no_o manure_n more_o excellent_a for_o cold_a barren_a caly_n of_o this_o nature_n the_o pigeon_n dung_n or_o the_o dung_n of_o household_n pullen_n as_o capon_n hen_n chicken_n turkey_n and_o such_o like_a so_o there_o be_v no_o goose-dung_n among_o it_o be_v the_o best_a of_o all_o other_o but_o not_o to_o be_v use_v in_o such_o sort_n as_o the_o other_o manure_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o be_v lay_v in_o great_a heap_n upon_o the_o land_n or_o to_o be_v spread_v from_o the_o cart_n upon_o the_o land_n for_o neither_o be_v there_o such_o abundance_n of_o such_o manure_n to_o be_v get_v nor_o if_o there_o be_v it_o will_v not_o be_v hold_v for_o good_a husbandry_n to_o make_v lavish_a havoc_n of_o a_o thing_n so_o precious_a pullen-dung_n you_o shall_v then_o know_v that_o for_o the_o use_n of_o pigeon_n or_o pullen-dung_n it_o be_v thus_o you_o shall_v first_o with_o your_o hand_n break_v it_o as_o small_a as_o may_v be_v and_o then_o put_v it_o into_o the_o hopper_n in_o such_o sort_n as_o you_o put_v your_o corn_n when_o you_o sow_v it_o and_o then_o look_v how_o you_o sow_v your_o corn_n in_o such_o sort_n you_o shall_v sow_v your_o pigeon_n or_o pullen-dung_n which_o do_v you_o shall_v immediate_o put_v your_o barley_n into_o the_o same_o hopper_n and_o so_o sow_v it_o after_o the_o pigeon_n or_o pullen-dung_n by_o which_o you_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o this_o kind_n of_o manure_v be_v to_o be_v use_v only_o in_o séede-time_n and_o at_o no_o other_o season_n this_o manure_n be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n that_o sheep_n manure_n be_v and_o do_v last_v but_o only_o for_o one_o year_n only_o it_o be_v much_o hot_a as_o be_v in_o the_o great_a extremity_n of_o heat_n now_o if_o it_o happen_v that_o you_o can_v get_v any_o of_o this_o pigeon_n or_o pullen-dung_n because_o it_o be_v scarce_o and_o not_o in_o every_o man_n power_n if_o then_o you_o take_v lime_n and_o sow_v it_o upon_o your_o land_n in_o such_o sort_n as_o be_v before_o say_v of_o the_o pigions-dung_n and_o then_o sow_v your_o corn_n after_o it_o you_o shall_v find_v great_a profit_n to_o come_v thereon_o especial_o in_o cold_a wet_a soil_n such_o as_o for_o the_o most_o part_n these_o gray_a white_a caly_n be_v after_o your_o land_n be_v soil_v wheat_n which_o work_n will_v be_v finish_v by_o the_o midst_n of_o september_n than_o you_o shall_v begin_v to_o sow_v your_o wheat_n rye_n and_o maslin_n which_o in_o all_o thing_n must_v be_v do_v as_o be_v before_o set_v down_o for_o the_o black_a clay_n the_o choice_n of_o seed_n and_o every_o observation_n be_v all_o one_o for_o wheat_n not_o take_v delight_n in_o a_o very_a rich_a ground_n do_v prosper_v best_o upon_o this_o indifferent_a soil_n whence_o it_o come_v that_o in_o these_o gray_a white_a caly_n you_o shall_v for_o the_o most_o part_n see_v more_o wheat_n sow_v then_o any_o other_o grain_n whatsoever_o but_o as_o touch_v your_o rye_n and_o maslin_n that_o ever_o desire_v a_o rich_a ground_n and_o a_o fine_a mould_n and_o therefore_o you_o shall_v make_v choice_n of_o your_o better_a earth_n for_o that_o seed_n and_o also_o observe_v to_o help_v it_o with_o manure_n or_o else_o shéepesâ—folding_a in_o such_o manner_n as_o be_v describe_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n where_o i_o speak_v of_o the_o sow_v of_o wheat_n rye_n and_o maslin_n as_o soon_o as_o you_o have_v sow_v your_o wheat_n winter-ridging_a rye_n and_o maslin_n you_o shall_v then_o about_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o october_n begin_v to_o winter_n ridge_n or_o set_v up_o your_o land_n for_o the_o whole_a year_n which_o you_o shall_v do_v in_o all_o point_n as_o you_o do_v upon_o the_o black_a clay_n without_o any_o change_n or_o alteration_n and_o the_o limitation_n for_o this_o ardour_n be_v from_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o october_n until_o the_o beginning_n of_o december_n wherein_o your_o year_n work_n be_v make_v perfect_a and_o complete_a now_o you_o shall_v understand_v observation_n that_o although_o i_o have_v in_o this_o general_a sort_n pass_v over_o the_o ardour_n and_o several_a earring_n of_o this_o white_a or_o gray_a clay_n any_o of_o which_o be_v in_o no_o wise_a to_o be_v neglect_v yet_o there_o be_v sundry_a other_o observation_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o careful_a husbandman_n especial_o in_o the_o lay_n of_o his_o land_n as_o thus_o if_o the_o soil_n be_v of_o good_a temper_n fruitful_a dry_a and_o of_o a_o well_o mix_v mould_n not_o be_v subject_a to_o any_o natural_a spring_n or_o cast_v forth_o of_o moisture_n but_o rather_o through_o the_o native_a warmth_n dry_v up_o all_o kind_n of_o flure_n or_o cold_a moisture_n neither_o binâ—ing_n or_o strangle_v the_o seed_n nor_o yet_o hold_v it_o in_o such_o looseness_n that_o it_o lose_v his_o force_n of_o increase_v in_o this_o case_n it_o be_v best_o to_o lay_v your_o land_n flat_a and_o level_a without_o ridge_n or_o furrow_n as_o be_v do_v in_o many_o part_n of_o cambridge-shire_n some_o part_n of_o essex_n and_o some_o part_n of_o hartford-shire_n but_o if_o the_o clay_n be_v fruitful_a and_o of_o good_a temper_n yet_o either_o by_o the_o border_n of_o great_a hill_n the_o overflow_n of_o small_a brook_n or_o some_o other_o casual_a mean_n it_o be_v subject_a to_o much_o wet_a or_o drow_v in_o this_o case_n you_o shall_v lay_v your_o land_n large_a and_o high_a with_o high_a ridge_n and_o deep_a furrow_n as_o general_o you_o see_v in_o lincolnshire_n nottinghamshire_n huntingtonshire_n and_o most_o of_o the_o middle_a shire_n in_o england_n but_o if_o the_o land_n be_v barren_a cold_a wet_a subject_a to_o much_o bind_v and_o do_v bring_v forth_o great_a store_n of_o weed_n than_o you_o shall_v lay_v your_o land_n in_o little_a stitche_n that_o be_v to_o say_v not_o above_o three_o or_o four_o furrow_n at_o the_o most_o together_o as_o be_v general_o see_v in_o middlesex_n hartford-shire_n kent_n and_o surrey_n for_o by_o that_o mean_n neither_o shall_v the_o land_n bind_v and_o choke_v the_o corn_n nor_o shall_v the_o weed_n so_o overrun_v it_o but_o that_o the_o husbandman_n may_v with_o good_a ease_n help_v to_o strengthen_v and_o cleanse_v it_o the_o many_o furrow_n both_o give_v he_o many_o passage_n whereby_o he_o may_v correct_v those_o enormity_n and_o also_o in_o such_o sort_n convey_n away_o the_o water_n and_o other_o moisture_n that_o there_o can_v be_v make_v any_o land_n more_o fruitful_a plough_n now_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o plough_n which_o be_v best_a and_o most_o proper_a for_o this_o gray_a or_o white_a clay_n of_o which_o we_o now_o speak_v you_o shall_v understand_v that_o it_o differ_v exceed_a much_o from_o that_o of_o which_o we_o speak_v concern_v the_o black_a clay_n i_o and_o in_o such_o sort_n that_o there_o be_v but_o small_a alliance_n or_o affinity_n between_o they_o as_o thus_o for_o example_n first_o it_o be_v not_o so_o large_a and_o great_a as_o that_o for_o the_o black_a clay_n for_o the_o head_n thereof_o be_v not_o above_o twenty_o inch_n in_o length_n and_o not_o above_o one_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a in_o thickness_n the_o main_a beam_n thereof_o be_v not_o above_o five_o foot_n long_o &_o the_o rest_n be_v broad_a by_o a_o inch_n and_o more_o than_o that_o for_o the_o black_a clay_n this_o plough_n also_o have_v but_o one_o hale_v &_o that_o be_v only_o the_o left_a hand_n hale_n for_o the_o plough-staffe_n or_o akerstaffe_n serve_v ever_o in_o stead_n of_o the_o right_a hand_n hale_v so_o that_o the_o rough-stave_n be_v fix_v the_o upper_a unto_o the_o shelboard_n and_o the_o nether_a unto_o the_o plough-rest_n as_o for_o your_o better_a understanding_n you_o may_v perceive_v by_o this_o figure_n the_o plough_n with_o one_o hale_n now_o you_o shall_v understand_v that_o the_o especial_a care_n which_o be_v to_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o make_n of_o this_o plough_n be_v that_o it_o be_v wide_a and_o open_a in_o the_o hinder_a part_n that_o it_o may_v turn_v and_o lay_v the_o furrow_n one_o upon_o another_o whereas_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v any_o thing_n straighten_a in_o the_o hinder_a part_n consider_v that_o this_o clay_n natural_o be_v somewhat_o brittle_a of_o itself_o and_o that_o the_o furrow_n which_o you_o plough_n must_v of_o necessity_n be_v very_o narrow_a and_o little_a it_o be_v not_o possible_a so_o to_o lay_v they_o but_o that_o they_o will_v fall_v down_o back_o again_o and_o enforce_v the_o ploughman_n to_o lose_v his_o labour_n also_o you_o shall_v understand_v that_o whereas_o in_o the_o former_a plough_n which_o be_v for_o the_o black_a clay_n you_o may_v turn_v the_o shelboard_n that_o be_v when_o the_o one_o end_n be_v wear_v you_o may_v eftsoon_o turn_v the_o other_o and_o make_v it_o serve_v the_o like_a season_n in_o this_o plough_n
the_o beam_n also_o of_o this_o plough_n be_v much_o more_o straight_o than_o the_o former_a by_o which_o mean_v the_o skeath_n be_v not_o full_a so_o long_o plough-iron_n the_o iron_n belong_v unto_o this_o plough_n be_v of_o the_o fashion_n of_o the_o former_a iron_n only_o they_o be_v somewhat_o less_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o coulture_n be_v not_o so_o long_o neither_o so_o full_o bend_v as_o that_o for_o the_o red_a sand_n nor_o so_o straight_o as_o that_o for_o the_o black_a clay_n but_o as_o it_o be_v hold_v a_o mean_a between_o both_o so_o likewise_o the_o share_n be_v not_o full_o so_o broad_a as_o that_o for_o the_o red_a sand_n nor_o so_o narrow_a as_o that_o for_o the_o gray_a clay_n but_o hold_v as_o it_o be_v a_o middle_a size_n between_o both_o somewhat_o lean_v in_o proportion_n to_o the_o shape_n of_o that_o for_o the_o black_a clay_n as_o for_o the_o plough-slip_a plough-clout_n and_o other_o implement_n which_o be_v to_o defend_v the_o wood_n from_o the_o hardness_n of_o the_o earth_n they_o be_v the_o same_o and_o in_o the_o same_o wise_a to_o be_v use_v as_o those_o for_o the_o red_a sand._n draught_n now_o for_o the_o draught_n or_o team_n which_o draw_v this_o plough_n they_o be_v as_o in_o all_o other_o draught_n ox_n or_o horse_n but_o for_o the_o number_n thereof_o they_o differ_v much_o from_o those_o which_o be_v former_o write_v of_o for_o you_o shall_v understand_v that_o in_o this_o white_a sandy_a soil_n which_o be_v of_o all_o soil_v the_o light_a either_o two_o good_a horse_n or_o two_o good_a ox_n be_v a_o number_n sufficient_a to_o plough_v any_o ardour_n upon_o this_o soil_n whatsoever_o as_o by_o daily_a experience_n we_o may_v see_v in_o those_o country_n who_o soil_n consist_v of_o this_o white_a light_n sand_n of_o which_o we_o have_v now_o write_v neither_o shall_v the_o ploughman_n upon_o this_o soil_n need_v any_o person_n to_o drive_v or_o order_v his_o plough_n more_o than_o himself_o for_o the_o soil_n be_v so_o light_a and_o easy_a to_o cut_v the_o plough_n so_o nimble_a and_o the_o cattle_n so_o few_o and_o so_o near_o he_o have_v ever_o his_o right_a hand_n at_o liberty_n because_o his_o plough_n have_v but_o only_o a_o left_a hand_n hale_n he_o have_v liberty_n ever_o to_o carry_v a_o goad_n or_o whip_n in_o his_o right_a hand_n to_o quicken_v and_o set_v forward_o his_o cattle_n and_o also_o a_o line_n which_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o head_n of_o the_o beast_n he_o may_v with_o it_o ever_o when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o land_n end_n stop_v they_o and_o turn_v they_o upon_o which_o hand_n he_o please_v and_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o tillage_n and_o order_n of_o this_o white_a sand._n chap._n ix_o the_o manner_n of_o plough_v the_o gravel_n with_o bible_n stone_n or_o the_o gravel_n with_o flint_n their_o earring_n plough_n and_o implement_n have_v in_o the_o plain_a manner_n i_o can_v write_v sufficient_o already_o of_o the_o four_o simple_a and_o uncompounded_a soil_n to_o wit_n two_o clayes_n black_a and_o gray_a and_o two_o sand_n red_z and_o white_a it_o now_o rest_v that_o i_o also_o give_v you_o some_o perfect_a touch_n or_o taste_v of_o the_o mix_v or_o compound_v soil_n as_o namely_o the_o gravel_n which_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o hard_a sand_n clay_n and_o stone_n mix_v together_o and_o of_o gravel_n there_o be_v two_o kind_n that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o that_o be_v mix_v with_o little_a small_a bible_n stone_n as_o in_o many_o part_n of_o middlesex_n kent_n and_o surry_n and_o the_o gravel_n mix_v with_o broad_a flint_n as_o in_o many_o part_n of_o hartford-shire_n essex_n and_o sundry_a such_o place_n these_o gravel_n be_v both_o in_o general_a subject_a to_o much_o barrainnesse_n espcial_o if_o they_o be_v accompany_v with_o any_o extraordinary_a moisture_n yet_o with_o the_o good_a labour_n of_o plough_v and_o with_o the_o cost_n of_o much_o manure_n they_o be_v bring_v to_o reasonable_a fruitfulness_n where_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o ploughman_n which_o be_v master_n of_o such_o a_o soil_n if_o either_o he_o live_v not_o near_o some_o city_n or_o market-town_n where_o great_a store_n of_o manure_n by_o the_o concourse_n of_o people_n be_v daily_o breed_v and_o so_o consequent_o be_v very_o cheap_a or_o else_o have_v not_o in_o his_o own_o store_n and_o breed_v mean_v to_o raise_v good_a store_n of_o manure_n he_o shall_v seldom_o thrive_v and_o prosper_v thereupon_o now_o although_o in_o these_o gravel_n soil_v there_o be_v a_o diversity_n of_o mixture_n as_o the_o one_o mingle_v with_o small_a pebble_n which_o indeed_o be_v the_o worst_a mixture_n the_o other_o with_o broad_a flint_n which_o be_v the_o better_a sign_n of_o fruitfulness_n yet_o in_o their_o order_n of_o tillage_n or_o earring_n in_o their_o wee_n and_o cleanse_v and_o in_o all_o other_o ardour_n and_o observation_n they_o differ_v nothing_o at_o all_o the_o beginning_n and_o end_v of_o each_o several_a work_n be_v all_o one_o now_o for_o the_o manner_n of_o work_n belong_v unto_o these_o two_o soil_n it_o alter_v in_o no_o respect_n nor_o observation_n either_o in_o plough_n plough_v manure_a weed_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n whatsoever_o from_o that_o of_o the_o white_a sand_n the_o same_o time_n of_o the_o year_n the_o same_o seed_n and_o the_o same_o earring_n be_v ever_o to_o be_v obseruedâ—_n wherefore_o at_o shall_v 〈…〉_z to_o write_v so_o ample_o of_o these_o soil_v as_o of_o the_o other_o because_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o white_a sand_n without_o alteration_n it_o be_v but_o to_o write_v one_o thing_n twice_o and_o therefore_o i_o refer_v the_o reader_n to_o the_o former_a chapter_n and_o also_o the_o husbandman_n that_o shall_v live_v upon_o either_o of_o these_o soil_n only_o with_o these_o few_o caveat_n first_o that_o for_o the_o lay_v his_o land_n he_o shall_v lay_v they_o in_o little_a small_a stitch_n that_o be_v not_o have_v above_o four_o furrow_n lay_v together_o as_o it_o be_v for_o one_o land_n in_o such_o sort_n as_o you_o see_v in_o hartford-shire_n essex_n middlesex_n kent_n and_o surry_n for_o this_o soil_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n subject_n to_o much_o moisture_n and_o hardness_n if_o it_o shall_v be_v lay_v in_o great_a land_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o north_n part_n it_o will_v over-burden_n choke_v and_o confound_v the_o seed_n which_o be_v throw_v into_o it_o second_o you_o shall_v not_o go_v about_o to_o gather_v off_o the_o stone_n which_o seem_v as_o it_o be_v to_o cover_v the_o land_n both_o because_o the_o labour_n be_v infinite_a and_o impossible_a as_o also_o because_o those_o stone_n be_v of_o good_a use_n and_o as_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a manure_n and_o help_n unto_o the_o ground_n for_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o gravel_n be_v cold_a and_o moist_a these_o stone_n do_v in_o the_o winter_n time_n defend_v and_o keep_v the_o sharpness_n of_o the_o frost_n and_o bleak_a wind_n from_o kill_v the_o heart_n or_o root_n of_o the_o seed_n and_o also_o in_o the_o summer_n it_o defend_v the_o scorch_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n from_o parch_a and_o dry_v up_o the_o seed_n which_o in_o this_o gravel_o soil_n do_v not_o lie_v so_o well_o cover_v as_o in_o other_o soil_n especial_o if_o this_o kind_n of_o earth_n be_v environ_v with_o any_o great_a hill_n as_o most_o common_o it_o be_v the_o reflection_n whereof_o make_v the_o heat_n much_o more_o violent_a and_o last_o to_o observe_v that_o there_o be_v no_o manure_n better_o or_o more_o kind_o for_o this_o kind_n of_o earth_n than_o chalk_n white_a marle_n or_o lyme_n for_o all_o other_o matter_n whatsoever_o the_o former_a chapter_n of_o the_o white_a sand_n will_v give_v you_o sufficient_a instruction_n chap._n x._o the_o manner_n of_o plough_v the_o black_a clay_n mix_v with_o red_a sand_n and_o the_o white_a clay_n mix_v with_o white_a sand_n their_o earring_n plough_n and_o implement_n next_o to_o these_o gravel_o soil_n there_o be_v also_o two_o other_o compound_v earth_n as_o namely_o the_o black_a clay_n mix_v with_o red_a sand_n and_o the_o white_a clay_n mix_v with_o white_a sand_n which_o albeit_o they_o differ_v in_o composition_n of_o mould_n yet_o they_o hold_v one_o nature_n in_o their_o tillage_n and_o husbandry_n wherefore_o first_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o black_a clay_n mix_v with_o red_a sand_n which_o as_o before_o i_o say_v be_v call_v of_o husbandman_n a_o hassell_n earth_n you_o shall_v understand_v that_o it_o be_v a_o very_a rich_a and_o good_a soil_n very_o fruitful_a both_o for_o corn_n and_o grass_n for_o corn_n be_v apt_a to_o bear_v any_o seed_n whatsoever_o and_o for_o grass_n as_o natural_o put_v it_o forth_o very_o early_o in_o the_o year_n by_o which_o your_o cattle_n shall_v get_v relief_n
pullen-house_n for_o hen_n capon_n duck_n and_o goose_n your_o french_a kilne_n and_o malt_a flower_n with_o such_o like_a necessary_n and_o over_o cross_n betwixt_o both_o these_o side_n you_o shall_v build_v your_o bind_a hovel_n to_o carry_v your_o pease_n of_o good_a and_o sufficient_a timber_n under_o which_o you_o shall_v place_v when_o they_o be_v out_o of_o use_v your_o cartes_n wane_v tumbrel_n plough_n harrow_n and_o such_o like_a together_o with_o plough_n timber_n and_o axletrée_n all_o which_o will_v very_o careful_o be_v keep_v from_o wet_a which_o of_o all_o thing_n do_v soon_o rot_v and_o consume_v they_o and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o husbandman_n house_n and_o the_o necessary_n there_o to_o belong_v chap._n iii_o of_o the_o several_a part_n and_o member_n of_o a_o ordinary_a plough_n and_o of_o the_o join_n of_o they_o together_o if_o a_o workman_n of_o any_o trade_n or_o mystery_n can_v give_v direction_n how_o and_o in_o what_o manner_n the_o tool_n where_o with_o he_o work_v shall_v be_v make_v or_o fashion_v doubtless_o he_o shall_v never_o work_v well_o with_o they_o nor_o know_v when_o they_o be_v in_o temper_n and_o when_o out_o and_o so_o it_o fare_v with_o the_o husbandman_n for_o if_o he_o know_v not_o how_o his_o plough_n shall_v be_v make_v nor_o the_o several_a member_n of_o which_o it_o consist_v with_o the_o virtue_n and_o use_n of_o every_o member_n it_o be_v impossible_a that_o ever_o he_o shall_v make_v a_o good_a furrow_n or_o turn_v over_o his_o ground_n in_o husbandly_a manner_n therefore_o that_o every_o husbandman_n may_v know_v how_o a_o well_o shape_a plough_n be_v make_v he_o shall_v understand_v that_o the_o first_o member_n thereof_o as_o be_v the_o strong_a and_o most_o princpal_a piece_n of_o timber_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o be_v call_v the_o ploughbeame_n be_v a_o large_a long_a piece_n of_o timber_n much_o bend_v according_a to_o the_o form_n of_o this_o figure_n this_o beam_n have_v no_o certain_a length_n nor_o thickness_n but_o be_v proportion_v according_a to_o the_o ground_n for_o if_o it_o be_v for_o a_o clay_n ground_n the_o length_n be_v almost_o seven_o foot_n if_o for_o any_o other_o mix_v or_o light_a earth_n than_o five_o or_o six_o foot_n be_v long_o enough_o the_o second_o member_n or_o part_n of_o the_o plough_n be_v call_v the_o skeath_n and_o be_v a_o piece_n of_o wood_n of_o two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a in_o length_n and_o of_o eight_o inch_n in_o breadth_n and_o two_o inch_n in_o thickness_n it_o be_v drive_v extreme_o hard_a into_o the_o ploughbeame_n slopewise_o so_o that_o join_v they_o present_v this_o figure_n the_o three_o part_n be_v call_v the_o plough_n principal_a hale_v and_o do_v belong_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n be_v a_o long_o bend_v piece_n of_o wood_n some_o what_o strong_a in_o the_o midst_n and_o so_o slender_a at_o the_o upper_a end_n that_o a_o man_n may_v easy_o gripe_v it_o which_o be_v fix_v with_o the_o rest_n present_v this_o figure_n the_o four_o part_n be_v the_o plough_n head_n which_o must_v be_v fix_v with_o the_o skeath_n &_o the_o head_n all_o at_o one_o instant_a in_o two_o several_a mortisse_n hole_n it_o be_v a_o flat_a piece_n of_o timber_n almost_o three_o foot_n in_o length_n if_o it_o be_v for_o clay_n ground_n otherwise_o short_a of_o breadth_n seven_o inch_n and_o of_o thickness_n too_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a which_o be_v join_v to_o the_o rest_n present_v this_o figure_n the_o five_o part_n be_v the_o plough_n spindel_n which_o be_v two_o small_a round_a piece_n of_o wood_n which_o couple_v together_o the_o hale_v as_o in_o this_o figure_n the_o six_o part_n be_v the_o right_a hand_n hale_v through_o which_o the_o other_o end_n of_o the_o spindel_n run_v and_o be_v much_o slendere_a than_o the_o left_a hand_n hale_v for_o it_o be_v put_v to_o no_o force_n but_o be_v only_o a_o stay_n and_o aid_v to_o the_o plough_n houlder_n when_o he_o come_v in_o heavy_a stiff_a and_o strong_a work_n and_o be_v join_v with_o the_o rest_n present_v this_o figure_n the_o seven_o part_n be_v the_o plough-rest_n which_o be_v a_o small_a piece_n of_o wood_n which_o be_v fix_v at_o one_o end_n in_o the_o further_a nick_n of_o the_o plough_n head_n and_o the_o other_o end_n to_o the_o plough_n right-hand_a hale_v as_o you_o may_v see_v by_o this_o figure_n the_o eight_o part_n be_v call_v the_o shelboard_n and_o be_v a_o broad_a board_n of_o more_o than_o a_o inch_n thickness_n which_o cover_v all_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o plough_n and_o be_v fasten_v with_o two_o strong_a pin_n of_o wood_n through_o the_o skeath_n and_o the_o right-hand_a hale_v according_a to_o this_o figure_n the_o nine_o part_n be_v the_o coulture_n which_o be_v a_o long_a piece_n of_o iron_n make_v sharp_a at_o the_o nether_a end_n and_o also_o sharp_a on_o one_o side_n and_o be_v for_o a_o stiff_a clay_n it_o must_v be_v straight_o without_o bend_v which_o pass_v by_o a_o mortisse-hole_n through_o the_o beam_n and_o to_o this_o coulture_n belong_v a_o iron_n ring_n which_o wind_v about_o the_o beam_n and_o keep_v it_o in_o strength_n from_o break_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o this_o figure_n the_o ten_o part_n of_o a_o complete_a plough_n be_v the_o share_n which_o be_v fix_v to_o the_o plough_n head_n and_o be_v that_o which_o cut_v and_o turn_v up_o the_o earth_n if_o it_o be_v for_o a_o mix_a earth_n than_o it_o be_v make_v without_o a_o wing_n or_o with_o a_o very_a small_a one_o but_o if_o it_o be_v for_o a_o deep_a or_o stiff_a clay_n than_o it_o be_v make_v with_o a_o large_a wing_n or_o a_o outward_a point_n like_o the_o figure_n follow_v the_o eleaventh_o part_n of_o a_o perfect_a plough_n be_v call_v the_o plough_n foot_n and_o be_v through_o a_o mortisse-hole_n fasten_v at_o the_o far_a end_n of_o all_o the_o beam_n with_o a_o wedge_n or_o two_o so_o as_o the_o husbandman_n may_v at_o his_o discretion_n set_v it_o high_o or_o low_o at_o his_o pleasure_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v to_o give_v the_o plough_n earth_n or_o put_v it_o from_o the_o earth_n as_o you_o please_v for_o the_o more_o you_o drive_v it_o downward_o the_o more_o it_o raise_v the_o beam_n from_o the_o ground_n and_o make_v the_o iron_n forsake_v the_o earth_n and_o the_o more_o you_o drive_v it_o upward_o the_o more_o it_o let_v down_o the_o beam_n and_o so_o make_v the_o iron_n bite_v the_o sore_a the_o figure_n whereof_o be_v this_o thus_o have_v you_o all_o the_o part_n and_o member_n of_o a_o plough_n and_o how_o they_o be_v knit_v and_o join_v together_o wherein_o i_o will_v wish_v you_o to_o observe_v to_o make_v your_o plough-wright_n ever_o rather_o give_v your_o plough_n land_n then_o put_v she_o from_o the_o land_n that_o be_v rather_o lean_v towards_o the_o earth_n and_o bite_a sore_n than_o ever_o slip_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n for_o if_o it_o have_v two_o much_o earth_n the_o husbandman_n may_v help_v it_o in_o the_o hold_v but_o if_o it_o have_v too_o little_a then_o of_o necessity_n it_o must_v make_v foul_a work_n but_o for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o error_n and_o amends_o lie_v both_o in_o the_o office_n of_o the_o plough-wright_n i_o will_v not_o trouble_v the_o husbandman_n with_o the_o reformation_n thereof_o this_o akerstaffe_n the_o husbandman_n be_v ever_o to_o carry_v within_o his_o plough_n and_o when_o at_o any_o time_n the_o iron_n shelboard_n or_o plough_v be_v choke_v with_o dirt_n clay_n or_o filth_n which_o will_v cling_v about_o the_o old_a stubble_n then_o with_o this_o akerstaffe_n you_o shall_v put_v the_o same_o off_o your_o plough_n still_o go_v and_o so_o keep_v she_o clean_o and_o smooth_a that_o your_o work_n may_v lie_v the_o handsome_a and_o this_o you_o must_v ever_o do_v with_o your_o right_a hand_n for_o the_o plough_n choke_v ever_o on_o the_o shelboard_n side_n and_o between_o the_o iron_n and_o thus_o much_o tonch_v the_o perfect_a plough_n and_o the_o member_n thereof_o chap._n four_o how_o the_o husbandman_n shall_v temper_v his_o plough_n and_o make_v her_o fit_a for_o his_o work_n a_o plough_n be_v to_o a_o husbandman_n like_o a_o instrument_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o musician_n which_o if_o it_o be_v out_o of_o tune_n can_v never_o make_v good_a music_n and_o so_o if_o the_o plough_n be_v out_o of_o order_n if_o the_o husbandman_n have_v not_o the_o cunning_a to_o temper_v it_o and_o set_v it_o in_o the_o right_a way_n it_o be_v impossible_a that_o ever_o his_o labour_n shall_v come_v to_o good_a end_n it_o be_v very_o necessary_a then_o that_o every_o good_a husbandman_n know_v that_o a_o plough_n be_v perfect_o well_o make_v the_o good_a order_n or_o disorder_n thereof_o consist_v in_o the_o place_n of_o
you_o must_v never_o turn_v the_o shelboard_n because_o the_o rise_a wing_n of_o the_o share_n will_v so_o defend_v it_o that_o it_o will_v ever_o last_v as_o long_o as_o the_o plough-head_n without_o change_n or_o turn_n now_o for_o the_o iron_n belong_v unto_o this_o plough_n which_o be_v the_o share_n and_o coulture_n there_o be_v more_o difference_n in_o they_o then_o in_o the_o plough_n for_o to_o speak_v first_o of_o the_o share_n whereas_o the_o former_a share_n for_o the_o black_a clay_n be_v make_v broad_a plain_a and_o with_o a_o large_a wing_n this_o share_n must_v be_v make_v narrow_a sharp_a and_o small_a with_o no_o wing_n at_o all_o have_v from_o the_o upper_a part_n thereof_o close_o by_o the_o shelboard_n a_o certain_a rise_a wing_n or_o broad_a piece_n of_o iron_n which_o come_v up_o and_o arm_v that_o part_n of_o the_o shelboard_n which_o turn_v over_o the_o land_n defend_v the_o wood_n from_o the_o sharp_a mould_n which_o have_v the_o mixture_n of_o pebble_n stone_n in_o it_o will_v otherwise_o in_o less_o than_o one_o day_n work_n consume_v the_o shelboard_n unto_o nothing_o force_v the_o ploughman_n to_o much_o trouble_n and_o double_a cost_n the_o fashion_n of_o the_o share_n be_v present_v in_o this_o figure_n follow_v the_o share_n this_o share_n be_v only_o make_v that_o it_o may_v take_v a_o small_a furrow_n and_o so_o by_o break_v the_o earth_n often_o than_o any_o other_o share_n cause_v the_o land_n to_o yield_v a_o good_a and_o plentiful_a mould_n and_o also_o keep_v it_o from_o bind_v or_o choke_v the_o seed_n when_o it_o be_v cast_v into_o it_o now_o for_o the_o coulture_n it_o differ_v from_o the_o former_a coulture_n both_o in_o breadth_n and_o thickness_n but_o especial_o in_o compass_n for_o whereas_o the_o former_a coulture_n for_o the_o black_a clay_n be_v make_v straight_o narrow_a and_o thick_a this_o must_v be_v compass_v like_o a_o half_a bend_a bow_n it_o must_v be_v broad_a than_o three_o finger_n and_o thin_a than_o half_a a_o inch_n according_a to_o this_o figure_n the_o coulture_n now_o when_o these_o iron_n the_o shelboard_n and_o other_o implement_n be_v fix_v unto_o the_o plough_n you_o shall_v perceive_v that_o the_o plough_n will_v carry_v the_o proportion_n of_o this_o figure_n follow_v the_o plough_n for_o the_o gray_a clay_n have_v thus_o show_v you_o the_o substance_n difference_n and_o contrary_n of_o these_o two_o plough_n which_o belong_v to_o these_o two_o several_a caly_n the_o black_a and_o gray_a you_o shall_v understand_v that_o there_o be_v no_o clay-groud_a whatsoever_o which_o be_v without_o other_o mixture_n but_o one_o of_o these_o plough_n will_v sufficient_o serve_v to_o ear_n and_o order_n it_o for_o all_o caly_n be_v of_o one_o of_o these_o temper_n now_o for_o the_o use_n and_o manner_n of_o handle_v or_o hold_v this_o plough_n handle_n it_o differ_v nothing_o in_o particular_a observation_n from_o the_o use_n and_o handle_n of_o the_o plough_n former_o describe_v more_o than_o in_o the_o largeness_n and_o smallness_n of_o the_o furrow_n for_o as_o before_o i_o say_v whereas_o the_o black_a clay_n must_v be_v raise_v with_o a_o great_a furrow_n and_o a_o broad_a stitch_n this_o gray_a clay_n must_v be_v raise_v with_o a_o small_a furrow_n and_o a_o narrow_a stitch_n and_o although_o this_o plough_n have_v nothing_o but_o a_o left_a hand_n hale_n yet_o consider_v the_o plough-staffe_n upon_o which_o the_o ploughman_n rest_v his_o right_a hand_n it_o be_v all_o one_o as_o if_o he_o have_v a_o right_a and_o indeed_o to_o make_v your_o knowledge_n the_o more_o perfect_a you_o shall_v know_v that_o these_o gray_a caly_n be_v general_o in_o their_o own_o nature_n so_o wet_a tough_a and_o slimy_a and_o do_v so_o clog_n cleave_v and_o choke_v up_o the_o plough_n that_o he_o which_o hold_v it_o shall_v have_v enough_o to_o do_v with_o his_o right_a hand_n only_o to_o cleanse_v and_o keep_v the_o plough_n from_o choke_v insomuch_o that_o if_o there_o be_v another_o hale_v yet_o the_o ploughman_n shall_v have_v no_o leisure_n to_o hold_v it_o team_n now_o for_o the_o draught_n or_o team_n which_o shall_v draw_v this_o plough_n they_o ought_v in_o all_o point_n as_o well_o in_o strength_n as_o tryve_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o those_o before_o show_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o black_a clay_n as_o namely_o either_o ox_n or_o horse_n or_o horse_n and_o ox_n mix_v together_o according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o soil_n wherein_o the_o ploughman_n live_v or_o his_o ability_n in_o provision_n observe_v ever_o to_o keep_v his_o number_n of_o beast_n for_o his_o plough_n certain_a that_o be_v to_o say_v for_o fallow_v and_o pease-earth_n never_o under_o six_o and_o for_o all_o other_o ardour_n four_o at_o the_o least_o and_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o plow_a of_o this_o gray_a or_o white_a clay_n chap._n vii_o the_o manner_n of_o plough_v the_o red-sand_n his_o earring_n plough_n and_o implement_n next_o unto_o these_o clayes_n which_o be_v soil_n simple_a and_o uncompound_v as_o be_v perfect_a in_o their_o own_o nature_n without_o the_o help_n of_o other_o mixture_n i_o place_v the_o sand_n soil_v as_o be_v of_o like_a quality_n not_o borrow_v any_o thing_n but_o from_o their_o own_o nature_n nor_o breed_v any_o defect_n more_o than_o their_o own_o natural_a imperfection_n and_o of_o sand_n since_o the_o red_a sand_n be_v the_o best_a and_o most_o fruitful_a therefore_o it_o be_v fit_a that_o it_o take_v priority_n of_o place_n and_o be_v here_o first_o speak_v of_o you_o shall_v then_o understand_v that_o this_o red_a sand_n albeit_o it_o be_v the_o best_a of_o sand_n yet_o it_o be_v the_o worst_a of_o many_o soil_n as_o be_v of_o itself_o of_o such_o a_o hot_a and_o dry_a nature_n that_o it_o scorch_v the_o seed_n and_o dry_v up_o that_o nutriment_n and_o fatness_n which_o shall_v occasion_n increase_v whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o barley_n which_o grow_v upon_o this_o red_a sand_n be_v ever_o more_o yellow_a lean_a and_o wither_a then_o that_o which_o grow_v upon_o the_o caly_n or_o other_o mix_a earth_n this_o sand_n especial_o take_v delight_n in_o rye_n because_o it_o be_v a_o grain_n which_o love_v warmth_n above_o all_o other_o and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o if_o it_o be_v well_o order_v manure_v and_o plough_v it_o will_v bring_v forth_o good_a store_n of_o barley_n albeit_o the_o barley_n be_v not_o so_o good_a as_o clay-barley_n either_o for_o the_o colour_n or_o for_o the_o yield_v whether_o it_o be_v in_o meal_n or_o in_o malt._n now_o for_o the_o manner_n of_o ear-ring_n or_o plough_v this_o red_a sand_n it_o differ_v much_o from_o both_o the_o former_a soil_n insomuch_o that_o for_o your_o better_a understanding_n i_o must_v in_o many_o place_n alter_v my_o former_a method_n yet_o so_o little_a as_o may_v be_v because_o i_o be_o loath_a to_o alter_v or_o clog_n the_o memory_n of_o the_o reader_n wherefore_o to_o pursue_v my_o purpose_n as_o soon_o as_o christmas_n be_v end_v fallow_v that_o be_v to_o say_v about_o the_o midst_n of_o january_n you_o shall_v go_v with_o your_o plough_n into_o that_o field_n where_o the_o harvest_n before_o do_v grow_v your_o rye_n and_o there_o you_o shall_v in_o your_o plough_v cast_v your_o land_n downward_o and_o open_v the_o ridge_n well_o for_o this_o year_n it_o must_v be_v your_o fallow_a field_n for_o as_o in_o the_o former_a soil_n we_o do_v divide_v the_o field_n either_o into_o three_o part_n that_o be_v one_o for_o barley_n and_o wheat_n another_o for_o pease_n and_o the_o three_o fallow_a which_o be_v the_o best_a division_n or_o into_o four_o part_n that_o be_v one_o for_o wheat_n and_o rye_n another_o for_o barley_n a_o three_o for_o pease_n and_o a_o four_o fallow_a which_o be_v the_o worst_a division_n and_o most_o toilsome_a so_o in_o this_o red_a sand_n soil_n we_o must_v ever_o divide_v it_o into_o three_o part_n that_o be_v one_o for_o barley_n another_o for_o rye_n and_o a_o three_o fallow_a for_o this_o sand-soile_n be_v hot_a dry_a and_o light_n will_v neither_o bring_v forth_o good_a bean_n nor_o good_a pease_n and_o therefore_o that_o ardour_n be_v in_o this_o place_n but_o only_o to_o be_v speak_v of_o by_o way_n of_o discourse_n in_o urgent_a necessity_n wherefore_o as_o before_o i_o say_v about_o the_o midst_n of_o january_n you_o shall_v begin_v to_o lay_v fallow_a that_o field_n where_o former_o do_v grow_v your_o rye_n the_o manner_n of_o plough_v whereof_o differ_v nothing_o from_o the_o manner_n of_o plough_v the_o caly_n before_o write_v of_o only_o that_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o ploughman_n must_v thus_o far_o forth_o govern_v he_o that_o in_o as_o much_o as_o this_o soil_n be_v light_a dry_a and_o of_o a_o more_o loose_a temper_n by_o so_o
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set_v it_o up_o in_o shock_n each_o shocke_n contain_v at_o least_o seven_o sheaf_n in_o this_o manner_n first_o you_o shall_v place_v four_o sheaf_n upright_o close_a together_o and_o the_o ear_n upward_o than_o you_o shall_v take_v other_o three_o sheaf_n and_o open_v they_o and_o turn_v the_o ear_n downward_o cover_v the_o other_o four_o sheaf_n that_o stand_v upward_o and_o so_o let_v they_o stand_v until_o you_o may_v with_o good_a conveniency_n lead_v they_o home_o which_o will_v be_v do_v without_o any_o protraction_n next_o after_o your_o clean_a rye_n you_o shall_v in_o the_o selfsame_o sort_n reap_v your_o blend-corne_n or_o masline_n masline_n and_o albeit_o your_o wheat_n will_v not_o be_v full_o so_o ripe_a as_o your_o rye_n yet_o you_o shall_v not_o stay_v your_o labour_n be_v well_o assure_v that_o your_o rye_n be_v ready_a because_o wheat_n will_v harden_v of_o itself_o after_o it_o be_v shear_v wheat_n with_o lie_v only_o after_o you_o have_v get_v in_o your_o rye_n and_o blend-corne_n you_o shall_v then_o look_v unto_o your_o clean_a wheat_n and_o take_v hear_v and_o there_o a_o ear_n thereof_o rub_v they_o in_o your_o hand_n and_o if_o you_o find_v that_o the_o corn_n have_v all_o perfection_n save_o a_o little_a harden_v only_o you_o shall_v then_o forthwith_o set_v your_o reaper_n unto_o it_o who_o shall_v shear_v it_o in_o all_o thing_n as_o they_o do_v shear_v your_o rye_n only_o they_o shall_v not_o put_v it_o in_o shock_n for_o a_o day_n or_o more_o but_o let_v the_o sheaf_n lie_v single_a that_o the_o wind_n and_o sun_n may_v both_o wither_v the_o gréene_n and_o harden_v the_o corn_n which_o do_v you_o shall_v put_v the_o sheaf_n into_o great_a shock_n that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o least_o twelve_o or_o fouretéene_v sheaf_n in_o a_o shocke_n the_o one_o half_a stand_v close_o together_o with_o the_o ear_n upward_o the_o other_o half_o lie_a cross_n overthwart_o those_o ear_n and_o their_o ear_n downward_o and_o in_o this_o sort_n you_o 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