and_o after_o in_o the_o 9_o ch._n he_o say_v you_o shall_v command_v the_o soldier_n to_o stand_v by_o know_v exact_o the_o sound_n of_o the_o trumpet_n &_o again_o to_o move_v by_o the_o sound_n of_o the_o trumpet_n so_o that_o although_o other_o sign_n be_v give_v for_o march_v &_o retreat_n yet_o the_o most_o common_a sign_n be_v by_o the_o trumpet_n semivocalia_n now_o we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o all_o sign_n give_v by_o sound_n to_o the_o ear_n except_o by_o the_o voice_n be_v call_v signa_fw-la semivocalia_fw-la because_o albeit_o their_o sound_n be_v loud_o and_o strong_a for_o the_o most_o part_n than_o the_o voice_n be_v yet_o they_o be_v not_o articulate_v as_o be_v the_o sound_n of_o the_o voice_n hitherto_o of_o sign_n that_o be_v give_v to_o the_o ear_n by_o the_o sound_n now_o be_v we_o to_o speak_v brief_o of_o mute_a sign_n or_o those_o that_o be_v set_v up_o as_o it_o be_v a_o mark_n for_o the_o eye_n mute_n sign_n swear_v of_o two_o kind_n for_o either_o they_o be_v simple_a and_o use_v by_o themselves_o as_o a_o object_n of_o the_o eye_n alone_o or_o else_o they_o be_v mix_v and_o join_v sign_n to_o sign_n of_o sound_n and_o so_o communicate_v both_o to_o the_o eye_n and_o to_o the_o ear_n of_o the_o second_o for_o be_v those_o whereof_o i_o have_v speak_v a_o little_a before_o and_o they_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d namely_o when_o a_o mute_a si_fw-fr ne_fw-fr be_v add_v to_o a_o vocal_a as_o when_o to_o the_o word_n in_o the_o night_n be_v join_v some_o special_a gesture_n of_o the_o body_n as_o hold_v down_o or_o nod_v of_o the_o head_n lift_v up_o the_o hand_n put_v off_o the_o hat_n heave_v up_o the_o skirt_n of_o the_o garment_n etc._n etc._n concern_v which_o see_v 26._o onosander_n and_o 24._o of_o the_o first_o kind_n be_v sign_n present_v to_o the_o eye_n alone_o which_o extend_v very_o large_o and_o serve_v where_o neither_o voice_n not_o trumpet_n can_v be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o remorenesse_n of_o the_o place_n these_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d sign_n proper_o and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d likewise_o because_o it_o be_v agree_v by_o the_o party_n who_o give_v and_o take_v they_o that_o they_o shall_v have_v such_o and_o such_o signification_n the_o word_n be_v different_a but_o the_o meaning_n and_o effect_n be_v all_o one_o for_o as_o no_o sign_n can_v be_v but_o there_o must_v be_v a_o giver_n and_o a_o taker_n of_o the_o sign_n so_o â—â—_o that_o respect_v the_o sign_n call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d by_o reason_n of_o the_o communication_n betwixt_o the_o giver_n and_o taker_n of_o the_o sign_n may_v apt_o also_o be_v term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o albeit_o i_o note_v before_o that_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o the_o watchword_n be_v call_v by_o no_o other_o name_n but_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d yet_o it_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d take_v often_o for_o a_o mute_a sign_n also_o many_o occasion_n be_v of_o give_v these_o sign_n and_o they_o be_v sometime_o show_v by_o day_n sometime_o by_o night_n and_o in_o the_o day_n time_n they_o be_v sometime_o propose_v in_o the_o battle_n sometime_o in_o other_o place_n where_o they_o may_v be_v perceive_v d._n arrian_n histori_v of_o alexander_n the_o great_a that_o at_o his_o be_v in_o the_o country_n of_o the_o taulantian_o his_o enemy_n clitus_n and_o glaucias_n have_v with_o manâ—_n horse_n darter_n and_o slinger_n and_o not_o a_o few_o arm_a man_n take_v the_o mountain_n and_o high_a place_n by_o which_o he_o be_v to_o pass_v in_o return_v the_o place_n be_v straight_o and_o woody_a shut_v up_o on_o the_o one_o side_n with_o a_o river_n on_o the_o other_o side_n with_o a_o exceed_a high_a mountain_n the_o side_n whereof_o be_v very_o steep_a so_o that_o the_o army_n can_v not_o march_v with_o more_o than_o four_o arm_v in_o front_n alexander_n marshal_v his_o troop_n to_o 120_o in_o depth_n and_o order_v 200_o horse_n on_o each_o wing_n he_o command_v silence_n and_o heed_n to_o be_v take_v to_o his_o direction_n and_o first_o he_o will_v the_o arm_v to_o advance_v their_o pike_n then_o upon_o a_o 〈◊〉_d sign_n give_v to_o let_v they_o fall_v and_o charge_n then_o to_o turn_v they_o close_o knit_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n then_o to_o the_o left_a and_o sometime_o he_o move_v the_o battle_n quick_o forward_o and_o sometime_o he_o move_v it_o to_o the_o one_o wing_n sometime_o to_o the_o other_o and_o so_o fashion_v it_o into_o diverse_a shape_n in_o short_a time_n and_o at_o last_o cast_v it_o into_o a_o wedge_n as_o it_o be_v he_o lead_v it_o against_o the_o enemy_n who_o stand_v wonder_v at_o the_o speediness_n and_o good_a order_n of_o the_o diverse_a motion_n and_o now_o perceive_v the_o army_n to_o be_v lead_v against_o they_o abide_v not_o the_o charge_n but_o leave_v the_o hill_n which_o he_o hold_v and_o flee_v here_o be_v mention_v seven_o several_a motion_n of_o the_o phalange_n which_o we_o have_v in_o practice_n at_o this_o day_n 1_o advance_v of_o pike_n 2_o charge_v of_o they_o 3_o first_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n 4_o then_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n 5_o move_v of_o the_o battle_n forward_o 6_o move_v it_o to_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o then_o 7_o to_o the_o left_a and_o all_o these_o motion_n be_v direct_v by_o a_o sign_n what_o this_o sign_n be_v may_v be_v doubt_v because_o it_o be_v not_o express_v whether_o it_o be_v by_o voice_n trumpet_z or_o a_o mute_a sign_n for_o my_o part_n i_o will_v not_o take_v it_o to_o have_v be_v by_o voice_n for_o how_o can_v the_o voice_n be_v hear_v in_o so_o great_a a_o army_n as_o alexander_n have_v which_o according_a to_o 566._o diodorus_n siculus_n consist_v of_o 30000_o foot_n and_o 3000_o horse_n and_o be_v stretch_v out_o in_o depth_n and_o have_v but_o four_o arm_v in_o front_n nor_o yet_o will_v i_o imagine_v it_o to_o have_v be_v give_v by_o trumpet_n because_o though_o perhaps_o the_o trumpet_n may_v be_v hear_v of_o all_o the_o army_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o echo_n rebound_v from_o the_o mountain_n and_o river_n yet_o can_v it_o not_o fit_o and_o clear_o distinguish_v the_o sound_n that_o shall_v direct_v these_o seven_o several_a motion_n i_o have_v before_o declare_v in_o what_o case_n the_o trumpet_n be_v employ_v let_v i_o with_o leave_n therefore_o think_v that_o it_o be_v a_o mute_a sign_n present_v to_o the_o eye_n as_o for_o the_o purpose_n a_o coat_n or_o other_o garment_n fasten_v to_o the_o end_n of_o a_o long_a staff_n the_o colour_n whereof_o be_v eminent_a and_o the_o staff_n be_v lift_v aloft_o may_v be_v perceive_v by_o the_o whole_a army_n the_o sign_n then_o advance_v to_o the_o full_a height_n may_v signify_v advance_v of_o pike_n which_o be_v the_o first_o motion_n be_v abase_v and_o hold_v level_a before_o the_o front_n charge_v to_o the_o front_n which_o be_v the_o second_o motion_n hold_v out_o level_a to_o the_o right_a flank_n charge_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o the_o left_a flank_n charge_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v the_o three_o and_o four_o motion_n of_o alexander_n move_v forward_o in_o front_n it_o may_v be_v a_o sign_n for_o the_o battle_n to_o follow_v which_o be_v the_o five_o move_a to_o the_o right_a hand_n for_o the_o battle_n to_o march_v to_o the_o right_n which_o be_v the_o six_o to_o the_o left_a for_o the_o battle_n to_o move_v to_o the_o left_a which_o be_v the_o seven_o which_o motion_n may_v more_o easy_o be_v perform_v in_o case_n the_o ensign_n of_o the_o particular_a company_n take_v their_o direction_n from_o the_o main_a sign_n and_o so_o frame_v themselves_o to_o the_o same_o motion_n and_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o motion_n of_o their_o ensign_n this_o i_o say_v be_v my_o conjecture_n wherein_o notwithstanding_o i_o prejudice_n no_o man_n opinion_n but_o leave_v every_o man_n to_o his_o own_o conceit_n and_o sense_n c._n xenophon_n relate_v a_o notable_a example_n of_o iphicrates_n the_o athenian_a who_o be_v choose_v admiral_n by_o the_o city_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o begin_v to_o take_v the_o sea_n with_o his_o navy_n both_o at_o once_o sail_v and_o also_o prepare_v all_o thing_n necessary_a for_o sea-fight_n for_o he_o leave_v at_o home_o the_o great_a sail_n as_o one_o that_o sail_v forth_o to_o fight_v and_o seldom_o use_v the_o great_a mast_n be_v the_o wind_n never_o so_o fair_a but_o haste_v forward_o with_o the_o oar_n he_o both_o make_v the_o body_n of_o his_o man_n strong_a and_o healthy_a and_o the_o navy_n gain_v a_o speedy_a way_n and_o oftentimes_o where_o he_o mean_v to_o dine_v there_o will_v he_o draw_v his_o whole_a
upon_o their_o own_o people_n other_o fall_v upon_o the_o macedonian_n who_o make_v large_a distance_n those_o which_o enter_v be_v partly_o overwhelm_v with_o dart_n partly_o pass_v queit_n through_o some_o be_v carry_v with_o the_o violence_n of_o their_o course_n and_o work_v mighty_o with_o their_o sharp_a scythe_n bring_v with_o they_o many_o and_o sundry_a kind_n of_o death_n for_o the_o force_n of_o their_o scythe_n have_v such_o power_n to_o destroy_v taht_v from_o many_o it_o cut_v off_o the_o arm_n and_o target_n and_o all_o the_o neck_n of_o not_o a_o few_o be_v carve_v head_n fall_v to_o the_o ground_n the_o eye_n yet_o see_v the_o countenance_n not_o alter_v of_o some_o the_o it_o tear_v out_o the_o side_n and_o put_v they_o to_o a_o speedy_a death_n hitherto_o of_o the_o history_n of_o diodorus_n but_o where_o he_o noteththe_v harm_n that_o come_v from_o the_o sythed_a chariot_n i_o take_v it_o they_o may_v have_v be_v avoid_v if_o the_o distance_n have_v be_v wide_o enough_o because_o i_o find_v in_o xenophon_n in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o artaxerxes_n and_o cyrus_n mention_v by_o i_o before_o that_o many_o of_o the_o chariot_n of_o the_o persian_n run_v through_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o grecian_n without_o hurt_n to_o any_o man_n to_o return_v then_o to_o the_o use_n of_o this_o form_n it_o have_v heretofore_o and_o may_v at_o this_o day_n be_v put_v in_o practice_n against_o horse_n and_o not_o only_o against_o horse_n order_v in_o a_o wedge_n but_o also_o give_v on_o in_o a_o square_a if_o it_o be_v so_o they_o charge_v by_o troop_n and_o the_o open_n be_v wide_o enough_o and_o sudden_a to_o receive_v the_o front_n of_o the_o horse_n for_o against_o a_o gross_a of_o horse_n they_o can_v have_v time_n to_o open_v wide_o enough_o and_o if_o they_o open_v too_o timely_a they_o leave_v liberty_n to_o the_o horse_n to_o charge_n either_o of_o the_o part_n open_v as_o themselves_o shall_v please_v and_o by_o divide_v themselves_o they_o diminish_v their_o own_o strength_n word_n of_o direction_n for_o the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n 1_o wheel_n the_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n this_o be_v do_v if_o the_o middlemost_a two_o fileleader_n stand_v firm_a &_o the_o rest_n with_o their_o file_n wheel_n till_o they_o meet_v and_o then_o stand_v they_o face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o when_o the_o horse_n charge_n open_v the_o midst_n sudden_o and_o face_v one_o against_o another_o charge_v your_o pike_n against_o the_o horse_n 2_o face_n to_o the_o front_n 3_o open_v your_o battle_n 4_o face_n to_o the_o midst_n 5_o charge_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n 1_o advance_v your_o pike_n 2_o close_a your_o battle_n 3_o face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n 4_o wheel_n the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o wing_n 5_o face_n as_o you_o be_v at_o first_o and_o stand_v of_o the_o peristomus_fw-la diphalange_n chap._n xxxxi_n the_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n peristomus_fw-la proceed_v by_o deduction_n in_o a_o wing_n the_o oblique_a deduction_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v the_o fileleader_n without_o the_o left_a hand_n oblique_a deduction_n have_v the_o reare-comamnders_a within_o the_o figure_n show_v the_o intent_n of_o they_o that_o fight_v so_o order_v for_o the_o battle_n go_v to_o charge_n have_v be_v at_o first_o tetragonall_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o oblique_a wing_n the_o right_a and_o the_o left_a of_o purpose_n to_o enclose_v the_o adverse_a square_a battle_n and_o they_o fear_v to_o be_v enclose_v transform_v themselves_o into_o two_o march_v phalanges_fw-la direct_v one_o against_o the_o right_n the_o other_o against_o the_o left_a wing_n therefore_o be_v it_o call_v peristomus_fw-la as_o have_v the_o front_n bend_v against_o the_o enemy_n both_o way_n note_n 1_o about_o the_o inscription_n of_o this_o chapter_n also_o there_o be_v a_o controversy_n among_o the_o interpreter_n some_o will_v have_v it_o of_o the_o peristomus_fw-la diphalange_n some_o of_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la diphalange_n and_o of_o the_o peristomus_fw-la why_o any_o man_n shall_v imagine_v that_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la diphalange_n be_v here_o describe_v i_o cap._n 41_o the_o square_n deur_v in_o two_o and_o set_v against_o yâ—_z peristomus_fw-la two_o wing_n the_o diphalange_n peristomus_fw-la the_o uneven_a front_n of_o the_o peristomus_fw-la the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o peristomus_fw-la the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o peristomus_fw-la conceive_v not_o unless_o he_o shall_v seem_v to_o make_v aelian_n contrary_a to_o himself_o for_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la diphalange_n have_v nothing_o to_o do_v with_o the_o flank_n as_o appear_v by_o aelian_n in_o the_o 34_o chapter_n this_o diphalange_n fight_v altogether_o in_o flank_n as_o the_o description_n declare_v the_o phalanges_fw-la of_o the_o diphalange_n peristomus_fw-la what_o a_o wing_n be_v and_o what_o deduction_n i_o have_v show_v before_o the_o meaning_n be_v that_o the_o phalanges_fw-la peristomus_fw-la be_v both_o of_o they_o lead_v oblique_o with_o the_o fileleader_n in_o flank_n and_o in_o two_o deep_a body_n whereof_o the_o one_o have_v in_o purpose_n to_o charge_v the_o right_a flank_n the_o other_o the_o left_a flank_n of_o the_o adverse_a square_a battle_n 2_o the_o oblique_a deduction_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n albeit_o both_o these_o phalanges_fw-la be_v 〈◊〉_d call_v oblique_a yet_o we_o may_v not_o imagine_v that_o these_o loxe-phalanges_a be_v the_o same_o that_o be_v describe_v in_o the_o 30_o chapter_n for_o in_o that_o one_o of_o the_o phalange_n forbear_v the_o fight_n the_o other_o advance_v to_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n in_o this_o both_o fight_n at_o once_o and_o have_v their_o advantage_n by_o charge_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o enemy_n that_o begin_v the_o fight_n in_o front_n &_o have_v there_o the_o fileleader_n this_o in_o both_o flank_n this_o seek_v to_o encompass_v that_o to_o avoid_v encompass_v itself_o as_o i_o have_v show_v in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o same_o chapter_n 3_o the_o oblique_a deduction_n on_o the_o right-hand_a have_v the_o fileleader_n without_o i_o must_v imagine_v till_o further_a information_n that_o here_o be_v a_o fault_n in_o the_o text_n my_o reason_n be_v this_o all_o deduction_n be_v make_v to_o oppose_v the_o fileleader_n against_o the_o enemy_n in_o fight_n so_o be_v the_o right-hand_a deduction_n use_v when_o it_o be_v suspect_v the_o enemy_n will_v charge_v the_o right-hand_a flank_n the_o left-hand_a deduction_n when_o it_o be_v suspect_v he_o will_v charge_v the_o left_a so_o in_o wheeling_n we_o turn_v the_o front_n against_o the_o enemy_n so_o in_o countermarche_n now_o this_o form_n be_v invent_v to_o encompass_v the_o enemy_n and_o to_o fight_v upon_o his_o flank_n i_o will_v think_v the_o fileleader_n ought_v to_o be_v place_v on_o the_o inward_a flank_n of_o the_o diphalange_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la for_o be_v the_o bringer_n up_o to_o be_v within_o they_o shall_v sustain_v all_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o fight_n the_o battle_n be_v once_o divide_v and_o the_o fileleader_n stand_v without_o shall_v idle_o look_v on_o which_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o military_a discipline_n of_o the_o grecian_n who_o care_n be_v to_o use_v the_o fileleader_n in_o fight_n as_o much_o as_o be_v possible_a neither_o be_v it_o thereupon_o to_o be_v conclude_v that_o this_o diphalange_n and_o the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n be_v all_o one_o for_o although_o both_o have_v their_o fileleader_n within_o yet_o do_v they_o differ_v both_o in_o form_n and_o end_n in_o form_n because_o this_o move_v forward_o with_o both_o phalanges_fw-la the_o other_o stand_v still_o this_o be_v oblique_a the_o other_o in_o a_o straight_a line_n that_o have_v the_o front_n of_o the_o two_o phalanges_fw-la even_o this_o as_o it_o fall_v out_o in_o the_o motion_n sometime_o the_o one_o more_o forword_n sometime_o the_o other_o in_o their_o end_n because_o this_o go_v to_o assault_v and_o to_o break_v the_o enemy_n battle_n the_o other_o stand_v fast_o and_o seek_v only_o to_o save_v itself_o the_o one_o be_v offensive_a the_o other_o defensive_a so_o that_o as_o i_o say_v before_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la and_o this_o be_v both_o frame_v out_o of_o the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n both_o have_v their_o fileleader_n within_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o yet_o differ_v in_o that_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la be_v but_o one_o body_n hollow_v within_o this_o divide_a into_o two_o body_n and_o they_o fear_v to_o be_v enclose_v the_o case_n of_o this_o square_n be_v almost_o all_o one_o with_o the_o square_n against_o which_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la be_v oppose_v for_o both_o be_v in_o danger_n to_o be_v enclose_v now_o as_o the_o other_o square_n be_v fain_o to_o cast_v itself_o into_o a_o triphalange_n and_o to_o oppose_v two_o of_o the_o phalanges_fw-la against_o the_o two_o wing_n of_o the_o
be_v not_o wrap_v up_o in_o obscurity_n and_o which_o may_v full_o deliver_v the_o mind_n of_o the_o commander_n to_o the_o soldier_n which_o he_o have_v in_o exercise_n and_o as_o the_o word_n ought_v to_o be_v short_a so_o ought_v they_o to_o be_v without_o double_a signification_n where_o they_o have_v a_o double_a signification_n that_o be_v may_v be_v diverse_o understand_v by_o they_o who_o be_v under_o direction_n some_o of_o the_o soldier_n as_o aelian_n say_v will_v do_v one_o thing_n some_o another_o which_o must_v needs_o breed_v a_o confusion_n in_o the_o body_n exercise_v for_o as_o uniformity_n of_o motion_n in_o every_o particular_a soldier_n preserve_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o every_o joint_n or_o part_n thereof_o entire_a so_o the_o dissimilitude_n of_o motion_n in_o the_o particular_n induce_v a_o disjoint_v as_o it_o be_v &_o a_o disorder_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o whole_a battle_n in_o general_n to_o avoid_v then_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o double_a understanding_n in_o word_n aelian_n think_v fit_a that_o the_o special_a word_n shall_v be_v place_v before_o the_o general_a and_o in_o stead_n of_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n he_o will_v have_v the_o commander_n to_o pronounce_v thus_o to_o the_o pike_n face_n that_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n hold_v the_o word_n right_a hand_n to_o be_v more_o special_a or_o straight_a in_o signification_n than_o the_o word_n face_n let_v i_o have_v pardon_n if_o i_o differ_v from_o aelian_n herein_o for_o logician_n hold_v those_o word_n more_o general_a that_o stretch_v unto_o and_o comprehend_v under_o they_o most_o particular_n now_o consider_v there_o be_v four_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n which_o can_v be_v put_v in_o use_n but_o by_o word_n of_o direction_n and_o in_o the_o direction_n the_o word_n right_a or_o left_a hand_n be_v of_o necessity_n to_o be_v apply_v to_o every_o of_o they_o as_o for_o example_n countermarch_v to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o so_o of_o the_o rest_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o the_o word_n right_a hand_n or_o leave_v hand_n be_v more_o general_a than_o any_o one_o of_o the_o motion_n because_o it_o stretch_v to_o they_o all_o so_o that_o albeit_o we_o retain_v the_o rule_n of_o aelian_n namely_o to_o set_v the_o special_a before_o the_o general_a yet_o may_v we_o very_o safe_o from_o his_o example_n and_o not_o only_o in_o face_v but_o also_o in_o the_o three_o other_o motion_n pronounce_v the_o direction_n thus_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n double_v to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n countermarch_v to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n wheel_v to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n because_o the_o word_n right_a or_o left_a hand_n be_v more_o general_a than_o any_o one_o of_o the_o motion_n but_o admit_v it_o be_v more_o particular_a yet_o the_o necessity_n of_o our_o language_n will_v force_v we_o to_o forsake_v this_o rule_n of_o aelian_n for_o in_o every_o language_n there_o be_v a_o idiom_n or_o propriety_n of_o speech_n and_o that_o not_o only_o in_o the_o phrase_n itself_o but_o also_o in_o the_o very_a join_n &_o tie_v together_o of_o the_o word_n of_o the_o sentence_n so_o that_o that_o which_o sort_v well_o with_o one_o language_n will_v not_o be_v receive_v in_o another_o in_o greek_a in_o which_o tongue_n aelian_n write_v it_o sound_v well_o to_o place_v the_o noun_n govern_v by_o a_o verb_n before_o the_o verb_n itself_o so_o in_o latin_a dutch_a french_a and_o other_o tongue_n in_o english_a if_o a_o man_n shall_v do_v the_o like_a unless_o it_o be_v in_o verse_n wherein_o the_o number_n of_o the_o foot_n be_v more_o respect_v than_o the_o order_n of_o the_o word_n he_o shall_v be_v account_v ridiculous_a or_o vain_a for_o take_v the_o example_n here_o set_v down_o to_o the_o right_a hanâ—_n face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n double_a or_o countermach_n or_o wheel_n and_o let_v we_o use_v the_o same_o order_n of_o word_n in_o common_a speech_n and_o a_o man_n say_v to_o his_o servant_n to_o the_o church_n go_v to_o the_o mill_n corn_n carry_v boot_v clean_o make_v to_o the_o cutler_n my_o rapier_n carry_v who_o will_v not_o laugh_v at_o his_o speech_n or_o think_v he_o idle_a in_o so_o pronounce_v wherefore_o albeit_o aelian_n hold_v that_o form_n agreeable_a to_o the_o greek_a tongue_n yet_o i_o can_v see_v how_o it_o will_v be_v fit_a that_o our_o english_a according_a to_o which_o i_o hold_v it_o better_a to_o pronounce_v after_o this_o manner_n face_n to_o right_a hand_n countermarch_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o so_o in_o the_o rest_n then_o after_o this_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_n the_o rather_o because_o the_o property_n of_o speech_n avail_v much_o to_o the_o capacity_n of_o soldier_n who_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v undearned_a and_o will_v hardly_o understand_v in_o case_n the_o wont_a custom_n and_o ordinary_a use_n of_o join_v word_n be_v invert_v chap._n liii_o but_o above_o all_o thing_n silence_n be_v to_o be_v command_v and_o heed_n give_v to_o direction_n as_o homer_n especial_o signify_v in_o his_o description_n of_o the_o craecian_a and_o trojan_a fight_n say_v the_o skilful_a captain_n press_v on_o guide_v with_o careful_a eye_n their_o arm_a troop_n who_o follow_v their_o leader_n silent_o you_o sure_o will_v have_v deem_v each_o one_o of_o all_o that_o mighty_a throng_n have_v be_v bereave_v of_o speech_n so_o bridle_v he_o his_o heedful_a tongue_n fear_v the_o dread_a commander_n check_v and_o dreadful_a hest_n among_o thus_o march_v the_o greek_n in_o silence_n breathe_v flame_n of_o high_a desire_n and_o fervent_a zeal_n to_o back_o their_o friend_n on_o foe_n to_o wreak_v their_o ire_n as_o for_o the_o disorder_n of_o the_o barbarian_n he_o resemble_v it_o to_o bird_n say_v as_o shoal_n of_o foul_a goose_n crane_n and_o swan_n with_o neck_n far_o stretch_v out_o which_o in_o the_o slimy_a fen_n caister_n wind_v stream_n about_o shear_v here_o and_o there_o the_o liquid_a sky_n sport_v on_o wanton_a wing_n then_o fall_v to_o ground_n with_o clang_v noise_n the_o fen_n all_o over_o ring_n none_o otherwise_o the_o trojan_n fill_v the_o field_n with_o heap_a sound_n of_o break_a and_o confuse_a cry_n each_z where_o tumult_n abound_v and_o again_o the_o captain_n marshal_n out_o their_o troop_n range_v in_o goodly_a guise_n and_o forth_o the_o trojan_n pace_n like_o bird_n that_o lade_v the_o air_n with_o cry_n not_o so_o the_o greek_n who_o silence_n breathe_v flame_n of_o high_a desire_n fervent_a in_o zeal_n to_o back_o their_o friend_n on_o foe_n to_o wreak_v their_o ire_n note_n silence_z when_o a_o battle_n be_v put_v in_o order_n either_o for_o fight_v or_o exercise_n be_v one_o of_o the_o principal_a point_n of_o obedience_n which_o belong_v to_o a_o soldier_n the_o breach_n whereof_o more_o endanger_v the_o proceed_n of_o war_n than_o a_o raw_a soldier_n will_v think_v who_o only_o be_v wont_a to_o offend_v in_o that_o kind_n i_o have_v before_o entreat_v of_o sign_n and_o show_v that_o in_o the_o observe_n of_o direction_n consist_v the_o great_a help_n of_o victory_n in_o neglect_v they_o the_o chief_a mean_n to_o take_v a_o overthrow_n and_o be_v defeat_v for_o as_o direction_n be_v execute_v give_v life_n unto_o warlike_a action_n to_o effect_v that_o which_o the_o commander_n desire_v so_o whatsoever_o hinder_v the_o receive_n of_o direction_n must_v needs_o cross_v the_o design_n of_o the_o commander_n and_o by_o consequence_n frustrate_a and_o disannul_v that_o which_o be_v think_v by_o he_o most_o fit_a to_o be_v put_v in_o practice_n either_o for_o the_o good_a order_n or_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o army_n or_o else_o for_o the_o gain_v of_o victory_n a_o man_n that_o be_v not_o attentive_a can_v mark_v the_o command_n deliver_v nor_o can_v he_o be_v attentive_a that_o while_o it_o be_v deliver_v busy_v his_o head_n with_o other_o thought_n or_o else_o entertain_v his_o next_o stander_n by_o with_o talk_n a_o mean_n to_o divert_v aswell_o the_o speaker_n as_o the_o hearer_n from_o that_o heed_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v give_v to_o direction_n in_o asmuch_o as_o no_o man_n have_v the_o ability_n to_o hear_v another_o man_n speech_n and_o himself_o take_v at_o the_o same_o instant_n or_o at_o the_o same_o time_n to_o discern_v two_o man_n several_a speech_n which_o be_v deliver_v together_o all_o general_n have_v hold_v silence_n a_o principal_a point_n of_o warlike_a discipline_n and_o therefore_o in_o command_n they_o make_v it_o the_o first_o leos_n precept_n be_v this_o when_o the_o troop_n be_v draw_v together_o and_o order_v for_o exercise_n let_v the_o crier_n â—â—â—_o for_o every_o company_n have_v then_o a_o crier_n give_v these_o
81._o a_o battle_n and_o to_o behold_v a_o direct_a space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o rank_n for_o that_o be_v the_o grace_n and_o beauty_n as_o i_o may_v term_v it_o of_o a_o phalange_n order_v for_o fight_n this_o proportion_n can_v be_v maintain_v without_o observe_v distance_n curious_o open_v order_n be_v six_o foot_n both_o in_o rank_n and_o file_n betwixt_o man_n and_o man_n every_o way_n if_o then_o any_o soldier_n in_o file_n gather_v up_o to_o his_o leader_n and_o stand_v at_o distance_n of_o three_o foot_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o his_o rank_n be_v thereby_o disturb_v and_o make_v uneven_a although_o the_o file_n continue_v straight_o contrariwise_o if_o he_o bear_v himself_o out_o of_o his_o place_n three_o foot_n towards_o either_o of_o his_o sideman_n by_o this_o mean_v he_o disorder_v his_o file_n and_o make_v it_o crooked_a this_o fault_n if_o it_o be_v commit_v by_o many_o a_o general_a disorder_n will_v follow_v in_o the_o body_n and_o therefore_o aelian_n well_o advise_v to_o keep_v the_o first_o distance_n especial_o till_o you_o be_v command_v to_o the_o second_o or_o three_o distance_n which_o will_v often_o fall_v out_o in_o the_o four_o motion_n of_o which_o facing_n be_v the_o first_o and_o the_o word_n of_o motion_n direction_n in_o it_o be_v these_o as_o before_o in_o aelian_n 12_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n 25._o that_o be_v face_n to_o the_o tight_a hand_n for_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o bear_v in_o the_o right_a hand_n 14_o face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o pike-man_n in_o the_o macedonian_a army_n bear_v target_n on_o their_o left_a arm_n or_o on_o the_o left_a side_n so_o that_o face_n to_o the_o target_n be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o word_n of_o command_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n 16_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n that_o be_v face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n but_o where_o he_o add_v move_v a_o little_a further_o he_o signify_v that_o the_o direction_n be_v not_o full_o accomplish_v and_o he_o will_v have_v the_o soldier_n continue_v their_o motion_n till_o their_o face_n be_v full_o come_v about_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o then_o he_o will_v they_o to_o stand_v so_o because_o they_o have_v gain_v their_o place_n these_o face_n here_o express_v by_o aelian_n be_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n other_o face_n of_o the_o part_n he_o have_v not_o set_v down_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v oftentimes_o of_o great_a use_n for_o say_v the_o enemy_n charge_v in_o front_n and_o rear_v your_o front_n must_v continue_v as_o it_o do_v but_o the_o word_n for_o the_o rear_n be_v phalange_n half_a file_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n if_o the_o enemy_n charge_v you_o on_o both_o flank_n then_o be_v the_o word_n of_o command_n phalange_n half_n rank_n face_n to_o the_o right_n halft_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n if_o in_o front_n and_o one_o flank_n the_o front_n stand_v firm_a and_o the_o word_n for_o the_o flank_n that_o be_v charge_v be_v half_a rank_n of_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v flank_n face_n to_o the_o hand_n name_v plesium_n if_o in_o front_n and_o both_o flank_n the_o front_n be_v to_o stand_v firm_a and_o both_o the_o flank_n to_o face_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o this_o be_v do_v in_o a_o hollow_a square_a or_o plesium_n and_o the_o word_n be_v flank_n face_n one_o to_o the_o right_a the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n if_o on_o all_o side_n or_o round_o about_o it_o be_v as_o before_o for_o the_o flank_n but_o for_o the_o rear_n the_o rear_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n now_o in_o countermarch_v of_o the_o rear_n the_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n be_v oftentimes_o command_v to_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o countermarch_n of_o the_o front_n the_o rank_n of_o bringer_n up_o must_v do_v the_o like_a as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o countermarch_v double_v be_v the_o second_o motion_n use_v in_o battle_n the_o precept_n motion_n of_o it_o in_o this_o in_o aelian_n 18_o double_v your_o depth_n the_o word_n in_o our_o exercise_n for_o this_o motion_n be_v double_v your_o file_n because_o cap._n file_n measure_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o rank_n measure_v the_o length_n this_o double_n be_v make_v many_o way_n the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o even_a file_n that_o be_v the_o 2._o 4._o 6._o 8._o 10._o file_n fall_v into_o the_o odd_a as_o if_o the_o double_n be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o right_a hand_n corner-file_n stand_v firm_a and_o be_v the_o first_o after_o double_v the_o three_o be_v the_o second_o file_n the_o five_o the_o three_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n in_o order_n but_o the_o manner_n be_v that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n fall_v direct_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n behind_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o first_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o two_o file_n the_o same_o order_n be_v for_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n when_o they_o double_v the_o odd_a file_n and_o the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o manner_n be_v when_o half_o the_o body_n of_o file_n convey_v itself_o into_o the_o space_n oâ—_n the_o other_o half_n of_o the_o body_n be_v it_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n according_a to_o direction_n give_v so_o that_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n which_o be_v to_o move_v fall_v into_o the_o space_n next_o after_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n that_o stand_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n that_o move_v and_o the_o word_n be_v half_n the_o body_n double_v your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o be_v when_o file_n be_v double_v by_o a_o countermarch_n as_o if_o the_o second_o file_n of_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o it_o be_v appoint_v countermarch_n and_o the_o leader_n of_o that_o file_n place_n himself_o behind_o the_o bringer_n up_o of_o the_o corner_n file_n to_o that_o hand_n to_o which_o the_o double_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n of_o even_a number_n behind_o those_o of_o odd_a number_n as_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o first_o the_o four_o behind_o the_o three_o the_o six_o behind_o the_o five_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o next_o word_n in_o aelian_n be_v double_a your_o length_n that_o be_v double_v your_o rank_n or_o front_n for_o as_o i_o before_o note_v the_o rank_n make_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n which_o likewise_o be_v many_o way_n do_v the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o rank_n of_o even_a appellation_n as_o the_o 2._o 4._o 6._o 8._o etc._n etc._n fall_v out_o into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a namely_o into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o 1._o 3._o 5._o 7._o etc._n etc._n which_o stand_v before_o they_o and_o place_n themselves_o even_o with_o they_o in_o rank_n the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o way_n be_v when_o the_o bringers-up_a their_o half_a file_n follow_v they_o by_o countermarch_n advance_v up_o to_o the_o front_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o fileleader_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n according_o namely_o the_o nine_o rank_n in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o second_o the_o eight_o in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o three_o the_o seven_o in_o the_o four_o the_o six_o in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o five_o and_o the_o word_n be_v bringer_n up_o double_v your_o front_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o be_v when_o the_o reare-halfe-file_n one_o half_a face_n to_o the_o right_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o divide_v themselves_o march_v out_o till_o they_o be_v pass_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n then_o face_v to_o the_o front_n sleeve_n up_o and_o front_v with_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n then_o the_o word_n be_v rear_n halfe-file_n double_v your_o front_n by_o division_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n another_o way_n be_v when_o the_o reare-halfe-file_n undivided_a face_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o be_v beyond_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o body_n face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o sleeve_n up_o and_o join_v in_o front_n with_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n the_o word_n be_v reare-halfe-file_n enter_v double_a your_o front_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o all_o these_o motion_n of_o double_a rank_n or_o front_n the_o soldier_n be_v to_o return_v after_o
their_o motion_n to_o their_o first_o posture_n which_o be_v do_v by_o face_v about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o then_o by_o move_v and_o by_o recover_v their_o first_o place_n the_o word_n be_v as_o you_o be_v countermarch_v be_v the_o three_o motion_n use_v in_o the_o change_n of_o a_o battle_n the_o use_n and_o necessity_n thereof_o appear_v in_o aelian_a before_o and_o that_o there_o be_v two_o motion_n kind_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n the_o word_n of_o command_n that_o he_o here_o set_v down_o be_v only_o of_o countermarch_n by_o file_n which_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o two_o kind_n viz._n the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o front_n and_o the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o rear_n that_o of_o the_o front_n have_v likewise_o two_o kind_n the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o the_o chorean_a that_o of_o the_o rear_n only_o one_o and_o it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v now_o aelians_n direction_n follow_v 20_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n and_o of_o the_o front_n the_o manner_n be_v that_o the_o fileleader_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o paâ—â—e_v beyond_o the_o rear_n their_o file_n follow_v they_o in_o our_o exercise_n the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o front_n to_o the_o right_n or_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n it_o be_v do_v after_o another_o sort_n also_o as_o when_o the_o bringers-up_a face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a body_n face_v about_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n pass_v through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o the_o nine_o rank_n begin_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n after_o one_o another_o place_n themselves_o every_o paticular_a man_n before_o his_o follower_n in_o the_o same_o file_n till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o word_n be_v bringer_n up_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n beginning_n at_o the_o nine_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a to_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o place_v every_o man_n himself_o before_o his_o follower_n as_o you_o be_v in_o aelian_n follow_v 22_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v we_o in_o our_o exercise_n term_v this_o countermarch_v of_o the_o rear_n and_o it_o be_v do_v in_o two_o manner_n first_o when_o the_o bringer_n up_o begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o their_o file_n follow_v pass_v through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o fileleader_n till_o the_o fileleader_n become_v the_o last_o of_o the_o file_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a body_n face_n about_o and_o stand_v the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o rear_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n face_n about_o to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n and_o stand_v the_o other_o when_o the_o fileleader_n face_n about_o to_o either_o hand_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n begin_v at_o the_o second_o rank_n successive_o pass_v through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o file_n leader_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v place_v themselves_o every_o man_n behind_o his_o next_o leader_n and_o face_v about_o as_o they_o do_v the_o word_n be_v fileleader_n face_n about_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a and_o place_n yourselves_o behind_o your_o next_o leader_n the_o next_o in_o aelian_n be_v 24_o the_o chorean_a countermarch_v this_o countermarch_v be_v of_o the_o front_n as_o i_o say_v but_o it_o keep_v the_o ground_n that_o the_o body_n have_v before_o the_o fileleader_n their_o file_n follow_v they_o remove_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o and_o the_o bringer_n up_o to_o the_o place_n that_o the_o fileleader_n have_v the_o word_n be_v fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o stand_v viz._n when_o they_o come_v to_o the_o bringer_n up_o other_o countermarche_n thereare_v which_o be_v not_o here_o set_v downeby_o aelian_n 28._o but_o be_v remember_v in_o his_o chapter_n of_o countermarche_n of_o which_o the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n of_o the_o whole_a battle_n be_v one_o the_o other_o be_v the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n in_o the_o part_n and_o as_o in_o the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o front_n or_o rear_v the_o rank_n first_o begin_v to_o move_v so_o in_o countermarch_v of_o the_o flank_n the_o file_n entire_a begin_v to_o move_v and_o as_o in_o the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o front_n or_o rear_v the_o rank_n follow_v one_o another_o by_o file_n so_o in_o countermarch_v of_o the_o flank_n the_o file_n follow_v one_o another_o by_o rank_n that_o be_v the_o soldier_n of_o every_o rank_n follow_v one_o another_o if_o you_o will_v countermarch_n the_o right_a flank_n so_o to_o change_v one_o side_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o the_o other_o the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o right_a flank_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n in_o countermarch_v the_o left_a flank_n the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o left_a flank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o countermarch_n the_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n both_o the_o uttermost_a corner-file_n be_v to_o move_v towards_o the_o midst_n their_o half_a rank_n follow_v they_o and_o meet_v in_o the_o midst_n to_o stand_v there_o and_o face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v your_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n observe_v that_o in_o countermarch_v by_o rank_n the_o three_o countermarche_n macedonian_a lacedaemonian_a and_o choraean_a may_v be_v practise_v as_o well_o as_o in_o countermarch_v by_o file_n if_o the_o flank_n near_o to_o the_o enemy_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v this_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n because_o it_o make_v a_o show_n of_o shift_v away_o if_o the_o flank_n further_a from_o the_o enemy_n begin_v it_o be_v the_o lacedaemonian_a in_o that_o it_o carry_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o but_o when_o one_o flank_n countermarch_v till_o it_o come_v just_a up_o to_o the_o other_o and_o no_o further_o it_o be_v the_o choraean_a because_o it_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n wheel_v be_v the_o four_o and_o last_o motion_n and_o it_o be_v use_v in_o the_o whole_a entire_a motion_n battle_n or_o in_o the_o part_n thereof_o aelian_n give_v word_n of_o direction_n for_o the_o whole_a battle_n only_o and_o they_o be_v these_o wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o pike_n or_o to_o the_o target_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o wheel_n to_o the_o pike_n or_o right_a hand_n the_o right_a hand_n corner_n file-leader_n be_v only_o to_o turn_v his_o body_n by_o little_a and_o little_a to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_v even_o with_o the_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n till_o such_o time_n as_o he_o have_v gain_v the_o right_a hand_n aspect_n and_o the_o rest_n be_v to_o move_v about_o he_o make_v he_o the_o center_n as_o it_o be_v of_o their_o circle_a motion_n if_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_v leader_n be_v to_o do_v the_o like_a the_o same_o order_n be_v of_o wheelin_n the_o battle_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n aelian_n as_o i_o â—aiâ—_n give_v here_o no_o other_o word_n of_o command_n then_o for_o the_o wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n yet_o be_v the_o wheeling_n of_o the_o part_n of_o great_a use_n for_o either_o the_o flank_n be_v wheel_v into_o the_o front_n or_o the_o front_n into_o the_o flank_n the_o front_n be_v wheel_v into_o the_o flank_n when_o we_o desire_v to_o form_v the_o antistomus_n phalange_n to_o resist_v the_o enemy_n give_v on_o both_o flank_n and_o then_o the_o two_o middlemost_a bringer_n up_o be_v to_o stand_v and_o the_o middle_a fileleader_n to_o divine_v themselves_o and_o to_o move_v half_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n half_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n make_v those_o two_o bringer_n up_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o motion_n in_o this_o the_o word_n be_v wheel_v the_o front_n into_o flank_n by_o division_n if_o the_o flank_n be_v to_o be_v wheel_v into_o the_o front_n the_o two_o middle_a fileleader_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o and_o the_o two_o half_a body_n to_o move_v about_o they_o one_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a till_o the_o two_o flank_n be_v in_o the_o front_n and_o the_o front_n in_o the_o midst_n this_o kind_n be_v practise_v when_o we_o will_v frame_v the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n the_o word_n be_v wheel_v the_o flank_n into_o the_o front_n it_o be_v to_o be_v remember_v that_o after_o every_o motion_n a_o restitution_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v to_o be_v command_v in_o these_o word_n as_o you_o be_v in_o face_v you_o be_v to_o return_v to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n as_o if_o the_o command_n be_v to_o face_n to_o the_o right_n in_o return_v you_o come_v to_o the_o left_a in_o double_v you_o must_v do_v the_o like_a in_o countermarch_n likewise_o whether_o you_o countermarch_n the_o whole_a body_n or_o the_o parcel_n thereof_o you_o be_v to_o return_v by_o the_o contrary_a hand_n after_o
in_o the_o 24_o chapter_n rehearse_v short_o the_o appellation_n or_o word_n of_o military_a discipline_n he_o place_v these_o form_n after_o induction_n and_o deduction_n i_o take_v it_o therefore_o that_o their_o proper_a place_n be_v after_o the_o 37_o chapter_n the_o rather_o because_o all_o the_o form_n of_o march_n from_o thenceforth_o handle_v be_v either_o square_n of_o the_o one_o kind_n or_o other_o or_o else_o spring_v out_o of_o these_o square_n i_o 1â—_n note_v before_o that_o there_o be_v three_o kind_n of_o square_n one_o that_o have_v a_o long_a front_n than_o flank_n another_o that_o have_v a_o long_a flank_n than_o front_n the_o three_o that_o have_v the_o front_n and_o flank_v equal_a of_o the_o three_o aelian_n speak_v in_o the_o 42_o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o and_o second_o in_o this_o chapter_n of_o these_o two_o therefore_o i_o will_v treat_v in_o order_n and_o first_o i_o will_v handle_v the_o name_n than_o the_o use_v last_o the_o manner_n how_o to_o transform_v one_o into_o another_o the_o first_o be_v call_v 1._o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v often_o interpret_v for_o oblique_a which_o signification_n it_o can_v have_v here_o the_o oblique_a phalange_n be_v in_o this_o chapter_n term_v by_o the_o name_n of_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o yet_o distingnish_v from_o the_o plagiophalanx_n they_o that_o translate_v plagiophalanx_n the_o transuerse_a or_o overthwart_a front_a phalange_n agree_v better_o with_o aelians_n meaning_n because_o it_o meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o a_o front_n transuerse_a and_o draw_v out_o in_o length_n and_o direct_o opposite_a against_o he_o i_o have_v render_v it_o the_o broad_a front_a phalange_n as_o more_o fit_v the_o english_a tongue_n it_o may_v also_o be_v call_v the_o long-fronted_n phalange_n for_o breadth_n i_o have_v remember_v it_o before_o and_o length_n of_o a_o phalange_n be_v all_o one_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d use_v by_o arrian_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o manner_n of_o bear_v of_o a_o pike_n he_o tell_v that_o alexander_n transport_v his_o army_n over_o the_o river_n ister_n to_o invade_v the_o territory_n c._n of_o the_o getes_n and_o have_v thus_o the_o number_n of_o those_o that_o pass_v the_o river_n with_o alexander_n be_v about_o 1500_o horse_n and_o 4000_o foot_n they_o pass_v in_o the_o night_n and_o land_v where_o the_o corn_n be_v high_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o their_o arrival_n be_v not_o descry_v as_o soon_o as_o the_o morning_n appear_v alexander_n lead_v they_o through_o the_o corn_n field_n command_v the_o foot_n that_o bear_v down_o the_o corn_n with_o their_o pike_n hold_v a_o thwart_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d they_o shall_v march_v into_o the_o champaign_n the_o manner_n of_o their_o bear_n of_o pike_n as_o i_o interpret_v it_o be_v this_o they_o take_v the_o pike_n in_o the_o midst_n with_o both_o their_o hand_n and_o so_o bear_v they_o out_o not_o with_o the_o point_n forward_o but_o cross_a and_o parallel_v the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n that_o the_o file_n leader_n with_o one_o joint_a force_n may_v ledge_n and_o bear_v down_o the_o high-growne_a corn_n and_o make_v easy_a passage_n for_o those_o that_o follow_v if_o they_o have_v carry_v they_o out_o slope_v or_o oblique_a which_o be_v the_o other_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n it_o have_v be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o particular_a force_n of_o every_o man_n a_o part_n that_o hold_v his_o pike_n slope_v beside_o that_o they_o will_v have_v be_v entangle_v in_o the_o corn_n whereas_o the_o bear_n of_o they_o across_o parrallell_n with_o the_o front_n be_v the_o joint_a force_n of_o so_o many_o fileleader_n as_o do_v thrust_v forward_o against_o the_o corne._n therefore_o as_o when_o the_o pike_n be_v bear_v in_o full_a length_n across_o 〈◊〉_d the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o posture_n of_o the_o pike_n be_v say_v to_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d so_o be_v a_o phalange_n term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o have_v a_o front_n stretch_v out_o in_o even_a length_n and_o oppose_v against_o the_o even_a front_n of_o the_o adverse_a battle_n of_o the_o enemy_n 2._o the_o length_n manifold_o exceed_v the_o depth_n aelian_n set_v not_o down_o express_o any_o proportion_n of_o the_o excess_n of_o the_o length_n above_o the_o depth_n only_o he_o say_v it_o must_v manifold_o exceed_v the_o depth_n we_o must_v take_v it_o then_o that_o the_o excess_n of_o the_o length_n must_v be_v at_o the_o least_o threefold_a for_o thrice_o fall_v into_o the_o appellation_n of_o manifold_a a_o macedonian_a fourfold_a phalange_n may_v just_o challenge_v phalange_n this_o name_n be_v 1024_o man_n in_o length_n only_o 16_o in_o depth_n and_o likewise_o a_o phalangarch_n lead_v several_o and_o by_o itself_o as_o have_v 256_o man_n in_o length_n but_o 16_o in_o depth_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o fourfold_a phalange_n till_o you_o come_v down_o to_o a_o pentecosiarchy_n albeit_o range_v by_o themselves_o be_v likewise_o plagiophalanges_fw-la or_o broad-fronted_n bastacle_n a_o pentecosiarchy_n have_v only_o twice_o so_o many_o in_o front_n as_o in_o flank_n as_o 32_o in_o front_n 16_o in_o flank_n and_o therefore_o 16._o come_v not_o under_o the_o name_n of_o a_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n so_o that_o let_v the_o battle_n be_v as_o long_o as_o you_o list_v have_v but_o the_o ordinary_a depth_n it_o still_o be_v account_v a_o plagiophalange_n when_o it_o be_v but_o twice_o so_o long_o in_o front_n as_o in_o flank_n it_o can_v deserve_v that_o name_n but_o it_o be_v to_o be_v term_v rather_o a_o square_a of_o ground_n because_o the_o flank_n in_o a_o square_a of_o ground_n take_v up_o as_o much_o ground_n as_o the_o front_n to_o the_o battaile-broad-fronted_n be_v next_o add_v the_o phalange_n call_v 3._o orthiophalange_n or_o hearse_n which_o albeit_o it_o have_v the_o length_n and_o depth_n unequal_a as_o have_v the_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n yet_o must_v the_o depth_n manifold_o exceed_v the_o length_n which_o be_v contrary_a in_o the_o plagiophalange_n this_o say_v aelian_n proceed_v in_o 4._o a_o wing_n to_o proceed_v in_o a_o 9_o wing_n be_v to_o march_v on_o with_o a_o parcel_n or_o one_o body_n of_o the_o army_n namely_o with_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o file_n as_o with_o a_o file_n tetrarchy_n file_n taxis_fw-la or_o file_n syntagna_n and_o to_o follow_v with_o the_o rest_n in_o like_a manner_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a army_n hold_v no_o proportion_n of_o length_n or_o breadth_n to_o the_o depth_n that_o which_o be_v call_v by_o aelian_a orthiophalanx_n be_v call_v by_o 20._o diodorus_n siculus_n and_o by_o c._n arrian_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o deep_a phalange_n because_o the_o form_n of_o it_o arise_v out_o of_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o embattail_v as_o i_o have_v note_v upon_o the_o seven_o chapter_n this_o kind_n of_o march_v the_o greek_a writer_n express_v by_o the_o word_n of_o lead_v a._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o c._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v in_o a_o wing_n whereas_o the_o other_o kind_n with_o a_o large_a front_n i_o mean_v the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v say_v to_o be_v lead_v a._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o f._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o c._n in_o a_o phalange_n and_o b._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 26._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o front_n ibid._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o extension_n of_o breadth_n the_o word_n i_o recite_v to_o help_v they_o who_o although_o they_o be_v skilful_a in_o the_o greek_a tongue_n yet_o be_v not_o so_o well_o acquaint_v with_o the_o tacticke_n and_o may_v easy_o mistake_v or_o not_o understand_v the_o signification_n if_o they_o be_v not_o forewarn_v but_o because_o i_o have_v before_o in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o seven_o chapter_n touch_v this_o matter_n i_o will_v here_o use_v a_o example_n or_o two_o only_o to_o explain_v and_o to_o give_v light_n to_o both_o form_n 14._o arrian_n report_v that_o when_o alexander_n be_v to_o pass_v the_o river_n granicus_n on_o the_o further_a side_n whereof_o the_o persian_n have_v embattle_v themselves_o in_o a_o 〈◊〉_d broad-fronted_n phalange_n to_o hinder_v his_o passage_n parmenio_n one_o of_o his_o elder_a and_o best_a commander_n come_v unto_o he_o and_o give_v he_o this_o counsel_n sir_n say_v he_o consider_v the_o persian_n be_v ready_a to_o encounter_v you_o on_o the_o other_o side_n my_o opinion_n be_v you_o can_v gain_v the_o passage_n without_o exceed_a danger_n both_o because_o your_o phalange_n can_v be_v lead_v 〈◊〉_d in_o front_n that_o be_v in_o a_o broad_a front_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o many_o and_o sundry_a depth_n that_o be_v to_o be_v
march_v on_o and_o that_o the_o rest_n about_o that_o time_n shall_v lay_v hand_n upon_o the_o polemarche_n that_o use_v to_o guard_v the_o gate_n while_o they_o repose_v themselves_o and_o sleep_v and_o that_o this_o do_v the_o achean_o shall_v with_o all_o speed_n hasten_v to_o the_o gate_n out_o of_o their_o ambush_n these_o thing_n conclude_v and_o the_o time_n approach_v aratus_n come_v according_o and_o hide_v himself_o by_o the_o river_n await_v the_o signal_n about_o the_o five_o hour_n one_o of_o the_o city_n a_o owner_n of_o sheep_n that_o bear_v extraordinary_a fine_a wool_n &_o be_v usual_o feed_v about_o the_o city_n come_v out_o of_o the_o city_n gate_n in_o a_o cloak_n desirous_a to_o speak_v with_o the_o shepherd_n about_o some_o private_a business_n of_o his_o own_o and_o stand_v upon_o the_o same_o hill_n look_v round_o about_o for_o the_o shepherd_n aratus_n and_o his_o folk_n imagine_v this_o to_o be_v the_o expect_a signal_n run_v in_o all_o haste_n towards_o the_o city_n but_o because_o nothing_o be_v ready_a within_o the_o gate_n be_v quick_o shut_v and_o not_o only_a aratus_n miss_v of_o his_o purpose_n but_o the_o citizen_n also_o that_o conspire_v with_o he_o fall_v into_o great_a misfortune_n be_v take_v with_o the_o manner_n and_o present_o bring_v forth_o and_o put_v to_o death_n this_o may_v be_v a_o example_n of_o error_n and_o misprision_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o neglect_n and_o likewise_o of_o the_o like_a error_n and_o misprision_n there_o be_v a_o notable_a example_n in_o 156._o caesar_n commentary_n in_o the_o siege_n of_o alexia_n where_o caesar_n have_v win_v the_o enemy_n camp_n lie_v upon_o a_o hill_n near_o the_o town_n sound_v a_o retreat_n to_o his_o army_n that_o be_v in_o fight_n the_o ensign_n of_o the_o ten_o legion_n make_v a_o stand_n but_o the_o soldier_n of_o the_o other_o legion_n not_o hear_v the_o sound_n of_o the_o trumpet_n by_o reason_n of_o a_o valley_n beyond_o which_o they_o be_v be_v yet_o hold_v back_o by_o the_o tribune_n and_o legate_n as_o caesar_n have_v give_v direction_n notwithstanding_o be_v puff_v up_o with_o the_o hope_n of_o a_o speedy_a victory_n and_o with_o the_o fight_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o their_o happy_a battle_n of_o former_a time_n think_v nothing_o so_o hard_a that_o it_o may_v not_o be_v achieve_v by_o their_o valour_n they_o make_v no_o end_n of_o their_o chase_n till_o they_o come_v near_o to_o the_o wall_n and_o gate_n of_o the_o town_n and_o some_o of_o they_o enter_v at_o a_o gate_n othersome_a climb_v up_o the_o wall_n imagine_v they_o have_v get_v possession_n of_o the_o town_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o enemy_n force_n who_o be_v busy_a in_o fortify_v without_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o town_n be_v acquaint_v herewith_o by_o message_n send_v their_o horse_n before_o and_o follow_v after_o themselves_o and_o in_o great_a number_n charge_v the_o roman_n the_o fight_n be_v hard_a the_o enemy_n trust_v to_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o place_n and_o to_o their_o number_n the_o roman_n to_o their_o valour_n when_o on_o the_o sudden_a be_v see_v on_o the_o open_a side_n of_o the_o roman_n the_o heduan_n horse_n who_o serve_v in_o caesar_n army_n and_o be_v by_o he_o send_v on_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o get_v up_o the_o hill_n another_o way_n they_o by_o likeness_n of_o their_o armour_n put_v caesar_n soldier_n in_o a_o great_a fear_n and_o although_o it_o may_v easy_o â—e_v discern_v that_o their_o left_a shoulder_n be_v unarm_v which_o be_v the_o sign_n of_o such_o as_o be_v friend_n yet_o the_o roman_n conceive_v they_o to_o be_v enemy_n and_o to_o use_v that_o device_n only_o to_o overreach_v and_o entrap_v they_o be_v oppress_v on_o all_o hand_n and_o 46_o legion_n centurion_n slay_v they_o be_v beat_v from_o their_o ground_n with_o the_o loss_n of_o few_o less_o than_o 700_o man_n caesar_n soldier_n here_o offend_v in_o both_o kind_n in_o the_o neglect_n of_o their_o general_n command_n which_o he_o give_v by_o sign_n and_o in_o mistake_v the_o sign_n which_o be_v usual_a for_o the_o heduan_o to_o be_v know_v by_o caesar_n judgement_n of_o these_o two_o fault_n appear_v in_o his_o speech_n which_o he_o make_v to_o his_o army_n present_o upon_o the_o loss_n in_o which_o he_o reprehend_v their_o rashness_n in_o that_o they_o will_v needs_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o judge_v how_o far_o they_o be_v to_o proceed_v and_o neither_o be_v hold_v in_o with_o the_o sign_n of_o retreat_n that_o be_v give_v â—or_a yet_o be_v command_v by_o the_o tribune_n and_o legate_n he_o show_v of_o what_o force_n the_o disadvantage_n of_o ground_n be_v and_o what_o his_o opinion_n be_v before_o this_o time_n at_o auaricum_n where_o surprise_v the_o enemy_n without_o a_o general_n and_o horse_n he_o let_v a_o assure_a victory_n slip_v out_o of_o his_o hand_n because_o he_o will_v not_o hazard_v no_o not_o a_o small_a loss_n in_o fight_n upon_o inequality_n of_o ground_n as_o much_o as_o he_o admire_v their_o brave_a mind_n and_o resolution_n who_o neither_o the_o fortification_n of_o the_o enemy_n camp_n nor_o the_o height_n of_o the_o mountain_n nor_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o town_n can_v hold_v back_o so_o much_o he_o reprehend_v their_o presumption_n and_o arrogancy_n in_o that_o about_o the_o victory_n and_o issue_n of_o thing_n they_o prefer_v their_o own_o conceit_n before_o the_o opinion_n of_o their_o general_n for_o his_o part_n he_o require_v aswell_o modesty_n and_o continency_n in_o a_o soldier_n as_o valour_n and_o magnanimity_n so_o caesar_n insinuate_v that_o obedience_n and_o heedfulness_n be_v two_o principal_a virtue_n in_o a_o soldier_n by_o the_o one_o to_o be_v ready_a at_o all_o command_n by_o the_o other_o to_o execute_v with_o discretion_n what_o be_v command_v by_o want_n of_o heedfulness_n they_o perceive_v not_o the_o sign_n of_o retreat_n which_o be_v propose_v unto_o they_o and_o mistake_v the_o mark_n of_o the_o heduan_o who_o they_o esteem_v for_o their_o foe_n by_o want_n of_o obedience_n to_o their_o officer_n they_o incur_v the_o danger_n and_o loss_n which_o they_o sustain_v diligent_a care_n therefore_o be_v to_o be_v have_v of_o sign_n by_o which_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o general_n in_o all_o direction_n be_v declare_v and_o as_o it_o be_v set_v before_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n the_o inventor_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o war_n be_v many_o the_o ensign_n be_v invent_v by_o the_o egyptian_n as_o i_o have_v show_v in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 9_o chap._n of_o this_o book_n where_o also_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o invention_n be_v give_v 7._o the_o order_n of_o a_o army_n the_o give_v of_o the_o sign_n the_o watch_n the_o watchword_n be_v invent_v by_o palamedes_n the_o trumpet_n by_o tirrhenus_n the_o son_n of_o hercules_n to_o give_v sign_n to_o a_o army_n pertain_v as_o i_o have_v show_v to_o he_o that_o be_v the_o governor_n thereof_o that_o be_v to_o the_o general_n the_o manner_n how_o sign_n be_v by_o he_o give_v appear_v in_o 25_o onosander_n i_o will_v recite_v his_o word_n let_v all_o sign_n quoth_v he_o he_o mean_v by_o voice_n and_o 〈◊〉_d by-signe_n be_v deliver_v to_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o army_n in_o asmuch_o as_o for_o a_o general_n to_o go_v up_o and_o down_o and_o proclaim_v the_o sign_n to_o all_o be_v the_o part_n of_o a_o unwise_a and_o unexperienced_a man_n and_o both_o time_n be_v lose_v in_o denounce_v it_o and_o it_o be_v often_o a_o cause_n of_o tumult_n while_o every_o man_n ask_v what_o the_o sign_n be_v beside_o one_o add_v something_o to_o the_o general_n word_n another_o diminishâ—th_v they_o through_o ignorance_n â—â—6_n leo_n have_v almost_o the_o same_o word_n at_o least_o the_o same_o sense_n and_o as_o i_o take_v it_o he_o borrow_v they_o from_o onosander_n 25._o onosander_n add_v it_o behove_v he_o to_o give_v the_o word_n to_o his_o high_a commander_n who_o be_v to_o deliver_v it_o over_o to_o the_o next_o to_o themselves_o and_o they_o to_o their_o next_o inferior_a officer_n till_o it_o come_v to_o the_o last_o for_o so_o shall_v every_o one_o speedy_o decent_o and_o quiet_o know_v what_o be_v command_v and_o this_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o grecian_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o thucydides_n who_o describe_v the_o usage_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n in_o give_v the_o word_n and_o sign_n of_o direction_n have_v thus_o and_o present_o the_o lacedaemonian_n â—_o order_v themselves_o in_o battle_n agis_n the_o king_n command_v as_o their_o law_n be_v for_o when_o the_o king_n lead_v all_o thing_n be_v under_o his_o command_n and_o he_o give_v direction_n to_o the_o polemarche_n they_o to_o the_o lochagij_fw-la who_o deliver_v it_o to_o the_o pentecoster_n and_o they_o to_o the_o enomotarche_n