and_o vilna_n for_o the_o polonian_n believe_v that_o it_o very_o much_o avail_v both_o to_o the_o security_n of_o the_o governor_n and_o to_o confirm_v the_o allegiance_n of_o they_o that_o obey_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v choose_v by_o the_o generality_n who_o can_v then_o have_v no_o pretence_n to_o complain_v of_o their_o own_o act._n the_o place_n of_o election_n be_v in_o a_o open_a field_n not_o far_o from_o warsaw_n near_o the_o village_n wola_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o they_o who_o have_v voice_n in_o the_o election_n it_o be_v mark_v out_o by_o the_o marshal_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n when_o the_o day_n of_o election_n be_v come_v and_o the_o senator_n all_o meet_v the_o interrex_n ask_v the_o question_n three_o time_n whether_o it_o be_v their_o pleasure_n to_o command_v that_o such_o a_o one_o shall_v be_v declare_v king_n if_o by_o consent_n of_o voice_n they_o return_v for_o a_o answer_n it_o please_v we_o let_v he_o live_v then_o the_o 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possess_v the_o throne_n appoint_v thou_o by_o god_n let_v thy_o hand_n be_v strengthen_v and_o thy_o right_a hand_n exalt_v the_o solemnity_n be_v end_v the_o king_n repair_v to_o the_o grand_a assembly_n for_o the_o coronation_n where_o the_o interrex_n resign_v his_o authority_n and_o the_o senator_n together_o with_o the_o nobility_n and_o deputy_n of_o the_o city_n take_v their_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n to_o the_o new_a king_n the_o present_a power_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n will_n more_o plain_o appear_v by_o a_o recital_n of_o the_o article_n to_o the_o observance_n whereof_o they_o bound_v themselves_o as_o well_o before_o as_o at_o their_o coronation_n for_o they_o contain_v all_o the_o essential_a property_n of_o regal_a dominion_n under_o the_o name_n of_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la as_o to_o their_o power_n in_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n the_o roman-catholick_n king_n of_o poland_n have_v be_v so_o kind_a as_o to_o part_v with_o their_o chief_a prerogative_n in_o that_o particular_a reserve_v only_o to_o themselves_o the_o collation_n of_o benefice_n the_o king_n swear_v to_o maintain_v peace_n between_o the_o dissenter_n in_o religion_n of_o which_o there_o be_v many_o in_o poland_n and_o to_o compose_v the_o cause_n and_o difference_n among_o person_n profess_v the_o greek_a religion_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la swear_v to_o by_o john_n the_o three_o now_o reign_v as_o for_o foundation_n of_o church_n and_o monastery_n whatsoever_o liberty_n the_o king_n may_v have_v to_o erect_v they_o be_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o all_o the_o order_n at_o the_o general_a assembly_n of_o estate_n and_o thus_o the_o immunity_n and_o privilege_n grant_v by_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o the_o academy_n of_o vilna_n be_v also_o confirm_v the_o next_o prerogative_n be_v the_o legislative_a power_n concern_v which_o we_o find_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o lechus_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v a_o absolute_a authority_n of_o make_v law_n themselves_o as_o necessity_n require_v but_o afterward_o when_o they_o have_v receive_v the_o christian_a faith_n they_o begin_v to_o make_v law_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o peer_n insomuch_o that_o sigismond_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1570_o enact_v that_o no_o law_n shall_v be_v of_o public_a force_n till_o review_v and_o subscribe_v by_o such_o a_o number_n of_o deputy_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o senator_n who_o consent_n be_v to_o be_v require_v beforehand_o whether_o the_o law_n shall_v pass_v which_o law_n remain_v to_o this_o day_n the_o determination_n of_o controversy_n be_v likewise_o former_o in_o the_o breast_n of_o the_o king_n as_o supreme_a judge_n till_o vladislaus_n jagello_n grant_v this_o privilege_n to_o the_o nobility_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v punish_v or_o imprison_v till_o convict_v by_o law_n after_o he_o bathor_n throw_v off_o the_o burden_n of_o hear_v cause_n from_o his_o own_o shoulder_n and_o erect_v several_a court_n of_o judicature_n in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n reserve_v only_o to_o himself_o the_o judgement_n of_o such_o cause_n as_o concern_v his_o chequer_n and_o such_o city_n as_o be_v immediate_o under_o his_o jurisdiction_n but_o now_o the_o nobility_n create_v the_o chief_a judge_n or_o marshal_n with_o his_o assistant_n in_o those_o tribunal_n nor_o do_v the_o king_n sit_v alone_o upon_o cause_n that_o come_v before_o he_o by_o way_n of_o appeal_n beside_o the_o king_n swear_v to_o determine_v all_o court_n cause_v according_a to_o the_o advice_n and_o opinion_n of_o the_o senator_n and_o officer_n reside_v at_o court_n as_o also_o to_o call_v the_o cause_n in_o order_n as_o they_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o register_n and_o neither_o to_o retard_v nor_o further_o any_o cause_n for_o favour_n or_o interest_n the_o power_n of_o make_v war_n do_v former_o without_o doubt_n absolute_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n but_o casimir_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1454_o make_v a_o promise_n that_o he_o will_v undertake_v no_o war_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n at_o this_o day_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la promise_v not_o to_o admit_v or_o call_v in_o any_o foreign_a assistance_n without_o the_o especial_a consent_n of_o the_o estate_n not_o to_o increase_v the_o number_n of_o the_o stand_a militia_n nor_o raise_v force_n private_o not_o to_o send_v aid_n to_o any_o other_o prince_n without_o consent_n as_o aforesaid_a nor_o to_o commit_v the_o trust_n of_o fort_n or_o castle_n to_o stranger_n or_o plebeian_n but_o to_o man_n of_o worth_n and_o land_a nobility_n beside_o all_o these_o engagement_n there_o be_v a_o council_n of_o war_n elect_v out_o of_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n to_o attend_v and_o advise_v he_o in_o the_o field_n according_a to_o the_o late_a constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1676_o and_o several_a other_o before_o he_o be_v also_o
riches_n 1370_o lodowick_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o nephew_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a hitherto_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v successive_a except_o when_o the_o king_n die_v without_o issue_n in_o the_o three_o class_n it_o begin_v to_o be_v elective_a vladislaus_n jagello_n be_v oblige_v to_o swear_v as_o hartknoch_n acquaint_v we_o that_o he_o receive_v it_o by_o election_n and_o not_o succession_n this_o class_n contain_v the_o king_n of_o the_o jagellonian_a family_n in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1386_o vladislaus_n jagello_n choose_a husband_n to_o heduiges_n second_o daughter_n to_o lodowic_n and_o therewith_o king_n of_o poland_n upon_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n his_o dominion_n of_o litvania_n samogitia_n and_o part_n of_o prussia_n become_v christian_n himself_o and_o endeavour_v the_o conversion_n of_o those_o nation_n and_o last_o pay_v two_o hundred_o thousand_o florin_n to_o william_n duke_n of_o austria_n forfeit_v by_o heduiges_n who_o be_v before_o contract_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n he_o be_v a_o pious_a prince_n and_o founder_n of_o the_o university_n at_o cracow_n 1434_o vladislaus_n iii_o 1447_o casimirus_n iu._n it_o be_v very_o memorable_a what_o loccenius_n report_v of_o this_o king_n how_o that_o meeting_n with_o charles_n king_n of_o swedeland_n at_o dantzick_n he_o be_v force_v to_o get_v a_o monk_n to_o talk_v latin_a with_o the_o say_a king_n who_o understand_v not_o polish_v but_o talk_v latin_a accurate_o hereupon_o casimir_n be_v ashamed_a of_o the_o ignorance_n of_o himself_o and_o his_o follower_n return_v home_n cause_v public_a proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v that_o from_o thenceforward_a no_o man_n shall_v be_v advance_v to_o any_o dignity_n except_o he_o be_v able_a to_o speak_v latin_n whence_o say_v the_o same_o author_n it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o polander_n have_v ever_o since_o excel_v in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n 1492_o johannes_n albertus_n in_o who_o reign_n the_o tartar_n lay_v waste_v rusia_n podolia_n and_o several_a other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 1501_o alexander_n this_o king_n be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v such_o a_o prodigal_a that_o have_v he_o rule_v long_o he_o will_v have_v beggar_v the_o nation_n his_o queen_n helena_n be_v not_o suffer_v to_o be_v crown_v because_o be_v a_o greek_a she_o refuse_v to_o conform_v to_o the_o roman_a church_n 1507_o sigismond_n i._o reckon_v by_o paulus_n jovius_n one_o of_o the_o three_o worthy_n charles_n v._o emperor_n and_o francis_n i._o king_n of_o france_n be_v the_o other_o who_o have_v they_o not_o be_v contemporary_a prince_n deserve_v single_o to_o have_v rule_v the_o whole_a world_n beside_o the_o large_a endowment_n of_o his_o mind_n he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o such_o vast_a strength_n of_o body_n that_o it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o he_o in_o his_o youth_n to_o break_v asunder_o horse-shoe_n and_o strong_a rope_n 1548_o sigismundus_n augustus_n in_o his_o time_n the_o lutheran_n religion_n begin_v first_o to_o take_v foot_v in_o poland_n the_o four_o and_o last_o class_n contain_v a_o register_n of_o king_n elect_v out_o of_o divers_a family_n which_o occasion_v several_a interregna_fw-la the_o order_n of_o these_o prince_n be_v as_o follow_v 1574_o henry_n valois_n duke_n of_o anjou_n he_o flee_v from_o poland_n into_o france_n upon_o news_n of_o his_o brother_n charles_n death_n and_o be_v thereupon_o depose_v by_o the_o estate_n he_o reign_v five_o month_n 1576_o stephen_n bathor_n palatine_n of_o transylvania_n 1587._o sigismond_n iii_o prince_n of_o sweden_n who_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n john_n iii_o be_v crown_v also_o king_n of_o sweden_n but_o depose_v again_o by_o his_o subject_n chief_o for_o attempt_v to_o introduce_v the_o roman_a religion_n among_o they_o in_o which_o he_o have_v be_v educate_v by_o his_o mother_n his_o uncle_n charles_n ix_o duke_n of_o sudermannia_n be_v choose_v in_o his_o place_n 1632_o vladislaus_n iu_o famous_a for_o his_o many_o conquest_n over_o the_o turk_n and_o subdue_a muscovy_n of_o which_o he_o be_v elect_v tzar_n in_o his_o father_n life-time_n 1648_o john_n casimir_n design_v for_o a_o religious_a and_o have_v live_v two_o year_n of_o probation_n among_o the_o jesuit_n but_o as_o hartknoch_n write_v nominate_v cardinal_n by_o innocent_a x._o before_o he_o take_v the_o vow_n of_o that_o order_n be_v elect_v king_n he_o marry_v his_o brother_n sigismund_n widow_n he_o lay_v down_o his_o diadem_n and_o retire_v into_o france_n 1669_o michael_n koributh_n duke_n of_o wisniowiec_n a_o unfortunate_a prince_n who_o lose_v caminiec_n to_o the_o turk_n 1674_o john_n sobieski_n former_o general_n against_o the_o turk_n now_o reign_v a._n d._n 1679._o the_o queen_n of_o poland_n except_o she_o be_v a_o roman_n catholic_n be_v never_o crown_v nor_o then_o unless_o the_o king_n himself_o request_v it_o who_o be_v always_o present_a at_o her_o coronation_n during_o his_o life_n the_o charge_n of_o her_o court_n be_v defray_v out_o of_o his_o exchequer_n but_o after_o his_o death_n she_o maintain_v herself_o out_o of_o the_o revenue_n of_o such_o land_n as_o the_o king_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n make_v over_o to_o she_o upon_o marriage_n the_o senate_n of_o poland_n be_v famous_a as_o well_o for_o the_o nobility_n as_o number_v of_o person_n among_o who_o he_o that_o precede_v all_o the_o rest_n both_o in_o dignity_n and_o place_n be_v the_o archbishop_z of_o gnesna_n who_o always_o sit_v next_o the_o king_n upon_o his_o right_a hand_n he_o have_v belong_v to_o his_o court_n a_o marshal_n who_o be_v also_o a_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o castellane_n this_o marshal_n ride_v before_o the_o archbishop_n coach_n and_o when_o he_o go_v to_o court_n carry_v a_o staff_n before_o he_o upright_o till_o he_o come_v into_o the_o king_n chamber_n where_o he_o turn_v it_o downward_o his_o authority_n be_v so_o great_a that_o in_o the_o absence_n of_o other_o marshal_n he_o bear_v the_o staff_n of_o authority_n before_o the_o king_n when_o he_o go_v to_o the_o general_a assembly_n the_o archbishop_n have_v also_o a_o cross_n bear_v before_o he_o which_o the_o bearer_n hold_v upright_o behind_o his_o chair_n whilst_o he_o sit_v in_o the_o senate_n next_o to_o the_o marshal_n be_v the_o chancellor_n for_o the_o dispatch_n of_o public_a affair_n both_o in_o church_n and_o state_n the_o other_o officer_n of_o the_o archbishop_n court_n be_v the_o chamberlain_n master_n of_o request_n steward_n of_o his_o table_n treasurer_n chaplain_n library-keeper_n master_n of_o the_o horse_n and_o clerk_n of_o the_o kitchin_n as_o he_o be_v a_o prince_n while_o his_o meat_n be_v go_v up_o to_o table_n whether_o at_o home_n or_o abroad_o the_o drum_n beat_v when_o he_o come_v to_o court_n he_o go_v direct_o to_o the_o king_n never_o wait_v his_o majesty_n leisure_n or_o any_o prefix_a time_n and_o upon_o notice_n of_o his_o come_n he_o be_v meet_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o stair_n by_o the_o sub-chamberlain_n at_o the_o top_n by_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court._n when_o he_o approach_v the_o royal_a presence_n the_o king_n himself_o go_v some_o pace_n to_o meet_v he_o the_o title_n which_o the_o king_n give_v he_o be_v to_o the_o most_o reverend_a father_n in_o christ_n by_o other_o he_o be_v style_v most_o high_a and_o most_o reverend_a lord_n lord_n n._n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n and_o the_o apostolic_a see_v archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n legate_n bear_v primate_n and_o chief_a prince_n of_o the_o polonian_a nobility_n his_o prerogative_n be_v so_o great_a that_o he_o give_v not_o place_n to_o any_o cardinal_n for_o which_o reason_n no_o cardinal_n be_v ambitious_a of_o be_v send_v into_o poland_n next_o to_o he_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n take_v place_n after_o these_o two_o archbishop_n the_o bishop_n be_v seat_v in_o the_o senate_n according_a to_o their_o dignity_n in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1._o cracow_n 2._o cujavia_n who_o be_v also_o bishop_n of_o vladislow_n and_o pomerania_n 3._o vilna_n and_o 4._o posnania_n by_o turn_n 5._o polockzo_n 6._o varmia_n and_o 7._o luceorea_n by_o turn_n 8._o praemislia_n 9_o samogitia_n or_o mednic_n 10._o culmo_fw-la 11._o chelmo_n 12._o kiovia_n and_o zernichovia_n 13._o kamienieck_n 14._o smolensko_n these_o bishop_n sit_v on_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o king_n next_o the_o two_o archbishop_n concern_v the_o revenue_n and_o splendour_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o poland_n see_v cromer_n l._n 2._o descript_n pol._n pag._n 177._o and_o stanislaus_n lubienski_n in_o vita_fw-la angelotti_n fol._n 310._o bishop_n by_o the_o law_n be_v forbid_v to_o hold_v abbey_n in_o commendam_fw-la with_o their_o bishopric_n only_o the_o bishop_n of_o kiovia_n and_o kamienieck_n have_v lose_v their_o revenue_n be_v now_o permit_v that_o liberty_n for_o their_o subsistence_n next_o to_o the_o bishop_n sit_v
king_n of_o denmark_n be_v call_v dan_n who_o reign_v before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n from_o he_o denmark_n have_v its_o name_n but_o the_o story_n they_o tell_v we_o of_o this_o king_n like_o all_o their_o ancient_a history_n be_v so_o incoherent_a and_o incredible_a that_o little_a trust_n can_v be_v give_v to_o this_o etymology_n other_o ridiculous_o derive_v the_o name_n of_o dane_n and_o danemark_n from_o dan_n the_o son_n of_o jacob._n some_o from_o the_o grecian_a danai_n hadrianus_n junius_n a_o learned_a historian_n but_o not_o too_o happy_a in_o etymology_n will_v have_v the_o dane_n so_o call_v from_o the_o abundance_n of_o fir-tree_n which_o grow_v in_o their_o country_n not_o consider_v that_o a_o fir-tree_n have_v not_o the_o same_o name_n dannen_n or_o tannen-baum_a in_o denmark_n as_o in_o germany_n for_o the_o dane_n as_o well_o as_o the_o english_a call_v it_o a_o firtre_n or_o firtrae_n pontanus_n sleght_v all_o the_o conjecture_n of_o other_o author_n think_v he_o give_v we_o a_o sufficient_a account_n of_o the_o original_n of_o the_o word_n dani_n and_o dania_n when_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o these_o people_n be_v the_o danciones_fw-la or_o dansciones_fw-la as_o the_o learned_a mr._n cambden_n read_v the_o word_n instead_o of_o dausiones_n in_o the_o vulgar_a copy_n mention_v by_o ptolomey_n but_o this_o determination_n be_v not_o at_o all_o satisfactory_a for_o the_o question_n be_v not_o how_o long_o but_o whence_o the_o dane_n have_v have_v their_o name_n for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o dare_v not_o assent_v to_o any_o of_o the_o derivation_n yet_o give_v but_o have_v rather_o guess_v that_o the_o dane_n or_o dansche_n take_v their_o name_n from_o the_o great_a opinion_n they_o have_v of_o their_o own_o uprightness_n and_o integrity_n for_o danneman_n be_v a_o word_n ordinary_o use_v among_o they_o to_o this_o day_n to_o denote_v a_o honest_a and_o good_a man_n thus_o the_o german_n use_v the_o phrase_n ein_fw-ge teutschhertziger_fw-ge mensch_fw-ge to_o signify_v a_o true_a dutch_n heart_v fellow_n and_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o it_o be_v the_o constant_a custom_n of_o all_o the_o northern_a nation_n to_o give_v themselves_o name_n from_o their_o piety_n as_o well_o as_o prowess_n thus_o the_o people_n who_o style_v themselves_o germane_a war-man_n in_o the_o field_n be_v teutschen_n or_o godly_a at_o home_n and_o the_o cimbri_n or_o camp-fighter_n in_o time_n of_o war_n be_v gottisch_n pious_a and_o religious_a as_o soon_o as_o they_o lay_v down_o their_o weapon_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o denmark_n be_v the_o cimbri_n and_o getae_n inhabitant_n ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o both_o which_o we_o shall_v discourse_v at_o large_a in_o the_o description_n of_o jutland_n concern_v the_o goth_n something_o have_v be_v say_v in_o the_o description_n of_o sweden_n and_o more_o may_v be_v expect_v in_o the_o treatise_n of_o the_o cimbric_n island_n the_o kingdom_n consist_v of_o 1._o jutland_o situation_n division_n and_o situation_n which_o be_v a_o peninsula_n wash_v on_o either_o side_n by_o the_o german_a and_o baltic_a sea_n and_o bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o some_o part_n of_o the_o nether_a saxony_n 2._o zeeland_n funen_n with_o some_o more_o island_n of_o less_o note_n to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v 3._o schonen_fw-mi and_z halland_n which_o former_o do_v belong_v to_o this_o kingdom_n but_o in_o the_o year_n 1658_o by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n conclude_v at_o roschild_n between_o frederic_n iii_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o charles_n x._o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v whole_o annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o swedeland_n and_o by_o another_o ratification_n hold_v at_o copenhagen_n 1660_o confirm_v to_o it_o the_o air_n be_v not_o so_o cold_a as_o in_o some_o place_n of_o germany_n which_o lie_v much_o more_o to_o the_o south_n air._n air._n nor_o so_o hot_a in_o summer_n this_o temperature_n proceed_v chief_o from_o the_o adjoin_a sea_n which_o as_o in_o england_n fan_n the_o inhabitant_n in_o summer_n and_o keep_v they_o warm_a in_o winter_n sometime_o indeed_o the_o baltic_a sea_n be_v freeze_v up_o as_o it_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1659._o when_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n march_v his_o army_n out_o of_o jutland_n into_o zeeland_n over_o the_o ice_n and_o then_o charcoal_n and_o turf_n which_o be_v their_o only_a fuel_n stand_v their_o friend_n the_o land_n natural_o barren_a soil_n soil_n and_o abound_v with_o little_a but_o wood_n and_o mountain_n be_v by_o the_o late_a care_n and_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n make_v very_o fruitful_a funen_n furnish_v many_o foreign_a part_n with_o barley_n and_o zeeland_n great_a trade_n lie_v in_o transport_v of_o corn_n and_o hay_n schonen_fw-mi be_v full_a of_o pleasant_a meadow_n whence_o some_o author_n think_v it_o have_v its_o name_n for_o schone_n signify_v fair_a the_o rich_a pasture_n in_o denmark_n afford_v such_o multitude_n of_o kine_n cattle_n cattle_n that_o according_a to_o oldenburgh_n relation_n some_o year_n forty_o thousand_o other_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o cow_n and_o ox_n be_v hence_o transport_v into_o the_o low_a country_n which_o must_v needs_o exceed_o enrich_v the_o kingdom_n they_o have_v also_o good_a breed_v of_o horse_n but_o not_o in_o such_o number_n that_o they_o can_v afford_v to_o send_v any_o into_o other_o nation_n helmoldus_n tell_v we_o fish_n fish_n that_o in_o his_o time_n the_o great_a riches_n of_o the_o dane_n consist_v in_o fish_n and_o saxon_a grammaticus_n say_v the_o seacoast_n round_a zeeland_n and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n be_v so_o stock_v with_o shoal_n of_o herring_n and_o other_o fish_n that_o you_o may_v not_o only_o take_v they_o up_o with_o your_o hand_n without_o the_o help_n of_o any_o net_n line_n or_o hook_n but_o that_o they_o hinder_v the_o passage_n of_o ship_n and_o bo_n certain_a it_o be_v however_o strange_a and_o incredible_a saxo_n story_n may_v appear_v herring_n swim_v usual_o in_o infinite_a number_n and_o no_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v ancient_o better_a stock_v with_o this_o kind_n of_o fish_n then_o the_o coast_n of_o denmark_n but_o of_o late_a year_n the_o herring-trade_n have_v fail_v strange_o here_o and_o those_o they_o do_v catch_v come_v far_o short_a of_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a herring_n in_o bulk_n and_o goodness_n i_o be_o unwilling_a to_o think_v with_o oldenburgh_n this_o decay_n of_o the_o fishing-trade_n in_o denmark_n a_o judgement_n inflict_v on_o the_o inhabitant_n since_o our_o fisherman_n will_v tell_v we_o that_o some_o year_n the_o herring_n haunt_v the_o english_a shore_n sometime_o the_o dutch_a or_o french_a however_o though_o the_o herring_n have_v forsake_v they_o they_o have_v still_o plenty_n of_o other_o sort_n of_o fish_n as_o plaise_n whiteing_n cod_n etc._n etc._n which_o they_o dry_a and_o send_v abroad_o pontanus_n to_o show_v how_o well_o they_o be_v provide_v in_o this_o kind_n tell_v we_o this_o memorable_a story_n it_o happen_v not_o many_o year_n before_o the_o write_n of_o his_o history_n of_o denmark_n that_o several_a ambassador_n from_o most_o of_o the_o great_a prince_n in_o europe_n be_v meet_v together_o at_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n court_n have_v some_o dispute_v about_o precedency_n some_o of_o they_o assert_v the_o dignity_n and_o power_n of_o their_o master_n from_o the_o riches_n of_o their_o country_n in_o gold_n and_o silver_n other_o brag_v of_o the_o plenty_n of_o corn_n fruit_n etc._n etc._n when_o all_o have_v do_v the_o danish_a ambassador_n tell_v they_o that_o shall_v the_o rich_a prince_n in_o europe_n sell_v his_o kingdom_n and_o with_o the_o price_n buy_v nothing_o else_o but_o wooden_a platter_n the_o king_n his_o master_n be_v able_a to_o fill_v they_o all_o with_o three_o sort_n of_o fresh_a fish_n whereupon_o they_o unanimous_o declare_v the_o king_n of_o denmark_n the_o happy_a prince_n in_o christendom_n and_o place_v his_o ambassador_n next_o the_o king_n of_o france_n who_o sit_v on_o the_o emperor_n right_a hand_n their_o forest_n be_v full_a of_o all_o sort_n of_o venison_n forest_n forest_n insomuch_o that_o every_o hunt_a season_n which_o common_o be_v in_o august_n there_o be_v above_o sixteen_o hundred_o buck_n bring_v in_o to_o the_o king_n palace_n beside_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o hare_n coney_n boar_n etc._n etc._n however_o the_o ancient_a roman_n vilify_v and_o contemn_v all_o the_o northern_a nation_n manner_n manner_n esteem_v they_o a_o sort_n of_o barbarous_a dull_a and_o unactive_a people_n yet_o it_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o relation_n give_v by_o lucius_n florus_n and_o other_o roman_a historian_n who_o never_o care_v for_o speak_v too_o well_o of_o their_o enemy_n how_o stout_o the_o cimbrian_o encounter_v the_o roman_a force_n and_o it_o be_v more_o than_o probable_a that_o the_o galli_n senones_n come_v out_o of_o this_o country_n who_o force_v their_o infantry_n to_o take_v sanctuary_n or_o
of_o the_o german_a empire_n but_o because_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v have_v a_o respect_n to_o the_o convenience_n of_o the_o several_a prince_n and_o estate_n as_o well_o as_o the_o emperor_n himself_o therefore_o in_o the_o capitulation_n swear_v to_o by_o the_o present_a emperor_n leopold_n it_o be_v express_o say_v underwit_n sunderlich_fw-ge keinen_n reichstag_n ausserhalb_fw-mi des_fw-fr reichs_n teutscher_fw-fr nation_n auch_fw-ge ehe_fw-ge und_fw-ge bevor_n wir_fw-ge darzu_fw-ge umb_fw-ge der_fw-ge sieben_fw-ge churfursten_a consens_fw-la und_fw-ge verwilligung_v durch_fw-mi sonderbahre_fw-ge schickung_v angehalten_fw-mi und_fw-ge uns_fw-mi mit_fw-ge denselben_fw-ge so_fw-ge wohl_fw-ge der_fw-ge zeit_fw-ge all_o be_v mahlstat_n vergleichen_n oder_fw-ge sie_n von_fw-mi selbsten_v des_fw-fr reichs_n anliegen_o halber_v uns_fw-mi darumb_fw-ge unterthanig_n angelanget_n und_fw-ge erinnert_n vornehmen_fw-ge oder_fw-ge ausschreiben_fw-ge i._n e._n and_o especial_o no_o diet_n without_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n nor_o before_o by_o a_o express_a ambassador_n we_o have_v obtain_v the_o consent_n of_o the_o seven_o elector_n and_o consult_v with_o they_o about_o the_o time_n as_o well_o as_o place_v of_o the_o diet_n be_v sit_v or_o they_o themselves_o take_v the_o public_a good_a of_o the_o empire_n into_o consideration_n shall_v humble_o desire_v we_o to_o call_v such_o a_o assembly_n at_o present_v the_o diet_n be_v usual_o hold_v at_o ratisbon_n as_o a_o place_n of_o a_o convenient_a distance_n from_o the_o court_n of_o most_o of_o the_o prince_n and_o other_o estate_n of_o the_o emprie_n as_o soon_o as_o any_o of_o the_o estate_n emâ—â—â—_n â—â—ing_n emâ—â—â—_n or_o their_o ambassador_n be_v come_v to_o the_o place_n appoint_v the_o first_o thing_n they_o do_v be_v to_o beg_v audience_n of_o the_o emperor_n to_o who_o they_o show_v their_o summons_n thank_v his_o imperial_a majesty_n for_o his_o gracious_a call_v a_o diet_n and_o promise_v their_o utmost_a endeavour_n in_o promote_a the_o general_a good_a of_o the_o empire_n in_o the_o follow_a assembly_n the_o ambassador_n be_v bind_v to_o give_v the_o emperor_n a_o account_n of_o the_o reason_n of_o their_o master_n absence_n according_a to_o a_o order_n of_o the_o diet_n to_o that_o purpose_n as_o appear_v from_o the_o reichs_n ascheide_v zu_fw-ge trier_n und_fw-ge colln_v a._n d._n 1621._o §_o es_fw-ge sullen_a auch_fw-ge die_fw-ge churfursten_a etc._n etc._n this_o do_v they_o be_v to_o acquaint_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o empire_n count_n papenheim_n with_o their_o arrival_n that_o he_o may_v be_v the_o better_a able_a to_o execute_v his_o office_n which_o be_v to_o provide_v each_o man_n a_o lodging_n suitable_a to_o his_o quality_n and_o to_o write_v down_o the_o name_n of_o every_o particular_a member_n last_o they_o be_v to_o give_v in_o their_o name_n to_o the_o chancellor_n or_o archbishop_z of_o mentz'_v office_n and_o there_o to_o show_v their_o credential_n the_o proposal_n of_o every_o thing_n to_o be_v discuss_v in_o the_o assembly_n belong_v to_o the_o emperor_n alone_o â—â—osals_n â—â—osals_n and_o not_o to_o the_o estate_n or_o member_n of_o the_o diet._n and_o although_o in_o his_o summons_n a_o particular_a day_n be_v always_o nominate_v for_o their_o session_n yet_o it_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o his_o imperial_a majesty_n to_o defer_v the_o proposal_n of_o any_o business_n for_o some_o time_n long_o insomuch_o that_o oftentimes_o the_o estate_n to_o save_v charge_n have_v make_v a_o late_a appearance_n than_o be_v appoint_v in_o their_o summons_n when_o the_o late_a emperor_n ferdinand_n iii_o have_v call_v a_o diet_n at_o ratisbon_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o three_o month_n be_v almost_o slip_v over_o after_o the_o day_n appoint_v before_o any_o thing_n be_v propose_v to_o the_o assemble_v member_n when_o at_o last_o the_o emperor_n be_v please_v to_o make_v the_o state_n acquaint_v with_o their_o business_n the_o vice-marshal_n give_v warning_n to_o every_o particular_a member_n to_o attend_v his_o imperial_a majesty_n at_o such_o a_o set_a time_n at_o which_o time_n appoint_v the_o elector_n and_o the_o rest_n give_v their_o attendance_n and_o wait_v on_o the_o emperor_n to_o church_n where_o public_a prayer_n be_v have_v for_o the_o happy_a success_n of_o all_o their_o consultation_n in_o settle_v the_o affair_n of_o the_o empire_n which_o do_v they_o all_o return_n to_o the_o grand_a council_n chamber_n where_o the_o emperor_n in_o his_o robe_n declare_v to_o the_o estate_n the_o reason_n why_o they_o be_v assemble_v and_o propose_v to_o they_o the_o head_n they_o be_v to_o treat_v of_o in_o the_o follow_a diet._n the_o controversy_n about_o take_v place_n in_o the_o diet_n have_v be_v long_o since_o determine_v among_o the_o elector_n by_o the_o golden_a bull_n â—â—ecedenâ—â—_n â—â—ecedenâ—â—_n but_o the_o other_o prince_n and_o deputy_n for_o the_o imperial_a city_n have_v continual_a quarrel_n at_o every_o meeting_n insomuch_o that_o sometime_o the_o diet_n be_v ready_a to_o break_v up_o in_o confusion_n and_o will_v doubtless_o often_o do_v it_o if_o some_o mild_a spirit_n than_o the_o rest_n do_v not_o compose_v the_o strife_n by_o yield_v their_o place_n to_o their_o antagonist_n with_o a_o reserve_a protestation_n against_o make_v use_n of_o this_o single_a instance_n as_o a_o precedent_n for_o the_o future_a the_o order_n observe_v by_o the_o elector_n in_o the_o assembly_n be_v somewhat_o different_a from_o what_o it_o be_v before_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n be_v make_v one_o of_o the_o number_n at_o this_o day_n they_o seat_v themselves_o thus_o first_o the_o elector_n of_o mentz_n challenge_v the_o chief_a place_n and_o sit_v always_o in_o the_o middle_n on_o his_o right_a hand_n be_v place_v the_o elector_n of_o treves_n and_o colen_n by_o turn_n and_o after_o one_o of_o they_o the_o bavarian_a and_o brandenburgher_n on_o the_o leave_v after_o one_o of_o the_o abovenamed_a spiritual_a elector_n the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o prince_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n the_o ambassador_n of_o the_o elector_n take_v the_o same_o place_n among_o themselves_o as_o if_o their_o master_n be_v personal_o present_a but_o if_o any_o one_o elector_n appear_v in_o his_o own_o person_n the_o ambassador_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n yield_v he_o the_o place_n though_o perhaps_o he_o shall_v have_v sit_v below_o all_o their_o master_n the_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o bench_n empire_n prince_n of_o the_o empire_n die_v geistliche_n und_fw-ge weltliche_n as_o they_o call_v they_o or_o the_o spiritual_a and_o secular_a in_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o old_a francic_a kingdom_n the_o bishop_n or_o prelate_n and_o secular_a prince_n make_v two_o distinct_a and_o separate_a body_n as_o they_o do_v to_o this_o day_n in_o provincial_a court_n and_o the_o reason_n be_v the_o same_o because_o the_o prelate_n use_v not_o to_o intermeddle_v with_o matter_n of_o state_n but_o concern_v themselves_o only_o in_o settle_v the_o affair_n of_o the_o church_n with_o which_o the_o secular_a prince_n be_v never_o concern_v but_o afterward_o when_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n have_v remove_v the_o debate_n of_o all_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n from_o the_o german_a assembly_n to_o their_o own_o court_n the_o prelate_n of_o the_o empire_n appear_v no_o more_o in_o the_o public_a diet_n as_o bishop_n but_o as_o temporal_a prince_n such_o as_o have_v no_o secular_a jurisdiction_n be_v shut_v out_o of_o the_o court._n on_o the_o spiritual_a bench_n sit_v the_o archduke_n of_o austria_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o be_v permit_v this_o honour_n because_o prince_n though_o secular_a yet_o of_o a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a eminence_n in_o the_o empire_n the_o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n that_o be_v not_o elector_n several_a abbot_n some_o of_o which_o have_v princely_a dignity_n confer_v on_o they_o by_o charles_n the_o great_a and_o last_o the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n the_o lutheran_n prelate_n be_v former_o whole_o exclude_v from_o all_o appearance_n at_o any_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n against_o which_o hard_a usage_n their_o often_o repeat_v protestation_n prove_v unsuccessful_a at_o last_o matter_n be_v so_o order_v in_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n of_o peace_n that_o they_o obtain_v a_o seat_n in_o the_o diet_n but_o not_o among_o the_o roman_a prelate_n nor_o the_o secular_a prince_n but_o on_o a_o bench_n by_o themselves_o betwixt_o both_o the_o other_o but_o because_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o magdeburg_n by_o virtue_n of_o the_o say_a treaty_n be_v turn_v into_o a_o dukedom_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o lubeck_n and_o osnabrug_n into_o secular_a principality_n by_o turn_n therefore_o at_o this_o day_n all_o the_o reform_a prince_n except_v those_o that_o be_v elector_n sit_v on_o the_o secular_a bench_n which_o be_v appoint_v for_o all_o prince_n count_n and_o baron_n of_o the_o empire_n who_o
common_o retire_v thither_o to_o hunt_v in_o the_o town_n be_v reckon_v near_o thirty_o thousand_o inhabitant_n east_n of_o this_o be_v the_o city_n and_o principality_n of_o wolodomir_n wolodomir_n wolodomir_n which_o be_v ancient_o the_o metropolis_n of_o all_o the_o russes_z till_o ivan_n or_o danislow_n build_v moskow_n and_o translate_v the_o seat_n of_o the_o empire_n thither_o more_o out_o of_o danger_n of_o the_o invasion_n of_o the_o tartar_n the_o soil_n so_o fruitful_a that_o it_o render_v frequent_o thirty_o for_o one_o the_o city_n be_v the_o second_o in_o the_o empire_n for_o greatness_n and_o be_v build_v by_o wolodomir_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a founder_n of_o the_o empire_n in_o 928._o some_o say_v that_o he_o marry_v helena_n the_o daughter_n of_o niceph._n phocas_n but_o the_o chronology_n will_v hardly_o permit_v it_o east_n of_o wolodomir_n be_v the_o city_n and_o province_n of_o nisi-novogrod_a in_o dutch_a nisen_n nieugarten_n or_o little_a novogrod_n nisi-novogrod_a nisi-novogrod_a some_o call_v it_o novogrod_v the_o low_a or_o in_o the_o low_a country_n a_o country_n very_o fruitful_a and_o pleasant_a this_o province_n also_o be_v the_o utmost_a limit_n of_o christianity_n for_o though_o the_o grand_a tzar_n have_v some_o dominion_n east_n of_o it_o even_o as_o far_o as_o the_o river_n and_o castle_n sura_n yet_o be_v most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n there_o czremiss_a and_o mordwitz_n tartar_n and_o follow_v mahomet_n the_o city_n be_v in_o 56_o deg_fw-la 28_o min._n it_o be_v situate_v at_o the_o confluence_n of_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la and_o volga_n which_o be_v join_v make_v a_o river_n of_o four_o hundred_o geometrical_a foot_n broad_a it_o be_v inhabit_v by_o russes_z and_o german_n who_o have_v here_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o reform_a religion_n there_o be_v also_o a_o famous_a church_n build_v above_o six_o hundred_o year_n ago_o in_o imitation_n of_o that_o of_o st._n sophia_n in_o constantinople_n all_o provision_n be_v exceed_o cheap_a here_o be_v a_o very_a strong_a castle_n cut_v out_o of_o the_o main_a rock_n with_o very_o great_a charge_n and_o trouble_v by_o the_o grand_a tzar_n vasilie_o ivanowich_n near_o to_o this_o be_v vasiligrod_n vasiligrod_n vasiligrod_n at_o 55_o deg_fw-la 51_o min._n where_o the_o sura_n fall_v into_o the_o volga_n between_o novogrod_n and_o cazan_n bezvodna_n kadniza_n rubotka_n tzetschina_fw-la targinit_n jurkin_n masa_n kremonki_n parmino_n beside_o other_o be_v large_a village_n in_o this_o province_n spessabelka_fw-mi stoba_n welikopat_fw-la tsimonskoy_n and_o dioploy_v be_v considerable_a island_n in_o the_o river_n the_o principality_n of_o casinow_n be_v also_o near_o to_o this_o casinow_n casinow_n the_o inhabitant_n speak_v the_o tartar_n language_n all_o their_o woman_n go_v with_o their_o head_n uncover_v and_o die_v the_o nail_n of_o their_o finger_n black_a wiatka_n or_o viathka_n a_o province_n city_n wiatka_n wiatka_n and_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n lie_v north_n of_o nisi-novogrod_a it_o be_v a_o barren_a marish_a country_n vasilie_o take_v it_o from_o the_o tartar_n and_o annex_v it_o to_o his_o crown_n and_o title_n yet_o the_o tartar_n still_o lurk_v and_o steal_v what_o they_o can_v about_o and_o among_o the_o russes_z in_o this_o province_n be_v the_o town_n of_o chilinova_n orlo_n cotenicz_n and_o sloboda_n among_o those_o country_n live_v the_o czremiss_n and_o mordwa-tartar_n mordwa-tartar_n czremiss_n and_o mordwa-tartar_n their_o custom_n be_v not_o much_o different_a save_v that_o the_o mordwitz_n have_v some_o few_o more_o house_n those_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o wolga_n they_o call_v nagorni_n mountainier_n those_o on_o the_o other_o lugowi_n or_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o plain_a and_o grassy_a country_n there_o be_v among_o they_o some_o mahometans_n but_o the_o great_a part_n be_v heathen_a who_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v one_o eternal_a god_n and_o evil_a angel_n also_o which_o they_o endeavour_v to_o pacify_v lest_o they_o shall_v do_v they_o harm_n and_o this_o be_v a_o great_a part_n of_o their_o religion_n not_o far_o from_o casan_n be_v a_o river_n call_v nemda_n to_o which_o they_o go_v in_o pilgrimage_n where_o as_o also_o in_o a_o brook_n hard_o by_o the_o nemda_n call_v schokshem_n they_o think_v the_o devil_n dwell_v this_o brook_n have_v not_o above_o four_o foot_n water_n but_o never_o freeze_v whence_o they_o conceive_v such_o fancy_n that_o they_o dare_v not_o approach_v at_o too_o near_o a_o distance_n and_o then_o also_o with_o present_n lest_o the_o devil_n shall_v be_v angry_a with_o and_o kill_v they_o though_o they_o see_v the_o russes_z have_v not_o the_o least_o apprehension_n of_o any_o such_o danger_n when_o they_o sacrifice_v they_o kill_v a_o horse_n cow_n or_o sheep_n and_o hang_v the_o skin_n upon_o a_o pole_n between_o two_o tree_n they_o roast_v or_o boil_v the_o flesh_n part_n of_o which_o they_o take_v in_o one_o hand_n and_o mead_n or_o some_o other_o beverage_n in_o the_o other_o and_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o fire_n before_o the_o skin_n pray_v the_o skin_n to_o take_v care_n of_o present_v their_o prayer_n and_o request_n to_o god_n which_o be_v only_o for_o conveniency_n of_o this_o life_n they_o worship_v also_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n and_o what_o they_o dream_v of_o in_o the_o night_n but_o have_v neither_o temple_n priest_n nor_o service_n their_o language_n be_v peculiar_a to_o themselves_o though_o be_v under_o the_o grand_a tzar_n many_o of_o they_o now_o speak_v the_o russ_n if_o a_o rich_a man_n die_v they_o kill_v his_o best_a horse_n to_o serve_v he_o in_o the_o next_o world_n but_o his_o near_a friend_n eat_v he_o polygamy_n be_v frequent_a among_o they_o but_o if_o a_o wife_n be_v without_o child_n three_o year_n they_o dismiss_v she_o and_o take_v another_o and_o often_o the_o sister_n of_o a_o former_a wife_n their_o woman_n be_v wrap_v rather_o then_o habit_v in_o white_a cloth_n which_o leave_v nothing_o of_o they_o see_v but_o their_o face_n those_o who_o be_v betroth_v have_v on_o their_o head_n a_o coif_n with_o a_o point_n half_o a_o ell_n long_o whereat_o hang_v a_o bell_n the_o man_n shave_v their_o head_n all_o of_o they_o man_n and_o woman_n be_v very_o swift_a and_o excellent_a archer_n the_o mordwitz_n have_v a_o kind_n of_o a_o governor_n or_o captain_n of_o their_o own_o but_o they_o be_v all_o subject_n to_o the_o grand_a tzar_n who_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o assist_v in_o all_o his_o war_n but_o pay_v he_o no_o tribute_n except_o what_o present_v they_o voluntary_o send_v he_o resan_n be_v situate_v betwixt_o occa_fw-la and_o don_n resan_n resan_n or_o tanais_n which_o rise_v in_o this_o country_n near_o to_o it_o be_v the_o city_n of_o colunna_n columna_fw-la or_o colon_n but_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o resan_n be_v also_o call_v resan_n upon_o the_o occa_fw-la near_o the_o isle_n of_o strub_n which_o heretofore_o be_v a_o government_n of_o itself_o this_o province_n be_v the_o most_o fruitful_a in_o all_o russia_n if_o not_o in_o the_o world_n if_o they_o romance_n not_o too_o much_o who_o say_v that_o one_o grain_n produce_v many_o stalk_n each_o stalk_n many_o ear_n that_o it_o grow_v so_o thick_a and_o strong_a that_o a_o horse_n can_v very_o difficult_o pass_v through_o it_o or_o a_o quail_n fly_v out_o of_o it_o they_o till_o every_o year_n but_o never_o manure_v their_o land_n the_o fruit_n also_o here_o be_v very_o good_a the_o people_n also_o very_o courageous_a civil_a and_o liberal_a towards_o stranger_n the_o province_n be_v able_a to_o send_v fifteen_o thousand_o cavalier_n to_o the_o war_n and_o forty_o thousand_o foot_n in_o this_o province_n be_v great_a town_n corsira_n or_o cassier_n former_o head_n of_o a_o province_n of_o its_o own_o name_n tulla_n on_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o great_a desert_n it_o have_v a_o strong_a stone_n castle_n build_v by_o the_o grand_a tzar_n basilius_n who_o take_v it_o by_o force_n from_o the_o prince_n that_o have_v the_o right_a and_o dominion_n of_o it_o odoiow_n where_o tulla_n and_o vppa_n flow_v into_o the_o occa._n near_o to_o this_o be_v msczeneck_n a_o strong_a fort_n but_o now_o ruin_v thereabouts_o live_v a_o few_o poor_a people_n in_o their_o hut_n who_o refuge_n themselves_o in_o the_o great_a marsh_n which_o take_v up_o all_o that_o country_n upon_o the_o invasion_n of_o the_o tartar_n colluga_o famous_a for_o its_o wooden_a ware_n czirpac_n near_o to_o which_o be_v iron-mine_n the_o only_a sort_n of_o mine_n in_o all_o muscovy_n and_o worotin_n a_o small_a province_n all_o upon_o the_o occa_fw-la as_o also_o the_o town_n of_o cazigorod_n and_o murina_n this_o river_n breed_v the_o best_a fish_n and_o water_v the_o rich_a meadow_n in_o all_o russia_n we_o have_v not_o yet_o speak_v of_o leucomoria_n loppia_n and_o some_o other_o country_n upon_o the_o ob_fw-la and_o the_o north_n sea_n because_o part_v of_o
they_o be_v simbeyska-gora_a arbuchim_n but_o of_o the_o great_a part_n the_o name_n be_v unknown_a the_o river_n adrobe_n enter_v volga_n in_o 53_o deg_fw-la 48_o min._n as_o do_v the_o river_n vssa_fw-mi not_o much_o low_a a_o little_a beyond_o in_o a_o great_a plain_n be_v a_o sandy_a hill_n call_v sariol-kurgan_a which_o they_o say_v be_v the_o burial_n of_o a_o tartar_n emperor_n and_o seven_o king_n there_o slay_v and_o make_v by_o the_o soldier_n carry_v sand_n and_o earth_n in_o their_o helmet_n three_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o verst_n below_o casan_n be_v samara_n a_o large_a city_n upon_o a_o river_n so_o call_v three_o verst_n from_o the_o bank_n of_o volga_n though_o it_o do_v not_o whole_o join_v with_o the_o great_a stream_n till_o fifteen_o verst_n low_o and_o over_o against_o it_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n fall_v in_o also_o the_o river_n ascula_fw-la and_o lisran_n below_o samara_n a_o hundred_o and_o fifteen_o league_n be_v the_o mountain_n of_o the_o donski_n cosack_v who_o from_o hence_o usual_o rob_v the_o boat_n that_o come_v down_o the_o volga_n below_o this_o the_o river_n zagra_n join_v the_o volga_n and_o not_o far_o thence_o the_o river_n be_v so_o shallow_a that_o the_o cosacks_n ford_n it_o and_o lurk_v in_o the_o sledgy_a and_o bushy_a island_n of_o the_o river_n rob_v and_o spoil_v secure_o these_o people_n do_v very_o much_o mischief_n to_o the_o russes_z and_o the_o emperor_n to_o repress_v the_o inroad_n of_o they_o and_o the_o tartar_n have_v build_v divers_a city_n and_o fort_n give_v they_o to_o be_v inhabit_v only_o by_o soldier_n one_o be_v soratof_o in_o 52_o deg_fw-la 12_o min._n chief_o against_o the_o kolmuck-tartar_n who_o country_n begin_v here_o and_o reach_n to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n a_o very_a deform_a barbarous_a and_o cruel_a sort_n of_o people_n great_a man-stealer_n and_o enemy_n both_o to_o russes_z cosack_n and_o chief_o the_o nagai-tartar_n czaritza_n tsornojar_n and_o divers_a other_o be_v build_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o verst_n below_o saratof_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o volga_n be_v the_o river_n ruslana_n and_o over_o against_o that_o the_o mountain_n of_o vrakufs-karul_a where_o they_o say_v a_o tartarian_a prince_n call_v vrak_fw-mi be_v kill_v by_o the_o cosack_n near_o to_o which_o be_v the_o river_n and_o mountain_n call_v camaschinka_n near_o whereto_o stenko_n radzin_n be_v bear_v the_o river_n rise_v out_o of_o the_o torrent_n of_o iloba_n and_o fall_v into_o the_o don._n the_o cosack_v bring_v over_o land_n their_o boat_n upon_o four_o wheel_n thence_o into_o the_o volga_n where_o they_o exercise_v their_o piracy_n and_o plundering_n the_o river_n bolloclea_n be_v ninety_o verst_n below_o camuschinka_n and_o near_o that_o about_o 48_o deg_fw-la 51_o min._n be_v the_o short_a distance_n betwixt_o the_o volga_n and_o don_n which_o be_v about_o seven_o league_n in_o 49_o deg_fw-la 42_o min._n be_v tzaritza_n three_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o verst_n from_o soratof_n from_o thence_o to_o astracan_a be_v only_a heath_n and_o barren_a ground_n below_o lie_v the_o isle_n of_o zerpinske_a over_o against_o which_o a_o little_a river_n rise_v out_o of_o the_o don_n but_o so_o little_a that_o it_o will_v hardly_o bear_v a_o small_a boat_n massa_n in_o his_o map_n for_o in_o other_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v call_v it_o kamous_a fall_v into_o the_o volga_n near_o to_o this_o place_n also_o be_v begin_v a_o trench_n large_a enough_o to_o convey_v vessel_n from_o don_n to_o the_o volga_n and_o it_o be_v express_v in_o divers_a map_n but_o it_o be_v give_v over_o for_o the_o nagai_n and_o the_o other_o tartar_n fear_v not_o without_o reason_n that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o mean_n to_o bring_v the_o turk_n upon_o they_o as_o the_o muscovite_n also_o do_v they_o join_v all_o together_o and_o not_o only_o disturb_v the_o work_n but_o also_o beat_v the_o army_n of_o the_o crim-tartar_n consist_v of_o 80000_o together_o with_o 20000_o turk_n and_o 3000_o janissary_n below_o that_o on_o the_o same_o side_n the_o river_n wesowi_n and_o thirty_o verst_n from_o that_o wolodinerski_n vtsga_n empty_a themselves_o into_o the_o volga_n the_o country_n all_o hereabout_o and_o down_o as_o far_o as_o astracan_a be_v very_o plentiful_a in_o liquorice_n thence_o the_o river_n descend_v to_o tzormegar_o a_o little_a city_n inhabit_v only_o by_o a_o garrison_n against_o the_o cosack_n who_o there_o use_v to_o rob_v and_o particular_o defeat_v a_o great_a convoy_n of_o fifteen_o hundred_o muscovite_n for_o the_o river_n be_v there_o very_o swift_a they_o suffer_v the_o soldier_n to_o go_v first_o and_o then_o set_v upon_o the_o merchant_n kill_v seven_o or_o eight_o hundred_o of_o they_o and_o carry_v away_o all_o the_o good_n before_o the_o convoy_n can_v come_v up_o to_o help_v they_o the_o next_o considerable_a place_n be_v astracan_a a_o great_a city_n in_o a_o island_n make_v by_o two_o branch_n of_o the_o volga_n and_o call_v dolgoi_n it_o be_v ancient_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o nagai-tartar_n and_o build_v by_o one_o of_o their_o king_n call_v astra-chan_a it_o lie_v in_o 46_o deg_fw-la 22_o min._n and_o the_o needle_n vary_v westward_o 13_o deg_fw-la 40_o min._n other_o say_v that_o it_o lie_v in_o 47_o deg_fw-la 9_o min._n yet_o be_v the_o winter_n which_o last_v but_o two_o month_n so_o cold_a that_o the_o river_n be_v freeze_v hard_o enough_o to_o bear_v sleds_o the_o island_n be_v sandy_a and_o barren_a except_o some_o garden_n cultivate_v by_o the_o rich_a citizen_n the_o country_n also_o thereabouts_o be_v marshy_a and_o desert_a yet_o do_v the_o inhabitant_n make_v a_o great_a profit_n by_o their_o salt_n which_o the_o sun_n bake_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n about_o a_o finger_n thick_a the_o inhabitant_n cast_v it_o up_o into_o great_a heap_n and_o transport_v it_o to_o other_o country_n the_o river_n also_o be_v mighty_o store_v with_o fish_n and_o there_o be_v great_a plenty_n of_o fowl_n of_o all_o sort_n they_o have_v great_a store_n of_o most_o excellent_a fruit_n and_o particular_o grape_n this_o city_n be_v ann_n 1554_o take_v from_o the_o tartar_n by_o ivan_n vasilowich_n who_o send_v his_o army_n in_o small_a party_n and_o several_a way_n arrive_v at_o the_o town_n before_o he_o be_v expect_v or_o the_o enemy_n provide_v to_o receive_v he_o present_o encourage_v his_o man_n by_o promise_v they_o the_o plunder_v of_o the_o town_n aug._n 1._o he_o take_v it_o by_o storm_n where_o he_o spare_v none_o that_o will_v not_o be_v baptize_v have_v repeopled_n it_o with_o muscovite_n he_o encompass_v it_o with_o a_o stone-wall_n and_o other_o fortification_n michael_n federowitz_n afterward_o add_v another_o part_n to_o it_o so_o that_o the_o circuit_n of_o it_o at_o present_a be_v 8000_o geometrical_a foot_n defend_v by_o 500_o piece_n of_o ordnance_n nine_o regiment_n each_o contain_n 500_o musqueteer_n two_o weywod_n etc._n etc._n the_o situation_n of_o it_o invite_v merchant_n thither_o from_o all_o part_n even_o from_o the_o indies_n so_o that_o the_o custom_n though_o very_o low_a amount_v to_o 25000_o crown_n per_fw-la ann_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o country_n tartar_n of_o crim_n and_o nagaia_n be_v not_o permit_v to_o live_v in_o the_o city_n as_o neither_o to_o build_v city_n or_o fortify_v to_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n they_o live_v in_o hut_v of_o reed_n or_o cane_n like_v to_o our_o hen-coops_a which_o in_o cold_a weather_n they_o cover_v with_o a_o course_n cloth_n the_o summer_n they_o spend_v in_o ramble_a up_o and_o down_o to_o find_v pasture_n for_o their_o cattle_n in_o winter_n time_n retire_v under_o astracan_a for_o their_o security_n against_o the_o calmuk_n and_o jaick_n tartar_n the_o grand_a tzar_n lend_v they_o arm_n which_o they_o restore_v at_o such_o a_o time_n they_o pay_v no_o tribute_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v he_o in_o his_o war_n which_o they_o do_v very_o willing_o in_o hope_n of_o prey_n they_o have_v their_o own_o prince_n commander_n and_o judge_n but_o some_o of_o their_o chief_a murza_n be_v always_o keep_v as_o hostage_n at_o moskow_n if_o any_o one_o desire_n to_o know_v what_o these_o cosack_v be_v cosack_n of_o the_o cosack_n that_o have_v cause_v all_o this_o noise_n and_o trouble_v in_o the_o world_n though_o we_o shall_v treat_v more_o large_o of_o they_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o vkrain_n yet_o it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v here_o some_o general_a account_n of_o they_o author_n differ_v much_o concern_v the_o reason_n of_o their_o name_n some_o say_v that_o they_o be_v so_o call_v from_o cosa_n which_o in_o the_o polish_v language_n signify_v a_o goat_n but_o i_o find_v that_o in_o the_o circassian_n and_o other_o tartar_a language_n cosac_n signify_v a_o soldier_n perhaps_o as_o cimber_n in_o
and_o charles_n ix_o who_o the_o swede_n have_v set_v up_o king_n in_o his_o place_n these_o gustavus_n adolphus_n continue_v and_o in_o they_o overrun_v almost_o all_o liefland_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1629_o a_o truce_n be_v make_v for_o six_o year_n upon_o these_o term_n that_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n shall_v enjoy_v all_o he_o have_v win_v this_o truce_n be_v again_o renew_v for_o 26_o year_n more_o a.d._n 1635._o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o ambassador_n from_o the_o king_n of_o england_n and_o france_n and_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o whilst_o a_o great_a part_n of_o lithvania_n be_v lay_v waist_n by_o the_o moscovite_n charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n before_o the_o 26_o year_n be_v expire_v proclaim_a war_n against_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n allege_v among_o other_o thing_n as_o a_o reason_n for_o his_o proceed_n that_o the_o polish_v ambassador_n at_o stockholm_n have_v protest_v against_o his_o succession_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n at_o the_o beginning_n the_o fortune_n of_o the_o war_n go_v much_o on_o his_o side_n but_o within_o a_o short_a while_o the_o dane_n make_v incursion_n into_o sweden_n force_v he_o to_o quit_v poland_n and_o be_v more_o concern_v to_o defend_v what_o he_o have_v at_o home_n then_o to_o seek_v for_o new_a conquest_n abroad_o however_o the_o war_n still_o continue_v till_o a.d._n 1660._o when_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o charles_n gustavus_n peace_n be_v establish_v between_o the_o two_o kingdom_n at_o oliva_n a_o monastery_n near_o dantzic_n of_o which_o these_o be_v some_o of_o the_o article_n that_o john_n casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n shall_v for_o ever_o renounce_v all_o pretension_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n and_o principality_n of_o finland_n that_o he_o shall_v only_o challenge_v the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o sweden_n for_o his_o life_n but_o not_o make_v use_n of_o it_o in_o any_o of_o his_o letter_n to_o the_o swedish_n king_n that_o he_o shall_v deliver_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n all_v that_o part_n of_o liefland_n which_o lie_v beyond_o the_o river_n duna_n and_o disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n to_o esten_n and_o oesel_n and_o whatever_o on_o this_o side_n the_o duna_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n during_o the_o truce_n that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n shall_v still_o keep_v the_o southern_a liefland_n in_o which_o be_v reckon_v duneburg_n rositen_n luzen_n marienhusen_n etc._n etc._n this_o country_n be_v long_o subject_a to_o paganism_n and_o idolatry_n until_o about_o the_o year_n 1158_o it_o begin_v to_o be_v frequent_v by_o merchant_n from_o lubeck_n who_o get_v leave_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o build_v a_o small_a chapel_n in_o a_o island_n upon_o the_o duna_n thence_o call_v kircholm_n for_o the_o exercise_n of_o christian_a worship_n afterward_o menard_n a_o monk_n of_o segeberg_n be_v consecrate_v bishop_n of_o liefland_n by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n and_o send_v over_o by_o the_o merchant_n to_o propagate_v christianity_n in_o these_o part_n his_o seat_n be_v at_o vxkel_n a_o small_a village_n upon_o the_o duna_n not_o far_o from_o riga_n bertholdus_n a_o monk_n of_o bremen_n of_o the_o order_n of_o st._n paul_n succeed_v he_o in_o his_o bishopric_n he_o be_v the_o first_o founder_n of_o riga_n whither_o he_o remove_v his_o see_n but_o live_v not_o long_o to_o enjoy_v it_o there_o for_o endeavour_v to_o promote_v christianity_n more_o by_o the_o sword_n than_o spirit_n he_o be_v overcome_v and_o slay_v by_o the_o pagan_n albertus_n bertholdus_n immediate_a successor_n fortify_v riga_n and_o make_v it_o a_o city_n that_o do_v he_o join_v himself_o to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o sword_n bearer_n a_o order_n of_o knighthood_n confirm_v by_o pope_n innocent_a the_o three_o about_o the_o year_n 1204_o hope_v thereby_o to_o be_v better_a able_a than_o his_o predecessor_n have_v be_v to_o oppose_v the_o rage_n of_o the_o heathen_a not_o long_o after_o when_o this_o order_n be_v change_v into_o the_o teutonic_n order_n the_o bishop_n of_o riga_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o society_n subject_v themselves_o to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n of_o prussia_n the_o master_n of_o which_o have_v power_n give_v he_o to_o appoint_v a_o provincial_n of_o liefland_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o prussian_a bishop_n of_o culm_n pomesen_n and_o sambland_n do_v though_o not_o at_o the_o same_o time_n as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o advance_v the_o power_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o riga_n make_v he_o a_o archbishop_n and_o themselves_o his_o suffragans_fw-la only_o the_o bishop_n of_o warm_a as_o have_v never_o be_v subject_n to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n will_v not_o yield_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o member_n of_o the_o province_n of_o riga_n in_o this_o state_n the_o church_n of_o liefland_n continue_v for_o a_o long_a time_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1513_o william_n plettenberg_n the_o xli_o provincial_n of_o liefland_n buy_v off_o all_o homage_n to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n in_o prussia_n and_o be_v himself_o make_v absolute_a prince_n of_o liefland_n his_o successor_n live_v and_o enjoy_v their_o dominion_n in_o peace_n till_o the_o day_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n king_n of_o poland_n but_o afterward_o what_o with_o foreign_a and_o domestic_a war_n and_o the_o continual_a incursion_n of_o the_o moscovite_n polander_n swede_n and_o dane_n the_o country_n be_v bring_v to_o be_v a_o mere_a medley_n of_o man_n and_o religion_n at_o this_o day_n those_o part_n that_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o dane_n and_o swede_n do_v general_o profess_v the_o lutheran_n religion_n most_o of_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n adhere_v to_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n though_o some_o be_v lutheran_n in_o some_o part_n of_o esten_n the_o poor_a ignorant_a rustic_n be_v half_a pagan_n liefland_n be_v former_o divide_v into_o two_o part_n only_o let_v and_o esten_n to_o which_o the_o order_n of_o the_o sword_n bearer_n add_v curland_n some_o have_v divide_v the_o whole_a country_n into_o six_o part_n curland_n semigal_n esten_n let_v harland_n and_o virland_n but_o semigal_n be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o province_n of_o curland_n and_o harland_n and_o virland_n part_n of_o esten_n of_o these_o curland_n be_v immediate_o subject_a to_o its_o own_o duke_n who_o nevertheless_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n some_o part_n also_o of_o let_v which_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o south_n liefland_n be_v since_o the_o treaty_n at_o oliva_n in_o that_o king_n possession_n the_o curoni_n ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o curland_n and_o semigal_n be_v think_v by_o some_o to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o caryones_n mention_v by_o ptolomey_n there_o be_v not_o far_o from_o windaw_n a_o small_a village_n which_o still_o bear_v their_o memory_n in_o its_o name_n be_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o this_o day_n call_v curon_n the_o most_o notable_a place_n in_o it_o be_v 1._o mitaw_fw-mi the_o seat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n mauss_n take_v by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n in_o the_o year_n 1621._o but_o restore_v a.d._n 1629._o the_o town_n be_v but_o mean_a and_o inconsiderable_a but_o the_o castle_n magnificent_o rebuilt_a by_o some_o of_o the_o late_a duke_n 2._o windaw_n or_o winden_n as_o the_o german_n write_v it_o though_o the_o inhabitant_n call_v it_o kies_n seat_v on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n windaw_n whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n here_o former_o be_v the_o residence_n of_o the_o provincial_n of_o liefland_n afterward_o the_o general_a parliament_n or_o great_a council_n of_o curland_n have_v their_o session_n in_o this_o city_n which_o make_v it_o exceed_o populous_a at_o this_o day_n there_o be_v little_a appearance_n of_o its_o ancient_a splendour_n nor_o be_v it_o frequent_v by_o any_o but_o a_o few_o dutch_a merchant_n who_o be_v here_o lade_v with_o tar_n pitch_n and_o wax_n it_o be_v a_o mistake_n very_o ordinary_a among_o the_o historian_n that_o write_v of_o this_o country_n to_o confound_v this_o city_n with_o wenden_n in_o let_v tell_v we_o that_o this_o too_o be_v call_v by_o the_o polander_v kies_n and_o the_o old_a dutch_a sea-cart_n mention_v a_o kind_n of_o castle_n with_o three_o tower_n upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o windaw_n but_o never_o take_v notice_n of_o of_o any_o sea-port-town_n in_o this_o place_n 3._o pilten_a or_o piltyn_n the_o seat_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o curland_n build_v by_o waldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n a.d._n 1219._o the_o southern_a or_o polish_v liefland_n contain_v only_o a_o few_o small_a town_n or_o village_n among_o which_o there_o be_v nothing_o worth_a take_v notice_n of_o but_o duneburg_n a_o castle_n as_o its_o name_n intimate_v seat_v on_o the_o river_n duna_n volhinia_n podolia_n etc._n etc._n though_o the_o polish_v dominion_n reach_v former_o a_o considerable_a
norwegian_a and_o muscovitic_a lap_n to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o original_n and_o extract_v be_v say_v to_o have_v descend_v from_o the_o race_n of_o the_o finlander_n and_o samoieds_n original_a the_o inhabitant_n and_o their_o original_a as_o may_v probable_o be_v gather_v from_o the_o likeness_n of_o their_o custom_n language_n and_o manner_n of_o worship_n and_o also_o from_o the_o very_a name_n of_o laplander_n i_o e._n banish_a man_n or_o runnagado_n for_o they_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v drive_v out_o of_o finland_n once_o by_o the_o tartar_n when_o they_o extend_v their_o dominion_n as_o far_o as_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n and_o afterward_o by_o the_o swede_n and_o because_o such_o desert_v of_o their_o country_n be_v think_v a_o disgrace_n to_o the_o whole_a nation_n none_o of_o the_o laplander_n of_o any_o quality_n to_o this_o day_n will_v endure_v to_o be_v call_v by_o that_o name_n but_o give_v themselves_o some_o other_o compellation_n as_o sabmienladti_n sameednan_n etc._n etc._n and_o this_o opinion_n that_o they_o take_v their_o original_n from_o the_o finlander_n or_o rather_o be_v always_o of_o the_o same_o nation_n with_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o those_o description_n ancient_a geographer_n give_v of_o finland_n and_o the_o finlandish_a people_n agree_v exact_o to_o the_o modern_a lapland_n and_o its_o inhabitant_n saxo_n say_v that_o the_o finlander_n be_v the_o far_a people_n towards_o the_o north_n live_v in_o a_o clime_n almost_o unhabitable_a good_a archer_n and_o hunter_n night-wanderer_n and_o of_o a_o uncertain_a habitation_n wheresoever_o they_o kill_v a_o beast_n make_v that_o their_o mansion_n and_o they_o slide_v upon_o the_o snow_n in_o broad_a wooden_a shoe_n all_o which_o hold_v true_a of_o the_o laplander_n as_o also_o do_v those_o description_n of_o finland_n set_v down_o by_o tacitus_n and_o jo._n magnus_n beside_o all_o this_o the_o norwegian_n and_o dane_n call_v the_o laplander_n finni_n or_o finlander_n in_o general_a and_o divide_v the_o whole_a nation_n into_o sioefinnar_n i._n e._n maritime_a finlanders_n and_o lappesinnar_n the_o same_o with_o the_o laplander_n the_o russes_z also_o call_v they_o kajienski_n as_o come_v from_o cajania_n a_o province_n in_o finland_n and_o as_o we_o may_v hence_o probable_o conclude_v the_o laplander_n at_o first_o to_o have_v come_v out_o of_o finland_n so_o we_o may_v believe_v that_o the_o finlander_n more_o than_o once_o march_v out_o into_o lapland_n which_o be_v evident_a from_o the_o several_a name_n of_o their_o leader_n who_o some_o call_v thinns-rogre_a other_o mieschogiesche_n the_o first_o and_o most_o ancient_a transmigration_n be_v that_o of_o the_o biarmi_n who_o some_o miscall_v seridfinni_n so_o call_v from_o their_o go_v to_o dwell_v upon_o the_o mountain_n varama_n signify_v in_o their_o language_n a_o hilly_a country_n which_o people_n be_v by_o harald_n harfager_n king_n of_o norway_n almost_o all_o destroy_v in_o battle_n and_o the_o nation_n so_o scatter_v that_o for_o ever_o after_o both_o the_o name_n and_o credit_n of_o the_o biarmi_n be_v quite_o abolish_v and_o forget_v the_o second_o time_n of_o their_o desert_v their_o country_n be_v when_o the_o russian_n enlarge_v their_o empire_n as_o far_o as_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n which_o be_v about_o the_o six_o age_n after_o christ_n for_o fear_v the_o cruelty_n of_o these_o people_n they_o retire_v into_o lapland_n and_o be_v call_v by_o the_o russian_n kajienski_n for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a to_o confirm_v what_o have_v be_v say_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o insert_v here_o a_o testimony_n great_a than_o all_o exception_n that_o be_v of_o the_o worthy_a of_o all_o prince_n aelfr_v the_o great_a who_o have_v himself_o represent_v orosius_n or_o a_o ancient_a geographer_n and_o historian_n in_o his_o own_o saxon_a language_n so_o as_o to_o add_v supply_n where_o he_o be_v defective_a give_v a_o account_n of_o these_o northern_a shore_n out_o of_o the_o relation_n of_o a_o norwegian_a nobleman_n employ_v by_o himself_o for_o the_o discovery_n of_o these_o country_n the_o testimony_n be_v more_o authentic_a than_o any_o one_o that_o have_v write_v upon_o this_o subject_n so_o long_o ago_o we_o shall_v here_o set_v it_o down_o almost_o verbatim_o otherus_n say_v to_o his_o lord_n aelfred_n that_o himself_o live_v in_o the_o very_o northerly_a part_n of_o norway_n in_o the_o country_n call_v halgoland_n that_o northwards_o of_o this_o country_n be_v desert_n except_o some_o few_o place_n wherein_o a_o few_o finns_n live_v in_o winter_n upon_o hunt_v and_o in_o summer_n upon_o fish_v that_o have_v sail_v northward_o and_o easterly_a with_o a_o good_a gale_n for_o seven_o day_n he_o arrive_v at_o a_o great_a river_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n whereof_o be_v the_o country_n of_o the_o ferfinni_n which_o be_v thin_o inhabit_v by_o a_o few_o fowler_n fisher_n and_o hunter_n on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v the_o biarmi_n a_o populous_a nation_n so_o that_o he_o dare_v not_o land_n among_o they_o that_o they_o discourse_v with_o he_o many_o thing_n concern_v their_o country_n whether_o true_a or_o false_a he_o know_v not_o but_o suppose_v that_o they_o speak_v the_o same_o language_n with_o the_o finni_n that_o near_o this_o country_n be_v the_o great_a fish_n for_o whale_n and_o sea-horse_n which_o we_o call_v morse_n who_o tooth_n be_v then_o account_v of_o great_a value_n but_o there_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v another_o more_o general_a migration_n of_o these_o finns_n into_o lapland_n about_o the_o year_n 1150_o and_o till_o this_o time_n we_o never_o find_v they_o call_v lappi_n or_o loppi_n and_o the_o occasion_n of_o this_o name_n seem_v to_o be_v about_o that_o time_n ericus_n sanctus_n king_n of_o sweden_n subdue_v the_o finlander_n and_o bring_v they_o under_o the_o swedish_n government_n and_o also_o plant_v among_o they_o the_o christian_a religion_n whereupon_o they_o be_v subject_v to_o stranger_n and_o force_v to_o be_v of_o a_o religion_n different_a from_o that_o of_o their_o ancestor_n many_o of_o they_o retire_v from_o their_o own_o country_n and_o seek_v out_o a_o place_n where_o they_o may_v live_v more_o free_a and_o according_a to_o their_o own_o manner_n and_o those_o that_o stay_v and_o submit_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o embrace_v christianity_n look_v upon_o the_o departer_n as_o deserter_n of_o their_o country_n who_o fear_n of_o a_o good_a government_n and_o better_a religion_n have_v make_v exile_n especial_o when_o the_o king_n have_v put_v forth_o a_o edict_n that_o all_o shall_v be_v account_v banish_v that_o will_v not_o renounce_v pagan_a superstition_n be_v thus_o force_v out_o of_o their_o native_a country_n firâ—_n their_o 〈◊〉_d mannâ—â—_n of_o liviâ—â—_n at_o firâ—_n they_o live_v for_o a_o age_n or_o more_o upon_o the_o bothnic_a coast_n and_o in_o the_o wood_n of_o tavastia_n as_o a_o straggle_a and_o miserable_a people_n neither_o have_v law_n nor_o governor_n till_o the_o year_n 1272_o at_o which_o time_n they_o be_v make_v tributary_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n under_o magn._n ladulaos_n than_o king_n who_o to_o bring_v they_o under_o his_o subjection_n promise_v any_o one_o that_o can_v effect_v it_o the_o government_n of_o they_o which_o the_o birkarli_n i._n e._n those_o that_o live_v in_o the_o allotment_n or_o division_n of_o birkala_n undertake_v and_o have_v for_o a_o great_a while_n cunning_o insinuate_v themselves_o into_o their_o conversation_n under_o a_o pretence_n of_o friendship_n at_o last_o set_v upon_o they_o unaware_o and_o quite_o subdue_v they_o and_o for_o their_o pain_n according_a to_o ladulaos_n promise_n they_o alone_o have_v the_o privilege_n to_o traffic_v with_o they_o and_o receive_v tribute_n from_o they_o which_o they_o constant_o do_v till_o about_o ann._n 1554_o when_o they_o be_v entire_o unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o in_o 1600_o better_a discover_v and_o more_o certain_o know_v to_o the_o swede_n then_o former_o they_o have_v be_v and_o this_o be_v effect_v by_o the_o care_n of_o charles_n the_o nine_o then_o king_n who_o send_v two_o famous_a mathematician_n m._n aron_n forsius_n a_o swedish_n professor_n and_o hieron_n birckholten_a a_o german_n with_o instrument_n and_o all_o necessary_n to_o make_v what_o discovery_n they_o can_v of_o this_o lapland_n this_o country_n 〈◊〉_d â—â—emâ—â—_n the_o 〈…〉_o the_o 〈◊〉_d lie_v under_o divers_a clime_n have_v the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n and_o likewise_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o soil_n very_o different_a in_o those_o part_n that_o be_v most_o northerly_a and_o within_o the_o artickcircle_n the_o air_n be_v extreme_a cold_a and_o the_o ground_n barren_a but_o without_o the_o circle_n the_o heaven_n be_v somewhat_o more_o mild_a and_o benign_a and_o the_o earth_n more_o liberal_a in_o her_o production_n afford_v in_o those_o place_n near_o bothnia_n some_o few_o sort_n of_o potherb_n as_o colewort_n raperoot_n parsnip_n etc._n
desist_v from_o their_o worship_n at_o that_o time_n but_o if_o it_o seem_v light_a than_o ordinary_a they_o then_o think_v he_o well_o please_v and_o so_o proceed_v in_o their_o ceremony_n they_o bound_v their_o sacrifice_n which_o be_v always_o a_o male_a deer_n before_o their_o stone_n idol_n and_o after_o have_v run_v a_o thread_n through_o his_o right_a ear_n kill_v he_o and_o reserve_v the_o heartsblood_n in_o a_o basin_n this_o do_v the_o priest_n take_v the_o horn_n and_o bone_n of_o the_o head_n and_o neck_n with_o the_o shank_n and_o hoof_n of_o the_o rain-deer_n and_o carry_v they_o to_o the_o consecrate_a mountain_n where_o their_o god_n dwell_v at_o the_o first_o approach_n he_o uncover_v his_o head_n bows_z or_o prostrate_v his_o body_n and_o pay_v all_o ceremony_n of_o honour_n and_o respect_n then_o he_o anoint_v the_o stone_n with_o the_o blood_n and_o fat_a of_o the_o sacrifice_a beast_n and_o place_n the_o horn_n behind_o it_o to_o the_o right_a horn_n he_o tie_v the_o rain-deer_n yard_n and_o to_o the_o leave_v some_o red_a thread_n wrought_v upon_o tin_n with_o a_o little_a piece_n of_o silver_n all_o the_o flesh_n that_o remain_v the_o votary_n take_v a_o way_n with_o they_o and_o depart_v with_o a_o mighty_a deal_n of_o satisfaction_n this_o be_v the_o ordinary_a way_n of_o sacrifice_v to_o storjunkare_v though_o in_o some_o place_n of_o the_o country_n the_o ceremony_n alter_v a_o little_a but_o not_o much_o the_o last_o of_o the_o principal_a idol_n be_v the_o sun_n who_o they_o call_v baiwe_v common_a to_o they_o with_o all_o other_o heathen_n worship_v especial_o for_o his_o light_n and_o heat_n both_o extreme_o grateful_a to_o these_o poor_a people_n they_o fancy_v all_o thing_n especial_o their_o rain-deer_n to_o be_v make_v by_o this_o god_n and_o that_o he_o be_v a_o universal_a principal_n of_o be_v they_o sacrifice_n to_o he_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o to_o storjunkare_v only_o the_o string_n which_o they_o run_v through_o the_o beast_n ear_n be_v white_a the_o victim_n a_o rain-doe_a and_o there_o be_v neither_o table_n image_n nor_o horn_n erect_v as_o in_o those_o ceremony_n nor_o be_v their_o idolatry_n more_o notorious_a than_o their_o witchcraft_n it_o be_v general_o believe_v by_o all_o that_o have_v hear_v the_o name_n of_o laplander_n that_o they_o be_v strange_o addict_v to_o magic_n and_o all_o art_n of_o sorcery_n the_o ancient_a biarmi_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v so_o skilful_a at_o the_o trade_n that_o by_o only_o speak_v to_o they_o can_v ensnare_v and_o bewitch_v one_o another_o and_o by_o their_o very_a look_n not_o only_o stare_v man_n out_o of_o countenance_n but_o their_o reason_n too_o nor_o be_v the_o laplander_n at_o present_a much_o degenerate_v from_o they_o but_o rather_o seem_v to_o have_v attain_v to_o great_a proficiency_n in_o it_o they_o have_v professor_n of_o this_o black_a art_n not_o inferior_a to_o zoroaster_n himself_o from_o who_o some_o say_v they_o receive_v their_o knowledge_n master_n also_o and_o tutor_n to_o bring_v up_o their_o child_n in_o the_o way_n of_o their_o forefather_n and_o never_o count_v a_o son_n worthy_a the_o inheritance_n of_o his_o father_n till_o he_o be_v able_a to_o manage_v a_o spell_n which_o be_v common_o his_o best_a portion_n their_o familiar_a spirit_n be_v peculiar_a to_o each_o distinct_a family_n and_o more_o or_o less_o in_o number_n according_a as_o they_o be_v resolve_v to_o be_v upon_o their_o guard_n or_o incline_v to_o be_v mischievous_a if_o the_o devil_n have_v a_o mind_n to_o make_v especial_a use_n of_o any_o one_o of_o they_o he_o seize_v they_o whilst_o young_a with_o some_o distemper_n or_o other_o and_o all_o the_o time_n lie_v close_a siege_n to_o they_o fill_v their_o imagination_n with_o all_o sort_n of_o dreadful_a apparition_n and_o this_o he_o do_v sometime_o three_o or_o four_o time_n to_o the_o same_o person_n make_v he_o fit_a for_o his_o council_n by_o give_v he_o a_o near_a prospect_n of_o hell_n those_o that_o be_v thus_o seize_v by_o the_o devil_n be_v the_o able_a sorcerer_n of_o any_o and_o can_v effect_v their_o magical_a design_n without_o the_o usual_a assistance_n of_o a_o drum_n as_o mr._n scheffer_n tell_v a_o story_n of_o a_o laplander_n who_o upon_o complaint_n make_v against_o he_o for_o keep_v a_o drum_n bring_v it_o and_o deliver_v it_o up_o to_o he_o and_o with_o tear_n confess_v that_o though_o he_o do_v thus_o willing_o part_v with_o it_o and_o never_o intend_v to_o provide_v another_o yet_o he_o shall_v still_o be_v torment_v with_o the_o same_o fearful_a and_o troublesome_a vision_n about_o future_a event_n which_o though_o his_o eye_n be_v shut_v be_v always_o present_a to_o his_o imagination_n yet_o such_o inspire_a wizzard_n as_o these_o be_v rare_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o most_o common_o they_o make_v a_o art_n of_o it_o which_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o instrument_n make_v use_v of_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o former_a employ_v about_o their_o drum_n the_o latter_a about_o knot_n dart_n spell_n etc._n etc._n the_o drum_n be_v peculiar_a to_o the_o laplander_n call_v kannus_n or_o quobdas_n make_v of_o a_o hollow_a piece_n of_o wood_n which_o be_v always_o the_o root_n either_o of_o pine_n fir_n or_o birch_n grow_v in_o a_o peculiar_a place_n and_o have_v the_o grain_n of_o the_o tree_n follow_v the_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n i._n e._n wind_v from_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o the_o left_a it_o be_v make_v hollow_a on_o one_o side_n upon_o which_o they_o stretch_v a_o skin_n fasten_v it_o with_o wooden_a peg_n on_o the_o other_o they_o make_v two_o hole_n to_o hold_v it_o by_o the_o shape_n of_o the_o upper_a part_n be_v oval_a about_o half_a a_o ell_n in_o diameter_n upon_o the_o skin_n they_o paint_v several_a picture_n in_o red_a stain_v with_o the_o bark_n of_o a_o alder-tree_n and_o through_o the_o middle_n they_o draw_v some_o cross-line_n in_o every_o quarter_n of_o which_o they_o place_v their_o chief_a god_n with_o their_o attendant_n neither_o do_v they_o observe_v always_o the_o same_o god_n nor_o the_o same_o method_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o picture_n of_o they_o in_o scheffer_n only_o it_o be_v remarkable_a 1._o that_o ordinary_o they_o paint_v the_o sun_n in_o the_o middle_n their_o god_n above_o and_o the_o earthly_a thing_n under_o he_o 2._o that_o since_o christianity_n come_v among_o they_o many_o of_o they_o do_v place_n upon_o their_o drum_n our_o saviour_n and_o his_o apostle_n acknowledge_v he_o to_o be_v or_o have_v the_o power_n of_o one_o of_o their_o go_n 3._o and_o that_o they_o alter_v their_o figure_n according_a to_o the_o occasion_n of_o their_o inquiry_n retain_v the_o general_a notion_n all_o heathen_n have_v of_o the_o deity_n that_o divers_a of_o they_o have_v particular_a charge_n and_o employment_n and_o hence_o i._n e._n from_o this_o general_a consent_n of_o idolater_n it_o may_v not_o improbable_o be_v gather_v that_o their_o be_v but_o one_o original_a of_o all_o mankind_n in_o as_o much_o as_o all_o acknowledge_v sacrifice_n and_o ceremony_n whereby_o they_o may_v consult_v of_o thing_n future_a of_o their_o good_a success_n in_o their_o affair_n and_o the_o aversion_n of_o their_o calamity_n only_o this_o may_v be_v note_v that_o all_o nation_n as_o they_o grow_v to_o be_v more_o civilise_a become_v less_o addict_v to_o magic_n the_o unpunished_a practice_n of_o which_o become_v so_o exceed_o harmful_a and_o destructive_a to_o mankind_n so_o that_o the_o poor_a northern_a nation_n be_v leave_v in_o a_o manner_n abandon_v to_o the_o power_n of_o the_o devil_n their_o great_a enemy_n till_o christianity_n be_v bring_v in_o in_o a_o manner_n forcible_o by_o the_o rigorous_a command_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n notwithstanding_o which_v though_o they_o have_v in_o many_o place_n give_v over_o their_o drum_n yet_o do_v they_o practise_v still_o their_o knot_n have_v their_o familiar_n in_o the_o shape_n of_o fly_n bee_n etc._n etc._n but_o chief_o their_o black_a cat_n who_o they_o not_o only_o consult_v at_o home_n about_o their_o household_n affair_n but_o take_v with_o they_o also_o in_o their_o hunt_n though_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o snow_n and_o their_o diabolical_a ecstasy_n if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v they_o which_o be_v exercise_v sometime_o with_o sometime_o without_o a_o drum_n if_o with_o a_o drum_n the_o sorcerer_n kneel_v down_o and_o have_v a_o bunch_n of_o ring_n or_o other_o piece_n of_o brass_n lay_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o drum_n he_o beat_v with_o a_o consecrate_a hammer_n so_o strong_o that_o the_o ring_n dance_v upon_o it_o by_o the_o rest_n of_o which_o upon_o such_o a_o figure_n they_o draw_v forth_o a_o answer_n to_o what_o they_o will_v desire_v to_o know_v but_o if_o this_o be_v not_o
the_o bowl_n or_o stump_n of_o a_o large_a tree_n their_o garment_n be_v very_a course_n and_o mean_a garment_n their_o garment_n make_v either_o of_o the_o skin_n of_o wild_a beast_n frequent_o in_o use_n among_o they_o or_o the_o worst_a of_o our_o english_a cloth_n which_o they_o wear_v only_o on_o holiday_n and_o at_o their_o public_a fair_n they_o alter_v they_o according_a to_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n yet_o each_o sex_n for_o distinction_n sake_n have_v a_o different_a mode_n or_o fashion_n the_o man_n use_v a_o long_a garment_n reach_v down_o from_o their_o middle_n to_o their_o ankle_n which_o serve_v they_o for_o breech_n and_o stocking_n above_o this_o they_o have_v a_o sort_n of_o wide_a coat_n call_v mudd_n which_o they_o tie_v about_o they_o with_o a_o leathern_a thong_n their_o shoe_n as_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o ordinary_a garment_n be_v make_v of_o the_o skin_n of_o rain-deer_n elk_n etc._n etc._n with_o the_o hair_n outward_a the_o toe_n bend_v somewhat_o upward_o and_o according_a to_o the_o ancient_a fashion_n end_v with_o a_o sharp_a point_n on_o their_o head_n they_o have_v a_o cap_n make_v of_o the_o skin_n of_o some_o fowl_n as_o goose_n duck_n etc._n etc._n but_o especial_o of_o the_o loom_n have_v the_o feather_n head_n and_o wing_n along_o with_o it_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o ancient_a german_n the_o habit_n proper_a to_o woman_n be_v a_o large_a wide_a gown_n of_o cloth_n or_o skin_n according_a to_o their_o ability_n gather_v close_o in_o the_o middle_n and_o adorn_v with_o divers_a figure_n of_o bird_n beast_n etc._n etc._n which_o they_o themselves_o work_v very_o artificial_o linen_n they_o use_v none_o and_o in_o cold_a weather_n they_o only_o gird_v their_o ordinary_a clothes_n close_o about_o they_o and_o cover_v themselves_o entire_o except_o one_o little_a hole_n to_o look_v through_o for_o which_o reason_n adam_n bremensis_n report_v they_o upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n to_o be_v cyclopes_n their_o ordinary_a diet_n be_v either_o of_o fish_n diet_n their_o diet_n or_o the_o flesh_n of_o their_o rain-deer_n etc._n etc._n which_o they_o eat_v sometime_o raw_a sometime_o among_o the_o more_o civilise_a sort_n boil_v but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n dry_v in_o the_o air_n bread_n and_o salt_n be_v unknown_a to_o they_o instead_o of_o bread_n they_o make_v use_v of_o their_o dry_a fish_n ground_n small_a like_o meal_n and_o for_o salt_n they_o take_v the_o inward_a bark_n of_o the_o pinetree_n which_o they_o dry_v at_o the_o sun_n and_o put_v it_o into_o box_n bury_v it_o a_o small_a depth_n in_o the_o ground_n then_o after_o it_o have_v lie_v there_o a_o competent_a time_n they_o kindle_v a_o fire_n upon_o the_o place_n and_o so_o dry_v it_o whereby_o it_o become_v of_o a_o red_a colour_n pleasant_a taste_n and_o give_v a_o good_a relish_n to_o their_o courser_n victual_n though_o they_o be_v very_o greedy_a of_o flesh_n yet_o under_o the_o swedish_n government_n they_o constant_o abstain_v from_o it_o on_o friday_n keep_v fast_o that_o day_n with_o great_a observance_n their_o ordinary_a drink_n be_v pure_a water_n drink_n their_o drink_n which_o in_o the_o winter_n time_n they_o keep_v in_o their_o house_n continual_o hot_a and_o so_o drink_v it_o of_o late_o some_o quantity_n of_o brandy_n and_o such_o like_a hot_a liquor_n be_v know_v among_o they_o which_o they_o high_o value_v and_o drink_v only_o on_o holiday_n and_o at_o their_o marriage_n tobacco_n they_o frequent_o take_v and_o count_v it_o a_o very_a great_a delicacy_n the_o place_n where_o they_o common_o eat_v their_o victual_n be_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o their_o tent_n about_o the_o fire_n without_o table_n dishes_z spoon_n trencher_n or_o any_o such_o thing_n which_o be_v a_o sign_n of_o neatness_n and_o handsomeness_n their_o pottage_n they_o drink_v and_o their_o commons_o each_o one_o lay_n upon_o his_o mitten_n and_o when_o he_o have_v eat_v it_o say_v grace_n shake_v his_o fellow_n by_o 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one_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o marry_v he_o inquire_v out_o a_o maid_n who_o have_v a_o good_a share_n of_o rain-deer_n for_o the_o parent_n give_v portion_n to_o their_o child_n not_o equal_o but_o with_o respect_n to_o primogeniture_n than_o he_o not_o be_v permit_v to_o woe_n for_o himself_o acquaint_v his_o near_a kinsman_n with_o his_o intention_n who_o manage_v the_o business_n for_o he_o solicit_v her_o father_n mother_n and_o friend_n present_v they_o with_o brandy_n and_o tobacco_n or_o what_o be_v most_o esteem_v and_o so_o gain_v their_o consent_n this_o do_v the_o young_a man_n be_v invite_v to_o the_o hut_n where_o his_o bride_n live_v where_o he_o accept_v some_o condition_n propose_v by_o her_o friend_n and_o list_n himself_o as_o her_o father_n hire_a servant_n for_o one_o whole_a year_n after_o which_o time_n expire_v he_o take_v his_o wife_n to_o he_o and_o proceed_v to_o the_o solemnize_n the_o marriage_n which_o be_v always_o do_v with_o great_a ceremony_n and_o 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never_o marry_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o their_o friend_n but_o refer_v themselves_o whole_o to_o their_o advice_n insomuch_o that_o clandestine_v marriage_n be_v never_o practise_v by_o they_o and_o that_o after_o they_o be_v contract_v they_o be_v not_o present_o free_a to_o trade_n for_o themselves_o but_o must_v serve_v their_o father_n in_o law_n as_o a_o hireling_n for_o a_o certain_a time_n that_o he_o may_v be_v witness_n of_o their_o good_a husbandry_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o custom_n from_o ancient_a time_n and_o nation_n their_o child_n assoon_o as_o bear_v 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o be_v put_v to_o the_o great_a hardship_n that_o they_o may_v be_v able_a afterward_o to_o endure_v the_o severity_n of_o the_o air_n the_o better_a they_o take_v two_o vessel_n one_o of_o hot_a the_o other_o of_o cold_a water_n and_o dip_v the_o infant_n first_o
dedicate_v to_o he_o so_o stately_a and_o magnificent_a that_o by_o the_o relation_n of_o johannes_n magnus_n who_o tell_v prodigious_a story_n of_o the_o golden_a roof_n etc._n etc._n the_o temple_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o cuzco_n be_v but_o a_o poor_o adorn_v chapel_n to_o it_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o this_o stupendous_a fabric_n their_o god_n be_v set_v upon_o a_o bed_n or_o couch_n with_o a_o crown_n upon_o his_o head_n adorn_v with_o twelve_o star_n and_o a_o sceptre_n in_o his_o hand_n upon_o his_o right_a hand_n stand_v oden_n or_o othen_n arm_v like_o a_o soldier_n cap_n a-pie_n not_o unlike_o the_o roman_a god_n mars_n on_o his_o left_a be_v place_v the_o goddess_n freia_n their_o venus_n hold_v a_o sword_n in_o one_o and_o a_o bow_n in_o the_o other_o hand_n these_o three_o deity_n be_v have_v in_o special_a reverence_n among_o they_o votary_n come_v from_o very_o remote_a part_n every_o nine_o year_n to_o visit_v the_o temple_n and_o pay_v their_o devotion_n offer_v the_o 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in_o his_o undertake_n gain_v many_o proselyte_n and_o build_v a_o church_n at_o lyncopen_n in_o ostrogothia_a where_o himself_o be_v rector_n and_o afterward_o dye_v ann._n 814_o ludovicus_n pius_n i._o emperor_n of_o germany_n in_o the_o six_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n send_v hither_o more_o apostle_n one_o of_o which_o be_v name_v ansgarius_n a_o monk_n of_o corbey_n in_o france_n who_o bring_v with_o he_o from_o thence_o divers_a of_o the_o monk_n and_o plant_v in_o saxony_n a_o monastery_n of_o the_o former_a name_n intend_v it_o for_o a_o seminary_n to_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o preacher_n in_o the_o north._n but_o all_o this_o emperor_n time_n christianity_n be_v rather_o private_o bring_v in_o hither_o paganism_n prevail_v and_o most_o of_o these_o pious_a man_n be_v martyr_v for_o their_o religion_n then_o public_o countenance_v or_o establish_v till_o about_o ann_n 955_o when_o olaus_n scot-konung_a desirous_a to_o enjoy_v the_o purity_n of_o the_o gospel_n send_v to_o ethelred_n then_o king_n of_o england_n desire_v he_o to_o furnish_v he_o with_o minister_n to_o preach_v christianity_n to_o he_o and_o his_o subject_n that_o there_o have_v always_o be_v great_a friendship_n betwixt_o those_o two_o crown_n appear_v by_o many_o particular_n one_o especial_o not_o to_o be_v forget_v be_v that_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n will_v never_o permit_v any_o of_o their_o subject_n to_o engage_v with_o the_o dane_n and_o other_o northern_a people_n to_o exercise_v piracy_n against_o or_o invade_v the_o english_a dominion_n as_o it_o be_v observe_v by_o jo._n magnus_n and_o other_o author_n ethelred_n ready_o consent_v to_o so_o pious_a a_o request_n and_o dispatch_v over_o one_o sigfrid_n than_o archbishop_n of_o york_n with_o divers_a other_o godly_a priest_n and_o worthy_a labourer_n who_o at_o their_o arrival_n in_o sweden_n find_v kind_a reception_n baptize_v the_o king_n himself_o with_o all_o his_o courtier_n and_o prevail_v so_o far_o to_o have_v the_o 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jo._n magnus_n than_o archbishop_n who_o refuse_v to_o comply_v with_o the_o king_n leave_v his_o country_n flee_v to_o rome_n there_o write_v his_o history_n with_o a_o account_n of_o this_o metropolis_n and_o die_v 1544._o in_o the_o year_n 1537_o the_o say_a gustavus_n enter_v into_o a_o league_n with_o christianus_n king_n of_o denmark_n philip_n landsgrave_n of_o hassia_n the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o other_o german_a prince_n to_o defend_v this_o religion_n thus_o reform_v against_o the_o emperor_n and_o other_o prince_n of_o the_o communion_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n in_o the_o year_n 1613_o it_o be_v public_o consent_v to_o by_o the_o state_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n a._n d._n 1627._o gustavus_n adolphus_n give_v sactuary_n in_o his_o dominion_n to_o all_o those_o that_o be_v any_o way_n persecute_v in_o germany_n or_o elsewhere_o for_o this_o profession_n confirm_a it_o be_v and_o agree_v to_o by_o charles_n
the_o centre_n of_o these_o four_o canton_n and_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o great_a cross_n hang_v a_o scutcheon_n bear_v azure_a a_o horseman_n in_o complete_a armour_n argent_fw-fr hold_v a_o sword_n in_o his_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o same_o with_o the_o hilt_n or_o his_o horse_n cover_v with_o a_o cloth_n of_o the_o second_o which_o be_v the_o arm_n of_o dithmarse_n the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o arm_n contain_v four_o more_o coat_n whereof_o the_o first_o be_v gules_a three_o pink_n some_o call_v they_o nail_n of_o our_o saviour_n passion_n and_o three_o leaf_n of_o nettle_n which_o be_v intermix_v and_o meet_v in_o angle_n at_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o coat_n which_o be_v charge_v with_o a_o small_a scutcheon_n argent_fw-fr for_o holstein_n the_o second_o which_o be_v the_o coat_n of_o stormaria_n be_v azure_a a_o swan_n argent_fw-fr with_o a_o coronet_n round_o her_o neck_n or._n the_o three_o belong_v to_o the_o earldom_n of_o delmenhorst_n be_v or_o two_o bar_n gules_a the_o four_o and_o last_o coat_n which_o belong_v to_o jutland_n be_v azure_a a_o cross_n patty_n at_o the_o bottom_n fetchet_n or._n below_o the_o arm_n be_v usual_o hang_v in_o a_o chain_n or_o the_o scutcheon_n of_o the_o order_n of_o the_o elephant_n the_o helmet_n or_o embroider_v and_o damask_a the_o sight_n cover_v and_o want_a bar_n above_o which_o a_o crown_n or_o encircle_v with_o four_o circle_n and_o adorn_v with_o precious_a stone_n on_o the_o top_n of_o this_o a_o globe_n or_o and_o above_o all_o a_o cross_n patty_a argent_fw-fr the_o crest_n be_v a_o leopard_n passant_a over_o the_o crown_n or_o eight_o streamer_n azure_a a_o plain_a cross_n argent_fw-fr four_o spear_n bend_v to_o the_o dexter_n side_n and_o as_o many_o to_o the_o sinister_a or._n support_v by_o two_o savage_n crown_v and_o gird_v with_o ivy_n proper_a arm_v with_o two_o point_a club_n the_o mantle_n or_o sow_o with_o heart_n gules_a and_o lion_n azure_a double_a ermine_n jutland_n though_o many_o of_o our_o 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and_o light_a weapon_n than_o the_o plebeian_n those_o that_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v the_o ancient_a dane_n man_n of_o great_a dimension_n than_o the_o modern_a from_o the_o bulk_n of_o their_o grave-stone_n and_o tomb_n do_v not_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o danish_a pagan_n to_o burn_v the_o dead_a body_n of_o their_o decease_a friend_n and_o bury_v only_o the_o ash_n and_o that_o the_o ancient_n use_v to_o worship_n at_o the_o monument_n of_o their_o prince_n and_o great_a man_n which_o for_o this_o reason_n be_v usual_o considerable_a heap_n of_o stone_n and_o earth_n cast_v up_o by_o the_o highway_n side_n however_o to_o omit_v these_o kind_n of_o idle_a conjecture_n the_o northern_a people_n have_v doubtless_o in_o their_o army_n good_a store_n of_o kemper_n man_n of_o vast_a body_n and_o strength_n upon_o who_o broad_a shoulder_n lay_v the_o heavy_a and_o hot_a service_n in_o every_o engagement_n from_o these_o kemper_n the_o whole_a nation_n be_v by_o the_o roman_n call_v cimbri_n by_o the_o greek_n cimmerii_n and_o their_o country_n chersonesus_n cimbrica_n which_o name_n be_v give_v to_o the_o whole_a tract_n of_o land_n beyond_o the_o elb_n though_o late_a historian_n confine_v it_o to_o that_o part_n only_o which_o now_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o jutland_n whence_o the_o juti_fw-la and_o jutia_fw-la which_o without_o all_o doubt_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o more_o modern_a word_n jutlandia_n shall_v come_v call_v jutland_o whence_o so_o call_v be_v hard_a to_o determine_v then_o to_o trace_v the_o original_n of_o cimbria_n venerable_a bede_n speak_v of_o those_o nation_n who_o come_v to_o aid_v the_o britain_n against_o the_o oppression_n of_o the_o roman_n mention_n the_o vite_n as_o well_o as_o the_o angle_n and_o saxon_n cambden_n and_o some_o other_o will_v have_v we_o read_v jute_n instead_o of_o vite_n as_o say_v that_o famous_a antiquary_n one_o manuscript_n copy_n have_v the_o word_n but_o the_o learned_a sir_n henry_n spelman_n observe_v in_o most_o copy_n vitæ_fw-la more_o than_o once_o and_o never_o jutae_n will_v not_o admit_v of_o this_o alteration_n ethelwerd_v who_o write_v about_o the_o year_n 950_o call_v bede_n vitas_fw-la giotos_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o angles_n be_v a_o people_n that_o dwell_v inter_v saxones_n &_o giotos_n tacitus_n place_n the_o huithones_n so_o pontanus_n read_v the_o word_n and_o not_o as_o it_o be_v usual_o print_v nuithones_n next_o to_o the_o angli_fw-la in_o other_o author_n we_o meet_v with_o the_o vitungi_n juthungi_n guthungi_n guthas_n juthones_n etc._n etc._n which_o without_o question_n be_v all_o of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o original_n only_a various_o corrupt_v either_o by_o the_o inadvertency_n of_o transcriber_n or_o unskilfulness_n of_o foreign_a writer_n in_o the_o idiom_n of_o the_o tongue_n of_o that_o country_n which_o they_o describe_v arngrim_n ionas_n a_o islandian_a author_n well_o skilled_a in_o the_o antiquity_n and_o language_n of_o his_o own_o country_n say_v jaet_fw-la in_o the_o islandian_a and_o norwegian_a dialect_n signify_v a_o giant_n add_v further_o that_o there_o be_v still_o a_o place_n in_o norway_n call_v risalandt_n i._n e._n the_o land_n of_o giant_n near_o which_o be_v jaetumhaimar_n or_o the_o giant_n dwell_v last_o he_o tell_v we_o jutland_n be_v nothing_o but_o a_o corruption_n of_o jaetumland_n so_o that_o jutia_n have_v the_o same_o signification_n with_o cimbria_n and_o the_o guti_fw-la gothi_n gotti_n getae_n call_v in_o the_o english-saxon_a monument_n geatun_n vitæ_fw-la jutae_fw-la etc._n etc._n be_v the_o same_o man_n with_o the_o cimbrian_o jutland_n reach_v no_o further_a than_o sleswic_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o so_o that_o holstein_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o province_n which_o lay_v between_o the_o eidor_n and_o the_o elb_n though_o former_o a_o part_n of_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n be_v not_o now_o reckon_v as_o any_o portion_n of_o this_o country_n northern_a jutland_n the_o northern_a jutland_n be_v much_o large_a and_o better_o people_v then_o the_o southern_a it_o be_v divide_v into_o nine_o some_o reckon_v fifteen_o great_a lordship_n which_o say_v lyscander_n be_v sever_v one_o from_o another_o by_o so_o many_o arm_n of_o the_o sinus_n limmericus_n lymfiord_n give_v occasion_n to_o that_o part_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n arm_n which_o bear_v a_o lion_n and_o nine_o heart_n in_o a_o field_n or._n there_o be_v in_o it_o four_o bishopric_n ripen_v arhusen_n alburg_n and_o wiburg_n in_o the_o further_a corner_n of_o the_o north_n jutland_n lie_v wensyssel_n which_o have_v the_o name_n of_o venulia_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o vandalia_n in_o latin_a author_n and_o be_v think_v by_o some_o to_o have_v be_v the_o seat_n of_o the_o ancient_a vandal_n its_o inhabitant_n be_v the_o lusty_a and_o hardy_a of_o any_o of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n subject_n the_o chief_a town_n in_o this_o tract_n be_v wensyssel_n so_o call_v from_o the_o province_n schaghen_fw-mi seat_v on_o the_o promontory_n between_o the_o norwegian_a and_o baltic_a sea_n be_v much_o more_o frequent_v by_o merchant_n from_o all_o part_n of_o europe_n than_o any_o other_o town_n in_o jutland_n and_o will_v have_v a_o far_o great_a trade_n than_o now_o it_o have_v be_v it_o not_o for_o the_o dangerous_a coast_n it_o stand_v on_o totius_fw-la jutiae_fw-la generalis_fw-la accurata_fw-la delineatio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonis-waesbergios_a et_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n jutia_n septentrionalis_n in_o qua_fw-la dioeceses_fw-la alburgensis_n et_fw-fr viburgensis_n jutia_fw-la australis_fw-la in_fw-la qua_fw-la dioeceses_fw-la ripensis_fw-la et_fw-la arhusiensis_fw-la ducatus_fw-la sleswicensis_fw-la nova_fw-la descriptio_fw-la ducatus_fw-la slesvicensis_fw-la pars_fw-la septentrionalis_n ducatus_fw-la slesvicensis_fw-la australis_fw-la pars_fw-la the_o diocese_n of_o wiburg_n lie_v in_o the_o very_a middle_n of_o north_n jutland_n lyscander_n call_v wiberg_n the_o metropolis_n of_o jutland_n it_o be_v indeed_o a_o place_n
insomuch_o that_o every_o man_n who_o have_v any_o thing_n to_o dispose_v of_o make_v his_o will_n before_o he_o go_v to_o fight_v as_o never_o expect_v to_o return_v out_o of_o the_o field_n alive_a and_o we_o do_v not_o find_v that_o germany_n be_v ever_o yet_o subdue_v by_o any_o foreign_a enemy_n nor_o can_v it_o be_v imagine_v but_o those_o that_o from_o their_o cradle_n if_o ever_o they_o have_v any_o such_o thing_n be_v accustom_a to_o lie_v on_o the_o ground_n and_o go_v naked_a shall_v at_o last_o make_v good_a soldier_n and_o according_o we_o find_v they_o spend_v the_o great_a part_n of_o their_o life_n in_o martial_a exercise_n in_o time_n of_o any_o general_a invasion_n every_o man_n except_o infirm_a person_n and_o such_o as_o attend_v their_o sacrifice_n that_o exceed_v the_o age_n of_o twenty_o year_n be_v press_v to_o take_v up_o arms._n otherwise_o in_o case_n of_o a_o more_o inconsiderable_a quarrel_n in_o which_o some_o few_o particular_a province_n be_v only_o concern_v every_o gow_n or_o village_n send_v out_o a_o hundred_o fight_a man_n with_o a_o centurion_n to_o command_v they_o the_o great_a mischief_n be_v they_o understand_v but_o little_a martial_a discipline_n and_o therefore_o their_o chief_a confidence_n lie_v in_o the_o number_n and_o resolute_a humour_n of_o their_o soldier_n their_o army_n use_v common_o to_o encamp_v in_o some_o large_a wood_n or_o forrest_n and_o there_o lie_v skulk_a till_o they_o have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o make_v a_o advantageous_a sally_n upon_o the_o enemy_n many_o of_o they_o fight_v naked_a other_o wear_v some_o slender_a armour_n over_o their_o head_n and_o shoulder_n make_v of_o the_o hide_n of_o a_o wolf_n or_o some_o other_o wild_a beast_n every_o man_n carry_v a_o club_n on_o his_o shoulder_n such_o as_o hercules_n be_v ordinary_o picture_v with_o and_o most_o of_o they_o have_v spear_n in_o their_o hand_n when_o the_o roman_n come_v among_o they_o they_o learn_v to_o be_v more_o methodical_a and_o orderly_a in_o their_o engagement_n by_o degree_n they_o come_v to_o wear_v good_a substantial_a helmet_n of_o iron_n which_o they_o adorn_v on_o the_o top_n with_o a_o tufft_a of_o horsehair_n or_o sometime_o a_o bunch_n of_o red_a feather_n whence_o to_o this_o day_n the_o german_n reckon_v that_o a_o ancient_a coat_n of_o arm_n which_o show_v such_o a_o tufft_a in_o the_o crest_n as_o it_o be_v likewise_o account_v no_o small_a token_n of_o nobility_n to_o bear_v in_o their_o coat_n pallet_n of_o several_a colour_n since_o the_o old_a german_n use_v to_o wear_v shield_n on_o their_o left_a side_n streak_v with_o red_a blue_a white_a and_o several_a other_o colour_n for_o distinction_n sake_n some_o of_o their_o commander_n and_o other_o great_a man_n in_o the_o army_n wear_v a_o long_a and_o broad_a sword_n on_o their_o right_a side_n which_o they_o use_v to_o manage_v with_o both_o hand_n these_o be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v so_o weighty_a that_o when_o well_o guide_v with_o the_o whole_a force_n of_o a_o lusty_a german_n they_o will_v cut_v off_o both_o the_o head_n and_o arm_n of_o a_o roman_a at_o a_o blow_n their_o horseman_n never_o use_v any_o saddle_n but_o instead_o thereof_o rid_v upon_o paint_a clothes_n he_o that_o have_v slay_v a_o enemy_n hand_n to_o hand_n use_v to_o bring_v home_o his_o head_n in_o triumph_n which_o if_o it_o be_v the_o head_n of_o a_o officer_n can_v not_o be_v redeem_v at_o any_o rate_n but_o be_v keep_v as_o the_o rich_a piece_n of_o furniture_n in_o the_o house_n and_o show_v at_o public_a entertainment_n among_o the_o ancient_a prince_n of_o germany_n inheritance_n inheritance_n the_o elder_a son_n or_o other_o heir_n apparent_a of_o the_o family_n always_o inherit_v the_o whole_a and_o entire_a jurisdiction_n of_o his_o decease_a father_n and_o the_o young_a child_n have_v certain_a village_n and_o lordship_n assign_v they_o for_o portion_n the_o hermunduri_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v all_o of_o one_o family_n which_o have_v increase_v so_o large_o in_o the_o revolution_n of_o some_o year_n as_o to_o overspread_v all_o that_o vast_a province_n which_o they_o inhabit_v out_o of_o the_o nobility_n the_o peasant_n choose_v themselves_o a_o king_n or_o captain_n government_n government_n who_o have_v supreme_a dominion_n over_o all_o the_o province_n in_o which_o he_o preside_v cluverius_n liken_n this_o governor_n to_o he_o who_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o spartan_n be_v use_v to_o set_v over_o their_o commonwealth_n who_o be_v bind_v by_o his_o place_n to_o be_v their_o general_n in_o time_n of_o war_n i_o be_o of_o opinion_n that_o this_o great_a leader_n of_o any_o province_n have_v the_o same_o name_n which_o their_o duke_n retain_v to_o this_o day_n each_o of_o they_o be_v even_o in_o those_o day_n call_v ein_fw-ge hertzog_n which_o as_o our_o word_n duke_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o a_o captain_n or_o general_n of_o a_o army_n m._n luther_n make_v this_o title_n as_o ancient_a as_o will_v serve_v my_o purpose_n when_o he_o derive_v the_o word_n vercingentorix_n which_o be_v the_o name_n of_o a_o german_a prince_n encounter_v by_o julius_n cesar_n and_o florus_n fancy_v the_o repeat_n of_o it_o enough_o to_o frighten_v a_o army_n from_o hertzog_n hinric_n i._n e._n duke_n henry_n though_o the_o german_n religion_n religion_n before_o charles_n the_o great_a take_v care_n to_o have_v they_o convert_v to_o christianity_n be_v idolatrous_a heathen_n yet_o we_o do_v not_o read_v that_o they_o be_v guilty_a of_o such_o horrid_a impiety_n and_o profaneness_n as_o their_o neighbour_n they_o live_v up_o to_o the_o rule_n of_o morality_n as_o much_o as_o any_o nation_n that_o never_o hear_v of_o god_n and_o the_o true_a religion_n what_o a_o great_a respect_n they_o have_v for_o divine_a service_n as_o they_o ignorant_o call_v their_o idolatrous_a practice_n be_v manifest_a from_o their_o choose_n of_o priest_n out_o of_o their_o nobility_n who_o beside_o the_o knowledge_n of_o their_o profession_n be_v common_o tolerable_o well_o verse_v in_o moral_a philosophy_n and_o physics_n and_o ordinary_o call_v to_o council_n upon_o debate_n of_o any_o weighty_a state_n affair_n they_o have_v female_n too_o among_o they_o who_o be_v sometime_o admit_v to_o the_o priestly_a office_n and_o have_v as_o great_a respect_n pay_v they_o as_o the_o man_n history_n make_v mention_n of_o one_o of_o these_o she_z druid_n who_o prophesy_v of_o the_o emperor_n severus_n death_n and_o another_o who_o foretell_v the_o come_n of_o diocletian_a to_o the_o empire_n they_o all_o believe_v the_o immortality_n of_o the_o soul_n and_o reward_n and_o punishment_n after_o this_o life_n they_o be_v great_a worshipper_n of_o the_o sun_n who_o cluverius_n say_v they_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o only_a true_a god_n some_o in_o confirmation_n of_o this_o opinion_n have_v make_v sonn_v in_o the_o old_a teutonic_n language_n to_o signify_v as_o much_o as_o the_o modern_a sonders_n sonderlich_o i._n e._n only_o thus_o probable_o the_o latin_a word_n sol_n be_v only_o a_o corruption_n of_o solus_fw-la and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n both_o the_o roman_n and_o dutch_n together_o with_o all_o other_o nation_n who_o speak_v nothing_o but_o different_a dialect_n of_o the_o latin_a or_o german_a tongue_n dedicate_v the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o week_n to_o the_o sun_n another_o god_n they_o have_v to_o who_o they_o use_v to_o offer_v man_n flesh_n who_o be_v sometime_o call_v woden_n elsewhere_o godan_n by_o some_o codan_n by_o other_o dan_n whence_o probable_o the_o name_n of_o dane_n and_o danish_a as_o well_o as_o from_o teut_n teutisch_n and_o from_o god_n gottish_a from_o he_o we_o have_v our_o wednesday_n which_o the_o westphalian_o call_v godensdach_n or_o goensdach_n the_o netherlander_n write_v it_o woensdach_n the_o dane_n onsdag_n and_o the_o swede_n odensdagk_n but_o of_o this_o and_o their_o god_n teut_n we_o have_v speak_v before_o and_o shall_v only_o add_v that_o the_o word_n godan_n be_v after_o some_o time_n contract_v into_o god_n or_o gott_n another_o god_n they_o worship_v who_o be_v style_v by_o latin_a writer_n taranes_n the_o same_o doubtless_o with_o the_o danish_a thor_n mention_v in_o the_o description_n of_o denmark_n and_o answer_n to_o the_o roman_a jupiter_n as_o woden_n to_o mercurius_n they_o worship_v this_o taranes_n as_o the_o god_n of_o thunder_n which_o in_o our_o old_a british_a or_o welsh_z language_n be_v still_o call_v taran_n but_o in_o the_o danish_a tongue_n torden_n whence_o it_o appear_v that_o thor_n and_o taranes_n as_o well_o as_o the_o dutch_a donnersdag_n and_o our_o thursday_n signify_v the_o same_o thing_n it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o this_o same_o god_n be_v by_o the_o ancient_a celts_n name_v pen_n or_o pin_n which_o in_o their_o language_n signify_v high_a and_o chief_a and_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o austrian_n
they_o by_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o banner_n fahnenlehnen_n nor_o alienate_v any_o parcel_n of_o the_o crown-land_n or_o revenue_n of_o the_o empire_n in_o short_a whatever_o they_o do_v be_v to_o undergo_v the_o censure_n and_o approbation_n of_o the_o next_o emperor_n in_o the_o late_a interregnum_fw-la upon_o the_o death_n of_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n iii_o there_o be_v no_o small_a quarrel_n between_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n and_o the_o prince_n palatine_n about_o the_o right_n of_o protectorship_n the_o former_a pretend_v that_o this_o dignity_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o office_n of_o chief_a sewer_n which_o have_v be_v transfer_v from_o the_o prince_n palatine_n to_o himself_o whereupon_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o emperor_n be_v dead_a he_o immediate_o give_v notice_n to_o all_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n and_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o his_o assume_v the_o title_n of_o vicar_n on_o the_o contrary_a the_o prince_n palatine_n lay_v claim_v to_o the_o same_o authority_n and_o complain_v of_o bavaria_n encroachment_n upon_o his_o privilege_n each_o assert_v his_o right_a in_o public_a remonstrance_n and_o print_v pamphlet_n fly_v thick_a on_o either_o hand_n in_o this_o juncture_n most_o unprejudiced_a person_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o palatinate_n writer_n have_v the_o great_a share_n of_o reason_n on_o their_o side_n and_o very_o many_o be_v loath_a to_o approve_v of_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n proceed_n though_o unwilling_a or_o afraid_a to_o appear_v in_o public_a against_o he_o at_o last_o the_o quarrel_n be_v stop_v though_o not_o final_o determine_v by_o the_o present_a emperor_n leopold_n succession_n to_o his_o father_n throne_n the_o aurea_n bulla_n order_n that_o the_o election_n shall_v be_v have_v at_o francfurt_n which_o be_v common_o observe_v but_o however_o the_o ceremony_n have_v not_o be_v confine_v to_o any_o particular_a place_n for_o henry_n ii_o be_v choose_v at_o mentz_n henry_n iii_o at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappel_n henry_n v._o at_o colen_n lotharius_n ii_o at_o mentz_n and_o after_o he_o maximilian_n rodolph_n ii_o and_o ferdinand_n iii_o receive_v that_o honour_n at_o ratisbon_n but_o afterward_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n question_v the_o election_n of_o ferdinand_n i._o because_o it_o be_v at_o colen_n in_o the_o year_n 1530._o the_o whole_a ceremony_n of_o the_o election_n be_v perform_v in_o this_o method_n the_o elector_n of_o mentz_n within_o a_o month_n after_o he_o have_v notice_n give_v he_o of_o the_o emperor_n death_n signify_v the_o same_o to_o his_o colleague_n and_o summon_v they_o to_o a_o new_a election_n immediate_o upon_o warning_n receive_v or_o at_o the_o day_n appoint_v in_o the_o archbishop_n letter_n the_o elector_n repair_v to_o francfurt_n or_o send_v their_o ambassador_n who_o have_v full_a power_n to_o act_v as_o their_o deputiesformerly_n it_o be_v a_o custom_n for_o the_o city_n to_o send_v out_o a_o body_n of_o two_o hundred_o horse_n to_o meet_v the_o elector_n and_o conduct_v they_o in_o at_o the_o gate_n but_o this_o fashion_n have_v not_o of_o late_a year_n be_v so_o punctual_o observe_v during_o the_o election_n all_o stranger_n and_o foreigner_n be_v command_v to_o withdraw_v and_o leave_v the_o city_n that_o do_v the_o elector_n proceed_v to_o election_n which_o be_v always_o have_v in_o the_o choir_n of_o st._n bartholomew_n church_n after_o mass_n be_v say_v they_o come_v up_o to_o the_o altar_n where_o they_o several_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o elect_a the_o fit_a man_n that_o stand_v to_o be_v emperor_n the_o elector_n of_o mentz_n take_v the_o vote_n in_o the_o order_n beforementioned_a and_o last_o of_o all_o give_v his_o own_o voice_n every_o elector_n give_v his_o vote_n under_o his_o hand_n and_o seal_n and_o the_o majority_n of_o voice_n create_v the_o new_a emperor_n if_o the_o number_n of_o vote_n shall_v be_v equal_a which_o may_v easy_o happen_v now_o there_o be_v eight_o elector_n the_o controversy_n will_v be_v hard_a to_o determine_v since_o no_o provision_n have_v be_v make_v for_o any_o such_o occurrence_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o vote_n be_v examine_v the_o elector_n return_v to_o the_o high_a altar_n where_o the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n pronounce_v the_o election_n and_o tell_v the_o congregation_n who_o they_o have_v make_v choice_n of_o for_o their_o emperor_n the_o temporal_a elector_n have_v power_n to_o name_n themselves_o though_o the_o ecclesiastic_o have_v no_o such_o passive_a or_o reflexive_a voice_n yet_o none_o of_o they_o have_v so_o absolute_a a_o power_n of_o give_v any_o secular_a man_n their_o voice_n without_o some_o restraint_n for_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o he_o who_o be_v by_o their_o vote_n raise_v to_o the_o imperial_a dignity_n be_v 1._o of_o a_o illustrious_a family_n because_o it_o can_v reasonable_o be_v suppose_v that_o so_o many_o great_a prince_n as_o be_v his_o subject_n will_v willing_o pay_v homage_n and_o yield_v obedience_n to_o a_o person_n of_o low_a and_o mean_a extraction_n 2._o a_o prince_n of_o good_a estate_n and_o large_a revenue_n that_o his_o income_n may_v maintain_v he_o without_o oppress_v his_o subject_n in_o that_o splendour_n which_o becoe_n his_o imperial_a majesty_n 3._o a_o german_a lest_o be_v a_o stranger_n he_o shall_v transfer_v the_o seat_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o some_o other_o place_n and_o either_o whole_o deprive_v germany_n of_o that_o prerogative_n or_o put_v it_o upon_o a_o necessity_n of_o defend_v it_o by_o force_n of_o arms._n indeed_o before_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iv_o have_v publish_v the_o aurea_n bulla_n it_o be_v not_o necessary_a that_o the_o emperor_n shall_v be_v a_o natural_a german_n and_o we_o know_v many_o of_o the_o ancient_a emperor_n be_v foreigner_n but_o since_o that_o time_n it_o have_v become_v a_o law_n that_o whoever_o be_v admit_v into_o the_o imperial_a throne_n be_v a_o german_n at_o lest_o by_o extraction_n and_o no_o other_o plea_n can_v be_v pretend_v by_o charles_n and_o ferdinand_n i._o since_o the_o former_a be_v bear_v in_o the_o county_n of_o flanders_n and_o the_o late_a at_o medina_n in_o castille_n and_o when_o francis_n i._o king_n of_o france_n allege_v that_o he_o be_v a_o german_a he_o do_v not_o intend_v the_o elector_n shall_v believe_v that_o angoulesme_fw-fr be_v in_o germany_n but_o that_o his_o predecessor_n be_v original_o germane_a immediate_o after_o the_o election_n be_v over_o the_o new_a choose_a emperor_n take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o cesar_n and_o augustus_n and_o if_o he_o please_v confer_v honour_n and_o privilege_n and_o execute_v all_o other_o act_n of_o sovereignty_n if_o he_o be_v prefent_a he_o dine_v in_o public_a and_o then_o the_o ecclesiastical_a elector_n say_v grace_n and_o hold_v the_o seal_n the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n give_v he_o water_n to_o wash_v the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n execute_v the_o office_n of_o marshal_n the_o prince_n palatine_n present_v he_o the_o first_o dish_n of_o meat_n and_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n the_o first_o glass_n of_o wine_n if_o any_o of_o the_o elector_n be_v absent_a his_o office_n be_v perform_v by_o his_o lieutenant_n and_o not_o by_o his_o ambassador_n who_o be_v only_o his_o deputy_n in_o the_o election_n the_o three_o ecclesiastical_a elector_n be_v suppose_v always_o to_o be_v personal_o present_a and_o therefore_o have_v no_o lieutenant_n but_o the_o vicar_n of_o the_o four_o ancient_a secular_a elector_n be_v the_o lord_n and_o count_n of_o limburg_n walpurg_n papenheim_n and_o hohenzolleren_n after_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a none_o of_o the_o german_a king_n will_v for_o many_o age_n take_v upon_o they_o the_o title_n of_o emperor_n till_o they_o have_v receive_v the_o crown_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n at_o the_o pope_n hand_n and_o of_o late_a year_n several_a of_o they_o have_v be_v very_o critical_a in_o distinguish_v between_o the_o title_n of_o kayser_n and_o king_n of_o germany_n whence_o immediate_o after_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o election_n be_v finish_v they_o will_v style_v themselves_o only_a emperor_n of_o rome_n elect_n but_o actual_a king_n of_o germany_n whereupon_o some_o author_n tell_v we_o that_o every_o one_o of_o they_o use_v to_o be_v crown_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappel_n with_o a_o iron_n crown_n as_o king_n of_o germany_n at_o milan_n with_o a_o silver_n one_o as_o king_n of_o lombardy_n and_o at_o rome_n with_o a_o golden_a one_o as_o emperor_n what_o ground_n there_o may_v be_v for_o any_o such_o tradition_n i_o know_v not_o but_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o charlemagne_n crown_n which_o be_v now_o a_o day_n set_v on_o the_o emperor_n head_n at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappel_n be_v of_o pure_a gold_n and_o the_o emperor_n do_v not_o use_v to_o seek_v a_o crown_n at_o rome_n or_o milan_n the_o aurea_n bulla_n call_v the_o crown_n use_v at_o the_o emperor_n coronation_n infula_fw-la and_o ancient_o all_o the_o diadem_n
and_o preeminence_n of_o the_o elector_n the_o order_n and_o decorum_n they_o ought_v to_o observe_v in_o all_o public_a assembly_n and_o solemnity_n the_o appoint_v of_o vicar_n in_o the_o time_n of_o a_o interregnum_fw-la etc._n etc._n be_v judge_v fit_a to_o be_v seal_v with_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o that_o upon_o gold_n to_o show_v that_o as_o that_o metal_n be_v the_o most_o excellent_a and_o incorruptible_a of_o all_o other_o so_o the_o matter_n contain_v in_o that_o bull_n be_v indeed_o the_o principal_a law_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o such_o as_o shall_v be_v always_o inviolable_o observe_v without_o the_o least_o alteration_n on_o one_o side_n of_o this_o golden_a seal_n which_o be_v fasten_v to_o small_a cord_n of_o yellow_a and_o red_a silk_n be_v show_v the_o protraicture_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iv_o seat_v upon_o his_o throne_n with_o his_o imperial_a crown_n on_o his_o head_n the_o sceptre_n in_o one_o hand_n and_o the_o ball_n in_o the_o other_o have_v on_o his_o right_a hand_n the_o arm_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o those_o of_o bohemia_n on_o the_o left_a with_o this_o inscription_n write_v round_o he_o carolus_n quartus_fw-la divina_fw-la favente_fw-la clementia_fw-la romanorum_fw-la imperator_fw-la semper_fw-la augustus_n &_o bohemiae_n rex_fw-la on_o the_o other_o side_n you_o have_v a_o castle_n with_o two_o tower_n thus_o subscribe_v aurea_fw-la roma_fw-la and_o these_o word_n in_o the_o circumference_n roma_fw-la caput_fw-la mundi_fw-la regit_fw-la orbis_n fraena_fw-la retundi_fw-la some_o of_o the_o statute_n herein_o contain_v notwithstanding_o the_o pretend_a immutability_n have_v since_o the_o promulgation_n of_o they_o be_v violate_v and_o break_v for_o example_n 1._o the_o aurea_n bulla_n say_v positive_o that_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n ought_v to_o be_v have_v at_o francfurt_n and_o yet_o ferdinand_n i._o be_v elect_v at_o worm_n and_o ferdinand_n iii_o at_o ratisbon_n 2._o the_o bull_n order_n that_o the_o number_n of_o elector_n shall_v not_o exceed_v seven_o and_o yet_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n have_v alter_v this_o decree_n and_o give_v eight_o several_a prince_n voice_n in_o the_o election_n of_o a_o emperor_n 3._o it_o be_v order_v in_o the_o bull_n that_o all_o the_o elector_n shall_v be_v present_a at_o say_v of_o mass_n before_o they_o proceed_v to_o the_o election_n whereas_o since_o the_o reformation_n overspread_v so_o large_a a_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n several_a protestant_a prince_n be_v exempt_v from_o their_o attendance_n at_o church_n until_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o mass_n be_v over_o ii_o the_o next_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o capitulatio_fw-la caesarea_n â—â—tulaâ—â—aesaâ—â—_n â—â—tulaâ—â—aesaâ—â—_n which_o be_v a_o collection_n of_o forty-one_a article_n of_o agreement_n between_o the_o elector_n and_o emperor_n elect_v to_o which_o the_o late_a be_v bind_v to_o subscribe_v after_o his_o have_v first_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o observe_v punctual_o every_o thing_n therein_o contain_v before_o his_o coronation_n when_o these_o be_v so_o often_o transcribe_v as_o that_o each_o elector_n may_v have_v one_o copy_n sign_v and_o seal_v by_o the_o emperor_n be_v own_o hand_n they_o be_v deliver_v to_o and_o keep_v by_o the_o eight_o several_a prince_n that_o have_v voice_n in_o the_o election_n as_o surety_n for_o the_o new_a choose_a emperor_n good_a behaviour_n and_o faithful_a administration_n of_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o empire_n before_o which_o ceremony_n be_v over_o the_o election_n be_v not_o hold_v valid_a and_o irrevocable_a the_o chief_a thing_n which_o the_o emperor_n promise_v upon_o oath_n and_o subscribe_v to_o in_o these_o article_n be_v to_o maintain_v and_o preserve_v all_o the_o privilege_n and_o royalty_n of_o the_o elector_n prince_n and_o other_o inferior_a estate_n of_o the_o empire_n that_o he_o will_v not_o act_v any_o thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o decree_v contain_v in_o the_o golden_a bull_n but_o suffer_v the_o elector_n to_o assemble_v at_o what_o time_n and_o upon_o what_o occasion_n they_o shall_v think_v fit_a that_o he_o will_v not_o waste_v or_o diminish_v any_o part_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o imperial_a crown_n nor_o bring_v in_o any_o foreign_a force_n into_o the_o empire_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o elector_n and_o the_o other_o estate_n that_o no_o stranger_n shall_v be_v by_o he_o admit_v into_o any_o public_a office_n but_o that_o on_o the_o contrary_a all_o great_a place_n at_o court_n and_o in_o the_o field_n or_o country_n shall_v be_v supply_v by_o true_a german_n descend_v from_o some_o noble_a family_n in_o the_o emprie_n etc._n etc._n these_o and_o some_o other_o article_n of_o the_o like_a importance_n be_v by_o the_o new_a choose_a emperor_n subscribe_v and_o swear_v to_o the_o election_n be_v confirm_v and_o the_o emperor_n solemn_o crown_v and_o admit_v to_o the_o imperial_a throne_n iii_o the_o three_o class_n of_o the_o law_n of_o the_o empire_n imperii_fw-la recessus_fw-la imperii_fw-la be_v such_o act_n of_o parliament_n so_o we_o may_v proper_o enough_o call_v they_o as_o be_v establish_v by_o authority_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n assemble_v in_o public_a diet_n these_o the_o german_n call_v abschiedte_n which_o be_v common_o render_v by_o latin_a author_n recessus_fw-la imperii_fw-la because_o they_o be_v enact_v at_o the_o break_n up_o or_o upon_o the_o retirement_n of_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n general_n of_o the_o empire_n these_o kind_n of_o statute_n be_v enact_v in_o the_o follow_a manner_n first_o the_o elector_n and_o other_o chief_a prince_n who_o have_v particular_a vote_n in_o the_o diet_n take_v the_o bill_n propose_v into_o consideration_n and_o after_o some_o consultation_n and_o debate_n put_v it_o to_o the_o vote_n if_o it_o be_v not_o reject_v by_o a_o majority_n the_o deputy_n from_o the_o several_a city_n be_v call_v in_o to_o who_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o prince_n be_v communicate_v if_o these_o think_v they_o have_v any_o thing_n to_o say_v which_o may_v reasonable_o be_v object_v against_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o elector_n they_o may_v be_v hear_v as_o counsellor_n but_o have_v no_o vote_n in_o alter_v or_o establish_v any_o decree_n whatever_o this_o do_v the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n in_o the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o elector_n and_o other_o prince_n propose_v the_o matter_n to_o the_o emperor_n as_o he_o have_v do_v before_o to_o the_o deputy_n if_o his_o imperial_a majesty_n approve_v of_o the_o sentence_n the_o bill_n be_v pass_v and_o become_v a_o statute_n but_o if_o he_o reject_v it_o the_o reason_n on_o both_o side_n be_v scan_v betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o prince_n till_o one_o party_n yield_v when_o they_o be_v agree_v upon_o the_o thing_n debate_v the_o act_n of_o that_o session_n be_v draw_v up_o in_o form_n of_o law_n and_o read_v to_o the_o whole_a diet._n afterward_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v sign_v by_o the_o emperor_n two_o spiritual_a and_o two_o temporal_a prince_n one_o abbot_n one_o count_n and_o the_o common_a council-man_n of_o the_o city_n where_o the_o diet_n be_v hold_v they_o be_v publish_v and_o become_v statute_n obligatory_a through_o the_o whole_a empire_n when_o they_o be_v thus_o enact_v two_o authentic_a copy_n be_v make_v whereof_o one_o remain_v in_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o emperor_n the_o other_o of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o estate_n have_v only_o the_o privilege_n of_o transcribe_v the_o original_a copy_n iv_o to_o the_o three_o former_a may_v be_v add_v a_o four_o sort_n of_o decree_n in_o the_o empire_n pragmatica_fw-la sanctio_n pragmatica_fw-la call_v usual_o by_o the_o german_a writer_n sanctio_n pragmatica_fw-la de_fw-fr pace_n publica_fw-la which_o contain_v all_o the_o statute_n confirm_v by_o many_o of_o the_o emperor_n in_o several_a diet_n to_o be_v put_v in_o execution_n against_o all_o disturber_n of_o the_o public_a peace_n of_o the_o empire_n herein_o it_o be_v decree_v that_o whatever_o prince_n or_o any_o other_o member_n of_o the_o empire_n shall_v endeavour_v by_o open_a hostility_n to_o disturb_v the_o public_a peace_n of_o the_o whole_a body_n he_o shall_v be_v cut_v off_o from_o the_o other_o member_n and_o look_v upon_o as_o a_o outlaw_n but_o it_o be_v hard_a to_o imagine_v that_o this_o shall_v be_v put_v in_o execution_n against_o any_o offender_n if_o the_o interpretation_n which_o some_o high_a dutch_a lawyer_n have_v put_v upon_o it_o be_v allowable_a for_o they_o tell_v we_o that_o to_o qualify_v a_o man_n for_o the_o proscription_n herein_o mention_v it_o be_v necessary_a 1._o that_o the_o force_n he_o raise_v be_v atroces_n &_o majores_fw-la quam_fw-la quibus_fw-la resisti_fw-la queat_fw-la i.e._n such_o as_o the_o whole_a militia_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v not_o able_a to_o withstand_v 2._o that_o his_o
rest_n of_o irmenseul_n the_o great_a idol_n of_o saxony_n yet_o a_o more_o accurate_a description_n of_o that_o image_n so_o long_o worship_v by_o our_o saxon_a ancestor_n and_o peculiar_a to_o that_o branch_n of_o the_o german_a nation_n be_v purposely_o reserve_v for_o this_o place_n mr._n verstegan_n write_v the_o word_n ermensewl_n and_o will_v needs_o have_v the_o idol_n so_o name_v q._n d._n die_fw-fr seul_fw-fr deren_fw-mi armen_fw-la i._n e._n the_o pillar_n or_o support_v of_o the_o poor_a other_o tell_v we_o that_o hermes_n or_o mercury_n be_v worship_v under_o one_o and_o the_o same_o name_n both_o in_o germany_n and_o greece_n and_o thence_o conclude_v that_o ermensewl_n be_v only_o a_o corruption_n of_o ermes-sewl_a some_o again_o observe_v how_o the_o image_n according_a to_o the_o relation_n of_o historian_n represent_v the_o god_n mars_n rather_o than_o mercury_n reject_v this_o etymology_n and_o derive_v ermensewl_n from_o arms-sewl_a and_o that_o from_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d sewl_n the_o pillar_n of_o mars_n the_o god_n of_o war._n but_o such_o etymologist_n as_o these_o take_v too_o great_a pain_n to_o make_v the_o ancient_a german_n speak_v greek_n the_o learned_a schedius_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o reason_n and_o probability_n on_o his_o side_n guess_v it_o be_v the_o image_n of_o harminius_n captain_n of_o the_o cherusci_n a_o saxon_a nation_n in_o the_o day_n of_o augustus_n cesar_n who_o have_v by_o strategem_fw-la overthrow_v the_o force_n of_o quintilius_n varus_n get_v the_o title_n of_o deliverer_n of_o germany_n confer_v on_o he_o by_o the_o roman_a historian_n who_o all_o confess_v that_o from_o he_o the_o roman_a empire_n though_o then_o in_o its_o full_a strength_n receive_v such_o a_o blow_n as_o make_v its_o foundation_n tremble_v and_o indeed_o the_o image_n may_v well_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o pourtraicture_n of_o so_o noble_a and_o brave_a a_o hero_n for_o it_o represent_v a_o arm_a man_n in_o his_o full_a proportion_n carry_v in_o his_o right_a hand_n a_o banner_n display_v and_o in_o his_o leave_v a_o pair_n of_o scales_n on_o his_o head_n be_v engrave_v the_o effigy_n of_o a_o cock_n on_o his_o breast_n a_o bear_n and_o upon_o his_o scutcheon_n a_o lion_n and_o let_v the_o reader_n judge_v how_o exact_o this_o idol_n answer_v the_o character_n which_o tacitus_n give_v of_o harminius_n in_o these_o word_n in_o single_a engagement_n his_o success_n be_v various_a in_o war_n he_o be_v invincible_a and_o be_v still_o worship_v by_o the_o barbarous_a nation_n from_o which_o last_o word_n of_o the_o historian_n we_o may_v rational_o conclude_v that_o irmenseul_n be_v only_o a_o corruption_n of_o harmins-seul_a which_o be_v further_o confirm_v by_o schedius_n story_n that_o the_o saxon_n use_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o martial_a dance_n arm_v cap-a-pee_n with_o the_o spoil_n of_o their_o enemy_n to_o surround_v the_o pillar_n and_o at_o every_o turn_n fall_v on_o their_o knee_n to_o kiss_v and_o adore_v it_o dithmar_n say_v that_o this_o statue_n be_v in_o his_o day_n though_o now_o nothing_o remain_v of_o the_o monument_n but_o the_o pillar_n at_o hildesheim_n to_o be_v see_v at_o mersburg_n with_o this_o inscription_n dux_n ego_fw-la gentis_fw-la saxonum_n victoriam_fw-la certam_fw-la polliceor_fw-la menander_n venerantibus_fw-la from_o the_o latin_a word_n in_o this_o inscription_n some_o have_v conclude_v that_o the_o saxon_n in_o the_o day_n of_o heathenism_n have_v a_o great_a acquaintance_n with_o the_o roman_n and_o be_v perfect_a master_n of_o their_o language_n i_o be_o much_o apt_a to_o fancy_n that_o the_o whole_a inscription_n be_v fictitious_a and_o contrive_v only_o by_o some_o monk_n at_o mersburg_n since_o we_o do_v not_o read_v that_o the_o saxon_n ever_o maintain_v any_o tolerable_a friendship_n and_o correspondence_n betwixt_o themselves_o and_o the_o roman_n at_o least_o not_o so_o much_o as_o to_o turn_v such_o admirer_n of_o their_o tongue_n as_o to_o use_v it_o in_o a_o inscription_n which_o ought_v to_o have_v be_v understand_v by_o all_o the_o worshipper_n of_o this_o idol_n and_o consequent_o the_o whole_a saxon_a nation_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o best_a historian_n will_v inform_v we_o that_o before_o the_o come_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a into_o these_o part_n the_o saxon_n be_v a_o very_a rude_a and_o illiterate_a people_n whole_o ignorant_a of_o all_o manner_n of_o learning_n and_o letter_n except_v only_o a_o few_o barbarous_a runic_a scrawl_n and_o those_o too_o but_o very_o rare_o use_v in_o this_o country_n some_o of_o the_o less_o considerable_a saxon_a idol_n be_v mention_v before_o in_o the_o account_n we_o have_v already_o give_v of_o the_o religion_n practise_v among_o the_o ancient_a german_n and_o dane_n and_o for_o the_o rest_n we_o refer_v the_o reader_n to_o schedius_n learned_a treatise_n de_fw-fr diis_fw-la germanicis_n the_o anglo-saxonic_a version_n of_o bede_n ecclesiastical_a history_n england_n saxon_n first_o come_v into_o england_n and_o a_o manuscript_n saxon_n chronicle_n in_o our_o public_a library_n a_o great_a part_n of_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o epitome_n of_o the_o say_a history_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o saxon_n be_v first_o bring_v over_o into_o britain_n in_o the_o year_n 449_o under_o the_o command_n of_o hengist_n and_o horsa_n two_o brother_n the_o great_a grandchild_n of_o woden_n from_o who_o most_o of_o the_o northern_a prince_n endeavour_v to_o fetch_v their_o pedigree_n and_o they_o further_o add_v that_o these_o saxon_a ancestor_n of_o we_o be_v a_o people_n make_v of_o three_o of_o the_o stout_a nation_n in_o all_o germany_n viz._n from_o the_o saxon_n angles_n and_o jute_n from_o jutland_n come_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o kent_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n from_o saxony_n i_o mean_v say_v bede_n that_o country_n which_o we_o now_o call_v old-saxony_n which_o be_v the_o same_o as_o shall_v be_v show_v hereafter_o with_o westphalia_n come_v the_o east_n south_n and_o west_n saxon_n from_o the_o angles_n who_o they_o tell_v we_o be_v a_o people_n that_o inhabit_v the_o country_n betwixt_o saxony_n and_o jutland_n be_v descend_v the_o east_n angle_n middle_a angle_n mercian_n and_o north-humbrians_a where_o by_o the_o way_n we_o may_v take_v notice_n that_o all_o the_o manuscript_n copy_n of_o the_o saxon_a chronicle_n which_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o kent_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n come_v of_o iotum_fw-la instead_o of_o which_o bede_n interpreter_n write_v of_o geatum_fw-la and_o the_o best_a manuscript_n latin_n copy_n of_o the_o same_o history_n have_v de_fw-fr jutarum_fw-la origine_fw-la and_o not_o vitarum_fw-la as_o most_o print_a copy_n and_o among_o other_o the_o colen_n edition_n read_v the_o word_n so_o that_o it_o appear_v those_o antiquary_n have_v but_o little_a ground_n for_o their_o opinion_n who_o upon_o venerable_a bede_n authority_n have_v have_v the_o confidence_n to_o assert_v that_o there_o be_v ancient_o a_o people_n in_o saxony_n call_v vitæ_fw-la from_o who_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n have_v its_o name_n whereas_o mr._n cambden_n assure_v we_o that_o the_o old_a britain_n name_v this_o island_n guith_n which_o in_o the_o british_a tongue_n signify_v a_o separation_n or_o divorce_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o the_o roman_n give_v sicily_n its_o name_n quod_fw-la ab_fw-la italia_n esset_fw-la secta_fw-la i.e._n because_o it_o have_v be_v former_o cut_v off_o from_o the_o continent_n of_o italy_n as_o some_o ingenious_a man_n have_v fancy_v that_o kent_n and_o picardy_n be_v heretofore_o join_v by_o a_o narrow_a isthmus_n which_o in_o time_n be_v wash_v asunder_o by_o the_o wave_n of_o that_o rough_a sea_n which_o at_o this_o day_n run_v through_o the_o channel_n betwixt_o dover_n and_o calais_n or_o else_o cut_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o some_o of_o the_o british_a king_n the_o main_a of_o this_o story_n seem_v credible_a enough_o horsa_n hengist_n and_o horsa_n and_o be_v back_v with_o the_o authority_n of_o most_o of_o the_o famous_a english_a and_o german_a historian_n but_o that_o the_o name_n of_o the_o two_o first_o saxon_n commander_n be_v hengist_n and_o horsa_n i_o see_v very_o little_a reason_n to_o believe_v though_o i_o find_v this_o part_n of_o the_o narrative_a pass_n uncontradict_v in_o all_o author_n that_o have_v give_v we_o a_o account_n of_o the_o first_o land_n of_o the_o saxon_n in_o this_o island_n and_o in_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n gallery_n at_o dresden_n among_o other_o pourtraicture_n of_o that_o prince_n ancestor_n be_v show_v the_o picture_n of_o these_o two_o famous_a champion_n it_o be_v strange_a that_o such_o grand_a warrior_n who_o we_o have_v reason_n to_o believe_v descend_v from_o one_o of_o the_o best_a family_n in_o saxony_n shall_v have_v name_n peculiar_a to_o themselves_o and_o such_o as_o be_v not_o know_v to_o be_v give_v to_o any_o man_n either_o before_o
neighbour_n prevail_v whether_o the_o earl_n of_o schawenburg_n have_v not_o former_o a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a jurisdiction_n over_o this_o city_n be_v a_o point_n which_o to_o this_o day_n the_o hamburger_n do_v not_o care_v to_o dispute_v crantzius_n chytraeus_n and_o other_o historian_n can_v inform_v we_o that_o woldemar_n duke_n of_o sleswic_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o his_o brother_n canutus_n vi_o king_n of_o denmark_n take_v hamburg_n out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n iu._n which_o city_n when_o himself_n be_v afterward_o advance_v to_o the_o danish_a throne_n he_o settle_v upon_o albrecht_n earl_n of_o orlemund_n and_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o but_o the_o same_o albrecht_n as_o chytraeus_n report_v sell_v his_o whole_a right_n and_o title_n to_o the_o citizen_n for_o fifteen_o hundred_o mark_n of_o good_a silver_n and_o so_o make_v the_o city_n a_o free_a and_o independent_a state_n of_o itself_o afterward_o adolph_n iv_o earl_n of_o holstein_n confirm_v the_o say_v liberty_n and_o privilege_n to_o this_o city_n which_o example_n of_o his_o be_v follow_v by_o his_o successor_n down_o to_o adolph_n fourteen_o and_z last_z earl_n of_o holstein_n and_o schawenburg_n of_o that_o family_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1459._o upon_o his_o death_n the_o province_n of_o holstein_n subject_v themselves_o by_o a_o formal_a capitulation_n to_o christian_n i._o king_n of_o denmark_n who_o they_o free_o elect_v their_o prince_n and_o pay_v he_o homage_n under_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o holstein_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o citizen_n of_o hamburg_n enter_v into_o a_o agreement_n with_o the_o say_a king_n promise_v that_o as_o long_o as_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n shall_v continue_v their_o privilege_n to_o they_o which_o king_n christian_n upon_o the_o sign_v of_o this_o compact_n confirm_v to_o they_o they_o will_v always_o be_v ready_a to_o maintain_v the_o like_a friendship_n and_o correspondence_n between_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n and_o themselves_o as_o have_v be_v former_o preserve_v betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o earl_n of_o schawenburg_n to_o these_o condition_n the_o king_n assent_v without_o demand_v any_o manner_n of_o homage_n or_o token_n of_o subjection_n however_o his_o successor_n have_v always_o have_v a_o itch_a desire_n to_o get_v hamburg_n whole_o into_o their_o own_o clutch_n and_o therefore_o have_v endeavour_v by_o all_o mean_v imaginable_a to_o persuade_v the_o citizen_n to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o protection_n of_o their_o crown_n but_o all_o their_o artifices_fw-la have_v hitherto_o prove_v unsuccessful_a and_o every_o one_o of_o their_o treaty_n and_o capitulation_n bring_v to_o a_o end_n salvo_n jure_fw-la caesaris_fw-la &_o imperii_fw-la &_o salvis_fw-la libertatibus_fw-la civitatis_fw-la ab_fw-la imperiali_fw-la culmine_fw-la obtentis_fw-la in_o a_o diet_n hold_v at_o augsburg_n in_o the_o year_n 1510_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n i._o together_o with_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n then_o and_o there_o assemble_v declare_v hamburg_n a_o free_a imperial_a city_n and_o summon_v the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n to_o make_v his_o appearance_n before_o the_o imperial_a chamber_n at_o spire_n and_o there_o to_o make_v good_a or_o renounce_v all_o pretension_n to_o the_o say_a city_n what_o success_n the_o late_a quarrel_n of_o the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n christian_n v._o have_v in_o the_o year_n 1679_o we_o have_v already_o tell_v the_o reader_n in_o the_o description_n of_o denmark_n where_o a_o particular_a account_n be_v give_v of_o the_o interim_n recess_n sign_v at_o pinneberg_n between_o the_o say_a king_n and_o the_o deputy_n of_o the_o city_n of_o hamburg_n the_o continual_a jealousy_n betwixt_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n be_v a_o considerable_a security_n to_o the_o citizen_n of_o hamburg_n crown_n their_o security_n by_o the_o jealousy_n 〈◊〉_d the_o two_o northern_a crown_n who_o will_v be_v in_o great_a danger_n of_o be_v utter_o overthrow_v and_o enslave_v if_o both_o those_o king_n shall_v conspire_v to_o ruin_v they_o but_o when_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n endeavour_n to_o annoy_v and_o incommode_v that_o city_n by_o the_o opportunity_n of_o the_o fort_n at_o gluckstadt_n which_o command_v the_o river_n elb_n and_o can_v easy_o stop_v the_o merchant_n ship_n which_o sail_v that_o way_n the_o swedish_n garrison_n at_o stade_n oppose_v he_o and_o protect_v the_o merchant_n from_o the_o mischief_n design_v they_o another_o grand_a bulwark_n of_o this_o great_a city_n consist_v in_o the_o prodigious_a riches_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n which_o be_v reckon_v by_o some_o so_o inexhaustible_a that_o shall_v both_o the_o northern_a king_n join_v their_o force_n the_o senate_n of_o hamburg_n will_v be_v able_a to_o oppose_v they_o and_o to_o preserve_v their_o own_o liberty_n by_o the_o expense_n of_o their_o treasure_n hamburg_n be_v ten_o good_a german_a or_o betwixt_o forty_o and_o fifty_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o lubeck_n description_n description_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o it_o a_o island_n natural_o well_o fence_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o river_n elb_n which_o run_v in_o many_o little_a arm_n and_o stream_n through_o several_a of_o its_o street_n it_o consist_v of_o two_o part_n the_o old_a and_o new_a town_n separate_v from_o each_o other_o by_o a_o wall_n both_o which_o be_v well_o fortify_v and_o so_o close_o unite_v that_o they_o may_v well_o pass_v for_o one_o city_n from_o the_o top_n of_o tower_n and_o the_o city-wall_n you_o have_v a_o curious_a and_o pleasant_a prospect_n every_o way_n there_o be_v only_o four_o great_a gate_n that_o lead_v into_o the_o city_n 1._o altenaver_n thor_n or_o the_o gate_n which_o lead_v towards_o altenaw_n on_o the_o western_a side_n of_o the_o old_a town_n call_v common_o by_o the_o citizen_n the_o miller_n gate_n 2._o das_n dam-thor_n or_o the_o gate_n which_o lead_v to_o the_o great_a trench_n on_o the_o north-side_n of_o the_o town_n 3._o the_o stone-gate_n lead_v eastward_o 4._o the_o south-gate_n which_o lead_v to_o the_o island_n in_o the_o elb_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n for_o what_o reason_n i_o have_v not_o yet_o learn_v das_fw-la dihiane_fw-la thor._n the_o street_n be_v general_o crooked_a or_o will_v otherwise_o vie_v with_o if_o not_o outstrip_v any_o in_o germany_n the_o building_n be_v most_o of_o brick_n and_o exceed_v high_a and_o stately_a on_o the_o north_n the_o alster_n drive_v all_o the_o mill_n which_o supply_v the_o whole_a town_n with_o meal_n the_o great_a bulwark_n of_o the_o city_n be_v not_o throw_v up_o till_o within_o these_o few_o year_n fortification_n fortification_n and_o very_o much_o mend_v upon_o the_o late_o fright_v the_o citizen_n be_v put_v into_o by_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n near_a approach_n to_o penneberg_n the_o better_a part_n of_o those_o vast_a rampire_n and_o outwork_n which_o now_o so_o secure_o guard_v the_o town_n from_o the_o fury_n of_o any_o that_o shall_v venture_v to_o besiege_v it_o be_v finish_v in_o the_o space_n of_o four_o year_n and_o remain_v to_o this_o day_n a_o sufficient_a testimony_n of_o the_o inexhaustible_a treasure_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n the_o town_n be_v everywhere_o exceed_a populous_a inhabitant_n multitude_n of_o inhabitant_n those_o that_o have_v see_v a_o ordinary_a jahr-markt_a or_o fair_a at_o francfurt_n or_o leipsic_n will_v admire_v where_o those_o little_a city_n can_v find_v lodging_n for_o so_o many_o guest_n as_o common_o resort_v thither_o but_o at_o hamburg_n each_o street_n be_v daily_o as_o much_o throng_v as_o those_o other_o two_o trade_a town_n be_v twice_o or_o thrice_o a_o year_n and_o you_o be_v here_o continual_o as_o in_o a_o fair._n he_o that_o shall_v at_o noon_n or_o in_o the_o evening_n take_v a_o view_n of_o their_o public_a exchange_n a_o neat_a piece_n of_o building_n but_o inferior_a to_o we_o at_o london_n may_v possible_o meet_v with_o a_o great_a 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there_o be_v a_o
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this_o isle_n be_v the_o last_o of_o all_o the_o northern_a nation_n that_o be_v convert_v from_o their_o idolatry_n and_o paganism_n religion_n religion_n and_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n helmondus_n seem_v to_o point_v more_o especial_o at_o the_o rugian_o when_o he_o say_v inter_fw-la omnes_fw-la autem_fw-la borealium_fw-la populos_fw-la sola_fw-la slavorum_n provincia_n remansit_fw-la caeteris_fw-la durior_fw-la atque_fw-la ad_fw-la credendum_fw-la tardior_fw-la however_o about_o the_o year_n 813_o a_o company_n of_o hardy_a monk_n venture_v to_o preach_v up_o christianity_n to_o these_o stubborn_a people_n and_o succeed_v so_o well_o in_o the_o undertake_n as_o in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n to_o bring_v over_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o to_o the_o true_a faith_n but_o they_o as_o quick_o abandon_v christianity_n and_o relapse_v into_o their_o former_a idolatry_n for_o as_o upon_o the_o first_o preach_v of_o the_o gospel_n in_o lycaonia_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o country_n be_v ready_a to_o do_v sacrifice_n to_o st._n barnabas_n and_o st._n paul_n under_o the_o name_n of_o jupiter_n and_o mercury_n so_o these_o poor_a people_n mistake_v god_n minister_n for_o god_n himself_o idolise_v st._n vite_fw-la a_o poor_a monk_n that_o have_v undertake_v their_o conversion_n by_o the_o name_n of_o swant_n which_o name_n be_v afterward_o give_v to_o a_o monstrous_a four_o head_a image_n which_o they_o worship_v in_o a_o sumptuous_a temple_n to_o this_o idol_n all_o the_o rugian_o repair_v as_o to_o a_o oracle_n for_o advice_n and_o the_o foreign_a merchant_n that_o have_v make_v a_o safe_a voyage_n be_v oblige_v to_o offer_v up_o some_o of_o their_o best_a merchandise_n as_o a_o tribute_n of_o thanksgiving_n to_o this_o grand_a tutelary_a god_n of_o the_o island_n three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v keep_v constant_o for_o the_o service_n of_o swant_n one_o whereof_o be_v white_a and_o never_o rid_v but_o by_o the_o chief_a priest_n this_o horse_n be_v now_o and_o then_o show_v to_o the_o people_n in_o a_o morning_n all_o over_o besmear_v with_o dirt_n and_o sweat_n the_o priest_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n protest_v to_o the_o multitude_n that_o swant_n himself_o have_v bring_v the_o beast_n into_o that_o pickle_n by_o engage_v with_o and_o pursue_v the_o enemy_n of_o rugen_n the_o night_n before_o the_o manner_n of_o worship_v this_o idol_n which_o stand_v in_o arcona_n the_o famous_a city_n in_o old_a rugen_n before_o mention_v be_v thus_o the_o chief_a priest_n look_v into_o a_o horn_n which_o the_o image_n hold_v in_o its_o right_a hand_n and_o which_o have_v be_v fill_v the_o year_n before_o with_o a_o precious_a liquor_n prognosticate_v from_o the_o good_a quantity_n or_o scarcity_n of_o the_o liquor_n therein_o contain_v the_o plenty_n or_o dearth_n of_o the_o year_n follow_v that_o do_v with_o his_o lip_n shut_v for_o fear_v of_o harm_v the_o idol_n with_o his_o breath_n he_o very_o solemn_o pour_v out_o the_o remain_a liquor_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o image_n and_o have_v replenish_v it_o afresh_o place_v it_o again_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o reverence_n in_o the_o god_n right_a hand_n whence_o he_o have_v take_v it_o down_o these_o ceremony_n be_v end_v the_o rest_n of_o that_o day_n be_v spend_v in_o anniversary_n feast_v and_o jollity_n in_o this_o miserable_a condition_n the_o rugian_o continue_v for_o some_o age_n until_o by_o a_o continual_a conversation_n with_o their_o neighbour_n the_o pomeranian_o they_o be_v almost_o insensible_o turn_v christian_n and_o about_o five_o hundred_o year_n ago_o at_o last_o whole_o quit_v their_o idolatrous_a practice_n and_o at_o this_o day_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o rugen_n be_v as_o zealous_a assertor_n and_o maintainer_n of_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n as_o any_o german_n whatever_n the_o isle_n be_v ancient_o govern_v by_o prince_n of_o its_o own_o grammar_n grammar_n who_o dominion_n reach_v beyond_o the_o narrow_a boundary_n the_o sea_n have_v set_v they_o a_o great_a way_n into_o pomeren_n take_v in_o all_o the_o territory_n near_o stralsund_n gripswald_n and_o other_o place_n now_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n antiquity_n will_v afford_v we_o a_o register_n of_o eleven_o prince_n of_o rugen_n and_o those_o in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1._o wislaus_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v prince_n of_o rugen_n in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n i._o about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 938._o 2._o grimus_fw-la remarkable_a for_o nothing_o but_o his_o fill_v up_o a_o space_n in_o the_o catalogue_n of_o these_o prince_n 3._o cruco_n or_o crito_n at_o the_o same_o time_n prince_n of_o rugen_n and_o petty_a king_n of_o the_o obatriti_n in_o the_o year_n 1100_o who_o after_o he_o have_v for_o some_o year_n exercise_v idolatry_n and_o tyranny_n in_o his_o dominion_n be_v depose_v and_o slay_v by_o henry_n son_n of_o gothscalc_n another_o inconsiderable_a king_n of_o the_o say_v obitriti_n at_o the_o entreaty_n of_o his_o wife_n schlavine_n daughter_n to_o swantibor_n i._o prince_n of_o pomeren_n 4._o raze_v a_o great_a warrior_n who_o besiege_v lubec_n and_o take_v it_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1141._o 5._o teslaus_n a_o prince_n who_o have_v continual_a war_n with_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n two_o whereof_z eric_n vi._n and_o sueno_n iii_o he_o as_o often_o overcome_v as_o he_o be_v beat_v by_o they_o but_o at_o last_o be_v utter_o vanquish_v and_o make_v tributary_n by_o king_n waldemar_n 6._o jarimar_n teslaus_n brother_n the_o first_o prince_n of_o rugen_n that_o embrace_v christianity_n 7._o barmita_n arimar'_v son_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1241._o 8._o witzlaus_n ii_o barmita_n brother_n and_o founder_n of_o the_o monastery_n at_o campen_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1247._o 9_o jarimar_n ii_o witzlaus_n the_o second_o be_v son_n who_o immediate_o after_o his_o admittance_n to_o the_o government_n rebel_v against_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o at_o last_o after_o many_o engagement_n get_v himself_o and_o his_o successor_n ease_v from_o that_o yoke_n in_o the_o year_n 1259._o 10._o witzlaus_n iii_o jarimar_n the_o second_o be_v son_n a_o great_a promoter_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n in_o liefland_n where_o himself_o sometime_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o office_n of_o a_o priest_n preach_v christianity_n to_o the_o poor_a infidel_n of_o those_o part_n 11._o witzlaus_n iv_o the_o last_o prince_n of_o rugen_n of_o this_o family_n upon_o the_o unruly_a growth_n of_o the_o great_a city_n of_o stralsund_n the_o merchant_n and_o burgher_n find_v themselves_o able_a enough_o to_o grapple_v with_o this_o prince_n be_v resolve_v to_o be_v no_o long_o subject_n to_o he_o or_o any_o of_o his_o successor_n if_o by_o violence_n or_o otherwise_o they_o can_v procure_v their_o liberty_n whereupon_o they_o open_o proclaim_v themselves_o a_o free_a city_n declare_v that_o neither_o the_o prince_n of_o rugen_n nor_o any_o of_o their_o neighbour_n can_v lawful_o pretend_v to_o exact_v any_o tribute_n or_o homage_n from_o the_o citizen_n of_o stralsund_n upon_o the_o noise_n of_o this_o revolt_n prince_n witzlaus_n assist_v by_o some_o of_o the_o neighbour_a king_n and_o prince_n besiege_v stralsund_v demand_v submission_n together_o with_o a_o humble_a acknowledgement_n of_o their_o unpardonable_a crime_n in_o dare_v to_o make_v so_o traitorous_a a_o revolt_n but_o in_o vain_a for_o the_o stralsunder_v not_o only_o persist_v in_o the_o resolution_n of_o assert_v their_o liberty_n to_o the_o last_o but_o brave_o withstand_v the_o assault_n of_o witzlaus_n and_o his_o associate_n and_o after_o many_o hot_a dispute_n slay_v this_o prince_n in_o a_o sally_n thereby_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o controversy_n and_o whole_a lineage_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o rugen_n in_o the_o year_n 1325._o after_o this_o the_o island_n of_o rugen_n with_o other_o part_n of_o that_o principality_n upon_o the_o continent_n come_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o
pomeren_n with_o which_o dukedom_n after_o the_o failure_n of_o that_o line_n it_o shall_v have_v be_v annex_v to_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n but_o as_o have_v be_v before_o note_v in_o consideration_n of_o the_o signal_n favour_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v do_v the_o protestant_a party_n in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n the_o prince_n concern_v in_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n think_v fit_a to_o annex_v the_o low_a pomeren_n to_o the_o dominion_n of_o that_o king_n and_o as_o a_o part_n of_o this_o dukedom_n the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n be_v throw_v into_o the_o bargain_n afterward_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n frideric_n iii_o begin_v to_o revive_v some_o ancient_a pretension_n of_o some_o of_o his_o ancestor_n to_o the_o principality_n of_o rugen_n but_o the_o ensue_a war_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n of_o which_o we_o have_v give_v the_o reader_n some_o account_n in_o the_o description_n of_o denmark_n put_v a_o end_n as_o it_o be_v think_v to_o these_o pretension_n for_o the_o say_v frideric_n in_o the_o treaty_n of_o roschild_n make_v between_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n in_o the_o year_n 1658_o disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n to_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n however_o notwithstanding_o the_o promise_n and_o protestation_n make_v in_o that_o treaty_n the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n show_v that_o contract_v make_v between_o great_a prince_n and_o commonwealth_n be_v no_o long_o obligatory_a than_o consistent_a with_o the_o intrigue_n of_o state_n for_o hear_v that_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v besiege_v stetin_n and_o that_o count_n koningsmarck_n the_o valiant_a swedish_n governor_n of_o rugen_n have_v thereupon_o draw_v the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o force_n into_o pomeren_n leave_v the_o island_n of_o rugen_n to_o be_v defend_v by_o a_o small_a company_n of_o about_o fifty_o horse_n he_o immediate_o ship_v six_o thousand_o soldier_n intend_v with_o they_o to_o surprise_v the_o desert_a island_n and_o regain_v it_o into_o his_o own_o possession_n but_o the_o weather_n not_o favour_v this_o design_n the_o danish_a force_n be_v keep_v off_o at_o sea_n by_o contrary_a wind_n till_o that_o small_a garrison_n which_o keep_v the_o isle_n be_v alarm_v and_o have_v time_n to_o give_v notice_n to_o the_o general_n who_o nevertheless_o can_v not_o arrive_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o army_n before_o the_o enemy_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o jasmund_n however_o after_o one_o brisk_a engagement_n with_o the_o count_n be_v leave_v wing_n the_o dane_n be_v force_v to_o fly_v in_o great_a disorder_n leave_v six_o hundred_o of_o their_o companion_n dead_a in_o the_o field_n and_o two_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o more_o take_v prisoner_n the_o rest_n retreat_v confuse_v into_o wittow_n where_o they_o be_v beset_v with_o the_o swede_n who_o slay_v take_v prisoner_n and_o plunder_v as_o many_o of_o they_o as_o they_o please_v in_o this_o victory_n the_o swede_n be_v say_v to_o have_v take_v from_o the_o dane_n beside_o a_o incredible_a number_n of_o prisoner_n six_o and_o twenty_o standard_n sixteen_o field-piece_n five_o mortar-piece_n and_o thirty_o thousand_o rixdollar_n in_o money_n yet_o this_o unhappy_a overthrow_n be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o discourage_v the_o brave_a king_n christian_n from_o a_o second_o adventure_n and_o the_o draw_v back_o his_o arm_n after_o this_o defeat_n seem_v only_o intend_v to_o fetch_v the_o great_a blow_n for_o have_v double_v his_o force_n in_o the_o year_n follow_v 1678_o he_o fall_v upon_o the_o rugian_o with_o that_o irresistible_a strength_n and_o courage_n which_o oblige_v they_o to_o resign_v up_o the_o whole_a island_n upon_o his_o own_o term_n and_o it_o may_v to_o this_o day_n have_v be_v at_o his_o devotion_n have_v not_o the_o french_a king_n strike_v in_o as_o mediator_n betwixt_o the_o northern_a crown_n in_o the_o alte_fw-la treaty_n sign_v by_o the_o danish_a and_o swedish_n minister_n at_o lunden_n in_o schonen_fw-mi sept._n 26._o a._n d._n 1679_o by_o the_o seven_o article_n of_o which_o treaty_n it_o be_v agree_v because_o lewis_n the_o great_a be_v please_v to_o have_v it_o so_o that_o rugen_n shall_v be_v deliver_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n on_o or_o before_o the_o six_o of_o december_n follow_v according_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v now_o repossess_v of_o that_o island_n and_o have_v send_v in_o new_a garrison_n to_o fortify_v and_o defend_v it_o against_o all_o future_a assault_n of_o its_o formidable_a neighbour_n the_o dane_n and_o brandenburger_n the_o only_a town_n of_o note_n in_o the_o whole_a isle_n of_o rugen_n be_v bergen_n to_n to_n situate_v about_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o island_n it_o have_v the_o name_n of_o a_o city_n give_v it_o in_o the_o year_n 1190_o but_o so_o little_o deserve_v that_o title_n that_o it_o have_v not_o the_o advantage_n of_o be_v fortify_v or_o wall_v round_o all_o the_o account_n which_o modern_a traveller_n give_v 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a_o archbishopric_n and_o to_o order_v that_o several_a of_o the_o neighbour_a bishop_n particular_o the_o bishop_n of_o mersburg_n zeitz_n havelberg_n and_o brandenburg_n shall_v be_v subject_a to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n as_o to_o their_o lawful_a metropolitan_a who_o shall_v acknowledge_v no_o man_n supremacy_n in_o spiritual_n but_o the_o pope_n from_o thenceforward_o the_o archbishop_n of_o magdeburg_n have_v the_o title_n of_o primate_n of_o germany_n confer_v on_o he_o though_o as_o krantius_n show_v the_o three_o spiritual_a elector_n and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o saltzburg_n always_o refuse_v to_o pay_v he_o that_o respect_n in_o this_o state_n the_o church_n of_o magdeburg_n continue_v till_o the_o year_n 1566_o when_o the_o whole_a chapter_n have_v abandon_v the_o innovation_n and_o foppery_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n and_o embrace_v the_o tenant_n of_o m._n luther_n elect_a joachim_n frideric_n at_o that_o time_n the_o only_a son_n of_o john_n george_n elector_n of_o brandenburg_n to_o be_v the_o administrator_n of_o their_o archbishopric_n have_v before_o his_o admission_n bind_v he_o by_o oath_n to_o the_o observation_n of_o certain_a article_n approve_v on_o by_o himself_o and_o his_o father_n after_o who_o death_n he_o be_v advance_v to_o the_o electorate_v of_o brandenburg_n and_o his_o son_n christian-william_n choose_v administrator_n in_o his_o place_n who_o faithful_o discharge_v his_o trust_n till_o the_o year_n 1631_o in_o which_o the_o town_n after_o a_o long_a siege_n be_v take_v by_o the_o cruel_a count_n tilly_n who_o destroy_v the_o life_n and_o fortune_n of_o no_o less_o than_o thirty_o thousand_o citizen_n with_o fire_n and_o sword_n and_o carry_v the_o administrator_n prisoner_n to_o newstatt_n in_o austria_n where_o he_o change_v his_o religion_n and_o turn_v papist_n into_o his_o place_n the_o chapter_n elect_v augustus_n second_o son_n to_o john_n george_n the_o first_o elector_n of_o saxony_n who_o 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besieger_n that_o it_o well_o merit_v a_o more_o particular_a account_n than_o we_o have_v yet_o give_v of_o it_o the_o ten_o of_o may_n old_a stile_n be_v the_o bloody_a day_n whereon_o this_o horrid_a and_o tragical_a massacre_n be_v commit_v the_o burgher_n have_v long_o withstand_v the_o threat_n and_o force_n of_o the_o imperial_a general_n count_n tilly_n endeavour_v to_o secure_v their_o religion_n from_o the_o outrage_n of_o a_o popish_a army_n but_o after_o a_o long_a and_o vain_a resistance_n the_o bloody_a count_n force_v his_o way_n into_o the_o town_n and_o command_v his_o man_n to_o spare_v neither_o man_n woman_n nor_o child_n but_o put_v all_o to_o the_o sword_n to_o fire_v all_o their_o church_n and_o private_a house_n and_o to_o extirpate_v if_o possible_a their_o very_a name_n in_o obedience_n to_o his_o command_n woman_n in_o travail_n be_v rip_v up_o and_o the_o suck_a child_n snatch_v from_o their_o mother_n breast_n and_o hew_a in_o piece_n before_o their_o eye_n 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magdeburg_n since_o this_o desolation_n the_o town_n have_v not_o to_o this_o day_n be_v able_a to_o recover_v its_o former_a grandeur_n condition_n present_a condition_n but_o be_v everywhere_o chequered_a with_o new_a building_n and_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o old_a they_o have_v rebuilt_a one_o stately_a church_n but_o most_o of_o the_o rest_n lie_v still_o bury_v in_o their_o ash_n tilly_n in_o the_o heat_n of_o his_o rage_n be_v persuade_v to_o spare_v the_o cathedral_n which_o be_v indeed_o a_o stately_a structure_n and_o enough_o to_o recommend_v the_o whole_a town_n to_o a_o stranger_n eye_n in_o one_o of_o the_o chapel_n in_o this_o church_n be_v show_v the_o tomb_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n the_o great_a with_o his_o wife_n edgitha_n beforementioned_a hold_v in_o her_o hand_n nineteen_o small_a globe_n within_o a_o golden_a circle_n which_o denote_v so_o many_o tun_n of_o gold_n give_v by_o the_o emperor_n at_o her_o request_n towards_o the_o build_n of_o this_o cathedral_n there_o be_v
and_o sheep_n as_o the_o forest_n with_o all_o manner_n of_o venison_n the_o mountain_n indeed_o be_v not_o so_o rich_a in_o silver_n as_o some_o in_o the_o principality_n of_o grubenhagen_n and_o county_n of_o stolberg_n but_o this_o defect_n be_v supply_v by_o the_o abundance_n of_o iron_n over_o which_o be_v almost_o peculiar_a to_o this_o province_n the_o four_o chief_a river_n in_o this_o country_n 1._o die_v kalte_n bode_n 2._o die_v warm_a bode_n 3._o die_v rapbode_n 4._o die_v lubbode_n have_v their_o name_n as_o luther_n in_o his_o onomasticon_fw-la tell_v we_o from_o one_o bodo_n bode_n or_o vode_n a_o prince_n of_o these_o part_n for_o the_o ancient_a german_n have_v a_o peculiar_a fancy_n of_o eternize_n their_o name_n by_o bestow_v they_o upon_o the_o most_o notable_a river_n in_o their_o country_n which_o they_o know_v will_v outlast_v the_o strong_a fort_n and_o castle_n they_o can_v build_v the_o high_a mountain_n in_o these_o part_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d perhaps_o in_o germany_n be_v der_fw-mi brocken_n blockberg_n or_o brocksberg_n call_v by_o latin_a author_n melibocus_n and_o bructerus_n bructerus_n hercyniae_fw-la montes_fw-la supereminet_fw-la omnes_fw-la and_o indeed_o it_o may_v well_o be_v call_v the_o tall_a mountain_n not_o only_o in_o the_o hercynian_a wood_n but_o in_o all_o europe_n if_o what_o some_o of_o the_o high_a dutch_a geographer_n relate_v of_o it_o be_v true_a for_o they_o endeavour_v to_o persuade_v we_o that_o the_o top_n of_o it_o come_v near_o the_o uppermost_a region_n of_o the_o air_n in_o which_o they_o have_v questionless_a place_v it_o have_v not_o their_o philosopher_n acquaint_v they_o that_o ice_n and_o snow_n wherewith_o they_o observe_v the_o top_n of_o this_o and_o the_o adjoin_a mountain_n almost_o continual_o cover_v be_v product_n of_o the_o middle_a region_n they_o tell_v we_o further_o that_o from_o hence_o in_o a_o clear_a day_n may_v be_v discern_v not_o only_o the_o city_n of_o brunswic_n magdeburg_n luneburg_n 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