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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05335	Of the interchangeable course, or variety of things in the whole world and the concurrence of armes and learning, thorough the first and famousest nations: from the beginning of ciuility, and memory of man, to this present. Moreouer, whether it be true or no, that there can be nothing sayd, which hath not bin said heretofore: and that we ought by our owne inuentions to augment the doctrine of the auncients; not contenting our selues with translations, expositions, corrections, and abridgments of their writings. Written in French by Loys le Roy called Regius: and translated into English by R.A.; De la vicissitude ou variete des choses en l'univers. English	Leroy, Louis, d. 1577.; Ashley, Robert, 1565-1641.	1594 (1594)	STC 15488; ESTC S113483	275,844	270

the common wealth of Rome Hannibal to Italy and the countrie of Lybia TAMBERLAN brought the Turks to a piteous state out of which they soone arose and became more mighty then before as the Greekes and Romaines oppressed by Xerxses and Hannibal when they thought themselues vtterly ouerthrowen came to greater glory A COMPARISON OF THE KING doms Empires or Monarchies and common weales of these daies with those of auncient time IT is mencioned in the holy scripture how Nabuchodonosor saw an Image of an exceeding greatnes the head whereof was of gold the brest and armes of siluer the belly and thighes of brasse the leggs of yron the feete part of yron and part of earth And when he was awaked because he could not remember his dreame and yet founde himselfe sore troubled and fryghted therewith hee called togither his deuinours before him whom he commanded to expound vnto him what his dreame was and the meaning thereof and if they failed herein he threatned to put them to death Which being vnderstood by Daniel a yong man that had bin brought thither as a Captiue from Hierusalem he made it knowen that he could fulfill the kinges desire and being presented to the king he declared first what the king had dreamed and then interpreted the meaning of his dreame saying that the Image signified the foure soueraigne Empires of the world which should succeed in order one after another namely the Babylonian Persian Greeke and Romain Thereupon he spake vnto the king in such termes Thou art certainly the golden head of this Image thou I say whom God hath decked with supreme power and glorie to whom he hath giuen dominion ouer all men ouer the beastes of the field and the birds of the aire And after thee shall come another kingdome of siluer that is to say worse then thine which is present The third shall be of brasse which shall be stretched out farr and wide the fourth of yron for as yron bruseth and ouercommeth al things so likewise this fourth shal bruse all the rest and subdue them to it selfe The power of Nabuchodonosor is compared to a high tree reaching vnto heauen and couering the vniuersall world with the shadow thereof whose leaues are singularly faire and the fruit so plentiful that all beastes are fed and fatted therewith In whose boughes and branches all sorts of birdes do build their nestes and make their resorte Whereby the scripture signifieth the Assyrian Monarchie which was augmented vnder this King and exalted to the highest Daniel also sawe in a dreame foure beastes comming out of the sea a Lyon a Beare a Leopard and the fourth being terrible and horrible to behold The Lyon signifieth the raigne of the Assyrians and the two winges which hee giueth him are as the two members of this Empire Babylon and Assyria By the Beare is meant the kingdome of Persia by which that of Babylon was destroyed The three ribbes which he sayth were betweene his teeth are the principall Kings of this Monarchie Cyrus Darius and Artaxerxes excelling aboue the rest which haue eaten much flesh that is to say haue ioyned many nations to their dominion The Panther or Leopard is the Empire of Alexander the great or of the Grecians The foure winges and heades are the foure kingdoms issued out of this Monarchie after the death of Alexander The fourth and last beast is the Romain Empire the ten hornes are the members or parts thereof Syria Egypt Asia the lesser Greece Africke Spayne France Italy Germany and England for the ROMAINS ruled ouer all these Nations Amongst these ten hornes ariseth and groweth vp another little horne which taketh away three of the otherten whereby is vnderstood the kingdome of MAHOMET or of the TVRKES which being risen from a small beginning in the Romaine Monarchy hath seized the three principall partes thereof Egypt Asia and Greece Moreouer this little horne hath eies and is iniurious against God for Mahomet proposed new Doctrine hauing the appearance of wisedome which is signified by the eies and yet notwithstanding blasphemeth God abolishing the Christian doctrine and outraging of his Saincts vntil such time as the Auncient which hath neither beginning nor ende commeth vnto Iudgement Whereby is euidently to bee vnderstood that the course of this world shal end in this Empire that there shal not folow any other But that al principalities of the world being abolished that euerlasting kingdome shal come whereof CHRIST is the Author and conductour Thus haue some Diuines expounded Daniel Others accommodate it onely vnto Babylon which fell vnder the dominion of the Persians Medes Greeks and Parthians which hath bin often desolate and finally ouerthrowen not thinking it good to reduce all Empires vnto foure considering there haue bin others of great power and largenes As of the Medes who supplanted the Assyrians of the Parthians which ouercame the Macedonians oftentimes vanquished the Romains as hauing parted the world with thē obtained the East ruled al Asia between the red sea and the Caspian a good way toward the Indies Of the Egyptians whose kings excelled in praise of valiancy deeds of armes al other nations which would blot out deface the great excellent victories of the Persians Macedonians Romains if the long course of yeres would permit their renown to endure till this time the rest no way surpassing them but in the happines of their Historiographers who are more read by a fresher memory of their antiquitie Of the Arabians or Sarasens which possessed Persia Babylon destroying the Romain Empire in the East and enioyed a great part of Asia Africke and Europe planting there not onely their armies and seigniories but their religion also and their tongue Of the Gothes who inuaded not onely the prouinces of the Romaine Empire in the West but tooke and sacked Rome the seate of the Empire raigning in Italy lxx yeres although Alexander who ouerthrewe the kingdome of the Persians raigned but twelue yeares who like a lightening thunder leaped into diuers parts leauing his state to many successours disagreeing amongst themselues who lost it incontinently Finally of the Tartarians who may be compared with all the former who won Bactriana and Sogdiana the prouinces of the Babylonian Persian and Parthian Empire and destroied Babylon it selfe vnder the conduct of their Lord Halao At this day there are great estates namely toward the East Of Cathay or of China in the Northren India and of Narsingue in the Southern whereunto the Persian is neere That of the Moscouite in the North and the Abyssin or Ethiopian in the south In the West the Spanish and French The Turkish is as it were in the middest of all very great and riche which notwithstanding is not to be compared to that of the Romaines who ruled from the Orcades and Thule on the one side Spaine and Mauritania on the other as far as the hill Caucasus and to the riuer Euphrates and the higher Ethiopia trauersing

imitantia fulmen Corripiunt Vulcane tuum dum Theutonas armas Inuentum dum tela Jouis mortalibus affers Nec mora signantes certam sibi quisque volucrem Inclusam salicum cineris sulphúrque nitrumque Materiam accendunt seruata in veste fauilla Fomite correpta diffusa repente furit vis Ignea circumsepta simulque cita obice rupto Intrusam impellit glandem volat illa per auras Stridula exanimes passim per prata iacebant Deiectae volucres magno micat ignibus aer Cum tonitru quo sylua omnis ripaeque recuruae Et percussa imo sonuerunt aequora fundo This age hath brough forth many great and notable inuentions on which notwithstanding I will not stand because they are rather accessarie to the auncient things then exceeding the vnderstanding of our forfathers all antiquitie hauing not any thing to compare vnto these three But amongst the meruailes of our age there haue bin manifested new and strange maladies vnknowen of the Auncients and not treated of by any Greek Arabian or Romain Phisitian as if there were not enough alreadie dispersed ouer the world to the number of three hundred and more without speaking of the inconueniencies hapning euery day by the excesses which men do vse Moreouer there are risen Sects in many Countries which haue much troubled the publicke peace and cooled the mutuall charitie of men Whereof some more curious will attribute the cause to the celestiall motions For as we haue obserued in times past in the notable mutations of mankind where nature hath showed her greatest forces that extreme euill and wickednes hath met with excellent vertue and extraordinarie calamities haue accompanied great felicitie so could not one imagin any kind of vnhappinesse or ●ice which is not found in this age so happie in the restitution of good learning and restoring of sciences Neither is there any amongst all men either Christians or barbarous Nations but hath suffered much No part of the habitable earth no person is exempted from affections which increase from day to day and are too much knowen to our damage and confusion Euery where the publike estates haue ●in afflicted changed or destroied and euery where the Religion troubled with heresies Not only all Europe but also the farthest regions of Asia and Africk the inhabitants of the new found lands and of the East and West Indies being innumerable in multitude and dispersed into infinite places haue bin troubled with foreine and ciuile warres long continued wherehence hath followed the excessiue price of all things with often famines and pestilences We must think that God being angrie with men sendeth such calamities generally and particularly to correct our vices and to bring vs to a greater knowledge and reuerence of him For there was neuer in the world more wickednes more impietie or more disloialtie Deuocion is quenched simplicitie and innocencie mocked at and there remayneth but a shadow of Iustice. All is turned vpside downe nothing goeth as it ought But the most notable aduersities and prosperities of this age are elegantly represented by Fracastorius in these goodly Verses Credo equidem quaedam nobis diuinitus esse Inuenta ignaros fatis ducentibus ipsis Nam quanquam fera tempestas iniqua fuerunt Sydera non tamen omnino praesentia diuûm Abfuit à nobis placidi clementia coeli Si morbum insolitum si dura tristia bella Vidimus sparsos dominorum caede penates Oppidaque incensasque vrbes subuersáque regna Et templa captis temerata altaria sacris Elumina deiectas si perrumpentia ripas Euertere sata medijs nemora eruta in vndis Et pecora domini correptaque rura natarunt Obseditque inimica ipsas penuria terras Haec eadem tamen haec aetas quod fata negarunt Antiquis totum potuit sulcare carinis Id pelagi immensum quod circuit Amphitrite Nec visum satis extremo ex Atlante repostos Hesperidum penetrare sinus praxumque sub Arcto Inspectare alia praeruptaque littora rapti Atque Arabo aduehere Carmano ex aequore merces Aurorae sed itum in populos Titanidis vsque est Supta Indum Gangémque supra qua terminus olim Calygare noti orbis erat superata Cyambe Et dites Ebeno foelices macere syluae Denique à nostro diuersum gentibus orbem Diuersum coelo clarum maioribus astris Remigio audaci a●●igimus ducentibus dijs The end of the tenth Booke A COMPARISON OF THIS AGE with the most famous former Ages to know wherein it is superiour inferiour or equall vnto them and first touching the warfare of these dayes with the auncient Greek and Romain The Eleuenth Booke THE excellencie of this age being briefly declared we will hence forward compare it with the most famous of the former in matter of Armes Artillerie Captaines Armies Battailes Sieges Empires and other States voiages by sea and by land discoueries of Countries riches maners and sciences to know wherein it is superiour or inferiour or equall vnto them beginning with the comparison of the warfare of these daies with the auncient Greeke and Romaine It is said that CYAXARES king of the Medians was the first that distributed the men of warre of Asia into Bandes Squadrons and Companies and ordayned that the horsemen and footmen should haue their quarters apart and should no more march confusedly as they were wont to do The ROMAINS accounting more of their Infanterie then of their Caualerie and founding on it all the desseignes of their power diuided their footmen into those that were heauily and such as were lightly armed whom they called Velites vnder which word were vnderstood all such as vsed slings darts and bowes the greatest part of whom as Polybius saith were armed with a caske and to couer themselues had a shield or target on their arme and fought without keeping any rank or order a good way from the heaule or maine armie The men that were heauily armed had a salade which couered their head and came downe as far as their shoulders There bodie was armed with cuirasses which with the tases couered their ●highes as far as their knees They had moreouer their leggs and their armes couered with greues and vantbrasses and caried also a shield of fower foote long and two and a halfe broad which had a circle or plate of yron aboue to sustaine the blowes the better and to keepe it from cleauing and an other plate of yron vnderneath which kept the shield from being wasted and worne with leaning it on the ground which might be compared to a pauois prouided that the pauois had in the verie midst thereof a bosse of yron well set on and close ioyned as their shieldes had the better thereby to endure the blowes and strokes which should fall thereon Besides they had a sword girt on their left side and on their right side a short dagger They had a dart in their hand

Chamlet whereunto haue bin added fustians bombasies sarges cloth of Gold and Siluer purple and skarlet with other infinite colours making of these stuffes shirts rochets wimples doublets caps hats hoods gowns coats cloaks cassocks ierkins iackets enriched with ornaments trimmings embroderies and laces after diuers fashions whith change from Countrie to Countrie and from day to day thorough the lightnes of persons Of tanned and coried leather they haue made Ierkins buskins bootes shooes and pantofles and lyned and faced them with veluet They haue applied Carcanets and Chaines to their necks brasselets to their hands rings to their fingers spectacles to their eies paynting to their cheekes iewels to their eares tyres and borders of gold to their heads and garters to their leggs distinguishing by the habits the Princes from the subiects the Magistrats from priuate men the noble from the base the learned from the ignorant and the holie from the prophane What shall I say of the skinns of Wolues Sables Martins and other precious furres fet from the farthest parts of the North which they buy for excessiue prices Plinietelleth it for a wonderfull strange thing and full of great superfluitie that he had seen Lollia Paulina a Romain Ladie widow of the Emperour Caligula at a wedding banquet hauing her head necke and bosome couered and her handes likewise with pearles and Emeraudes ioyned together and enterlaced which iewels were esteemed to bee worth a Million of crownes The Queene Cleopatra comming to meete Antonius in Cilicia put her selfe on the ryuer Cydnus into a boate whose sterne was all of gold the sayles of Purple the oares of Siluer which kept stroke in rowing with the sound of Musicke Touching her person shee was laied vnder a pauilion of gold tyssued decked like the Goddesse Venus and round about her were maruailous odoriferous and sweet smells and perfumes Heliogabalus slept on a tyke full of hares heares and partridge-feathers The bed of Darius the last King of the Persians was sumptuouslie garnished and couered with a vine of golde in maner of a grate or lettice enriched with raisins and grapes hanging in it all of precious stones And at his bedds head there was in Treasure fiue thousand Talents of golde at his bedds foote three thousand Talents of Siluer So much and so deerely he esteemed and valued his nights pleasure that he would haue his head rest on so great cheuisance But yet the excesse in buylding hath bin more outragious for comming out of hollow trees houells bowers cabins and lodges couered with straw and reedes and going into houses buylded with brickes stones and marble cut squared and fastened with morter plaister lyme and varnish hanged with Tapistrie and painted couered with slattes and tyles the roofe hollow with arches and vaults and the flower curiouslie paued and wrought diuided by halles vpper and lower chambers vtter chambers inner chambers with-drawing-chambers bedchambers wardrobes cabinets closets staires entries galleries and terrasses They haue accomodated arts and artificers for the buylding and furnishing of them as Architects masons plaisterers tylers carpenters smithes glasiers tapisters painters grauers cutters caruers melters casters of Images goldsmithes gilders lock-smithes and others buylding pallaices castles townes cities bridges conduicts pyramides sepulchers theaters amphitheaters bathes and porches turning the course of streames and raising of mounts and throwing downe mountains with prodigalitie exceeding all boundes of reason hoping thereby to make their names immortall And whereas it was necessarie for them intertayning that varietie and magnificence to trafique by sea and by land and to haue Cariers on them both to th end to receiue from other places such commodities as they wanted or to send abroad such things as abounded with them to nauigate they hollowed first the bodies of trees after the maner of the Indian Canoes and afterwards made boates schiffes pinacies and gallies with three fower fiue sixe seauen eight and ten Oares on a side yea to thirtie on a side foistes brigantines barkes caruels ships hulks gallions galliasses armadoes and argosies with their tackling and furniture of anchors cabels mastes sayles artillerie ordinance victuals and compas or boxe To receiue keepe and repaire them arsenals portes and hauens To guide and to man them were appointed Pilots mariners sailers rowers and gallyslaues euen as carters wagoners coachmen and horse-keepers were ordayned for trafick and trauaile by land And for both cariages cursitours regraters porters balencers Masters of ports customers controllers reuisitors and serchers To serue which turne with more ease it was needfull to coine money of gold siluer brasse and copper defined in value by the quantitie and waight marked with diuerse figures according to the diuersitie of the Countrie where it is made being not possible to vse permutation in euery thing and therefore were brought in money-tellers and changers Moreouer it was necessarie to haue Notaries or Scriueners to passe the contracts of Markets sergeants huissiers solicitors proctors informers auditors iudges counsailors presidents registers criers and executours of sentences For the expedition of roiall letters Secretaries Maisters of requests Chauncelors or Keepers of seales The Physicians Chirurgians and Apothecaries do serue for health vsing druggs comming for the most part out of strange Countries as Rheubarbe Cassia Aloe Agarike and such others Gymnasts pedotribes athletes fencers wrastlers runners swimmers leapers and tumblers for the exercise of the bodie For pleasure and recreation singers minstrells musicians plaiers on instruments organists dauncers and ballad-makers rymers iesters iuglers barbers perfumers drawers of flowers and curious workes Also not contented with stickes and stones which the simplicitie of nature furnished vnto their Choler they haue inuented infinite sorts of armes and weapons both offenssiue and defensiue long-bowes and crosse-bowes with arrowes and quiuers slings darts iauelins lances pikes partysans halbards swords bucklers rapiers and daggers shieldes targets cuyras●es brigandines headpeeces helmets caskes morions and salads gorgets pauldrons vantbrasses tasses gauntlets cuisses and greues engines to shoote in the field or to batter wals catapults and ramms in old time and of late canons double-canons demy-canons basilisks coluerins sakers faulcons minions and chambers and for smaller shot and maniable muskets caliuers harquebuzes daggs and pistols Seruing for the warres armorers furbishers spurriers sadlers ryders horsebreeders horsekeepers smithes and farriers founders and mounters of great ordinance saltpeter-men powder-makers canoniers Colonels Captains souldiers with their Ensignes trumpets drummes and other Officers Going farther yet they haue found out other estates offices and exercises imploying some about conducting and managing the publick reuenewes as Receiuours Treasorers Masters of accompts Auditours Controllers Others about the counsaile of Princes and of States Others to the establishing and preseruing of the Lawes seeing to the publick gouernment to discipline and correction of maners Then amongst so many commodities idlenesse increasing with ease and wealth they applied themselues to the studie of learning by reason that all naturally desire to know new things strange admirable faire and

the time of thirteen yeares Let vs rather compare the fortune with fortune of one man with another and of Captaine with Captaine How many Romain Captaines can I name that neuer had contrarie fortune in battaile One may see in the Annales of the Magistrates and in the Calenders the battailes of the Consuls and of the Dictatours whose vertue and fortune neuer brought any displeasure to the people of Rome And they are more admirable then Alexander or any other king hauing not bin Dictatours some of them aboue ten or twentie daies and none aboue a yeare The leuies of men haue bin hindered by the Tribunes they went often to warre after the season and haue bin sent back againe before it by reason of the Comices or Parliaments The yeare hath bin spent in preparations for enterprises The temeritie or malice of a Collegue hath caused hinderance or domage and when matters haue bin euill managed he hath bin succeeded by another They haue taken new or ill disciplined souldiers But certainly kings are not onely free from all hinderances but also Lords ouer time and busines and with their counsels they draw all things after them and do not follow them Then inuincible Alexander had waged warre against inuincible Captaines and had put in hazard the like pledges of fortune but there had bin more danger on the Macedonians side which had but one Alexander not onely subiect to many perils but also seeking of dangers The Romains had many equall to Alexander inglorie and greatnes of exploits which might liue or die according to their destinie without the publike interest I● remaineth to compare armies with armies either in number or kind of men of armes or multitude of auxiliaries Then at that time by the number taken of the Citie they were found two hundred and fiftie thousand heads Wherefore in the reuolt of the allies from the name of the Latines there were leuied well neere ten legions of Citizens Often times there were fower or fiue armies at a time in Hetruria and Vmbria the Gaules being also their enemies They made warre in Samnia and against the Lucans Then afterwards he should haue found all Italie with the Sabines Volsces Eques and all Campania and a part of Vmbria and Etruria the Piscenians Marsians Pelignians Vestines Apulians and all the coast of the Grecians inhabiting on the inferiour sea from the Thracians vnto Naples and Cannes and from thence to Antia and Hostia either mightie with the Romains or subdued by them He should haue passed the sea with his old Macedonian souldiers not exceeding the number of thirtie thousand on foote and fower thousand on horseback almost all Thessalians for this was his strength If he had ioyned with them the Indians and other Nations they would rather haue bin a hinderance then any helpe vnto him Moreouer the Romaine armie in their owne countrie might easily haue new supplies and the armie of Alexander would haue waxen old as it hapned afterwards vnto Hannibal The armes of the Macedonians were the buckler and the iaueling called Sarissa The Romains vsed a shield which was greater to couer the bodie and a speare somewhat rougher either to strike or throw then the pike The footemen both of th one and thother keeping firmely their rankes but the vnmoueable Macedonian phalange was of one sort and the Romain squadron manyfold and compounded of many parts easie to sunder or ioine as neede required Touching their work there is none like to the Romain nor better to endure trauaile Alexander if he had bin ouercome in one battaile would haue made an end of the warre But what armes could haue quailed the Romain whom Candie and Cannes could not quaile Surely if he had prospered in the first encounter he would haue bin gon to the Persians and Indians and to the cowardly nations of Asia as the brute is that Alexander the king of Epirus feeling himself wounded to death said comparing the state of the warres made in Asia by this yong Prince with his When I call to mind how in the first Punick warre they fought twentie and fower yeares against the Carthaginians with mightie fleetes by sea I then think that the age of Alexander could not haue suffised for one war and peraduenture the Carthaginian state being allied with the Romain by auncient lyne and the feare being alike against a common enemie might haue ioyned two such mightie Cities in armes and men and then he might haue bin intangled with the Punick and Romain warre at one time The Romaines assaied the Macedonian enemie not vnder Alexander neither when the forces of Macedon were whole and entier but against Antiochus ●hilip and Perses not onely without any losse but also without any danger Let it not be euill taken that I say and let the ciuil warre● cease we haue neuer failed neither in places of aduantage or disaduantage when soeuer we had to deale with an enemie on horseback or on foote and in open warre The souldier loden with armes may well feare the man at armes on horseback the arrowes and thick forests the crooked and vneasie waies but he hath beaten back and shall beate a thousand bands more heauily armed then those of the Macedonians and of Alexander prouided that the loue of peace wherein we liue remaine still amongst vs and the care of ciuile concord A COMPARISON OF POMPEY THE great with Alexander Hercules and Bacchus according to Plinie BVT it pertaineth to the honour of the Romain Empire and not to the victorie of one only man to recite all the titles and triumphes of POMPEY the great hauing attained to the glorie of the deedes not only of Alexander the great but of Hercules also and the father Bacchus Sicile then being recouered where he began to do seruice to the common wealth following the partie of Sylla and then all Africk being subdued and brought vnder obedience and his surname of great being taken therhence being a Romain knight that which neuer before hapned vnto any he was caried in a triumphant chariot and by and by going toward the West and hauing erected many trophees in the mountaines Pyrenees he reduced vnder obedience eight hundred three score and sixteene Townes between the Alpes and the extremities of the farthest Spaine thorough the magnanimitie of his courage making no mention of Sertorius And the ciuil warre being extinguished which moued all the strange warres he againe led the triumphant chariots being a Romaine knight and so many times Emperour and Captain before he was souldier Then being sent to all the seas and beyond toward the East he brought back his titles to his Countrie after the maner of such as ouercome in Combats and sacred games who are not only crowned them selues but crowne their Countrie also attributing to the Citie these honours at the Temple of Minerua which he dedicated of his pray after this maner Cn. Pompey the great Emperour hauing ended the warre which endured thirtie yeares hauing defeated put to flight