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the_o true_a square_n and_o so_o measure_v it_o as_o a_o foursquare_a piece_n of_o timber_n but_o how_o false_a that_o be_v may_v appear_v by_o the_o ensue_a table_n whoever_o be_v please_v to_o try_v will_v find_v that_o there_o may_v be_v four_o slab_n take_v off_o to_o bring_v that_o to_o a_o square_a and_o that_o square_a piece_n then_o will_v be_v near_o equal_a to_o the_o measure_n they_o first_o measure_v the_o piece_n of_o timber_n by_o so_o that_o when_o they_o have_v bring_v their_o piece_n square_a by_o hew_v or_o saw_v they_o then_o have_v the_o measure_n that_o it_o be_v measure_v for_o when_o it_o
inch_n then_o must_v you_o turn_v your_o compass_n from_o the_o length_n in_o foot_n to_o the_o lefthand_n and_o because_o this_o rule_n be_v the_o most_o use_v see_v another_o example_n for_o this_o way_n most_o man_n do_v measure_n by_o example_n 5._o a_o board_n ten_o inch_n broad_a and_o 6_o foot_n long_o how_o many_o foot_n be_v there_o in_o that_o board_n extend_v your_o compass_n from_o 12_o the_o standing_z number_n to_o 10_o the_o breadth_n in_o inch_n that_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o 6_o the_o length_n in_o foot_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n to_o 5_o the_o content_a in_o foot_n for_o as_o 12_o be_v to_o 10_o so_o be_v 6_o to_o 5._o thus_o have_v show_v some_o example_n in_o superficial_a measure_n in_o multiplication_n here_o i_o shall_v show_v a_o few_o example_n in_o solid_a measure_n and_o first_o know_v that_o you_o must_v take_v the_o superficial_a content_n of_o the_o base_a or_o end_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o timber_n or_o stone_n etc._n etc._n whether_o it_o be_v 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january_n be_v the_o best_a time_n to_o fell_a timber_n but_o the_o oak_n in_o april_n if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o bark_n when_o the_o moon_n be_v decrease_v and_o the_o wind_n not_o east_n when_o the_o stub_n of_o your_o underwood_n be_v grow_v great_a stock_n they_o up_o this_o be_v find_v to_o be_v good_a husbandry_n with_o we_o in_o hartfordshire_n which_o they_o call_v runt_v their_o wood_n it_o make_v way_n for_o seedling_n and_o young_a root_n to_o run_v the_o better_a do_v this_o at_o felling-time_n wheresoever_o you_o have_v fell_v tree_n at_o the_o ground_n when_o
d_o e._n be_v but_o 290_o pole_n which_o want_v 62_o pole_n and_o a_o half_a of_o the_o half_a of_o the_o field_n therefore_o take_v 62._o 50_o from_o the_o triangle_n a_o c_o d._n by_o the_o rule_v deliver_v in_o the_o 38_o the_o fig._n and_o there_o will_v be_v add_v the_o triangle_n a_o d_o h_n which_o be_v add_v to_o the_o triangle_n a_o d_o e_o will_v divide_v the_o figure_n into_o two_o equal_a part_n the_o thing_n desire_v see_v fig._n 41._o thus_o may_v you_o take_v half_a from_o any_o irregular_a figure_n or_o more_o or_o less_o than_o half_a and_o from_o what_o angle_n desire_v which_o will_v assist_v you_o well_o how_o to_o fell_v your_o wood_n by_o the_o acre_n or_o to_o know_v how_o far_o you_o shall_v go_v into_o a_o field_n to_o take_v off_o any_o part_n the_o four_o rule_n which_o i_o find_v by_o my_o practice_n i_o commend_v for_o very_o good_a one_o example_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o more_o which_o shall_v be_v according_a to_o my_o four_o rule_n i_o try_v it_o in_o a_o field_n near_o to_o cashiobury-park_n this_o i_o be_v order_v to_o do_v by_o my_o lord_n steward_n mr._n sydenham_n to_o take_v off_o three_o acre_n from_o a_o small_a field_n as_o exact_o as_o i_o can_v at_o one_o end_v appoint_v by_o he_o first_o i_o measure_v that_o end_n and_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 37_o pole_n and_o ¾_n but_o observe_v the_o hedge_n i_o find_v they_o to_o splay_v off_o a_o little_a so_o that_o about_o 6_o rod_n and_o a_o half_a or_o little_o more_o will_v be_v the_o middle_n which_o i_o set_v off_o at_o each_o end_n and_o find_v that_o line_n to_o be_v 38_o pole_n long_o then_o i_o divide_v 160_o the_o pole_n in_o one_o acre_n by_o 38_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o end_n of_o the_o field_n the_o quotient_a be_v 4_o and_o 8_o 38_o which_o 8_o of_o 38_o i_o must_v turn_v into_o part_n of_o my_o chain_n that_o be_v into_o decimal_a part_n thus_o as_o 38_o be_v to_o 8_o so_o be_v 100_o to_o 21_o and_o 2_o of_o 38_o which_o 2_o be_v not_o considerable_a so_o that_o if_o 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and_o the_o 22_o the_o part_n of_o one_o of_o these_o link_n which_o niceness_n may_v be_v dispense_v with_o from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v you_o may_v measure_v any_o stand_a wood_n or_o part_v thereof_o especial_o if_o these_o part_n be_v near_o to_o a_o square_a or_o triangle_n if_o not_o you_o may_v reduce_v they_o to_o one_o of_o these_o thus_o have_v speak_v something_o how_o superficial_a figure_n be_v to_o be_v measure_v i_o shall_v give_v a_o example_n or_o two_o of_o the_o chain_n and_o it_o shall_v be_v of_o the_o fourpole_n chain_n divide_v into_o 100_o part_n as_o suppose_v the_o figure_n a_o b_o c_o d._n see_v fig._n 42._o this_o figure_n may_v be_v measure_v several_a way_n as_o first_o it_o may_v be_v put_v into_o two_o triangle_n and_o so_o measure_v or_o else_o you_o may_v measure_v both_o the_o end_n and_o half_o they_o and_o so_o measure_v the_o length_n in_o the_o middle_a you_o may_v measure_v also_o both_o the_o side_n and_o half_a they_o and_o then_o measure_v the_o breadth_n in_o the_o middle_n but_o for_o example_n first_o i_o measure_v the_o side_n a_o b._n and_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 15_o chain_n and_o 80_o link_n of_o the_o fourpole_n chain_n the_o end_n b_o c._n be_v 6_o chain_n 74_o link_n the_o other_o side_n c_o d._n be_v 12_o chain_n 50_o link_n and_o the_o other_o end_v d_o a._n be_v 6_o chain_n then_o add_v the_o two_o side_n together_o of_o which_o take_v the_o half_n that_o half_o be_v the_o mean_a length_n both_o side_n add_v together_o make_v 28_o chain_n 30_o link_n half_a of_o which_o be_v 14_o chain_n 15_o link_n then_o add_v the_o end_n together_o viz._n 6_o chain_n and_o 6_o chain_n 74_o link_n the_o total_a of_o both_o be_v 12_o chain_n 74_o link_n then_o half_a of_o the_o end_v add_v together_o be_v 6_o chain_n 37_o link_n then_o multiply_v the_o mean_a length_n by_o the_o mean_a breadth_n and_o cut_v off_o 5_o figure_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o whatsoever_o figure_n remain_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n be_v acre_n and_o those_o 5_o figure_n cut_v off_o be_v part_n of_o a_o acre_n thus_o may_v you_o know_v the_o content_a of_o a_o field_n without_o division_n as_o in_o the_o last_o examp._n 14._o 15_o multiply_v by_o 6._o 37_o give_v 901355_o then_o if_o you_o take_v off_o five_o figure_n as_o the_o fractional_a part_n there_o remain_v 9_o which_o be_v nine_o acre_n two_o pole_n and_o above_o ⅛_n of_o a_o pole_n but_o you_o may_v easy_o know_v the_o fractional_a part_n of_o any_o decimal_a fraction_n thus_o this_o belong_v to_o 100000_o for_o if_o the_o decimal_a fraction_n have_v 5_o figure_n the_o integer_fw-la be_v 6_o the_o fraction_n 4_o than_o the_o integer_fw-la 5._o etc._n etc._n then_o work_v it_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o three_o or_o by_o your_o line_n of_o number_n thus_o as_o 100000_o be_v to_o 1355_o so_o be_v 160_o the_o square_a pole_n in_o one_o acre_n to_o 2_o pole_n and_o near_a ¼_n but_o that_o you_o may_v be_v the_o better_o satisfy_v in_o this_o most_o useful_a rule_n if_o 100000_o be_v equal_a to_o one_o acre_n or_o 160_o pole_n so_o that_o when_o any_o fraction_n be_v repair_v but_o to_o these_o rule_n and_o you_o may_v see_v what_o number_n of_o pole_n be_v equal_a to_o it_o you_o may_v proportion_v it_o to_o half-pole_n etc._n etc._n for_o not_o only_o to_o prove_v this_o but_o also_o to_o show_v you_o how_o much_o ready_a this_o way_n be_v than_o the_o 100_o link_n to_o bring_v it_o into_o rod_n or_o pole_n then_o divide_v it_o by_o 160_o to_o bring_v the_o aforesaid_a measure_n to_o the_o one_o pole_n chain_n and_o 100_o multiply_v 14._o 15_o by_o 4_o it_o give_v 56._o 60_o and_o 6._o 37_o multiply_v by_o 4_o give_v 25._o 48_o which_o be_v multiply_v one_o by_o the_o other_o gives_z 1442_o 1680_o 10000_o i_o will_v neglect_v the_o fraction_n as_o be_v not_o ¼_n of_o a_o pole_n and_o divide_v 1442_o the_o pole_n in_o that_o measure_n by_o the_o sq_n pole_n in_o one_o acre_n 160_o pole_n and_o the_o quotient_n be_v 9_o and_o 2_o over_o that_o be_v 9_o acre_n 2_o pole_n and_o a_o little_a more_o as_o before_z but_o how_o much_o the_o other_o way_n be_v ready_a than_o this_o i_o leave_v the_o reader_n to_o judge_v example_n the_o second_o how_o to_o measure_v a_o triangle_n with_o the_o fourpole_n chain_n and_o never_o use_v division_n as_o in_o the_o triangle_n a_o b_o c._n the_o base_a a_o c._n be_v 40_o pole_n and_o the_o prick_v perpendicular_a line_n be_v 20_o the_o half_a be_v 10_o pole_n now_o when_o you_o have_v even_o pole_n as_o in_o this_o examp._n you_o must_v add_v two_o cipher_n to_o the_o length_n and_o two_o to_o the_o breadth_n or_o else_o you_o can_v take_v off_o the_o 5_o figure_n or_o 5_o cipher_n as_o be_v before_o show_v then_o take_v the_o 5_o cipher_n off_o after_o multiplication_n there_o remain_v 40_o which_o show_v you_o that_o such_o a_o triangle_n that_o have_v such_o a_o base_a and_o such_o a_o perpendicular_a contain_v four_o acre_n of_o ground_n and_o if_o you_o work_v it_o the_o common_a way_n you_o will_v find_v it_o to_o be_v true_a see_v fig._n 43._o but_o to_o assist_v you_o yet_o further_o to_o turn_v  _fw-fr m._n c._n x._o  _fw-fr ac_fw-la ro_o p._n ac_fw-la ro_o p._n ro_o po_fw-es 1_o 6._o 1._o 0_o 0._o 2._o 20_o 0._o 10_o 2_o 12._o 2._o 0_o 0._o 1._o 0_o 0._o 20_o 3_o 18._o 3._o 0_o 1._o 3._o 20_o 0._o 30_o 4_o 25._o 0._o 0_o 2._o 2._o 0_o 1._o 0_o 5_o 31._o 1._o 0_o 3._o 0._o 20_o 1._o 10_o
true_a scale_n thus_o have_v show_v you_o several_a hint_n of_o this_o line_n of_o number_n i_o will_v here_o show_v a_o few_o more_o chap._n xlvi_o the_o description_n of_o the_o line_n of_o number_n or_o gunter_n line_n this_o line_n common_o on_o your_o two_o foot_n rule_n be_v in_o two_o part_n and_o each_o of_o these_o two_o part_n divide_v into_o 9_o unequal_a part_n which_o be_v call_v prime_n or_o integer_n or_o whole_a number_n and_o be_v distinguish_v by_o these_o figure_n the_o first_o part_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n have_v 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o 7_o 8_o 9_o and_o 10_o now_o this_o middle_a one_o which_o i_o call_v 10_o be_v also_o but_o one_o as_o the_o line_n may_v be_v read_v and_o then_o the_o second_o part_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n be_v also_o 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o 7_o 8_o 9_o 10_o now_o this_o last_o part_n i_o shall_v for_o distinction_n call_v the_o second_o part_n and_o then_o each_o of_o those_o integer_n from_o the_o first_o one_o to_o the_o middle_n be_v subdivide_v into_o 10_o unequal_a part_n and_o from_o the_o middle_a one_o to_o 10_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o second_o part_n between_o every_o two_o figure_n according_a to_o the_o same_o order_n that_o the_o other_o be_v divide_v into_o 10_o part_n and_o each_o of_o these_o 10_o part_n shall_v be_v divide_v into_o 10_o part_n more_o if_o the_o rule_n be_v long_o enough_o to_o bear_v they_o but_o on_o every_o two-foot_n rule_n that_o have_v this_o line_n well_o make_v on_o it_o they_o be_v from_o the_o middle_a one_o to_o two_o in_o the_o second_o part_n first_o divide_v into_o 10_o part_n and_o then_o each_o of_o these_o into_o 10_o other_o part_n and_o be_v the_o rule_n long_o enough_o these_o shall_v be_v divide_v into_o 10_o other_o part_n but_o to_o read_v a_o sum_n of_o a_o thousand_o you_o must_v estimate_n or_o guess_v at_o the_o unite_v so_o that_o you_o may_v read_v any_o sum_n under_o a_o thousand_o express_o from_o the_o first_o one_o to_o 10_o in_o the_o second_o part_n you_o may_v read_v 199_o express_o the_o middle_a one_o be_v 100_o than_o 9_o ten_o be_v 90_o and_o 9_o ten_o of_o they_o ten_o be_v 9_o that_o be_v 199_o which_o be_v the_o division_n next_o to_o 2_o in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o your_o rule_n by_o this_o you_o may_v observe_v that_o the_o long_o your_o rule_n be_v the_o more_o exact_o you_o may_v number_v or_o read_v a_o great_a sum_n especial_o if_o you_o understand_v arithmetic_n as_o may_v be_v see_v more_o full_o in_o the_o rule_n of_o arithmetic_n follow_v chap._n xlvii_o numeration_n on_o the_o line_n or_o to_o read_v a_o sum_n on_o the_o line_n of_o number_n you_o may_v observe_v that_o the_o figure_n on_o this_o line_n as_o in_o the_o precede_a chapter_n be_v 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o 7_o 8_o 9_o and_o 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o 7_o 8_o 9_o 10_o now_o the_o same_o point_n or_o division_n on_o the_o rule_n which_o have_v 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o etc._n etc._n may_v be_v read_v 10_o 20_o 30_o 40_o 50_o etc._n etc._n or_o they_o may_v be_v call_v 100_o 200_o 300_o 400_o 500_o by_o this_o you_o may_v perceive_v that_o the_o large_a number_n you_o have_v to_o number_n any_o of_o those_o figure_n will_v admit_v of_o a_o large_a denomination_n so_o that_o if_o you_o be_v to_o read_v any_o sum_n from_o one_o to_o 10_o you_o have_v it_o in_o the_o second_o part_n for_o then_o the_o first_o one_o be_v one_o ten_o the_o middle_a one_o be_v one_o the_o end_v one_o be_v 10_o but_o if_o you_o be_v to_o read_v a_o number_n of_o three_o figure_n as_o any_o be_v under_o 1000_o then_o the_o first_o one_o be_v 10_o the_o middle_a one_o 100_o the_o end_n one_o 1000_o example_n to_o find_v 144_o i_o take_v the_o middle_a one_o for_o the_o 100_o than_o 4_o of_o the_o great_a division_n forward_o for_o 40_o than_o 4_o division_n forward_o still_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n for_o 4_o and_o that_o point_n be_v 144_o which_o may_v also_o be_v call_v fourteen_o and_o 4_o 10_o or_o 1450_o or_o 14500_o then_o must_v the_o middle_a one_o be_v 10000_o and_o 4_o ten_o forward_a 4000_o and_o 5_o ten_o forward_a 500_o this_o point_n want_v but_o five_o small_a division_n of_o the_o long_a point_n which_o be_v 15_o or_o 150_o or_o 1500_o or_o may_v be_v 15000_o according_a as_o your_o sum_n be_v in_o greatness_n example_n to_o find_v the_o point_n 12_o first_o i_o read_v the_o middle_n one_o 10_o than_o 2_o ten_o forward_a for_o 2_o that_o be_v the_o point_n 12_o where_o in_o many_o rule_n there_o be_v a_o brass_n pin_n because_o it_o be_v a_o point_v much_o use_v as_o you_o will_v find_v hereafter_o now_o this_o point_n 12_o be_v also_o 120_o or_o 1200_o for_o the_o first_o one_o be_v one_o than_o the_o middle_a one_o be_v 10_o and_o two_o ten_o forward_o be_v the_o point_n 12_o etc._n etc._n but_o if_o you_o read_v this_o point_n 120_o than_o the_o first_o one_o be_v 10_o the_o middle_a one_o 100_o and_o two_o ten_o forward_z 20_o which_o be_v 120_o and_o if_o it_o be_v read_v 1200_o than_o the_o middle_a one_o be_v 1000_o and_o two_o ten_o forward_z 200_o which_o be_v 1200_o etc._n etc._n example_n to_o find_v the_o number_n 1728_o be_v the_o cube-inche_n in_o a_o foot_n of_o timber_n the_o middle_a one_o be_v 1000_o than_o 7_o ten_o forward_a be_v 700_o and_o two_o ten_o of_o they_o forward_o be_v 20_o now_o the_o division_n on_o the_o rule_n do_v not_o show_v the_o 8_o that_o remain_v therefore_o you_o must_v estimate_v the_o place_n for_o 8_o which_o be_v almost_o one_o ten_o more_o so_o have_v find_v that_o place_n it_o be_v the_o point_n which_o be_v for_o 1728_o so_o in_o many_o great_a sum_n you_o must_v estimate_n or_o guess_v at_o the_o unite_v but_o decimal_a sum_n do_v show_v themselves_o more_o plain_o as_o you_o may_v well_o perceive_v hereafter_o especial_o when_o they_o end_v with_o a_o cypher_n or_o cipher_n i_o hope_v you_o now_o plain_o see_v the_o use_n in_o read_v or_o number_v any_o sum_n under_o 10000_o and_o that_o you_o see_v also_o that_o this_o be_v a_o decimal_a line_n and_o be_v take_v from_o that_o excellent_a rule_n of_o decimal_n the_o canon_n of_o logarithme_n and_o that_o you_o may_v read_v any_o decimal_a fraction_n as_o one_o ten_o one_o of_o 100_o or_o one_o of_o 1000_o or_o 2_o 10_o 3_o 10_o 4_o 10_o or_o 15_o 100_o 26_o 100_o 71_o 100_o etc._n etc._n that_o be_v if_o the_o integer_fw-la be_v in_o 10_o part_n you_o may_v find_v out_o any_o of_o these_o part_n or_o if_o in_o 100_o part_n you_o may_v find_v out_o any_o part_n from_o one_o to_o 100_o ready_o ex._n if_o the_o integer_fw-la be_v 10_o that_o be_v if_o 10_o make_v one_o foot_n yard_n pound_n or_o the_o like_a i_o will_v know_v the_o point_n of_o one_o and_o 5_o 10_o or_o one_o and_o ½_o take_v either_o the_o middle_a one_o or_o the_o first_o one_o extend_v the_o compass_n point_n to_o 5_o which_o be_v the_o long_a division_n between_o 1_o and_o 2_o that_o be_v the_o point_n of_o one_o and_o 5_o ten_o or_o one_o and_o a_o half_a example_n if_o it_o be_v require_v to_o find_v the_o point_n of_o 100_o 50_o 100_o or_o 100_o and_o half_a it_o be_v the_o same_o point_n or_o it_o be_v 1000_o and_o a_o half_a example_n if_o it_o be_v to_o find_v the_o point_n of_o 60_o of_o 100_o than_o the_o middle_a one_o be_v the_o 100_o and_o the_o figure_n 6_o in_o the_o first_o part_n be_v the_o figure_n that_o be_v 60_o of_o a_o 100_o or_o 60_o 100_o or_o as_o decimal_a fraction_n common_o be_v write_v 60_o the_o prick_n before_o show_v it_o to_o be_v a_o decimal_n fraction_n example_n to_o find_v 1560_o take_v the_o middle_a one_o for_o 1000_o and_o five_o ten_o for_o 500_o and_o 6_o ten_o of_o they_o ten_o for_o 60_o which_o be_v the_o point_n 1560_o etc._n etc._n also_o if_o it_o be_v desire_v to_o find_v the_o fraction_n 1560_o of_o 10000_o that_o be_v the_o same_o point_n and_o may_v thus_o be_v write_v 1560_o 10000_o or_o it_o be_v the_o point_n that_o represent_v the_o fraction_n 156_o 1000_o etc._n etc._n be_v perfect_a to_o read_v the_o line_n well_o then_o will_v the_o other_o rule_n be_v easy_a chap._n xlviii_o addition_n on_o the_o line_n of_o number_n the_o rule_n be_v first_o find_v one_o of_o your_o number_n then_o count_v so_o many_o as_o the_o number_n or_o number_n be_v forward_o that_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o that_o be_v the_o sum._n take_v notice_n that_o your_o sum_n or_o sum_n must_v if_o they_o be_v fraction_n be_v decimal_a fraction_n example_n in_o whole_a number_n 55_o
6_o 37._o 2._o 0_o 3._o 3._o 0_o 1._o 20_o 7_o 43._o 3._o 0_o 4._o 1._o 20_o 1._o 30_o 8_o 50._o 0._o 0_o 5._o 0._o 0_o 2._o 0_o 9_o 56._o 1._o 0_o 5._o 2._o 20_o 2._o 10_o pole_n into_o acre_n observe_v this_o table_n the_o denomination_n of_o the_o several_a number_n be_v know_v by_o the_o mark_v under_o which_o they_o be_v set_v as_o all_o under_o ac._n be_v acre_n under_o ro._n be_v rood_n under_o po._n be_v so_o many_o pole_n and_o so_o the_o first_o column_n under_o m._n answer_v to_o thousand_o that_o under_o c._n to_o hundred_o that_o under_o x._o to_o ten_o and_o the_o odd_a pole_n if_o any_o be_v be_v set_v down_o under_o pole_n as_o e._n g._n 1442_o pole_n to_o know_v how_o many_o acre_n by_o this_o table_n first_o for_o the_o one_o thousand_o in_o the_o table_n under_o m._n be_v 6_o acre_n one_o rood_n set_v that_o down_o as_o you_o see_v in_o the_o precede_a page_n then_o four_o hundred_o under_o c._n and_o against_o 4_o be_v 2_o acre_n 2_o rood_n set_v that_o down_o then_o in_o the_o table_n under_o x._o and_o against_o 4_o be_v one_o rood_n set_v that_o down_o then_o the_o odd_a pole_n set_v down_o always_o under_o the_o pole_n as_o 2_o under_o pole_n then_o sum_n they_o up_o and_o you_o shall_v find_v it_o be_v 9_o acre_n 2_o pole_n as_o before_z this_o table_n be_v so_o plain_a there_o need_v no_o more_o example_n a_o table_n of_o superficial_a long_a measure_n from_o a_o inch_n to_o a_o mile_n according_a to_o the_o standard_n of_o england_n inch._n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 12_o a_o foot_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 36_o 3_o a_o yard_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 45_o 3_o ¾_n 1_o ¼_n ell._n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 198_o 16_o ½_o 5_o ½_o 4_o ⅖_n pole_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 7920_o 660_o 220_o 176_o 40_o furlong_n  _fw-fr 63360_o 5280_o 1760_o 1408_o 320_o 8_o mile_n a_o table_n of_o square_a measure_n acre_n 4_o 160_o 4840_o 43560_o  _fw-fr rood_n 40_o 1210_o 10890_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr pole_n 30_o ¼_n 272_o ¼_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr yard_n 9_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr foot_n a_o example_n of_o the_o table_n of_o long_a measure_n suppose_v you_o be_v to_o find_v out_o how_o many_o inch_n be_v in_o a_o pole_n long_o look_v under_o inch_n and_o against_o pole_n there_o be_v 198_o and_o so_o many_o inch_n be_v in_o a_o pole_n long_o and_o 16_o ½_o foot_n 5_o ½_o yard_n and_o in_o the_o table_n of_o square_a measure_n to_o know_v how_o many_o square_a yard_n be_v in_o a_o pole_n look_v against_o pole_n and_o above_o yard_n there_o be_v 30_o ¼_n the_o square_a yard_n in_o a_o pole_n there_o be_v several_a other_o sort_n of_o superficial_a measure_n as_o paving_n plaistering_n wainscoting_n and_o paint_v which_o be_v to_o be_v measure_v by_o the_o yard_n square_a and_o may_v be_v measure_v by_o some_o of_o the_o rule_n before_o show_v your_o ready_a way_n be_v by_o the_o yard_n divide_v into_o ten_o part_n so_o will_v you_o odd_a measure_n come_v into_o decimal_a fraction_n which_o be_v as_o easy_o cast_v up_o as_o whole_a number_n or_o if_o you_o measure_v by_o the_o foot_n rule_n have_v it_o divide_v into_o 10_o part_n and_o when_o you_o have_v find_v the_o content_a in_o foot_n divide_v it_o by_o 9_o the_o quotient_n will_v show_v you_o how_o many_o yard_n and_o if_o any_o remain_n they_o be_v foot_n some_o sort_n of_o work_n be_v measure_v by_o the_o square_n of_o 10_o foot_n the_o side_n so_o that_o such_o a_o square_n be_v 100_o foot_n for_o ten_o time_n ten_o be_v a_o hundred_o by_o this_o measure_n be_v your_o carpenter_n work_v measure_v as_o floor_n partition_n roof_n of_o house_n so_o also_o be_v til_v and_o slat_v measure_v this_o be_v very_o ready_a to_o measure_v and_o to_o cast_v up_o for_o if_o you_o multiply_v the_o breadth_n by_o the_o length_n so_o many_o hundred_o as_o you_o find_v so_o many_o square_n be_v there_o and_o what_o remain_v be_v part_n of_o a_o square_n board_n and_o glass_n etc._n etc._n be_v measure_v by_o the_o foot_n which_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o ten_o part_n which_o will_v be_v much_o easy_a to_o count_v up_o but_o if_o you_o will_v be_v more_o full_o satisfy_v in_o the_o rule_n of_o survey_v see_v the_o work_n of_o mr._n leyborn_n mr._n wing_n mr._n rathborn_a etc._n etc._n have_v the_o length_n of_o a_o field_n to_o know_v what_o breadth_n will_v make_v one_o acre_n of_o ground_n by_o the_o fourpole_n chain_n and_o line_n of_o number_n ex._n the_o length_n be_v 12_o chain_n 50_o link_n to_o find_v the_o breadth_n to_o make_v that_o length_n just_a one_o acre_n do_v thus_o extend_v your_o compass_n from_o 12.50_o the_o length_n to_o 10_o that_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o one_o to_o 80_o which_o be_v the_o breadth_n in_o link_n to_o make_v one_o acre_n for_o if_o you_o multiply_v 12.50_o by_o 80_o it_o yield_v 100000_o from_o which_o if_o you_o take_v off_o five_o cipher_n there_o remain_v one_o which_o be_v one_o acre_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xli_o of_o measure_v holes_n and_o border_n that_o be_v under_o a_o pole_n broad_a by_o which_o you_o may_v the_o better_a let_v or_o take_v they_o to_o do_v by_o the_o pole-square_a etc._n etc._n with_o several_a table_n of_o measure_n holes_n for_o to_o set_v tree_n in_o be_v seldom_o make_v under_o one_o foot_n diameter_n or_o above_o eight_o foot_n diameter_n the_o depth_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o a_o foot_n deep_a the_o rule_n to_o measure_v any_o circle_n by_o be_v the_o same_o which_o be_v thus_o to_o take_v the_o semi-circumference_n and_o the_o semi-diameter_n and_o multiply_v these_o half_n the_o one_o by_o the_o other_o sheweth_z the_o superficial_a content_a or_o area_n of_o that_o circle_n this_o you_o may_v work_v either_o by_o the_o pen_n or_o line_n of_o number_n as_o by_o the_o line_n of_o number_n thus_o the_o diameter_n be_v four_o foot_n extend_v the_o compass_n from_o 1._o to_o 4._o the_o diameter_n keep_v your_o compass_n fix_v and_o always_o on_o the_o number_n 7854_o set_v one_o point_n and_o turn_v twice_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n but_o if_o they_o fall_v off_o at_o the_o end_n at_o the_o second_o turn_n then_o must_v you_o set_v they_o on_o the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o line_n when_o you_o have_v turn_v they_o once_o etc._n etc._n have_v take_v the_o distance_n of_o 1_o to_o 4._o and_o set_v one_o point_n on_o the_o stand_a number_n 7854_o the_o other_o point_n go_v to_o 31_o and_o near_o ½_o thence_o if_o you_o turn_v another_o turn_v it_o will_v go_v off_o from_o the_o line_n therefore_o you_o must_v find_v the_o point_n 31_o and_o near_a ½_o on_o the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o line_n and_o set_v one_o point_n there_o the_o other_o will_v reach_v to_o 12_o and_o about_o 58_o 100_o which_o tell_v you_o that_o in_o a_o circle_n of_o 4_o foot_n diameter_n there_o be_v 12_o superficial_a square_a foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o better_o now_o to_o work_v it_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n above_o by_o the_o line_n if_o you_o multiply_v the_o semi-diameter_n by_o the_o semi-circumference_n it_o give_v the_o content_a the_o same_o way_n i_o shall_v do_v it_o with_o my_o pen_n example_n first_o have_v the_o diameter_n i_o must_v find_v the_o circumference_n extend_v the_o compass_n from_o 7_o to_o 22._o the_o same_o will_v reach_v from_o 4_o to_o 12._o 58_o the_o circumference_n than_o ½_o of_o 12._o 58_o be_v 6_o 29_o 100_o the_o semi_a circumference_n which_o multiply_v by_o 2_o the_o semi_a diameter_n extend_v the_o compass_n from_o 1_o to_o 2_o the_o same_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o 6._o 29_o to_o 12._o 58_o as_o before_o that_o be_v twelve_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o 8_o 100_o you_o here_o may_v see_v how_o easy_o and_o ready_o the_o golden_a rule_n and_o multiplication_n may_v be_v perform_v by_o the_o line_n of_o number_n which_o i_o use_v the_o often_o that_o you_o may_v take_v the_o more_o notice_n of_o the_o easiness_n of_o it_o to_o work_v any_o of_o the_o rule_n of_o arithmetic_n by_o be_v once_o perfect_a in_o this_o you_o will_v soon_o understand_v the_o sector_n with_o its_o excellent_a use_n in_o the_o mathematics_n perform_v by_o line_n and_o compass_n but_o according_a to_o the_o last_o rule_n see_v the_o same_o question_n write_v with_o the_o pen_n that_o you_o may_v see_v the_o agreement_n that_o be_v between_o geometry_n and_o arithmetic_n example_n 144_o which_o 741_o barly-corn_n be_v above_o half_a a_o foot_n as_o be_v show_v before_o but_o in_o find_v the_o circumference_n i_o add_v a_o cypher_n to_o 4_o which_o make_v it_o 40_o from_o that_o i_o take_v 6_o time_n 7_o which_o be_v 42_o and_o shall_v be_v
and_o 15_o first_o find_v 55_o then_o count_v 15_o forward_a and_o the_o point_n be_v 70_o for_o add_v 5_o to_o 55_o it_o make_v 60_o and_o count_v 10_o forward_a the_o point_n be_v 70._o example_n in_o 3_o whole_a number_n 60_o 57_o &_o 35_o first_o find_v 60_o than_o 5_o ten_o forward_a be_v 110_o and_o 7_o of_o a_o ten_o it_o be_v then_o 117_o then_o from_o that_o point_n count_v 35_o and_o the_o point_n or_o division_n show_v it_o be_v 152._o example_n a_o whole_a number_n and_o a_o decimal_n as_o 6_o and_o 9_o 10_o find_v 16_o on_o either_o part_n of_o your_o rule_n then_o count_v 9_o of_o the_o 10_o division_n that_o be_v between_o 6_o &_o 7_o which_o be_v one_o division_n short_a of_o 7_o and_o that_o be_v the_o point_n which_o be_v 6_o and_o 9_o ten_o or_o thus_o 6_o 9_o 10_o or_o 6.9_o it_o also_o may_v be_v read_v 6_o 90_o 100_o for_o it_o be_v the_o point_n of_o that_o also_o example_n 2_o whole_a number_n and_o 2_o fraction_n as_o 60_o 80_o and_o 70.50_o i_o take_v 60_o and_o count_v 7_o ten_o forward_a which_o be_v at_o the_o point_n 130_o not_o here_o the_o middle_a one_o be_v read_v 100_o than_o 3_o ten_o forward_a be_v for_o 30_o then_o for_o the_o 80_o and_o 50_o which_o be_v 130_o i_o count_v one_o ten_o more_o which_o then_o be_v 131_o and_o be_v the_o division_n on_o the_o line_n fall_v so_o close_o you_o must_v estimate_n or_o guess_v the_o 90_o 100_o or_o it_o be_v but_o add_v the_o 2_o last_o figure_n together_o and_o keep_v the_o unite_v in_o your_o mind_n to_o add_v to_o your_o other_o sum_n and_o so_o you_o may_v be_v exact_a add_v 50_o and_o 80_o together_o it_o make_v 130_o keep_v 30_o in_o mind_n as_o in_o this_o example_n i_o neglect_v the_o 2_o cipher_n and_o add_v 8_o and_o 5_o together_o which_o be_v 13_o or_o add_v 80_o and_o 50_o make_v 130_o now_o they_o 2_o cipher_n add_v together_o make_v but_o one_o cypher_n add_v to_o 13_o be_v 130_o that_o be_v one_o integer_fw-la and_o 30_o of_o another_o but_o if_o the_o 80_o and_o 50_o have_v be_v only_o 8_o and_o 5_o then_z 10_o have_v be_v the_o integer_fw-la and_o the_o 3_o have_v be_v 3_o 10_o of_o one_o and_o note_v this_o that_o if_o the_o integer_fw-la or_o whole_a sum_n that_o the_o fraction_n belong_v to_o in_o decimal_a fraction_n i_o say_v if_o the_o integer_fw-la be_v 10_o then_o from_o one_o to_o 10_o be_v the_o decimal_a fraction_n of_o that_o and_o if_o the_o integer_fw-la be_v a_o 100_o then_o from_o one_o to_o a_o 100_o be_v the_o decimal_n of_o that_o if_o a_o 1000_o then_o from_o one_o to_o a_o 1000_o the_o decimal_n of_o a_o 1000_o may_v be_v and_o so_o of_o great_a sum_n so_o that_o in_o decimal_n there_o be_v no_o improper_a fraction_n as_o be_v in_o your_o vulgar_a fraction_n for_o there_o you_o may_v find_v the_o denominator_fw-la more_o than_o the_o numerator_n if_o the_o fraction_n be_v a_o proper_a fraction_n but_o if_o a_o improper_a fraction_n than_o the_o denominator_fw-la less_o than_o the_o numerator_n as_o may_v be_v see_v at_o large_a in_o most_o book_n that_o treat_v of_o fraction_n see_v mr._n wingates_n arithmetic_n natural_a so_o that_o decimal_a fraction_n may_v be_v express_v without_o the_o denominator_fw-la by_o fix_v before_o the_o decimal_n or_o break_a number_n propound_v as_o 12_o 35_o 100_o be_v thus_o 12.35_o and_o 2_o 98_o 100_o thus_o 2.98_o etc._n etc._n or_o 2_o 5_o 10_o or_o 2_o ½_o may_v thus_o be_v write_v and_o be_v in_o decimal_n write_v 2.5_o that_o be_v 2_o and_o a_o half_a for_o in_o this_o example_n the_o integer_fw-la be_v 10_o and_o then_z 5_o being_z half_z 10_o so_o it_o be_v 2_o and_o a_o half_a i_o have_v be_v large_a on_o this_o rule_n because_o i_o will_v write_v to_o those_o that_o do_v not_o know_v any_o thing_n of_o these_o rule_n as_o well_o as_o to_o those_o that_o be_v well_o verse_v in_o they_o my_o desire_n be_v to_o learn_v the_o one_o and_o to_o show_v the_o other_o that_o which_o i_o can_v never_o see_v yet_o in_o any_o book_n viz._n new_a example_n chap._n xlix_o substraction_n on_o the_o line_n of_o number_n the_o rule_n be_v first_o find_v the_o point_n which_o the_o great_a number_n make_v then_o count_v the_o least_o number_n from_o that_o point_n towards_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o remainder_n be_v the_o other_o number_n example_n of_o two_o number_n as_o 12_o from_o 144_o first_o i_o find_v 144_o there_o i_o set_v one_o point_n of_o my_o compass_n and_o count_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n 12_o then_o read_v the_o point_n that_o remain_v i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 132._o example_n of_o 3_o number_n suppose_v you_o be_v to_o subtract_v 8_o and_o 19_o from_o 800_o add_v 8_o and_o 19_o together_o which_o be_v 27_o then_o find_v the_o point_n 800_o then_o count_v 2_o tenthes_o and_o 7_o of_o ten_o from_o the_o point_n 800_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n this_o show_v the_o point_n 773_o which_o be_v the_o question_n this_o rule_n be_v seldom_o use_v on_o the_o line_n therefore_o i_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o of_o it_o but_o come_v to_o the_o most_o useful_a rule_n on_o the_o line_n viz._n multiplication_n division_n the_o rule_n of_o 3_o etc._n etc._n chap._n l._n multiplication_n on_o the_o line_n of_o number_n this_o rule_n be_v thus_o extend_v the_o compass_n from_o 1_o to_o one_o of_o the_o number_n to_o be_v multiply_v the_o same_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o the_o other_o number_n to_o the_o content_a example_n if_o you_o be_v to_o multiply_v 6_o by_o 8_o extend_v the_o compass_n from_o one_o to_o 6_o keep_v the_o compass_n fix_v and_o that_o same_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o 8_o to_o 48_o the_o content_a or_o if_o you_o set_v one_o point_n of_o your_o compass_n on_o 1_o and_o extend_v the_o other_o to_o 8_o at_o that_o exent_n if_o you_o set_v one_o point_n of_o your_o compass_n on_o 6_o the_o other_o point_n will_v reach_v to_o 48_o the_o content_a as_o be_v before_o describe_v note_v that_o your_o rule_n must_v be_v divide_v into_o 10_o equal_a part_n and_o these_o 10_o part_n each_o of_o they_o into_o 10_o other_o equal_a part_n thus_o will_v your_o foot_n be_v divide_v into_o a_o 100_o equal_a part_n and_o thus_o must_v your_o yard_n pole_n etc._n etc._n be_v divide_v then_o will_v these_o part_n answer_v the_o line_n of_o number_n which_o be_v a_o a_o decimal_n line_n example_n 2d_o if_o a_o stone_n or_o board_n be_v 14_o inch_n broad_a and_o 30_o inch_n long_o how_o many_o inch_n be_v there_o in_o that_o stone_n board_n &_o c_o extend_v the_o compass_n from_o 1_o to_o 14_o the_o same_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o 30_o the_o length_n to_o 420_o the_o content_a in_o superficial_a inch_n but_o if_o you_o will_v know_v how_o much_o of_o this_o breadth_n will_v make_v a_o foot_n square_n of_o board_n glass_n or_o stone_n the_o rule_n be_v this_o as_o the_o breadth_n in_o inches_n be_v to_o 144_o the_o superficial_a inch_n in_o one_o foot_n that_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o one_o to_o the_o length_n of_o one_o foot_n in_o inch-measure_n example_n 3d._n set_v one_o point_n of_o your_o compass_n on_o 14_o the_o breadth_n extend_v the_o other_o to_o 144_o that_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o one_o to_o 10_o and_o near_o 3_o 10_o and_o so_o much_o make_v a_o foot_n long_o at_o 14_o inch_n broad_a superficial_a measure_n to_o prove_v this_o if_o you_o multiply_v 14_o by_o 10_o 3_o 10_o the_o product_n will_v be_v 144_o 2_o 10_o so_o it_o be_v but_o 2_o of_o 10_o or_o one_o five_o part_n more_o but_o the_o most_o customary_a way_n to_o measure_v board_n glass_n stone_n or_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v measure_v by_o superficial_a foot-measure_n be_v by_o inch-measure_n and_o foot-measure_n together_o and_o the_o rule_n be_v this_o as_o 12_o the_o side_z of_o a_o foot_n square_a be_v to_o the_o breadth_n in_o inch_n so_o be_v the_o length_n in_o foot_n or_o part_n to_o the_o content_a in_o foot_n or_o part_n example_n 4._o shall_v be_v in_o the_o aforesaid_a example_n to_o make_v the_o rule_n more_o plain_a set_v one_o point_n of_o your_o compass_n always_o on_o 12_o extend_v the_o other_o to_o the_o breadth_n in_o inch_n which_o be_v 14_o that_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a which_o be_v 30_o inch_n to_o near_o 3_o foot_n viz._n to_o two_o foot_n 9_o 10_o and_o better_o as_o before_z but_o note_n if_o the_o breadth_n in_o inch_n be_v more_o than_o 12_o as_o in_o the_o last_o example_n then_o must_v you_o turn_v your_o compass_n from_o the_o length_n in_o foot_n and_o part_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n but_o if_o the_o breadth_n be_v less_o than_o 12_o