africa into Baeotia and come to beat themselves near the Tombe of Meleager whose Story feigns that the Sisters were changed into these Birds There are some which do think that the Meleagris is the Cocq-d'Inde or Turky-Cock which shall be examined in the Sequel The ten Pintado's whereof we have made the Dissection were of the size and almost the shape of an ordinary Hen. Some are of Opinion that they do better resemble the Partridge But the length of their Neck and Leggs which did even surpass that of the Neck and Leggs of Hens have made us to disapprove this Similitude We only found that they had the Tail bent down-wards like the Partridg and not held up like the Hen. But they have no Characteristick more particular of the Hen than the fleshy Appendices which do hang down on both sides of their Jaws which are not mett-with in any other Bird and which even in the Pintado have something different from those which are in Hens as shall hereafter be explained Their whole Plumage was only of two colours viz. White and Black. The White was every where perfectly White the Black was also in some places perfectly Black but in the most it was faint and inclining to a dark-Gray The top of the Neck instead of Feathers was only garnisht with a black Down which did better resemble Hair than Feathers These Hairs being about two lines long were turned upwards contrary to the ordinary situation of Hair and Feathers In one of our Subjects towards the hinder part of the Head these Hairs were almost an inch long and made as it were a Tuft The under part of the Neck had little dark-gray Feathers markt with White These Feathers went insensibly three inches in length and one in Breadth The half of these Feathers towards the root on both sides of the Quill or Stem was garnished with Beards or branchings like grayish white Down above half an inch long on each side Each Down or Beard was dissheivelled and divided as it were into several fine Locks or threads towards its extremity Near the Quill or Stem the roots of each beard were joyned together by the Crochets or little Fibres wherewith the Beards or branchings of the feathers which do serve for flight use to be fastened and which are described in the Ostrich The other half of these Feathers was composed of these same sort of Beards or Branchings which
lower than the division of the Iliacks of the Cava These Branches were a great deal lesser than those of the Cava They served for Emulgent Branches the Kidneys being there fastned The Emulgent Branches of the Cava did likewise come from the Iliack Branches of the Cava and after being joyned to the Kidneys did pass forward like as the Arteries The same Trunk of the Aorta after its division into the Iliack Branches did continue and descend even to the Anus casting forth the several Branches to the right and left to form the Crurals The Brain had nothing particular It is only observed that there was two bony Apophyses about the bigness of a little Pin and two Lines long which proceeding from the two sides of the Cranium did joyn and make an Angle between the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum The Crystalline was more convex within than without the Eye The Explication of the Figure of the Eagle THe lower Figure represents only one of the Eagles which are here described because that they were almost all alike The main and principal difference was in the Feathers of the Neck which were composed only of a very long and smooth down in the Male whereas in the Females they were like Scales It must be likewise observed that the greatness of the Claw of the hinder Foot could not be represented such as it would appear if these Claws were not hid as they necessarily are by the Bough on which the Eagle is perched In the Upper Figure A. The Trunk of the Vena Porta B. The Neck of the Gall-Bladder C. The Ductus Cysticus D. The Ductus Hepaticus E. The Spleen F. The Pancreas G G G. The Branches of the Vena Porta and Caeliaca Arteria which go to the Spleen and Intestines 1 2 3. The three Ductus Pancreatici H. The Aspera Arteria I. The Oesophagus blown up K. A glandulous body fastened to the upper part of the Oesophagus L. The Ventricle M. The Spleen N. The Branches which are distributed to the Spleen and Intestines O. The Pancreas P. The Tongue as bigg as the Life Q. The Eyes R. One of the Feathers of the Breast which is composed only of Threads like Down and which has two Stems like two Branches which proceed from a third which is as it were the Trunk S. The Medulla Spinalis divided and separated as it were into two Branches which afterwards joyned again T T V X. The same Marrow cut through to shew how the two parts T T which divide in two the Trunk of the Marrow on the fore-side are joyned together at the hinder part X to form the Cavitie V. Y Y. Two small Appendices which supply the place of the Caecum having on the inside a very small Cavitie THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THREE EAGLES THese three Eagles were almost alike in bigness forme and Plumage The inward Parts were in some things different principally because they were of different Sexes The greatest which was a Female measured from the Extremity of the Beak to that of the Tail two Foot nine Inches from the end of one Wing to the end of the other when expanded seven Foot and a half The Beak was two Inches and a half long without comprehending the bending which was nine Lines The whole Head comprehending the Beak was four Inches and a half the Neck five Inches and a half the Leg together with the Thigh to the extremitie of the Talons fifteen inches It weighed ten pounds It s whole Plumage was of a Chest-nut Colour almost black except the bottom of the Neck before and of the Belly which was of a white sullied with a reddish gray The Feet were small in proportion to the Body and of a blewish gray The Beak was all Black. The two others one of which was a Male and the other a Female and which were somewhat lesser had the Beak black at the end yellow towards the beginning and blewish at the middle The Feet were yellow covered with Scales of different sizes those at top of the Toes being large and square especially towards the extremitie the other being very small The Talons were black crooked and very great especially that of the hinder Toe which was almost as big again as the others The Plumage was of three Colours viz. dark Chest-nut red and white The top of the Head was mixt with Chest-nut and red The Breast and Belly were mixt with white red and Chest-nut the Wings had a great deal of Chest-nut little red and less white The Quills of the great feathers of the Wings were nine lines in compass The Plumes of the Tail were very brown towards the extremitie having somthing of white towards their Origine The Thighs and Leggs even to the beginning of the Toes were covered with Feathers half white and half red each Feather being red at the end and white towards the beginning Naturalists do say that Eagles have the Leggs thus provided with Feathers as well to defend them from the Beak and Claws of Birds when they catch and take them in their Talons as to keep them from the cold of the Snow to which they are exposed on the tops of the Mountains where they generally reside Belonius who has described several sorts of Eagles has described them all without Feathers on their Leggs Besides the great Feathers which covered the Body there was at their root a very white and fine Downe about an inch long This Downe serves likewise to Arm the Eagles against the Cold of which they are very sensible which is the reason that Falconers when they make use of Eagles for high flying do take from them a part of that Downe and of the other Feathers from their Belly to the end that they rise not too high being hindred by the cold of the middle Region of the Air. The other Feathers which covered the Back and Belly of our Eagles were four or five inches long Those which covered the Thighs on the outside were six inches and reached three inches beyond the Heel Those whereby the Breast and Belly were decked in the Male measured seven inches in length and three in breadth they were soft having on both sides only a long Downe the fibres of which were not clasped together as they generally are in the strong Feathers which are ranged like Scales These Feathers were double for each Quill being come out of the skin about two-lines and a half did shoot two unequal Stems the one being as large again as the other We have observed the same thing in the Feathers of the Neck and Belly of a Parrot and in all the Feathers of a Cassowary Belonius reports that the Bird which he calls Cock of the Wood and which he thought to be the Tetrix of Aristotle has of those sorts of Feathers and that he has not seen any other Bird have the like The Eye which was sunk in the orbite and covered with an Eminence of the os Frontis which made
which was sufficient to cover a large Cabine where several persons might lodg But our's was a Land-Tortoise and those that Pliny and Elian do make mention of were Sea-Tortoises where Animals do generally grow much larger than those of the same Species which do live upon land Elian declares that Land-Tortoises are not ordinarily greater than the large Clods turned up by the Plow when the Land is light The largest Sea-Tortoises which they do take near the Antilles according to the relations we have had thereof are not above as bigg again as ours The Shell and all the rest of the Animal was of the same Colour viz. of a very dark Gray The upper part was composed of several pieces of a different Figure tho' the most part were Pentagonal All these pieces were fix'd and joyned unto a Bone which like a Skull enclosed the Intrails of the Animal having one Aperture before to let out the Head Shoulders and fore-Leggs and another opposite thro' which came out the hinder Leggs and Thighs This Bone on which the Scales were fastned was a Line and half in the thinnest place and near an Inch and half in some places It is generally double there being one upon the back and another under the belly which like two Breast-Plates or Bucklers are joyned by the sides and tyed together by strong and hard Ligaments but which do nevertheless grant liberty for any Motion Elian tells us that Land-Tortoises do cast their Shell instead of saying their Shells that is to say those pieces which are fixed on the Bone made after the manner of a Skull For there is no probability that a Tortoise should separate it self from this Bone to which all its principal parts are fastned And it is true that these pieces are of themselves loosened from this Bone when the Shell has been somtime kept and the Bone begins to putrify otherwise to unloose them you must lay the Bone upon the Fire the heat of which makes these parts easily to separate from each other At the great Aperture before there was at the top a raised border to grant more liberty to the Neck and Head for lifting themselves upwards And this Inflexion of the Neck is of great use to the Tortoise For it serves them to turn again when they are upon their Back And their Industry upon this account is very admirable We have observed in a living Tortoise that being turned upon his Back and not being able to make use of his Paws for the turning himself because that they could bend only towards the Belly it could help it self only by its Neck and Head which it turned somtimes on one side and somtimes on the other by pushing against the ground to rock it self as in a Cradle to find out the side towards which the inequality of the Ground might more easily permit it to roul its Shell for when it had found it it made all its endeavours on that side The three great pieces of the Shell were upon the Back forwards they had each in their middle a round Bunch standing up three or four Lines and an Inch and half broad The lower part of the Belly was a little hollow Authors have taken notice that this Cavity is peculiar to the Males Upon the Back there was a wound occasioned by some blow that it had received when it was taken This wound which pierc'd only the Shell and part of the Bone which sustained it without penetrating on the inside was not healed within more then a year which she lived after her being taken All that proceeded out of the Shell viz. the Head Shoulders fore-Leggs Tail Buttocks and hind-Leggs were all covered with a loose Skin folded in great wrinkles and besides that grained like Spanish Leather This Skin did not enter under the Shell to cover the parts which are there enclosed but it was fastned about the edge of each of the two Apertures The Skin of Sea-Tortoises is covered all along the Leggs with little Scales like Fishes Albertus says that great Tortoises have a Shell over their Head in form of a Buckler The Head of our Tortoise was only covered with a Skin which was much thinner than that of the other parts It was seaven Inches in length and five in breadth and did in some measure resemble the Head of a Serpent The lower Jaw was near as thick as the upper There were no Apertures for the Ears The Nostrels were opened at the end of the Mouth by two little round holes after a uncouth manner The Eyes were small and frightfull But we have observed nothing in respect of the Tortoise which may make us to comprehend why Gillius and Gesner in translating the words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Elian makes use of to express the deformity of the Tortoise have rendered it Crispissima aspectu instead of Aspectu admodum Torvo For the Greek signifies both and the interpretation of the Translators of Elian has nothing of the sense as the other which agree with the Description of Pacuvius who says that the Tortoise is truci aspectu The Eye had no upper Eye-lid being shut only by the means of the lower which is lifted up to the Eye-brow Pliny reports that this is common to all oviparous Quadrupeds Towards the extremity of the Jaw-bones at the place of the Lipps the Skin was hard as a Horn and keen as in other Tortoises but these Lipps were jagged like a Saw and it wanted not on the inside two rows of real Teeth although Pliny affirms that Tortoises have neither Teeth nor Tongue On each of the fore-Paws it had five Toes or rather five Nailes for the Toes were not distinguish'd otherwise than by the Nails these Paws having at the end but one round Mass from whence the Nails grew out The hinder-Leggs had only four Both the fore and hind-Leggs were very short The fore ones contained but 9 Inches in length from the Top of the shoulder to the End of the Nails and hinder Leggs eleven from the Knee to the end of the Nails The Nails were long being an Inch and Half. They were rounded away both above and below their cutt making an Oval figure they were blunt and worn away Their Colour was parti-coloured of black and white in different places and without any order We have observed that Sea-Tortoises have Claws or Nails much sharper because that they donot wear them in Swiming as Land-Tortoises do in Crawling We have found some that had only four Nails on the fore-Feet even as on those behind Albertus tells us that there are allways five on each Foot. We have remark'd that tho the Tortoise goes slowly yet the manner of going which is peculiar to it must wear out its Claws as much as in Animals which run For it rubs them all against the Earth singly and one after another so that when it puts down one Paw it rests at first only upon the hindermost Nail then on the next and so passes to