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access_n to_o the_o place_n a_o kind_n of_o fortification_n against_o the_o enemy_n they_o there_o wait_v his_o come_n fear_v to_o hazard_v upon_o even_a ground_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o renown_n and_o glory_n of_o agesilaus_n agesilaus_n have_v imbattail_v his_o troop_n lead_v they_o against_o the_o boeotian_n and_o approach_v near_o send_v his_o light_n arm_v to_o sound_v their_o disposition_n to_o fight_v which_o be_v easy_o repulse_v by_o the_o theban_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o high_a ground_n he_o advance_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o force_n be_v imbattail_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v give_v great_a terror_n chabrias_n the_o athenian_a will_v his_o soldier_n to_o await_v the_o enemy_n contemptuous_o both_o keep_v their_o first_o array_n and_o their_o target_n at_o their_o knee_n and_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o order_v who_o when_o they_o joint_o as_o upon_o a_o word_n give_v do_v as_o they_o be_v command_v agesilaus_n both_o wonder_v at_o the_o good_a order_n 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antiquity_n be_v repulse_v by_o it_o at_o a_o siege_n force_v to_o retire_v in_o a_o battle_n dare_v not_o come_v near_o it_o after_o they_o have_v gain_v the_o field_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n and_o the_o consul_n aemilius_n a_o man_n that_o have_v see_v much_o service_n and_o fight_v many_o a_o battle_n and_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a general_n of_o that_o time_n confess_v he_o never_o see_v so_o fearful_a a_o sight_n as_o when_o he_o behold_v the_o phalange_n advance_v into_o the_o field_n the_o body_n join_v the_o target_n ser_v and_o lock_v together_o dart_v out_o fire_n like_o lightning_n the_o front_n rough_a with_o couch_v and_o charge_v pike_n and_o arm_v with_o iron_n and_o threaten_v present_a death_n to_o he_o that_o dare_v approach_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n we_o may_v not_o take_v it_o as_o though_o the_o soldier_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n have_v two_o cubit_n or_o three_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o we_o learn_v before_o that_o in_o 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thick_a lie_v the_o missive_a weapon_n which_o fly_v over_o the_o front_n will_v otherwise_o fall_v upon_o their_o head_n that_o be_v place_v towards_o the_o rear_n polybius_n say_v the_o manner_n be_v neither_o to_o charge_v nor_o order_v their_o pike_n but_o to_o bear_v they_o forward_o stop_v towards_o the_o shoulder_n of_o their_o companion_n before_o yet_o by_o bearin_fw-mi they_o so_o what_o security_n they_o can_v â—ue_v from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n that_o come_v aloft_o i_o can_v yet_o conceive_v a_o arrow_n dart_n or_o stone_n unless_o it_o hit_v just_a on_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o pike_n will_v do_v as_o much_o and_o sometime_o more_o harm_n by_o glance_v then_o if_o it_o have_v not_o touch_v they_o at_o all_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o the_o opinion_n of_o they_o who_o aelian_n here_o speak_v of_o have_v little_a reason_n to_o ground_n upon_o for_o either_o the_o pike_n of_o thâ—m_n that_o come_v in_o the_o five_o rank_n behind_o especial_o the_o two_o last_o must_v exceed_v in_o length_n or_o else_o the_o fileleaderâ—_n pike_n in_o shortness_n both_o which_o be_v â—like_o unprofitable_a if_o they_o be_v too_o long_o they_o can_v be_v wield_v if_o these_o too_o short_a the_o enemy_n shall_v reach_v the_o fileleader_n and_o not_o the_o fileleader_n the_o enemy_n the_o measure_n of_o the_o long_a pike_n be_v 16_o cubit_n which_o yet_o for_o aptness_n and_o use_n be_v by_o the_o macedonian_n reduce_v to_o 14._o say_v then_o the_o sixteen_o rank_n carry_v pike_n of_o 16_o cubit_n two_o of_o the_o cubit_n according_a to_o aelian_n be_v take_v away_o in_o handle_v other_o ten_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o five_o former_a rank_n four_o cubit_n alone_o remain_v and_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n if_o the_o file_n leader_n in_o the_o front_n shorten_v his_o pike_n to_o four_o cubit_n to_o make_v a_o even_a extension_n he_o shall_v not_o come_v near_o the_o enemy_n by_o ten_o cubit_n who_o in_o push_v will_v reach_v home_o to_o he_o for_o what_o length_n soever_o be_v take_v from_o the_o file-leader_n in_o front_n the_o same_o be_v give_v to_o the_o enemy_n that_o push_v with_o he_o and_o he_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o wound_v the_o file-leader_n and_o not_o the_o file-leader_n he_o especial_o the_o pike_n differ_v in_o so_o great_a a_o proportion_n 6_o the_o superordinarie_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n i_o have_v before_o note_v the_o duty_n of_o a_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o syntagma_n and_o it_o be_v here_o well_o express_v by_o aelian_n he_o that_o desire_v to_o see_v more_o touch_v the_o same_o let_v he_o resort_v to_o xenophons_n cyropaedia_fw-la lib._n 3._o 28._o and_o lib._n 7._o 178._o b._n and_o to_o leo_n cap._n 14._o §_o 79._o the_o place_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o number_n of_o every_o file_n chap._n xv._n thus_o much_o of_o order_v and_o marshal_v the_o armed-foote_n i_o will_v add_v a_o word_n or_o two_o of_o the_o lightarmed_n or_o naked_a 1_o the_o general_n be_v to_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n so_o that_o they_o be_v ready_a for_o all_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n sometime_o in_o front_n sometime_o in_o flank_n sometime_o in_o the_o rear_n according_a to_o occasion_n or_o necessity_n for_o our_o purpose_n let_v they_o be_v thus_o order_v we_o will_v frame_v also_o of_o they_o 1024_o file_n as_o many_o as_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o arm_a contain_v so_o that_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v place_v direct_o behind_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o the_o second_o file_n behind_o the_o second_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n 2_o yet_o shall_v they_o not_o be_v sixteen_o to_o the_o file_n but_o half_o so_o many_o namely_o eight_o
body_n a_o epitherarchy_n of_o eight_o 4_o ilarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o ilarchy_n of_o 16_o 5_o elephantarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o elephantarchy_n of_o 32_o 6_o keratarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o keratarchy_n that_o which_o consist_v of_o 64_o we_o call_v 7_o a_o phalange_n of_o elephant_n as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v name_v the_o commander_n of_o both_o the_o wing_n phalangarcha_n note_n the_o use_n of_o elephant_n be_v great_a among_o the_o people_n of_o asia_n and_o africa_n those_o of_o europe_n esteem_v they_o not_o much_o and_o yet_o we_o find_v that_o they_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o field_n by_o the_o roman_n also_o who_o first_o see_v elephant_n in_o italy_n in_o the_o war_n they_o have_v against_o king_n pyrrhus_n â—_o the_o indian_a elephant_n be_v prefer_v before_o the_o african_a for_o greatness_n d._n of_o body_n strength_n and_o courage_n many_o thing_n be_v write_v concern_v the_o service_n of_o elephant_n but_o because_o aelian_n touch_v no_o more_o than_o the_o name_n of_o the_o body_n and_o the_o degree_n of_o commander_n i_o will_v only_o note_v such_o thing_n as_o i_o find_v concern_v they_o in_o history_n their_o kind_n of_o armour_n and_o furniture_n i_o have_v take_v out_o of_o livy_n and_o express_v they_o as_o near_o as_o i_o can_v in_o figure_n for_o their_o power_n strength_n and_o manner_n of_o fight_n see_v diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 609._o &_o lib._n 19_o 717._o polyb._n lib._n 1._o â—5_n d._n &_o lib_n 5._o 425._o c._n their_o place_n in_o battle_n diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 685._o arrian_n lib._n 5._o 111._o liu._n decad_a 4._o lib._n 7._o 141._o b._n appian_n in_o syriac_n 107._o polyb._n l._n 1._o 34._o d._n the_o distance_n one_o from_o a_o other_o arrian_n lib._n 5._o 111._o light_o arm_v in_o the_o distance_n betwixt_o elephant_n and_o elephant_n diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 609._o &_o lib._n 18._o 665._o &_o lib_n 19_o 685._o &_o 716._o plurarch_n in_o pyrrho_n remedy_n against_o elephant_n diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 18._o 665._o &_o lib._n 19_o 717._o polyb._n l._n 1._o 42._o a._n hirt._n de_fw-fr bell_n african_n 416._o liu._n decad_a 3._o lib._n 7._o 194._o c._n i_o have_v note_v before_o the_o improprietie_n of_o name_n give_v to_o military_a body_n as_o well_o in_o the_o arm_a and_o the_o light_a arm_a foot_n as_o in_o horse_n troop_n and_o in_o chariot_n that_o defect_n be_v no_o less_o in_o elephant_n the_o commander_n and_o command_n of_o they_o have_v name_n which_o be_v at_o first_o large_a and_o improper_a enough_o but_o afterward_o make_v good_a by_o use_n and_o receive_v by_o the_o tactic_n as_o significant_a to_o express_v the_o thing_n for_o which_o they_o be_v invent_v the_o first_o be_v give_v to_o he_o that_o be_v to_o command_v one_o elephant_n who_o be_v call_v 1_o zoarchos_n the_o commander_n of_o a_o live_a creature_n that_o be_v of_o one_o elephant_n the_o next_o be_v 2_o therarchos_n a_o commander_n of_o beast_n which_o name_n be_v appropriate_v to_o he_o that_o command_v two_o elephant_n and_o the_o body_n itself_o be_v name_v a_o therarchie_n 3_o a_o epitherarcha_n have_v the_o authority_n over_o the_o therarchie_n and_o the_o body_n be_v call_v a_o epitherarchie_n comprise_v four_o elephant_n 4_o a_o ilarch_n as_o it_o be_v the_o commander_n of_o a_o troop_n and_o the_o body_n be_v call_v a_o ilarchie_n i_o will_v be_v common_o apply_v to_o horse_n and_o signify_v a_o horse_n troop_n and_o ilarcha_n the_o captain_n but_o here_o ilarcha_n signify_v the_o commander_n of_o 8_o elephant_n 5_o a_o elephantarch_n a_o commander_n of_o elephant_n as_o though_o the_o other_o body_n before_o mention_v be_v not_o of_o elephant_n such_o straits_n be_v man_n often_o time_n drive_v unto_o in_o devise_v new_a name_n for_o new_a thing_n which_o notwithstanding_o pass_v afterward_o and_o grow_v familiar_a by_o use_n elephantarcha_n command_v 16_o elephant_n and_o the_o command_n be_v call_v a_o elephantarchie_n 6_o a_o keratarch_n the_o commander_n of_o a_o wing_n the_o body_n a_o keratarchie_n have_v in_o it_o 32_o elephant_n a_o wing_n of_o chariot_n have_v as_o many_o 7_o a_o phalange_n this_n be_v the_o great_a body_n and_o consist_v of_o 64_o elephant_n but_o as_o chariot_n may_v be_v order_v into_o many_o phalanges_fw-la and_o yet_o the_o same_o name_n retain_v in_o every_o one_o of_o the_o phalanges_fw-la so_o it_o be_v in_o elephant_n for_o that_o army_n have_v have_v in_o they_o at_o once_o above_o 64_o elephant_n appear_v by_o history_n polybius_n and_o diodor_n sicul_n testify_v b._n the_o first_o that_o the_o carthaginian_n 17._o the_o last_o that_o king_n porus_n against_o alexander_n have_v the_o one_o 140_o the_o other_o 130_o elephant_n in_o their_o army_n 421._o the_o same_o polybius_n say_v that_o ptolomey_n have_v against_o antiochus_n 73_o elephant_n in_o his_o army_n and_o antiochus_n 102._o and_o alexand._n plutarch_n report_v that_o androcottus_n king_n of_o a_o part_n of_o india_n give_v to_o seleucus_n at_o on_o time_n 500_o elephant_n the_o name_n of_o military_a motion_n express_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n xxiv_o thus_o have_v we_o set_v down_o in_o particular_a the_o kind_n of_o perfect_a force_n together_o with_o the_o several_a name_n of_o every_o body_n which_o be_v premise_v it_o seem_v cap_n 25_o 〈…〉_z face_n turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n câ—â—s_n or_o one_o turn_v of_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n the_o first_o stand_v the_o front_n fit_a to_o deliver_v the_o word_n of_o exercise_n that_o when_o the_o commander_n shall_v will_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v the_o soldier_n in_o daily_a experience_n acquaint_v before_o with_o the_o signification_n of_o every_o of_o they_o and_o with_o the_o move_n in_o each_o figure_n may_v easy_o perform_v and_o execute_v whatsoever_o be_v command_v there_o be_v a_o motion_n call_v clisis_fw-la whereof_o one_o kind_n be_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n another_o be_v call_v metabole_n another_o epistrophe_n another_o anastrophe_n another_o perispasmus_n another_o ecperispasmus_n beside_o we_o say_v to_o file_v to_o rank_n to_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n to_o countermarch_n to_o double_a likewise_o we_o use_v the_o word_n induction_n and_o deduction_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n a_o broad-phalange_a a_o deepephalange_n and_o uneven-fronted_n phalange_n and_o parembole_n and_o protaxis_fw-la and_o entaxis_fw-la and_o hypotaxis_fw-la and_o epitaxis_fw-la and_o prostaxis_fw-la the_o signification_n of_o which_o word_n i_o will_v short_o deliver_v and_o yet_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a that_o the_o precept_n of_o war_n be_v not_o by_o all_o tactic_n express_v in_o the_o same_o term_n note_n aelian_n in_o the_o chapter_n precedent_n have_v number_v up_o all_o kind_n of_o force_n as_o well_o foot_n as_o horse_n and_o chariot_n and_o elephant_n that_o in_o ancient_a time_n be_v account_v necessary_a for_o war_n and_o have_v give_v they_o their_o armour_n and_o furniture_n and_o distinguish_v they_o into_o military_a body_n and_o imbattail_v they_o and_o teach_v the_o distance_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o hold_v in_o fight_n it_o follow_v now_o that_o he_o speak_v of_o motion_n military_a which_o be_v the_o life_n of_o a_o army_n and_o only_o give_v mean_n of_o victory_n and_o without_o which_o all_o preparation_n of_o force_n be_v vain_a and_o avail_v nothing_o in_o the_o field_n nor_o to_o the_o end_n for_o which_o they_o be_v levy_v this_o chapter_n than_o contain_v the_o name_n of_o those_o motion_n the_o follow_a chapter_n the_o particular_a explication_n of_o they_o to_o which_o we_o will_v note_v what_o we_o find_v in_o ancient_a writer_n for_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n i_o refer_v they_o to_o the_o several_a chapter_n where_o they_o be_v expound_v of_o turn_v and_o double_a turn_v the_o soldier_n face_n as_o they_o stand_v embattle_v chap._n xxv_o 1_o clisis_fw-la or_o turn_n of_o the_o face_n be_v the_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o soldier_n decline_v his_o face_n either_o to_o his_o pike_n that_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o to_o his_o target_n that_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o flank_n 2_o to_o encompass_v our_o wing_n or_o else_o to_o charge_v we_o or_o for_o some_o other_o cause_n whereof_o i_o will_v speak_v in_o convenient_a place_n 3_o two_o turn_n of_o the_o face_n towards_o the_o same_o side_n transfer_v the_o sight_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o this_o kind_n of_o motion_n be_v call_v metabole_n be_v also_o use_v either_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o to_o the_o target_n in_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o move_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n towards_o the_o pike_n be_v call_v clisis_fw-la the_o second_o move_v the_o same_o way_n
defence_n of_o their_o country_n and_o only_o two_o narrow_a way_n betwixt_o he_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o hollow_a plinthium_fw-la or_o square_a and_o lead_v it_o against_o the_o left_a hand_n passage_n whither_o all_o the_o theban_n flock_v for_o defence_n but_o he_o turn_v about_o face_n from_o the_o rear_n haste_v away_o and_o gain_v the_o other_o passage_n where_o no_o man_n be_v present_a to_o resist_v and_o enter_v spoil_v the_o country_n and_o return_v without_o impeachment_n 4_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n before_o be_v rehearse_v two_o kind_n of_o turn_n of_o face_n about_o one_o to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n here_o be_v add_v two_o more_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o other_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v all_o one_o indeed_o and_o differ_v only_o in_o name_n what_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o these_o turn_n shall_v be_v i_o be_o in_o doubt_n aelian_n expound_v they_o one_o way_n suidas_n a_o other_o aelian_n esteem_v they_o by_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v hand_n suidas_n albeit_o he_o have_v that_o signification_n also_o esteem_v they_o by_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v therefore_o suidas_n define_v the_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n to_o be_v a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o rear_n that_o against_o the_o enemy_n a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o front_n aelian_n will_v have_v the_o first_o to_o contain_v two_o turn_n towards_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o second_o two_o turn_n towards_o the_o left_a i_o for_o my_o part_n assent_v rather_o to_o aelian_n for_o touch_v the_o turn_n of_o suidas_n i_o can_v yet_o understand_v why_o turn_v towards_o the_o rear_n shall_v be_v a_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n or_o towards_o the_o front_n a_o turn_n to_o the_o enemy_n consider_v that_o whether_o soever_o you_o turn_v face_n the_o enemy_n be_v imagine_v to_o be_v there_o face_n and_o weapon_n be_v to_o be_v oppose_v always_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v the_o only_a end_n of_o turn_v aelians_n opinion_n seem_v to_o have_v more_o probability_n in_o it_o at_o least_o if_o i_o conceive_v the_o right_a reason_n for_o i_o take_v it_o thus_o that_o see_v the_o grecian_n as_o the_o roman_n likewise_o be_v targeteer_n and_o carry_v their_o target_n on_o their_o left_a side_n and_o in_o fight_n advance_v that_o side_n always_o near_o the_o enemy_n which_o they_o seek_v to_o cover_v with_o their_o target_n that_o therefore_o the_o turn_n about_o to_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v turn_v to_o the_o target_n as_o contrary_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a side_n on_o which_o side_n the_o pike_n be_v carry_v and_o which_o be_v naked_a of_o such_o defensive_a arm_n be_v call_v apeâ—un_fw-la the_o open_a side_n and_o therefore_o further_o remove_v from_o the_o enemy_n may_v for_o the_o same_o cause_n be_v term_v turn_v from_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o i_o take_v turn_v about_o to_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n to_o be_v all_o one_o as_o also_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o pike_n howsoever_o the_o name_n differ_v this_o be_v my_o conjecture_n which_o i_o shall_v imagine_v to_o be_v true_a till_o i_o find_v some_o man_n that_o will_v be_v please_v to_o give_v i_o a_o more_o probable_a reason_n i_o only_o add_v now_o the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o this_o motion_n as_o you_o be_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o figure_n show_v the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble-wheeling_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvi_o 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v so_o close_v that_o no_o man_n can_v turn_v or_o twice_o turn_v his_o face_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n of_o man_n to_o man_n it_o whole_o and_o joint_o wheel_v as_o a_o ship_n or_o some_o other_o body_n carry_v about_o the_o order_n thereof_o remain_v undissolue_v when_o the_o wheel_a be_v to_o the_o pike_n we_o warn_v the_o right-corner-file-leader_n to_o stand_v still_o as_o it_o be_v the_o hook_n of_o a_o door_n hinge_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o battle_n proceed_v forward_o to_o turn_v about_o the_o same_o file-leader_n like_o the_o door_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v wheel_v to_o the_o target_n it_o may_v be_v thus_o define_v epistrophe_n be_v when_o shut_v the_o battle_n by_o gather_v close_o the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n we_o turn_v it_o whole_o as_o the_o body_n of_o a_o man_n towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n it_o be_v carry_v about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n as_o about_o a_o centre_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o front_n transfer_v the_o countenance_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n every_o one_o remain_v in_o file_n and_o rank_n as_o before_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v i_o will_v show_v hereafter_o anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v the_o restore_n of_o the_o wheel_a to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o battle_n first_o stand_v close_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o wheel_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o two_o wheeling_n so_o that_o thereby_o the_o front_n come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rear_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o three_o wheeling_n so_o as_o when_o it_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o front_n come_v about_o to_o the_o left_a flank_n when_o to_o the_o target_n it_o come_v about_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n this_o chapter_n have_v a_o diverse_a kind_n of_o turn_v from_o the_o other_o mention_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n which_o for_o distinction_n sake_n be_v call_v epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v the_o other_o turn_v no_o more_o than_o the_o soldier_n face_n every_o man_n yet_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n be_v have_v before_o this_o wheel_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o as_o there_o be_v in_o the_o turn_n of_o face_n a_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v clesis_n and_o a_o other_o turn_v about_o call_v metabole_n so_o be_v there_o in_o this_o a_o general_a wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v epistrophe_n and_o a_o other_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o rear_v call_v perispasmos_n but_o let_v we_o hear_v the_o description_n 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n shortly_n epistrophe_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o first_o turn_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o do_v whereof_o first_o the_o file_n must_v be_v close_v to_o the_o hand_n you_o mean_v to_o wheel_n than_o the_o rank_n then_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n on_o the_o same_o hand_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n keep_v their_o file_n and_o rank_n close_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o same_o hand_n joint_o about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n circlewise_a who_o be_v to_o move_v by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o he_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n to_o that_o side_n which_o be_v intend_v and_o when_o the_o first_o rank_n be_v even_o with_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n wheel_v enough_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n they_o be_v to_o stand_v still_o the_o word_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v plain_a enough_o in_o aelian_a i_o need_v use_v no_o exposition_n now_o because_o in_o exercise_n we_o rely_v not_o upon_o one_o form_n of_o motion_n alone_o but_o acquaint_v our_o soldier_n with_o all_o the_o kind_n it_o be_v necessary_a to_o bring_v the_o body_n again_o to_o the_o first_o place_n to_o the_o end_n we_o may_v proceed_v in_o the_o rest_n this_o reduce_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v call_v anastrophe_n by_o which_o the_o battle_n return_v but_o by_o a_o contrary_a hand_n to_o that_o to_o which_o the_o epistrophe_n be_v make_v and_o but_o for_o change_v the_o hand_n the_o wheel_a back_n again_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o wheel_a forward_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o how_o it_o be_v do_v to_o bring_v the_o battle_n to_o have_v the_o front_n where_o the_o rear_n be_v you_o must_v use_v a_o double_a wheel_a and_o that_o be_v call_v perispasmos_n which_o come_v of_o two_o epistrophe_n and_o be_v make_v either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n only_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o if_o the_o perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o anastrophe_n or_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n must_v be_v to_o the_o left_a contrary_a it_o be_v if_o the_o perispasmos_n be_v to_o
threefold_a gate_n or_o door_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxxii_o it_o follow_v to_o show_v how_o a_o battle_n may_v be_v turn_v or_o wheel_v and_o how_o after_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o station_n cap._n 30._o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o brode-fronted_n phalange_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o hearse_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_v the_o front_n lâ—â—halanx_n or_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n cap._n 31._o hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a entaxis_fw-la or_o insertion_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_a cap._n 32._o the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v the_o first_o posture_n close_v of_o file_n close_v of_o rank_n forward_o the_o front_n but_o in_o case_n we_o desire_v to_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n we_o command_v the_o left-hand-file_n to_o stand_v still_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o move_v forward_o close_o up_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v then_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o hinder_a rank_n then_o to_o wheel_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o stand_v and_o so_o be_v it_o do_v that_o be_v command_v but_o if_o restitution_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v needful_a we_o must_v do_v as_o we_o do_v in_o return_v from_o the_o right_n for_o every_o man_n must_v turn_v about_o his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n then_o the_o whole_a battle_n wheel_v about_o the_o left-hand-corner-file-leader_n must_v return_v to_o the_o place_n it_o have_v then_o all_o the_o fileleader_n stand_v firm_a and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n open_v their_o rank_n in_o move_v forward_o and_o make_v alte_fw-la then_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n be_v to_o stand_v firm_a for_o it_o have_v the_o place_n it_o first_o have_v and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o open_v their_o file_n and_o move_v forward_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o and_o so_o shall_v every_o man_n be_v in_o his_o first_o posture_n now_o if_o we_o will_v wheel_v the_o battle_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n we_o be_v to_o make_v 2_o wheeling_n to_o the_o same_o side_n so_o will_v it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o fileleader_n shall_v in_o the_o change_n have_v their_o face_n turn_v to_o the_o rear_n where_o before_o they_o have_v they_o look_v out_o from_o the_o front_n but_o in_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v it_o to_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n that_o be_v we_o give_v it_o two_o wheeling_n more_o the_o same_o way_n so_o the_o fileleader_n will_v have_v their_o face_n set_v as_o at_o first_o then_o we_o command_v the_o fileleader_n to_o stand_v firm_a and_o the_o rest_n to_o open_v their_o rank_n behind_o then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n about_o then_o the_o right_a hand_n file_v to_o stand_v still_o for_o it_o have_v the_o right_a place_n and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o march_v on_o till_o the_o former_a distance_n be_v regain_v then_o to_o make_v alte._n so_o be_v the_o battle_n reduce_v to_o the_o first_o station_n if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o battle_n turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n you_o be_v to_o give_v contrary_a direction_n that_o be_v in_o stead_n of_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n to_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n then_o by_o make_v two_o turn_n the_o contrary_a way_n to_o use_v the_o like_a change_n we_o speak_v of_o before_o there_o be_v likewise_o a_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n when_o it_o turn_v thrice_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n namely_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n the_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n transfer_v the_o soldier_n face_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o back_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n bring_v his_o face_n to_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n contrariwise_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n before_o in_o the_o 26_o chapter_n aelian_n discourse_v of_o wheel_a and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v be_v reserve_v for_o this_o place_n i_o need_v not_o therefore_o remember_v any_o thing_n else_o beside_o the_o word_n of_o command_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o epistrophe_n the_o uttermost_a file_n on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o side_n purpose_v and_o march_v up_o to_o the_o file_n stand_v firm_a face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o rank_n forward_o wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o when_o you_o have_v your_o ground_n stand_v return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n wheel_n back_o the_o body_n to_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n open_a to_o their_o first_o place_n face_n about_o to_o which_o hand_n you_o will_v the_o corner_n file_n to_o which_o the_o turn_n be_v stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n open_a to_o their_o first_o ground_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o wheel_v about_o the_o same_o word_n to_o close_v the_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v use_v which_o be_v use_v in_o epistrophe_n there_o remain_v no_o more_o then_o to_o say_v wheel_n about_o your_o body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n return_v to_o your_o first_o posture_n the_o same_o form_n be_v use_v that_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o former_a return_v unto_o the_o first_o posture_n for_o open_v rank_n and_o file_n ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a in_o this_o motion_n the_o same_o course_n be_v hold_v that_o be_v in_o the_o wheel_a but_o only_o that_o you_o command_v a_o treble_a wheel_a and_o the_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n be_v all_o one_o but_o for_o the_o same_o difference_n of_o close_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n xxxiii_o cap_n â—â—_o of_o change_v the_o front_n after_o close_v close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n in_o action_n close_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o middle_a close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n before_o close_v the_o front_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d before_o close_v if_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v close_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n must_v turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o target_n and_o the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n their_o face_n towards_o the_o pike_n then_o move_v forward_o towards_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n then_o after_o their_o true_a distance_n gain_v to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v and_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o rank_n behind_o when_o we_o will_v reduce_v the_o phalange_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v to_o turn_v face_n about_o then_o to_o open_v the_o rank_n and_o all_o to_o move_v on_o but_o the_o first_o rank_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n again_o and_o the_o right_a diphalange_n turn_v to_o the_o pike_n and_o the_o left_a diphalange_n to_o the_o target_n to_o follow_v their_o leader_n till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v this_o rule_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o all_o turn_n about_o of_o face_n when_o they_o be_v make_v out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v advance_v lest_o they_o hinder_v the_o soldier_n in_o make_v his_o turn_n the_o lightarmed_n be_v to_o be_v teach_v and_o exercise_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n note_n in_o the_o 11_o chapter_n the_o distance_n that_o aught_o to_o be_v betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n be_v particular_o treat_v of_o this_o chapter_n show_v how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v gain_v that_o be_v how_o we_o be_v to_o proceed_v out_o of_o one_o distance_n into_o another_o and_o because_o the_o open_a order_n be_v it_o that_o be_v common_o begin_v withal_o it_o be_v here_o teach_v how_o from_o thence_o to_o pass_v to_o the_o rest_n and_o to_o return_v to_o it_o again_o the_o end_n of_o closing_n be_v speak_v of_o before_o in_o regard_n of_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n one_o to_o the_o wing_n right_a or_o left_a the_o other_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n i_o can_v express_v the_o manner_n better_o then_o by_o set_v down_o the_o word_n of_o command_n or_o direction_n which_o be_v these_o in_o close_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v according_a to_o
the_o distance_n require_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v behind_o to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n and_o proceed_v to_o your_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n close_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n it_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o other_o but_o that_o the_o move_a be_v to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o right-wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n each_o move_v up_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o stand_v at_o the_o distance_n name_v face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o the_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n the_o first_o rank_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v the_o rank_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o file_n next_o the_o middle_a section_n stand_v fast_o and_o the_o right_a wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v on_o till_o the_o first_o distance_n recover_v face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v the_o pike_n we_o may_v not_o forget_v aelians_n general_a rule_n for_o turn_v of_o face_n out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o advance_v for_o when_o you_o come_v up_o to_o the_o closeness_n require_v the_o pike_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n will_v hardly_o admit_v turn_v of_o the_o face_n the_o like_a fall_v out_o when_o you_o will_v open_v from_o the_o close_v the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n xxxiv_o these_o precept_n of_o turn_v about_o of_o face_n of_o wheel_v and_o double_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o of_o reduce_v it_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o sudden_a approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n whether_o he_o show_v himself_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o in_o front_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o our_o march_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o countermarche_n of_o which_o the_o macedonian_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o for_o this_o cause_n either_o to_o have_v name_n according_o the_o history_n witness_v that_o philip_n who_o much_o enlarge_v the_o macedonian_a kingdom_n and_o overcome_v the_o grecian_n in_o battle_n at_o cheronea_n and_o make_v himself_o general_n of_o greece_n and_o likewise_o his_o son_n alexander_n that_o in_o short_a time_n conquer_v all_o asia_n make_v small_a account_n of_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n unless_o necessity_n force_v it_o and_o that_o they_o both_o by_o the_o use_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a become_v victorious_a over_o their_o enemy_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n the_o enemy_n fall_v upon_o the_o rear_n be_v cause_n of_o great_a confusion_n in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o hindermost_a dismarch_v towards_o the_o front_n and_o make_v a_o show_n of_o run_v away_o it_o more_o encourage_v and_o embolden_v the_o enemy_n to_o follow_v for_o fear_v and_o pursuit_n of_o the_o enemy_n ordinary_o deny_v that_o kind_n of_o countermarch_n but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v of_o contrary_a effect_n for_o when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o leader_n with_o their_o follower_n brave_o advance_v and_o oppose_v themselves_o it_o strike_v no_o small_a fear_n and_o terror_n into_o their_o mind_n cap._n 30_o the_o fileleader_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n a_o right_a induction_n the_o front_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la or_o hollow_a front_a wedge_n the_o front_n the_o right_a induction_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o left_a wing_n the_o right_a wing_n the_o front_n the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o coelmebolos_fw-la the_o forbear_n phalange_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o soverall_a kind_n chap._n xxxv_o we_o be_v to_o acquaint_v our_o force_n both_o foot_n and_o horse_n partly_o with_o the_o voice_n and_o partly_o with_o visible_a sign_n that_o whatsoever_o be_v fit_v be_v execute_v and_o do_v as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v some_o thing_n also_o be_v to_o be_v denounce_v by_o the_o trumpet_n for_o so_o all_o direction_n will_v be_v full_o accomplish_v and_o sort_n to_o a_o desire_a effect_n the_o sign_n therefore_o which_o be_v deliver_v by_o voice_n be_v most_o evident_a and_o clear_a if_o they_o have_v no_o impediment_n but_o the_o most_o certain_a and_o least_o tumultuous_a be_v such_o as_o be_v present_v to_o the_o eye_n if_o they_o be_v not_o obscure_v the_o voice_n sometime_o can_v hardly_o be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o clash_n of_o armour_n or_o trample_v and_o neigh_v of_o horse_n or_o tumult_n of_o carriage_n or_o noise_n and_o confuse_a sound_n of_o the_o multitude_n the_o visible_a sign_n also_o become_v many_o way_n incertain_a by_o thickness_n of_o air_n and_o dust_n or_o rain_n or_o snow_n or_o sunshine_n or_o else_o through_o ground_n that_o be_v uneven_a or_o full_a of_o tree_n or_o of_o turn_n and_o sometime_o it_o will_v not_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v out_o sign_n for_o all_o use_n occasion_n eftsoon_o present_v new_a matter_n to_o the_o which_o a_o man_n be_v not_o accustom_v yet_o can_v it_o not_o fall_v out_o that_o either_o by_o voice_n or_o by_o signal_n we_o shall_v not_o give_v certain_a and_o sure_a direction_n of_o march_v and_o of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n and_o first_o of_o the_o right-induction_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la and_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xxxvi_o be_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o march_v i_o will_v first_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o some_o kind_n of_o march_n be_v a_o right-induction_n other_o some_o a_o deduction_n on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o that_o in_o a_o single_a or_o double_a or_o treble_a or_o quadruple-sided-battaile_n in_o a_o single_a when_o one_o enemy_n be_v fear_v in_o a_o double_a when_o two_o in_o a_o treble_a when_o three_o in_o a_o quadruple_a when_o the_o enemy_n purpose_v to_o give_v on_o on_o all_o side_n therefore_o the_o march_n be_v undertake_v sometime_o in_o a_o single_a phalange_n sometime_o in_o a_o twofold_a phalange_n or_o else_o in_o a_o threefold_a phalange_n or_o in_o a_o fourfold_a phalange_n a_o right-induction_n be_v when_o one_o body_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n follow_v another_o as_o if_o a_o xenagy_a lead_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v xenage-wise_a or_o a_o tetrarchy_n lead_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v according_a to_o that_o form_n it_o be_v so_o call_v when_o the_o march_n stretch_v itself_o out_o into_o a_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o wedge_n coelembolos_fw-la which_o be_v frame_v when_o the_o antistomos_n phalange_n diphalange_n disjoin_v the_o leading-wing_n close_v the_o rear_n in_o manner_n of_o the_o letter_n v_o as_o the_o figure_n after_o place_v do_v teach_v in_o which_o the_o front_n be_v dissever_v &_o the_o rear_v join_v and_o knit_v together_o for_o the_o right-induction_n point_v at_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n battle_n the_o coelembolos_fw-la quick_o open_v before_o serve_v both_o to_o frustrate_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o front_n and_o to_o clasp_v in_o and_o circumvent_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o right-induction_n furthermore_o a_o phalange_n triphalange_n be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la one_o phalange_n fight_v against_o one_o wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o second_o against_o the_o other_o and_o the_o middle_n and_o three_o forbear_v and_o expect_v a_o time_n fit_a to_o charge_v of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n xxxvii_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n be_v when_o the_o phalange_n proceed_v in_o a_o wing_n not_o by_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n have_v the_o commander_n or_o fileleader_n either_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o right-hand-deduction_n or_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o left-hand_a deduction_n for_o the_o phalange_n march_v in_o a_o double_a treble_a or_o quadruple-side_n accornd_v to_o the_o place_n and_o part_n it_o be_v suspect_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v on_o and_o both_o the_o paragogy_n begin_v the_o fight_n in_o flank_n do_v make_v the_o length_n double_a to_o the_o depth_n this_o form_n of_o fight_n be_v devise_v to_o teach_v a_o soldier_n to_o receive_v heedful_o the_o charge_n of_o
and_o serve_v for_o the_o pike_n only_a for_o the_o musquettier_n can_v be_v so_o close_o in_o file_n because_o they_o must_v have_v their_o arm_n at_o liberty_n &_o that_o be_v when_o every_o one_o be_v distant_a from_o file_n to_o file_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o 3_o foot_n from_o rank_n to_o rank_n and_o this_o last_o distance_n be_v thus_o command_v close_o yourselves_o thorough_o but_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v teach_v the_o soldier_n for_o that_o when_o necessity_n shall_v require_v it_o they_o will_v close_v themselves_o but_o too_o much_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n without_o command_n to_o begin_v therefore_o to_o do_v the_o exercise_n the_o company_n be_v set_v in_o the_o first_o distance_n to_o wit_n of_o 6_o foot_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o thus_o be_v say_v these_o be_v the_o general_a word_n of_o command_n which_o be_v often_o to_o be_v use_v stand_v right_a in_o your_o file_n stand_v right_a in_o your_o rank_n silence_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n about_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v you_o must_v note_v that_o when_o they_o be_v command_v to_o be_v as_o they_o be_v they_o must_v return_v thither_o from_o whence_o they_o part_v and_o if_o they_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n they_o must_v return_v to_o the_o left_a and_o so_o in_o countermarch_n the_o head-piece_n the_o forepart_n the_o head-piece_n close_o the_o back_n the_o right_a gauntlet_n the_o left_a vantbrace_n the_o left_a cuishe_n the_o breast_n the_o back_n the_o guard_n the_o left_a â—â—â—â—let_n the_o armour_n of_o the_o pikman_n the_o gorget_n the_o breast_n the_o tale_n the_o head-piece_n the_o back_o the_o pike_n to_o the_o right_n double_a your_o rank_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n double_a your_o rank_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n double_a your_o file_n file_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n double_a your_o file_n file_n as_o you_o be_v with_o half_a file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n double_a your_o rank_n half_n file_n as_o you_o be_v with_o half_a file_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n double_a your_o rank_n half_n file_n as_o you_o be_v file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_n file_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o leave_v at_o discretion_n as_o you_o be_v rank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_n rank_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o file_n to_o 3_o foot_n distance_n close_o your_o rank_n to_o 3_o foot_n distance_n understand_v that_o in_o close_v from_o the_o outside_n to_o the_o middle_a the_o soldier_n be_v â—stand_v in_o his_o distance_n of_o 3_o foot_n in_o file_n and_o not_o close_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n wheel_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n wheel_n open_v your_o rank_n backward_o in_o your_o double_a distance_n to_o wit_n at_o 12_o foot_n and_o this_o for_o a_o single_a company_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v sc_n at_o the_o first_o in_o open_v rank_n or_o file_n you_o must_v keep_v they_o close_v until_o the_o second_o rank_n or_o file_n beginning_n from_o the_o outside_n have_v take_v their_o distance_n and_o so_o shall_v the_o rest_n remain_v close_o until_o every_o rank_n or_o file_n have_v take_v their_o distanceâ—_n in_o order_n open_v your_o file_n to_o wit_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n of_o 6_o foot_n if_o you_o will_v command_v to_o close_a file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o outmost_a file_n stand_v still_o and_o the_o rest_n close_o to_o that_o file_n for_o the_o pike_n with_o a_o firm_a stand_n advance_v your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n charge_v your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n trail_v your_o pike_n cheeeke_v your_o pike_n more_o for_o the_o pike_n first_o with_o a_o firm_a stand_n and_o then_o march_v charge_v your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n charge_v your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n charge_v your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n charge_v your_o pike_n to_o the_o rear_n slope_n your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n this_o must_v be_v observe_v charge_v your_o pike_n with_o a_o firm_a stand_n to_o set_v the_o right_a foot_n behind_o and_o charge_v the_o pike_n march_v to_o set_v the_o left_a foot_n before_o for_o the_o musket_n the_o posture_n in_o his_o excellency_n book_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v but_o in_o exercise_v you_o must_v only_o use_v these_o three_o term_n of_o direction_n make_v ready_a present_a give_v fire_n your_o musquettier_n must_v observe_v in_o all_o their_o motion_n to_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o that_o they_o carry_v the_o mouth_n of_o their_o piece_n high_a aswell_o when_o they_o be_v shoulder_v as_o in_o prune_v and_o also_o when_o they_o hold_v their_o pan_n guard_v and_o come_v up_o to_o give_v fire_n in_o advance_v towards_o a_o enemy_n when_o they_o do_v not_o skirmish_v loose_a and_o disband_v vanguard_n they_o must_v give_v fire_n by_o rank_n after_o this_o manner_n two_o rank_n must_v always_o make_v ready_a together_o and_o advance_v ten_o pace_n forward_o before_o the_o body_n at_o which_o distance_n a_o sergeant_n or_o when_o the_o body_n be_v great_a some_o other_o officer_n must_v stand_v to_o who_o the_o musquettier_n be_v to_o come_v up_o before_o advance_v they_o present_v and_o give_v fire_n first_o the_o firstranke_a and_o while_o the_o first_o give_v fire_n the_o second_o rank_n keep_v their_o musket_n close_o to_o their_o rest_n and_o their_o pan_n guard_v and_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o be_v fall_v away_o the_o second_o present_o present_a and_o give_v fire_n and_o fall_v after_o they_o now_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o two_o rank_n do_v move_v from_o their_o place_n in_o the_o front_n the_o two_o rank_n next_o they_o must_v unshoulder_n their_o musket_n and_o make_v ready_a so_o as_o they_o may_v advance_v forward_o ten_o pace_n as_o before_o assoon_o as_o ever_o the_o two_o first_o rank_n be_v fall_v away_o and_o be_v to_o do_v in_o all_o point_n as_o the_o former_a and_o all_o the_o other_o rank_n through_o the_o whole_a division_n must_v do_v the_o same_o by_o twoe_n one_o after_o another_o a_o manner_n there_o be_v to_o give_v fire_n retire_v from_o a_o enemy_n which_o be_v perform_v after_o this_o soret_n as_o the_o troop_n march_v the_o hindermost_a rank_n of_o all_o keep_n still_o with_o the_o troop_n be_v to_o make_v ready_a and_o be_v ready_a the_o soldier_n in_o that_o rank_n turn_v altogether_o rear_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o give_v fire_n march_v present_o away_o a_o good_a round_a pace_n to_o the_o front_n and_o there_o place_n themselves_o in_o rank_n together_o just_a before_o the_o front_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o first_o rank_n turn_v to_o give_v fire_n the_o rank_n next_o make_v ready_a and_o do_v as_o the_o former_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n we_o give_v fire_n by_o the_o flank_n thus_o the_o uppermost_a file_n next_o the_o enemy_n must_v be_v flank_n command_v to_o make_v ready_a keep_v still_o along_o with_o the_o body_n till_o such_o time_n as_o they_o be_v ready_a and_o then_o they_o turn_v to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n according_a to_o the_o sight_n of_o their_o enemy_n either_o upon_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v flank_n and_o give_v fire_n altogether_o when_o they_o have_v discharge_v they_o stir_v not_o but_o keep_v their_o ground_n and_o charge_v their_o piece_n again_o in_o the_o same_o place_n they_o stand_v now_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o foresay_a file_n do_v turn_v to_o give_v fire_n the_o uttermost_a next_z it_o make_v ready_a always_o keep_v along_o with_o the_o troop_n till_o the_o bringer-up_a be_v past_o a_o little_a beyond_o the_o leader_n of_o that_o file_n that_o give_v fire_n last_o and_o then_o the_o whole_a file_n must_v turn_v and_o give_v fire_n and_o do_v in_o all_o point_n as_o the_o first_o do_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n one_o after_o the_o other_o a_o sergeant_n or_o if_o the_o troop_n be_v great_a some_o other_o better_a qualify_a officer_n must_v stand_v at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o assoon_o as_o the_o second_o file_n have_v give_v fire_n and_o have_v charge_v he_o be_v to_o lead_v forward_o the_o first_o file_n up_o to_o the_o second_o file_n and_o so_o to_o the_o rest_n one_o after_o another_o till_o he_o have_v gather_v up_o again_o the_o whole_a wing_n and_o then_o he_o be_v to_o join_v they_o again_o in_o equal_a front_n with_o the_o pike_n last_o of_o all_o the_o troop_n or_o whole_a wing_n of_o musquettier_n make_v ready_a altogether_o front_n and_o
who_o will_n read_v of_o iphicrates_n let_v he_o go_v to_o c._n aemilius_n probus_n that_o write_v his_o life_n his_o act_n be_v also_o declare_v by_o xenophon_n and_o diodorus_n siculus_n and_o polyaen_n and_o justin_n and_o divers_a other_o as_o they_o be_v incident_a to_o their_o general_a history_n he_o be_v esteem_v one_o of_o the_o best_a general_n of_o his_o time_n and_o be_v call_v out_o by_o name_n by_o darius_n king_n of_o persia_n to_o be_v general_a of_o the_o grecian_n his_o mercenary_n in_o the_o war_n he_o have_v against_o the_o egyptian_n his_o fame_n and_o estimation_n be_v so_o great_a with_o alexander_n the_o great_a that_o when_o his_o son_n who_o name_n be_v also_o iphicrates_n with_o other_o grecian_n be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o he_o for_o that_o they_o come_v ambassador_n into_o persia_n to_o darius_n he_o not_o only_o spare_v he_o for_o the_o love_n of_o the_o city_n of_o athens_n and_o for_o the_o remembrance_n of_o his_o father_n glory_n c._n the_o word_n of_o arrian_n but_o hold_v he_o about_o he_o in_o honour_n so_o long_o as_o he_o live_v and_o after_o his_o decease_n send_v his_o relic_n to_o athens_n there_o to_o be_v inter_v by_o his_o friend_n and_o kinsfolk_n 9_o posidonius_n the_o stoic_a posidonius_n in_o his_o time_n be_v a_o philosopher_n of_o high_a renown_n and_o of_o the_o sect_n that_o be_v call_v stoic_n tully_n cit_v he_o often_o in_o his_o work_n in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o tusculan_a quaestion_n he_o recount_v 146._o that_o pompey_n the_o great_a on_o a_o time_n come_n to_o rhodes_n be_v desirous_a to_o hear_v he_o but_o understanding_n he_o be_v extreme_a sick_a of_o the_o gout_n he_o forbear_v not_o notwithstanding_o to_o visit_v he_o be_v a_o most_o noble_a philosopher_n who_o after_o he_o have_v see_v and_o salute_v and_o use_v with_o honourable_a word_n and_o tell_v he_o he_o be_v sorry_a he_o can_v not_o hear_v he_o discourse_n you_o may_v if_o you_o please_v quoth_v posidonius_n and_o i_o will_v not_o suffer_v 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to_o make_v choice_n of_o soldier_n and_o to_o fit_v they_o with_o arm_n according_a to_o the_o ability_n of_o their_o body_n i_o see_v no_o reason_n but_o the_o strong_a sort_n may_v well_o bear_v they_o another_o sort_n of_o target_n there_o be_v which_o differ_v from_o the_o macedonian_a not_o so_o much_o in_o form_n of_o roundness_n as_o in_o matter_n and_o manner_n of_o carieng_n they_o be_v make_v of_o wicker_n and_o bear_v in_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o our_o buckler_n which_o we_o use_v not_o long_o since_o and_o a_o some_o cover_v over_o with_o hide_n some_z not_o b_o xenophon_n say_v that_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a arm_a the_o persian_n with_o these_o wicker_n target_n &_o reko_n ning_v up_o the_o nation_n through_o who_o country_n the_o grecian_n pass_v in_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n &_o describe_v their_o arm_n b_o report_v that_o the_o chalybes_n taochi_n &_o phasian_o have_v target_n of_o this_o kind_n now_o that_o they_o be_v bear_v in_o the_o left_a hand_n be_v 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be_v throw_v over_o to_o the_o back_n &_o rest_v upon_o the_o left_a shoulder_n that_o which_o i_o say_v will_v better_o appear_v if_o we_o mark_v what_o the_o lacedaemonian_n do_v before_o &_o what_o cleomenes_n advise_v they_o unto_o before_o they_o carry_v a_o spear_n in_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o a_o target_n by_o the_o handle_n in_o the_o left_a so_o that_o both_o their_o hand_n be_v full_a the_o spear_n be_v not_o able_a to_o match_v the_o enemy_n pike_n for_o cleomeâ—_n cleomenes_n have_v often_o to_o do_v with_o the_o macedonian_n &_o achaean_n who_o both_o use_a pike_n &_o pike_n the_o lacedaemonian_n can_v not_o wield_v with_o one_o hand_n so_o then_o to_o give_v they_o liberty_n of_o both_o hand_n he_o counsel_v they_o to_o carry_v their_o target_n at_o their_o back_n by_o the_o strappe_v
rain_n snow_n fog_n or_o when_o the_o enemy_n have_v gain_v the_o wind_n they_o have_v small_a use_n add_v that_o but_o one_o rank_n that_o be_v the_o first_o can_v give_v upon_o the_o enemy_n at_o once_o for_o the_o rest_n behind_o discharge_v shall_v either_o wound_v their_o own_o companion_n before_o or_o else_o shoot_v at_o random_n and_o so_o nothing_o endanger_v the_o enemy_n the_o force_n of_o a_o musket_n be_v only_o available_a at_o point_n blank_a contrary_a wise_a the_o disadvantage_n of_o arrow_n be_v in_o the_o weakness_n of_o the_o stroke_n which_o be_v not_o able_a to_o enter_v a_o cuirass_n that_o the_o foot_n or_o horse_n now_o use_v yet_o can_v no_o weather_n be_v find_v where_o in_o you_o may_v not_o have_v good_a use_n of_o bow_n rain_n snow_n wind_n hail_n fog_n hinder_v little_a especial_o the_o string_n of_o the_o bow_n be_v not_o to_o wet_v may_v rather_o profit_v because_o in_o they_o you_o can_v hardly_o discern_v much_o less_o avoid_v the_o fall_n of_o the_o 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of_o which_o part_n be_v wound_v bring_v a_o disability_n of_o service_n to_o say_v nothing_o of_o his_o face_n and_o eye_n before_o which_o the_o shower_n of_o arrow_n fall_v like_o a_o tempest_n without_o intermission_n must_v needs_o breed_v a_o remediless_a terror_n and_o make_v he_o think_v rather_o of_o save_v himself_o then_o offend_v his_o enemy_n the_o musketier_n be_v also_o unarm_v be_v as_o subject_a to_o the_o shot_n of_o arrow_n as_o the_o archer_n be_v to_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o musket_n and_o the_o arrow_n touch_v any_o vital_a part_n as_o much_o take_v away_o life_n as_o do_v the_o musket_n last_o a_o horseman_n for_o his_o own_o person_n i_o must_v confess_v be_v safe_a enough_o from_o the_o danger_n of_o arrow_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o armour_n but_o his_o horse_n be_v a_o fair_a and_o large_a mark_n and_o have_v neither_o barb_v nor_o pectorall_a nor_o ought_v else_o to_o hide_v his_o head_n or_o breast_n how_o can_v he_o escape_v wound_n witness_v our_o field_n in_o france_n where_o our_o archer_n always_o beat_v the_o french_a horse_n be_v barb_a and_o better_o arm_v than_o our_o horse_n be_v at_o this_o day_n and_o for_o the_o bloody_a effect_n of_o bow_n the_o story_n of_o plutarch_n be_v worth_a the_o reherse_v he_o in_o the_o life_n of_o crassus_n have_v thus_o 〈◊〉_d the_o parthian_n oppose_v the_o cataphract_n against_o the_o roman_a horse_n the_o other_o persian_n gallop_v here_o and_o there_o dispersedly_z and_o trouble_v the_o face_n of_o the_o field_n break_v up_o from_o the_o bottom_n hill_n of_o sand_n that_o raise_v infinite_a dust_n whereby_o the_o roman_n lose_v their_o sight_n and_o voice_n and_o throng_v together_o &_o thrust_v one_o another_o be_v wound_v and_o die_v not_o a_o simple_a or_o quick_a death_n but_o torment_v with_o convulsion_n and_o pang_n of_o grief_n walllow_v up_o and_o down_o in_o the_o sand_n to_o break_v the_o arrow_n in_o their_o wound_n or_o else_o endeavour_v to_o pluck_v out_o the_o hook_a head_n which_o have_v pierce_v vein_n and_o sinew_n rent_v a_o fresh_a themselves_o &_o add_v torment_n to_o torment_v so_o that_o many_o die_v in_o this_o manner_n &_o the_o rest_n become_v unprofitable_a and_o when_o publius_n crassus_n desire_v they_o once_o more_o to_o charge_v the_o cataphract_n they_o show_v their_o hand_n nail_v to_o their_o target_n and_o their_o foot_n fasten_v to_o the_o ground_n whereby_o they_o be_v unable_a either_o to_o fly_v or_o fight_v these_o wonder_n do_v the_o parthian_a bow_n which_o notwithstanding_o be_v not_o to_o be_v compare_v to_o our_o ancient_a english_a bow_n either_o for_o strength_n or_o far_o shoot_v and_o that_o we_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o antiquity_n alone_o 〈◊〉_d the_o battle_n of_o curzolare_fw-la common_o call_v the_o battle_n of_o lepanto_n fight_v in_o our_o day_n betwixt_o the_o turk_n &_o christian_n by_o sea_n may_v serve_v for_o a_o experience_n of_o the_o service_n of_o bow_n and_o arrow_n in_o which_o there_o die_v of_o the_o christian_n by_o the_o arrow_n of_o the_o turk_n above_o sieve_n thousand_o albeit_o they_o be_v in_o galley_n and_o ship_n and_o have_v their_o blind_v pretend_v to_o save_v from_o sight_n and_o mark_v of_o the_o turk_n where_o as_o the_o artillery_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o the_o christian_n consume_v not_o so_o many_o turk_n notwithstanding_o the_o christian_n have_v the_o victory_n now_o then_o for_o we_o to_o leave_v the_o bow_n be_v a_o weapon_n of_o so_o great_a efficacy_n so_o ready_a so_o familiar_a and_o as_o it_o be_v so_o domestical_a to_o our_o nation_n to_o which_o we_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v accustom_v from_o our_o cradle_n because_o other_o nation_n take_v themselves_o to_o the_o musket_n have_v not_o so_o much_o as_o any_o show_n of_o reason_n other_o nation_n may_v well_o for_o bear_v â—at_a they_o never_o have_v neither_o italian_n nor_o spaniard_n nor_o french_a nor_o dutche_n haâ—_n these_o five_o hundred_o year_n be_v account_v archer_n it_o be_v a_o skill_n almost_o appropriate_v to_o our_o nation_n by_o it_o we_o gain_v the_o battle_n of_o cressy_n of_o poitiers_n of_o agincourt_n in_o france_n of_o navarre_n in_o spain_n by_o it_o we_o make_v ourselves_o famous_a over_o christendom_n and_o to_o give_v it_o over_o upon_o a_o conceit_n only_o for_o no_o experience_n can_v say_v that_o our_o bow_n be_v ever_o beat_v out_o of_o the_o field_n by_o the_o musket_n will_v prove_v a_o imitation_n of_o aesop_n dog_n who_o carieng_n a_o piece_n of_o flesh_n in_o his_o mouth_n over_o a_o river_n and_o see_v the_o shadow_n in_o the_o water_n snatch_v at_o the_o shadow_n and_o leave_v the_o flesh_n i_o speak_v not_o this_o to_o a_o base_a the_o service_n of_o musket_n which_o all_o man_n must_v acknowledge_v to_o be_v great_a i_o only_o show_v there_o may_v be_v good_a use_n of_o bow_n if_o our_o archer_n be_v such_o as_o they_o be_v wont_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v dispair_v and_o will_v easy_o come_v with_o exercise_n 8_o dart_n the_o name_n of_o dart_n be_v divers_a in_o the_o greek_a story_n a_o dart_n be_v often_o call_v acontion_n and_o thereof_o come_v acontizo_n to_o throw_v a_o dart_n and_o darter_n be_v call_v c_o acontistae_n so_o do_v aelian_n here_o term_v a_o dart_n sometime_o a_o dart_n be_v term_v palton_n of_o the_o verb_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d signify_v to_o shake_v or_o make_v quiver_n the_o word_n palton_n be_v much_o use_v in_o f_o arrian_n and_o c_o xenophon_n especial_o when_o they_o speak_v of_o the_o persian_a dart_n yet_o 〈◊〉_d diodorus_n siculus_n name_v the_o persian_a dart_n saunion_n which_o name_n also_o be_v give_v to_o a_o grecian_a dart_n by_o plutarch_n and_o by_o the_o same_o diodorus_n sometime_o a_o
which_o regard_n i_o prefer_v the_o target_n of_o aelian_n before_o that_o of_o leo_n aelians_n reach_v up_o to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o neck_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o thigh_n leos_n carry_v a_o handful_n more_o in_o breadth_n which_o in_o the_o circumference_n grow_v to_o a_o good_a proportion_n of_o weight_n and_o greatness_n 4_o no_o short_a than_o 8_o cubit_n that_o be_v 12_o foot_n short_a pike_n against_o long_o have_v a_o great_a disadvantage_n with_o the_o long_a pike_n a_o man_n be_v able_a to_o strike_v and_o kill_v his_o enemy_n before_o himself_o can_v be_v touch_v or_o come_v in_o danger_n of_o a_o short_a the_o pike_n keep_v the_o enemy_n out_o so_o far_o as_o the_o length_n be_v the_o experience_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o 8._o sorano_n show_v it_o where_o vitellozzo_n vitelli_n discomfit_v the_o almain_n only_a with_o the_o advantage_n of_o pike_n a_o arm_n long_o than_o they_o against_o long_a pike_n this_o policy_n be_v use_v by_o cleonymus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n as_o 2._o polienus_n tell_v cleonymus_n besiege_v aedessa_n and_o have_v overthrow_v the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n the_o pikeman_n of_o the_o city_n sail_v out_o who_o pike_n be_v each_o 16_o cubit_n in_o length_n cleonymus_n close_v his_o phalange_n in_o depth_n and_o command_v the_o fileleader_n to_o lay_v away_o their_o pike_n and_o when_o the_o pikeman_n of_o the_o enemy_n come_v to_o charge_n to_o seize_v upon_o their_o pike_n with_o both_o hand_n and_o hold_v they_o fast_o and_o the_o follower_n to_o pass_v through_o by_o the_o fileleader_n side_n and_o maintain_v the_o fight_n the_o fileleader_n lay_v hold_v on_o the_o pike_n and_o the_o enemy_n strive_v to_o recover_v they_o out_o of_o their_o hand_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o follower_n pass_v through_o the_o rank_n of_o file_n leader_n to_o the_o front_n slay_v the_o enemy_n pikeman_n and_o get_v the_o victory_n this_o be_v cleonymus_n device_n against_o long_a pike_n which_o notwithstanding_o derogate_v nothing_o from_o the_o length_n of_o pike_n more_o than_o from_o shortness_n for_o the_o same_o policy_n may_v have_v prevail_v as_o well_o against_o short_a pike_n as_o long_o each_o assoon_o as_o the_o enemy_n have_v seize_v upon_o they_o grow_v to_o be_v of_o no_o use_n but_o that_o the_o long_a pike_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o short_a i_o have_v show_v before_o by_o reason_n and_o the_o reformation_n of_o arm_n make_v by_o iphicrates_n among_o the_o athenian_n and_o by_o philopoman_n among_o the_o achaian_o will_v be_v warrant_n enough_o so_o to_o hold_v in_o the_o length_n notwithstanding_o aught_o to_o be_v a_o reasonable_a consideration_n that_o it_o exceed_v not_o the_o measure_n of_o his_o strength_n that_o shall_v bear_v the_o pike_n the_o worth_n that_o the_o fileleader_n and_o next_o follower_n shall_v be_v of_o chap._n xiii_o the_o fileleader_n as_o the_o commander_n of_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v the_o choice_n and_o flower_n of_o the_o army_n and_o to_o excel_v the_o rest_n as_o well_o in_o stature_n as_o in_o experience_n and_o martial_a skâ—ll_n for_o this_o rank_n knit_v and_o bind_v in_o the_o phalange_n and_o of_o all_o other_o yield_v great_a use_n for_o as_o a_o sword_n take_v to_o the_o edge_n as_o a_o weight_n and_o sway_n the_o swell_a iron_n towards_o the_o back_n exhibit_v thereby_o more_o violence_n in_o pierce_v so_o in_o a_o phalange_n the_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n be_v the_o edge_n itself_o and_o the_o multitude_n of_o aftercommer_n be_v the_o swell_a and_o sway_n and_o increase_v of_o weight_n consideration_n must_v be_v have_v likewise_o of_o those_o that_o follow_v in_o the_o second_o rank_n for_o their_o pike_n reach_v joint_o over_o the_o front_n and_o be_v next_o in_o place_n they_o be_v always_o ready_a for_o use_v and_o the_o file-leader_n fall_v or_o be_v wound_v the_o next_o follower_n step_v to_o the_o front_n in_o his_o place_n hold_v together_o and_o preserve_v the_o tenor_n of_o that_o rank_n unbroken_a furthermore_o we_o be_v to_o order_v the_o three_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n according_a to_o reason_n and_o as_o the_o valour_n of_o our_o soldier_n shall_v require_v this_o chapter_n show_v how_o the_o soldier_n be_v to_o be_v order_v in_o every_o file_n whereof_o because_o i_o have_v before_o speak_v sufficient_o in_o my_o note_n to_o the_o five_o chapter_n and_o the_o word_n of_o this_o chapter_n carry_v no_o difficulty_n or_o obscurity_n with_o they_o i_o will_v forbear_v to_o treat_v any_o further_a of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n and_o length_n of_o the_o soldier_n pike_n chap._n xiiii_o the_o 1_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v of_o enemy_n be_v think_v unresistible_a by_o reason_n of_o 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v for_o the_o soldier_n with_o his_o arm_n stand_v in_o close_a order_n or_o shut_v when_o he_o be_v ready_a for_o fight_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n and_o the_o length_n of_o his_o pike_n be_v sixteen_o cubit_n according_a to_o the_o first_o institution_n but_o in_o truth_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v fourteen_o cubit_n whereof_o the_o 4_o space_n betwixt_o the_o hand_n in_o charge_v take_v up_o two_o cubit_n the_o other_o twelve_o lie_v out_o from_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n those_o in_o the_o second_o rank_n that_o stand_v next_o to_o the_o leader_n lose_v four_o cubit_n in_o the_o phalange_n have_v their_o pike_n reach_v over_o the_o first_o rank_n ten_o cubit_n those_o of_o the_o three_o rank_n eight_o cubit_n of_o the_o four_o rank_n six_o cubit_n of_o the_o five_o 4_o cubit_n of_o the_o six_o 2_o cubit_n 5_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o other_o behind_o can_v attain_v to_o the_o first_o rank_n and_o see_v five_o or_o six_o pike_n be_v charge_v over_o the_o first_o rank_n they_o present_v a_o fearful_a sight_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o double_a the_o strength_n of_o the_o soldier_n stand_v fortify_v as_o it_o be_v with_o five_o or_o six_o pike_n and_o second_v with_o a_o main_a force_n at_o his_o back_n as_o the_o figure_n show_v moreover_o they_o that_o be_v place_v after_o the_o six_o rank_n albeit_o they_o push_v not_o with_o their_o pike_n yet_o thrust_v on_o with_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o body_n reinforce_v the_o strength_n and_o power_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o leave_v no_o hope_n for_o the_o fileleader_n to_o fly_v or_o shift_v away_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o than_o the_o foremost_a that_o they_o of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n may_v bear_v out_o the_o head_n of_o their_o pike_n equal_o with_o the_o first_o 6_o the_o superordinary_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n must_v be_v a_o man_n of_o understanding_n oversee_n the_o soldier_n of_o his_o command_n that_o they_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o if_o for_o fear_n or_o other_o occasion_n any_o forsake_v their_o ground_n he_o be_v to_o compel_v they_o again_o to_o their_o place_n and_o in_o close_v to_o put_v they_o when_o need_n require_v as_o near_o up_o together_o as_o they_o shall_v stand_v for_o it_o be_v a_o great_a strength_n and_o assurance_n to_o the_o phalange_n to_o have_v some_o principal_a commander_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o the_o cause_n before_o mention_v note_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n which_o consist_v principal_o in_o the_o e._n protension_n and_o charge_v of_o pike_n and_o knit_v together_o of_o target_n be_v here_o set_v down_o the_o whole_a chapter_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v out_o of_o e._n polybius_n who_o handle_v the_o same_o argument_n and_o almost_o with_o the_o same_o word_n but_o that_o aelian_a and_o he_o differ_v about_o the_o number_n of_o cubit_n which_o the_o pike_n take_v up_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n 1_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v be_v think_v to_o be_v unresistible_a the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n appear_v no_o way_n better_o than_o by_o the_o conquest_n it_o have_v make_v king_n philip_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o and_o by_o that_o invention_n raise_v the_o kingdom_n of_o macedonia_n from_o the_o poor_a to_o the_o powerful_a and_o great_a kingdom_n of_o europe_n and_o that_o i_o may_v use_v the_o word_n of_o 510._o diodorus_n siculus_n find_v the_o crown_n at_o his_o come_n to_o it_o in_o bondage_n to_o the_o illyrian_n make_v it_o afterward_o lady_n of_o many_o great_a nation_n and_o city_n and_o purchase_v to_o himself_o to_o be_v declare_v general_n of_o greece_n and_o first_o overthrow_v the_o illyrian_n pâ—onians_n thracian_n and_o scythian_n afterward_o let_v upon_o the_o kingdom_n oâ—_n persia_n to_o break_v it_o after_o he_o have_v enfranchise_v the_o 〈◊〉_d city_n of_o asia_n and_o albeit_o death_n intercept_v he_o yet_o he_o leave_v such_o
force_n to_o his_o son_n aleander_n that_o he_o need_v no_o other_o ally_n to_o overthrow_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o persia._n after_o his_o death_n 〈…〉_z alexander_n â—ooke_v his_o langdome_n and_o army_n and_o with_o it_o encounter_v and_o five_o inquish_a darius_n in_o two_o great_a battle_n run_v through_o asia_n like_o a_o flash_n of_o 〈◊〉_d renâ—ing_v a_o piece_n aâ—_n that_o resâ—ted_v or_o stand_v in_o his_o way_n and_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o albeit_o afterward_o divide_v continue_v long_o in_o his_o successor_n neither_o be_v the_o experience_n of_o their_o invinciblenesse_n against_o the_o barbarous_a people_n only_o but_o as_o much_o against_o the_o grecian_n who_o â—ill_v philip_n time_n be_v esteem_v the_o chief_a master_n of_o arm_n in_o europe_n this_o be_v clear_a by_o the_o victory_n the_o macedonian_n obtain_v against_o the_o renown_a city_n of_o greece_n both_o joint_o and_o several_o 〈…〉_z philip_n overthrow_v the_o phocean_n albeit_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o athenian_n join_v with_o they_o the_o same_o 〈…〉_z philip_n at_o cheronaea_n defeat_v the_o power_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o athenian_n join_v together_o 〈…〉_z alexander_n take_v and_o sack_v the_o city_n of_o thebes_n that_o about_o that_o time_n be_v account_v the_o might_a city_n of_o greece_n 〈…〉_z his_o lieutenant_n antipater_n foil_v the_o lacedâ—nians_n 〈◊〉_d battle_n â—nd_v steâ—_n their_o king_n agis_n 〈…〉_z antigonus_n tutor_n of_o king_n phiâ—p_n the_o son_n of_o demetrius_n break_v a_o army_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o peloponesiâ—_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o chase_v out_o of_o greece_n cleomenes_n the_o last_o brave_a king_n of_o sparta_n 〈◊〉_d they_o be_v not_o beat_v in_o the_o field_n by_o any_o nation_n but_o only_o by_o the_o roman_n and_o yet_o the_o judgement_n of_o 〈…〉_z polybius_n do_v in_o this_o also_o prove_v itself_o good_a for_o where_o the_o roman_n have_v these_o victory_n against_o the_o macedonian_n he_o assign_v this_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o phalange_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n have_v not_o the_o proper_a place_n nor_o mean_n to_o use_v it_o own_o power_n in_o the_o encounter_n so_o long_o as_o the_o phalange_n have_v ground_n enough_o and_o can_v meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o a_o right_a front_n he_o hold_v it_o not_o possible_a to_o be_v foil_v be_v divide_v and_o in_o place_n uneven_a he_o be_v of_o opinion_n and_o experience_n have_v teach_v it_o may_v easy_o be_v put_v in_o a_o rout_n 〈…〉_z plutarch_n compare_v it_o for_o strength_n so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v one_o body_n and_o maintain_v the_o synaspisme_n joint_o to_o a_o invincible_a beast_n be_v disâ—evered_v he_o say_v it_o lose_v the_o force_n in_o the_o whole_a and_o in_o every_o man_n particular_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o arm_v and_o also_o because_o the_o violence_n oâ—_n it_o consist_v rather_o in_o knit_v of_o all_o part_n together_o than_o in_o particular_a of_o any_o man_n valour_n three_o battle_n to_o praetermit_v aivers_a skirmish_n i_o find_v the_o roman_n 〈◊〉_d with_o and_o thiem_v 〈◊〉_d the_o macedonian_n one_o against_o king_n philip_n the_o son_n of_o demeâ—us_n a_o 〈◊〉_d against_o antiochus_n the_o three_o against_o perâ—eus_n the_o soâ—e_a of_o king_n pâ—lip_n 〈…〉_z for_o i_o paâ—_n over_o those_o wherein_o they_o be_v beat_v by_o pyâ—hus_n 〈◊〉_d worâ—_n 〈…〉_z philip_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d phalange_n and_o not_o use_v the_o whole_a together_o but_o fight_v against_o the_o roman_n with_o the_o right_a wing_n only_o yet_o have_v the_o better_a and_o wâ—_n too_o â—ard_o for_o that_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n that_o join_v with_o he_o but_o the_o other_o 〈…〉_z winâ—_n come_v into_o the_o field_n fit_v rather_o for_o a_o march_n than_o a_o fight_n and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o order_v themselves_o phalaâ—ge-wise_a be_v soon_o defeat_v and_o the_o roman_a victorious_a fall_v upon_o the_o râ—re_a oâ—_n the_o right_a winâ—_n where_o philip_n be_v and_o have_v now_o get_v the_o victory_n and_o so_o 〈◊〉_d the_o field_n antiochus_n unskilful_a in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o phalange_n trusteâ—_n 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d horse_n than_o his_o phalange_n and_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o l_o scipio_n where_o he_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d give_v full_a scope_n anâ—_n extend_v the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n by_o make_v it_o 16_o deep_a 〈◊〉_d contrariwise_a narrow_v it_o 〈◊〉_d out_o the_o depth_n into_o 32_o whereby_o he_o lose_v the_o advantage_n of_o match_v the_o â—ront_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o after_o his_o horse_n be_v beat_v give_v facility_n to_o the_o enemy_n of_o 〈◊〉_d on_o it_o all_o side_n 〈…〉_z perseus_n join_v battle_n with_o paulus_n aemiâ—us_n 〈◊〉_d long_a 〈◊〉_d the_o phalange_n continue_v in_o the_o right_a figure_n slay_v many_o of_o the_o roman_n anâ—_n force_v they_o to_o retire_v but_o follow_v on_o too_o eager_o he_o come_v to_o uneven_a and_o rough_a ground_n wherein_o the_o phalange_n be_v dissever_v left_a space_n and_o breach_n for_o the_o roman_n to_o enter_v and_o defeat_v it_o so_o long_o then_o as_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v fit_a ground_n and_o the_o right_a property_n of_o embattail_v it_o stand_v fast_o against_o the_o roman_n the_o great_a soldier_n that_o ever_o be_v be_v in_o their_o hand_n that_o know_v not_o how_o to_o use_v it_o as_o a_o sword_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o child_n it_o yield_v to_o time_n and_o fortune_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v assign_v to_o be_v 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v which_o consist_v principal_o in_o order_v of_o target_n and_o pike_n in_o close_v of_o the_o target_n by_o synaspisme_n and_o in_o joint_a charge_v of_o the_o pike_n which_o lie_v out_o thick_a from_o the_o front_n beside_o the_o horror_n of_o the_o sight_n give_v almost_o a_o impossibility_n to_o enter_v the_o phalange_n i_o have_v allege_v the_o judgement_n of_o aemilio_n aemilius_n concern_v the_o sight_n present_v by_o a_o phalange_n when_o the_o pike_n lie_v so_o charge_v out_o of_o the_o front_n a._n polybius_n think_v nothing_o can_v resist_v the_o force_n thereof_o c._n livy_n albeit_o many_o time_n more_o than_o partial_a to_o the_o roman_n yet_o in_o the_o selfsame_o fight_n between_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n give_v his_o judgement_n thus_o of_o the_o phalange_n the_o second_o legion_n say_v he_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o middle_n empty_a place_n and_o so_o break_v asunder_o the_o phalange_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o more_o evident_a cause_n of_o victory_n than_o the_o fight_v in_o diverse_a place_n at_o once_o which_o first_o trouble_v the_o phalange_n in_o turn_v many_o way_n and_o afterward_o plain_o disjoint_v and_o scatter_v it_o who_o force_n be_v unite_a and_o rough_a with_o charge_a pike_n be_v intolerable_a if_o by_o give_v on_o in_o diverse_a place_n you_o constrain_v it_o to_o bring_v about_o the_o pike_n immovable_a through_o length_n and_o weight_n it_o entangle_v itself_o with_o confuse_a cross_n if_o at_o one_o time_n you_o charge_v it_o both_o flank_n and_o rear_v they_o fall_v asunder_o like_o a_o ruinous_a building_n as_o than_o they_o be_v compel_v many_o way_n to_o answer_v the_o roman_n and_o so_o to_o break_v their_o battle_n into_o many_o parcel_n and_o the_o roman_n upon_o the_o first_o opportunity_n of_o a_o breach_n straight_o way_n convey_v in_o their_o troop_n who_o if_o they_o have_v meet_v the_o enemy_n in_o front_n have_v run_v upon_o the_o pike_n as_o in_o the_o beginning_n it_o happen_v to_o the_o pelignan_n be_v too_o forward_o to_o come_v to_o hand_n and_o can_v not_o have_v resist_v the_o phalange_n fast_o shut_v and_o ser_v up_o for_o the_o encounter_n thus_o livy_n concern_v the_o phalange_n who_o albeit_o a_o roman_a hold_v the_o same_o opinion_n that_o polybius_n do_v 18._o and_o in_o another_o place_n tell_v of_o philip_n encamp_v â—e_n say_v he_o be_v lodge_v in_o a_o woody_a plot_n which_o be_v unfit_a for_o the_o phalange_n especial_o of_o the_o macedon_n which_o unless_o it_o cast_v the_o pike_n as_o it_o be_v a_o muniment_n before_o the_o target_n and_o that_o can_v be_v but_o in_o open_a ground_n be_v of_o no_o great_a use_n so_o than_o if_o pike_n may_v be_v charge_v out_o before_o the_o target_n the_o phalange_n be_v of_o great_a use_n but_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o bare_a opinion_n let_v we_o hear_v by_o a_o example_n or_o two_o the_o experience_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o target_n of_o the_o macedonian_a against_o the_o roman_a arm_n c._n when_o t._n quintus_fw-la flaminius_n the_o rome_n consul_n have_v drive_v king_n philip_n and_o his_o army_n from_o the_o straits_n near_o antigonia_n see_v that_o the_o enemy_n keep_v himself_o with_o his_o strength_n and_o abstein_v from_o the_o field_n he_o determine_v to_o try_v the_o city_n of_o thessaly_n and_o have_v win_v some_o
by_o force_n some_o by_o fear_n he_o come_v before_o rhage_n and_o besiege_v it_o he_o find_v the_o siege_n long_o and_o more_o difficult_a than_o any_o man_n will_v have_v think_v and_o the_o enemy_n make_v his_o resistance_n that_o way_n the_o consul_n will_v hardly_o have_v believe_v he_o can_v for_o he_o imagine_v that_o all_o his_o labour_n shall_v be_v in_o throw_v down_o the_o wall_n if_o once_o he_o find_v passage_n for_o the_o army_n to_o enter_v there_o will_v after_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o flight_n and_o slaughter_n as_o be_v wont_a in_o wonne-city_n but_o after_o that_o part_n of_o the_o wall_n be_v throw_v down_o with_o the_o ram_n and_o the_o army_n enter_v the_o city_n by_o the_o breach_n it_o be_v the_o beginning_n of_o a_o new_a and_o fresh_a labour_n for_o the_o macedonian_n that_o be_v there_o in_o garrison_n be_v many_o and_o choose_v think_v it_o also_o a_o glory_n to_o they_o if_o they_o can_v defend_v the_o city_n rather_o with_o arm_n and_o valour_n than_o with_o wall_n ser_v themselves_o close_a together_o in_o a_o deep_a phalange_n when_o they_o perceive_v that_o the_o roman_n begin_v to_o enter_v the_o breach_n drive_v they_o out_o the_o place_n be_v cumbersome_a and_o hard_o to_o make_v a_o retreat_n the_o consul_n much_o offend_v therewith_o and_o think_v that_o shame_n concern_v not_o only_o the_o delay_n of_o win_v one_o city_n but_o also_o the_o state_n of_o the_o whole_a war_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n depend_v upon_o moment_n of_o small_a matter_n purge_v the_o place_n which_o be_v heap_v up_o with_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o halfe-ruined_n wall_n advance_v a_o tower_n which_o in_o many_o story_n be_v stuff_v with_o multitude_n of_o arm_a man_n and_o send_v beside_o cohort_n under_o their_o ensign_n to_o break_v with_o main_a force_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a the_o body_n they_o call_v it_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o macedonian_n but_o the_o kind_n of_o weapon_n and_o fight_n be_v more_o advantageous_a for_o the_o enemy_n than_o for_o the_o roman_n especial_o in_o that_o place_n which_o be_v narrow_a and_o straighten_v with_o the_o small_a space_n of_o the_o overthrow_v wall_n when_o the_o macedonian_n ser_v themselves_o close_a have_v charge_v pike_n of_o a_o great_a length_n before_o their_o front_n and_o the_o roman_n after_o their_o dart_n throw_v in_o vain_a against_o the_o jestudo_fw-la compact_v as_o it_o be_v of_o the_o thick_a knit_n together_o of_o the_o target_n have_v draw_v their_o sword_n they_o can_v neither_o come_v up_o close_o nor_o cut_v a_o sunder_o the_o pike_n and_o in_o case_n they_o cut_v the_o head_n of_o or_o break_v any_o the_o steal_n among_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o whole_a pike_n fill_v up_o the_o room_n with_o their_o sharp_a fragment_n join_v that_o that_o part_n of_o the_o wall_n which_o be_v yet_o whole_a secure_v the_o enemy_n flank_n on_o both_o side_n neither_o need_v they_o much_o ground_n in_o retire_v or_o advance_v to_o charge_n which_o thing_n be_v wont_a to_o cause_v the_o breach_n of_o array_n there_o also_o fall_v out_o a_o chance_n which_o increase_v their_o hope_n and_o spirit_n for_o the_o tower_n be_v drive_v on_o upon_o a_o rampire_n that_o be_v not_o well_o ram_v underneath_o but_o have_v loose_a earth_n one_o of_o the_o wheel_n sink_v deep_o into_o the_o ground_n than_o the_o rest_n make_v the_o turret_n to_o nod_v &_o lie_v of_o one_o side_n that_o both_o the_o enemy_n believe_v it_o will_v fall_v and_o they_o within_o it_o be_v put_v in_o a_o pitiful_a fear_n when_o nothing_o succeed_v well_o the_o consul_n be_v evil_o appaide_v that_o the_o macedonian_a soldier_n and_o kind_a of_o arm_n may_v seem_v matcheable_a to_o he_o and_o see_v no_o great_a hope_n of_o speedy_a win_v the_o city_n and_o that_o the_o place_n be_v unfit_a to_o winter_n in_o raise_v his_o siege_n so_o here_o the_o macedonian_a soldier_n be_v not_o only_o equal_v but_o also_o prefer_v before_o the_o roman_a and_o that_o only_a by_o reason_n of_o his_o armour_n the_o pike_n and_o target_n an_o other_o experience_n fall_v out_o in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n whereof_o i_o speak_v in_o this_o chapter_n the_o story_n be_v this_o 〈◊〉_d the_o roman_n come_v to_o join_v battle_n with_o the_o macedonian_n and_o not_o able_a to_o come_v up_o to_o they_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o length_n and_o joint_a out-bearing_a of_o their_o pike_n there_o be_v one_o salius_n a_o captain_n of_o pelignans_n who_o take_v the_o ensign_n of_o his_o company_n from_o the_o ensign-bearer_n and_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n the_o pelignan_n run_v in_o heap_n to_o the_o place_n for_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a nor_o honest_a for_o the_o italian_n to_o forsake_v their_o ensign_n where_o the_o medley_n bring_v forth_o wonderful_a effect_n for_o the_o pelignans_n fight_v with_o sword_n to_o put_v by_o the_o pike_n and_o to_o press_v they_o down_o with_o their_o target_n and_o seize_v upon_o they_o to_o pull_v they_o out_o 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so_o that_o the_o 4_o horseman_n embattle_v in_o that_o form_n neither_o file_n nor_o rank_n conceive_v that_o turn_n and_o other_o motion_n will_v be_v more_o easy_o perform_v in_o this_o figure_n nothing_o hinder_v before_o behind_z or_o in_o flank_n and_o first_o they_o place_v the_o leader_n then_o one_o at_o his_o right_n and_o a_o other_o at_o his_o left_a hand_n so_o distant_a that_o their_o horse_n head_n reach_v up_o to_o his_o horse_n shoulder_n as_o be_v say_v before_o and_o the_o first_o row_n they_o make_v of_o a_o uneven_a number_n as_o 11_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o troop_n stand_v in_o the_o midst_n and_o 5_o other_o be_v lay_v to_o he_o backward_o on_o either_o side_n so_o that_o this_o rank_n contain_v two_o side_n of_o the_o rhombe_n then_o the_o reare-commander_n be_v place_v direct_o behind_o the_o leader_n and_o to_o he_o be_v other_o join_v forward_o on_o either_o side_n and_o the_o number_n of_o every_o follow_a rank_n after_o the_o first_o be_v to_o be_v two_o less_o than_o the_o former_a and_o therefore_o 4_o must_v be_v add_v on_o either_o side_n to_o the_o reare-commander_n and_o the_o number_n of_o the_o second_o rank_n be_v 9_o this_o rank_n make_v two_o side_n parallel_v to_o the_o two_o former_a side_n of_o the_o rhombe_n the_o three_o must_v be_v 7_o and_o so_o forward_o to_o one_o the_o whole_a troop_n have_v in_o it_o 36_o horse_n 5_o polybius_n express_v the_o form_n by_o the_o greek_a letter_n δ._n and_o make_v it_o to_o consist_v of_o 64_o man_n other_o rhombe_n there_o be_v which_o 6_o file_n but_o rank_n not_o and_o be_v fashion_v thus_o they_o make_v a_o file_n of_o any_o number_n the_o captain_n of_o the_o troop_n be_v file-leader_n and_o the_o reare-commander_n the_o last_o of_o the_o file_n to_o both_o the_o flank_n of_o this_o file_n they_o lie_v two_o other_o file_n either_o of_o they_o one_o less_o in_o number_n than_o the_o first_o these_o they_o begin_v to_o place_n even_o with_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o distance_n 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so_o shall_v you_o have_v a_o troop_n that_o rank_v but_o file_v not_o note_n the_o former_a chapter_n have_v a_o general_a division_n of_o horse_n battle_n into_o rhombe_n wedge_n and_o square_n this_o comprehend_v the_o sundry_a figure_n of_o rhombe_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o frame_v they_o rhombe_n therefore_o be_v of_o 4_o kind_n some_o fill_n and_o rank_v some_o fill_n not_o rank_v some_o rank_v not_o file_v some_o neither_o fill_n nor_o rank_v 1_o the_o head_n of_o the_o horse_n reach_v to_o the_o head_n of_o his_o shoulder_n aelian_n say_v that_o in_o a_o rhombe_n the_o captain_n stand_v first_o and_o the_o head_n of_o the_o next_o horse_n reach_v to_o his_o horse_n shoulder_n this_o rule_n if_o it_o be_v take_v general_o and_o mean_v of_o all_o rhombe_n will_v deceive_v we_o if_o for_o two_o kind_n of_o rhombs_n alone_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o true_a the_o rhombe_n neither_o fill_n nor_o rank_v and_o the_o rhombe_n file_v not_o rank_v have_v the_o follower_n horse_n head_n advance_v to_o the_o shoulder_n of_o they_o that_o stand_v before_o but_o the_o rhombe_n file_v and_o rank_v and_o the_o other_o rank_v not_o file_v come_v whole_o behind_o the_o horse_n of_o the_o captain_n as_o the_o figure_n show_v and_o will_v appear_v in_o the_o verbal_a description_n of_o the_o rhombe_n 2_o a_o rhombe_n both_o to_o file_v and_o rank_n to_o make_v a_o rhombe_n both_o file_n and_o rank_n choice_n must_v first_o be_v have_v of_o a_o uneven_a number_n for_o the_o rank_n the_o midst_n of_o the_o troop_n where_o the_o manner_n be_v to_o begin_v the_o rhombe_n which_o number_n must_v neither_o be_v too_o great_a lest_o the_o troop_n grow_v also_o too_o great_a nor_o too_o little_a lest_o there_o be_v in_o it_o no_o strength_n aelian_n give_v a_o 11_o 13_o or_o 15_o for_o that_o rank_n and_o will_v we_o to_o begin_v the_o frame_n by_o place_v first_o the_o middle_a rank_n to_o which_o the_o other_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v join_v on_o both_o side_n the_o middle_a man_n against_o the_o middle_a man_n of_o the_o first_o rank_n in_o a_o right_a line_n of_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n in_o like_a sort_n every_o rank_n still_o decrease_v 2_o man_n till_o at_o last_o in_o the_o front_n and_o reare-angle_n you_o come_v to_o one_o the_o figure_n of_o this_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n i_o have_v place_v in_o the_o praecedent_a chapter_n wherein_o the_o middle_a rank_n be_v of_o 11_o and_o the_o whole_a troop_n of_o 61_o and_o the_o horse_n head_n of_o those_o that_o follow_v reach_v not_o to_o the_o former_a horse_n shoulder_n 3_o the_o half_a rhombe_n be_v call_v a_o wedge_n i_o have_v speak_v of_o wedge_n before_o but_o nothing_o of_o the_o frame_n of_o they_o aelian_a here_o show_v how_o they_o be_v frame_v when_o he_o say_v that_o the_o form_n of_o they_o appear_v in_o the_o rhombe_n and_o that_o the_o half_a rhombe_n be_v a_o wedge_n for_o as_o in_o a_o rhombe_n file_v and_o rank_v you_o begin_v with_o place_v the_o middle_a rank_n first_o and_o so_o proceed_v add_v on_o both_o side_n rank_n to_o rank_n till_o you_o come_v to_o one_o man_n in_o the_o front_n so_o must_v you_o proceed_v in_o a_o wedge_n save_v that_o to_o the_o first_o and_o great_a rank_n you_o join_v the_o rest_n only_o on_o the_o one_o side_n abate_v still_o in_o every_o rank_n 2_o man_n till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o front_n where_o the_o captain_n stand_v alone_o and_o this_o be_v the_o ordinary_a horse_n troop_n among_o the_o macedonian_n and_o be_v describe_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n 4_o that_o the_o horseman_n neither_o file_n nor_o rank_n the_o second_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n specify_v here_o by_o aelian_n be_v direct_o opposite_a to_o the_o first_o the_o first_o both_o file_a and_o rank_v this_o neither_o file_v nor_o rank_v and_o be_v that_o kind_n which_o i_o note_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n to_o have_v more_o curiosity_n than_o use_n for_o the_o rest_n what_o be_v more_o easy_a to_o frame_v than_o they_o in_o which_o either_o file_n or_o rank_n be_v lay_v together_o or_o file_n alone_o or_o rank_n alone_o and_o out_o of_o that_o join_v both_o in_o the_o inward_a part_n of_o the_o rhombe_n and_o the_o outward_a that_o be_v the_o flank_n arise_v and_o be_v without_o difficulty_n figure_v in_o this_o you_o must_v first_o begin_v with_o the_o outside_n and_o make_v two_o front_n line_n or_o side_n of_o the_o rhombe_n and_o after_o add_v as_o many_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o then_o when_o the_o 4_o side_n be_v frame_v and_o have_v their_o place_n patch_v up_o by_o piecemeal_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o body_n within_o wherein_o if_o there_o be_v not_o very_o large_a distance_n leave_v betwixt_o horse_n and_o horse_n especial_o every_o one_o be_v lay_v head_n to_o shoulder_n to_o a_o other_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a to_o convey_v so_o many_o horse_n within_o the_o four_o side_n as_o will_v make_v up_o the_o full_a rhombe_n and_o yet_o make_v it_o up_o as_o you_o will_v the_o trouble_n be_v more_o than_o in_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rhombe_n and_o for_o the_o use_n i_o see_v not_o how_o it_o can_v be_v great_a than_o in_o the_o rest_n whatsoever_o be_v allege_v for_o turn_n and_o other_o motion_n and_o the_o more_o i_o think_v upon_o it_o the_o more_o i_o be_o induce_v to_o think_v that_o it_o be_v the_o invention_n of_o some_o tacticke_a master_n of_o who_o be_v great_a plenty_n among_o the_o grecian_n who_o see_v that_o some_o rhombe_n file_v and_o rank_v not_o other_o rank_v but_o file_v not_o other_o both_o rank_v and_o file_v and_o that_o the_o two_o first_o be_v opposite_a the_o one_o against_o
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n or_o change_v the_o right_a hand_n place_n or_o else_o the_o left_a hand_n place_n of_o the_o battle_n one_o of_o which_o must_v needs_o fall_v out_o and_o never_o fail_v note_n the_o two_o former_a motion_n be_v perform_v one_o in_o close_a order_n the_o other_o in_o all_o order_n epistrophe_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v shut_v so_o close_o that_o as_o aelian_n say_v a_o man_n can_v turn_v his_o face_n neither_o the_o one_o way_n nor_o the_o other_o clisis_fw-la in_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o two_o â—_o follow_v motion_n countermarch_v and_o double_v one_o be_v do_v in_o open_a 84._o order_n the_o other_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o open_a order_n too_o and_o yet_o sometime_o in_o order_n and_o close_a order_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o due_a place_n this_o chapter_n handle_v countermarche_n the_o next_o doubling_n countermarch_v be_v a_o motion_n whereby_o every_o soldier_n march_v after_o other_o change_v his_o front_n for_o the_o rear_n or_o one_o flank_v for_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n and_o the_o other_o by_o rank_n and_o each_o of_o these_o be_v again_o divide_v into_o three_o the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a or_o cretan_a a_o countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o leader_n of_o the_o same_o file_n by_o rank_n when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o sideman_n of_o the_o same_o rank_n in_o the_o countermarch_v 1_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o purpose_n of_o the_o commander_n be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n of_o his_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o withal_o to_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v say_v aelian_n because_o