doublings of middle-men and bringers vp maketh but half the deepnes but in the self same broadness vniteth themselues in confederacie by double the former number The vse of all these doublings in generall is When vpon a sudden surpryse yee double your strength in presenting but this holdeth not alwayes in doubling of strings For then they are all open and it is for evasion eyther of small or great shot but if the assault bee vpon the wings and the commanded to the right or left hand the first vse then holdeth They are often practised within a Wall a Hedge or Advantage with other vseth which brevitie will not permit Rank to the right hand counter-march Rank to the left hand counter-march This is a Counter-march in deepness to wit From the Front to the Rear But if yee would make a Counter-march in broadness that is to say From the right hand to the left hand string yee must command them first Strings to the right hand Then Strings to the right hand Counter-march Strings to the left hand Then Strings to the left hand Counter-march The Instruction here-in is all one when yee Counter-march The first Ranks or Leaders onlie must advance and step forwards with the right or left leg if to the right hand the right leg if to the left hand the left leg and then turn and so beeing fallen down to the Rear rank your self accordinglie in the Rear And all the other ranks must march vp to the same place from whence the first ranks did counter-march before they turned And so they march to the Rear by the right or left hand as is commanded of that part of their own string that followeth them And these that haue counter-marched must still follow them that as yet advanceth to the place of their Counter-march So that everie man regayneth the same place hee first was in And thus you see it is contrarie to the ordinarie March as the word it self beareth The vse of a Counter-march commonlie is when you Skirmish For you fight then looss and disbanded and doeth not advance towards the Enemie Make your Conversion to the right or left hand inwardlie As you were This is done whē the two outmost strings to wit the right or left hand string onlie turneth the right hand string to the left hand and the left hand string to the right hand Which maketh the two strings to bee face to face Then the strings in the bodie within these two outmost The one half of them falleth to the right hand string and the other half to the left hand string And so they are all in two strings face to face And thus they are so much voyd betwixt as the strings within the outmost took vp And the vse heereof is not onlie to giue way but to make Guard to the Generall to an Ambassadour to go in or out at a Passage or to those that hath rendred a Fort to go out Make your conversion to the right or left hand outwardlie This is done when the two middle strings turneth to wit The right hand string to the right hand the left hand string to the left hand and so back to back then the strings on the right hand of the middle strings falleth in to the right hand string and the strings on the left hand falleth into the left hand and so maketh of all but two strings and that back to back There is conversions also when all the strings remayn inteir and compleet but by equall division the one half turning to the left hand and the other half to the right hand and so all faces to faces or by turning outwardlie the one and other half and then back to back The former two Conversions can not bee vsed but when they are four or six at most in broadness to wit in strings but the latter Conversion may bee vsed when they are a great manie strings And the vse of that outward Conversion amongst others is when they are hardlie assaulted on both wings The first rank string consequentlie the rest This is performed when the right hand man in the Front advanceth whyle the bodie halteth a little and then his left hand man followeth vp after him and so all the rank man by man is drawn vp to the string and after this maner all the remayning strings And thus as they haue stringed one after another falleth vp to his first order The string on the right or left hand consequentlie the rest This is done when the right or left hand string advanceth from the bodie whyle the same halteth to the tyme the last man of the foresayd string bee clearlie advanced from his collaterall string Then immediatelie the remayning strings in lyke manner advanceth one string after another commonlie as the first string is clearlie advanced it then halteth to the tyme the following string falleth vp to his first order and so one after another The vse of both Exercises except in some little respects are all one they are done when yee come to port a strait a Passage When one onlie is able to march in front Before yee make the Great Turn or wheeling about yee must perform these particulars following fyue in number Right about Close your ranks Close your strings to the right and left hand Close your ranks to the sword point Mount your Arms Pickes and musquets The Great Turn to the right hand The Great Turn to the left hand There is so manie distinct Particulars in this Exercise severallie performed that it admitteth no further Instruction onlie note when yee will haue them close their strings to the right or left hand the outmost string on that hand yee purpose to close must bee commanded to stand and all the rest to close to it And before you command them to their first Order you must cause them performing these four ensuing particulars to wit Open your ranks to the Rear Ranks to your Order Strings to your Order Front as you were In opening ranks or strings you must make all both ranks and strings saving the outmost on that hand yee mean to open which must stand to moue altogether to the tyme the second rank or string from that which standeth haue gotten it distance and subsequent the rest The vse hereof is altogether defensine to keep them selues vnbroken by the furie of horses And now this much of these Exercises common to both Pike-men and Musquetiers But there are others vsuall onlie bee the Musquetiers and these are such as followeth But before yee practise these particular Motions your men must bee set in Batell ten deep or vpon exigencie in Skirmishing And when your Armie is not great yee may place them six in deepness And then yee must not fayll to command them to obserue that in all their actiones they turn to the right hand and that they carrie the mouthes of their pieces high as well when they are panning as when they are pan-guarded and come to giue fyre And the termes
vsuall are Make readie the first two Ranks Turn to the right hand and giue fyre And the Instruction of thus giving fyre is that alwayes two ranks make readie together and advance ten paces forwards before the bodie At which instance a Sergeant or when the bodie is greater some other Officer must stand to whom the Musquetiers are to come vp before they present and giue fyre And the second rank keep their Musquets closs to their Rests And the pan-guarded and as soon as the first are fallen away the second immediatelie presenteth and giue fyre two more are to make readie And so one after another making the advancement of ten paces still by which yee mayntayn at least your own ground if otherwayes yee loss ground And the reason is they being ten in deepness The Rear men be consequence ten paces behynd Which ten they advancing they stand in the self same place of these that were first in the Front The vse hereof is in there is the ordinarie form in Battell and when they do not Skirmish but rather advanceth towards the Enemie Make readie the first two ranks in the Rear Turn to the right hand and giue fyre and fall vp to the Front And so to the last This is done when you command the whole bodie right about And thus your Front the Rear the Rear your Front And then maketh that which is Rear now giue fyre by commanding them right about and after fyre to fall away and place themselues in the Front And so one after another The vse is When you are charged in the Rear And whyle you thus giue fyre you march forwards to your intended place whether it bee for Relief of that place or for your own safetie or for advantage in preocupying the Enemie in a Pass or when you haue charged the Enemie and there-after intendeth to make a safe Retreat Because you haue the worss or other respectivè Left about Note That this a Commandement to all the Companie The string on the right hand make readie and giue fyre to the right hand and stand firm The other two strings march vp The second and third turn to the right hand and giue fyre All three thus beeing in on Front the Sergeant bringeth vp the first to the second vpon the right hand Then leadeth vp the strings to the Front of the left string Here-in you may see and perceaue so manie distinct particulars that the instruction in performing this practise is clear And the vse for the most is when with a few you would occupie the length of a lyne of a Wall or of a Ditch or anie other sutable Advantage And thus giue fyre vpon the Enemie as hee passeth All the forsayds which is vsuall onlie by the Musquetiers are most observable in exercising and that for teaching and trayning the vnlearned But in practise you must vse onlie these Commandements Make readie by ranks present and giue fyre and stand firm and fall about to the right hand to the Rear or rather Make readie Present Giue fyre Note As the Captayn exerciseth the Musquetiers particularlie So the Lieuetenant exerciseth the pike-men making a Charge with Touck of Drum in presenting their Arms to the right and left hand in the Van-guard and in the Rear marching and retiring answering to the Touck of Drum which vpon service are a March and Trouping a Charge and a Retreat And thus much of the foresayd Motions wherein a young Souldiour may bee trayned and in some measure before hee haue the occasion of Arms. But now of the Motiones of your Postures in handling your Arms. To wit Of Pike and Musquet And first of the Postures of the Pike of whose number some are performed standing which you shall discern by this letter S. And some are exercised both standing and marching which you shall distinguish by these letters S. and M. For in the position heere I keep onlie the Method according to the Order of the Exercise it self in trayning Lift your pikes S. Mount your pikes S. Set down your pikes S. Shoulder your pikes S. and M. Charge your pikes S. and M. Set down your pikes S. Palm to the point your pikes S. Cheek your pikes S. VVhich is done when by palming you hold your right hand vpon your syde with your pike and your left hand vpon the point thereof is done when you present your pike by palming Recover your pikes S. Which is done when you present your pike by palming Charge your pikes S. and M. Shoulder your pikes S. and M. To the right or left hand charge S. and M. Shoulder your pikes S. and M. Charge to the Rear S. and M. Port your pikes S. and M. Stand.  Set down your pikes S. Obserue in charging that half the ranks onlie must charge their pikes And that they carrie them so couched over the heads of the formost as may giue no offence eyther in charging or retiring And the reason is In that this way pikes are not so subject to bee broken by the shot of the Enemie Next Of the Postures of the Musquet And the words of Command vsuall in the handling thereof And these first your Musquet beeing charged March with your Musquet in your hand Sink your rest and vnshoulder your Musquet Hold vp your Musquet in the right hand and let her sink in the rest In your left hand hold your Musquet carrie your rest with it In your right hand take your Lunt or Match and hold it well Blow your Lunt Cock your Lunt Try your Lunt Blow your Lunt and try your pan Hold your Musquet and present Giue fyre Now Having discharged your Musquet you must charge agayn after the manner following Take down your Musquet and carrie your Rest with it Uncock your Lunt Blow your Lunt Put it agayn betwixt your fingers Blow your pan Morss your pan Cloze your pan Cast off your pan Cast about your Musquet Trayll your Rest Open your Charges Charge your Musquets Draw out your Ramsticks Shorten your Ramsticks Fetch your Musquet forward with the left hand and hold it vp in the right hand and recover the Rest Shoulder your Musquet And having thus way charged your Musquet you must agayn make readie as followeth Lay your Musquet in your Rest Hold your Musquet in your Rest with the left hand onlie in ballance Take your Lunt in your right hand Blow your Lunt Cock your Lunt Try your Lunt Guard your pan and bee readie The Ranges of Officers from the lowest to the highest THE lowest Range and meanest Officer is Lanspresado the Leader of half a string called a Middle-man or Captayn over four the Corporalls Deputie Next is the Corporall Hee is the Leader of astring and Commander of a Squadre in their Watch and Centrie Next is the Sergeant An Officer of great vse for rectifying of ranks and strings of necesirie hee should bee Skilfull Next should the Drummer bee at least the Drummer Major whose Place is Gentile hee should
the self same instant saving onlie in the former exception And in respect of Place It is to bee considered there are three sorts of Distances to wit Open Order Secondlie Order thirdlie Closs Order Open Order or the first Distance is when the Souldiours both in rank and string stand six foot romoved one from another The vse hereof is for exercising your motions in which case yee must alwayes keep your Open Order and the reason is the larger the Exercise the greater Distance is requyred The second distance or order is when the Souldiours stand three foot removed one from another The vse thereof is for the Musquetiers who must never bee closser and the reason is they must haue a free vse of their Arms. The third distance or Closs Order is commanded by this word CLOSE which is when there is a foot and half from string to string and three from rank to rank The vse hereof is for the Pikes onlie and never must bee vsed but when yee stand firm to receaue the Enemie and the reason is the closser they stand they are the more vnited and so vneasier to bee broken Having considered the foresayds and before wee come to the Exercise it self there is four things to bee performed the first is to place the Companie in the first Distance of Open Order and that for the reason in it own place beforesayd The second is consisting in this word of COMMANDEMENT to wit SILENCE The vse thereof is that all may giue audience and observance to that onlie which is commanded And the third is to make known to them all what a Rank and a String is and the best Definition I can giue you is To wit of a Rank when yee consider it from the right to the left hand onlie one man in deepness And of a String when yee recken and consider it from the Front to the Rear onlie one man in broadness The third thing is consisting in two Commandements to wit Stand right in your Ranks Stand right in your Strings The Instruction how to perform both these Precepts is when their own just and equall distance is betwixt man man both in Rank and String but when they are in their third order their distance then must bee equall but respectivè And the reason is if standing not right in rank and string they should bee promiscuous and there-vpon confusion so contrarie to order for the verie essence and subsistance of Militarie Exercise is Order The vse of these Precepts is in that they are the foundation of the whole Exercise For what Exercise can bee performed without a rank and string except simples which may bee done by one onlie person without a bodie And now of the Exercise it self whose composition is of motion and they are of two sorts The first are the Motions of the Exercise it self which without Arms may bee done The second are the Motions of the Postures in handling of the Arms And for the first of these they are lykewayes of two sorts The first of these are Primitiue or more Simple Motions The second are Derivitiue or Motions of an ampler practise and justlie the particular exercises are called Motions And of these primitiue and more simple Motions which are in number eyght Four distinguished and four indistinct as yee may perceaue by the words of Command to wit To the right hand As yee were To the left hand As yee were To the right hand about As yee were To the left hand about As yee were The Instruction how to perform the distinguished four is When to what hand yee turn the foot of the self same hand or syde by mooving indeed turns but the contrarie foot onlie remooveth As for Exple If yee turn to the right hand the foot of the right syde must mooving turn But the hee ll of the foresayd foot must keep the same place the contrarie foot onlie remoue And the reason is to keep a perfect equall distance by all And the Lesson in performing the other four is to bee speciallie noted when yee are commanded as yee were yee are to return by the contrarie hand As for example If yee turn to the right hand yee are to return as yee were to the left hand but the self same foot which did not remoue in the turning must not remoue in returning and that for the reason in the preceeding instruction The vse of these Motiones is in that they are the fundamentall Means where by yee may frame a Companie consequentlie a greater bodie to anie fashion or figure that is exigent But in the mean tyme of placing your Companie this generall observation must not bee for gotten that in the Front Middle and Rear the most expert and capable bee placed for they are Leaders whom the rest must follow in performing the subsequent Motiones where-vpon this generall precept is to bee published to wit Follow your leaders and keep with your right hand man The vse hereof is for facillitating their practise for it is a precept to each other rank to each other string as also to the followers of middle-men and fellowers of bringers vp and the reason is That is to them onlie this Rule they are most inexpert For rudeness and inexperience requyreth not onlie precept but example and this for performing the following Motiones which are of the second sort and of an ampler practice and they are in number manie The first of them are Double your ranks to the right hand As yee were Double your ranks to the left hand As yee were Doubling of ranks is done when each other rank from the Front man by man interponeth themselues severallie in the former rank in the distance betwixt string string to what hand they are commanded Double your strings to the right hand As yee were Double your strings to the left hand As yee were Doubling of strings is done when each other string from what hand yee double man by man interponeth themselnes severallie betwixt man and man in the distance betwixt rank and rank to what yee are commanded Middle-men double your Front to the right hand As yee were Middle-men double your Front to the left hand As yee were This is done when the sixt rank equallie marcheth vp to the Front and their placeth themselues betwixt man and man in the first rank to what hand they are commanded and so the seaventh to the second the eyght to the third the nynth to the fourth the tenth rank to the fyft and this is they beeing ten in deepness Bringers vp double your Front to the right hand As yee were Bringers vp double your Front to the left hand As yee were This is done when the last rank to wit the tenth equallie marcheth vp to the Front and therein the first rank placeth themselues betwixt man and man and so the penult to the second The ante-penult to the third the seaventh to the fourth the eyght to the fyft So that both their
Commandements is distributed and diffunded to the vniversall Armie And of these Ranges the Armie is perfected For it is a Bodie And these are the Members and the more distinct it is in their particular charges the more compleat the same is This mayn bodie it self is ingrossed of man and man made vp of manie individuall persons Which is done if vpon march which is a space vsuallie of three foot and half beeing four six or ten in Front the Musquets of everie Companie preceeding the pikes of their own Band they are commanded to halt Then considering the intended deepness eyther of six or ten or twelue men you cause them that immediatelie followeth the foresayd deepness to march vp in Front vpon the left hand of the first Division And after this manner all the pikes And in lyke maner after these the Musquets still observing the left hand making on Front on deepness of all the Companie And thus way of Companies Regiments and of Regiments Brigadoes or Bodies and of Brigadoes the vniversall Bodie which in broadness hath three speciall Divisions to wit The right and left hand wings Where the best men ought to bee placed and comonlie beginneth the Fight And the third Division is the Battell or that which is the middle betwixt the two foresayd wings The Greeks and Swisses as yet thus in on Front had their Battell But compacted verie closs together and made vp of manie ranks commonlie twentie-four in deepness They were so closs that hardlie they could bee broken But now having the vse of other Arms wee must keep the Distances alreadie mentioned And there is a second Division to wit Of deepness speciallie vsed when the Armie is great and ponderous the Field strayt and narrow that it is not able to contayn so large a Front as the Armie would extend to And thus it is into three bodies The first is the Front or Vanguard The second is the Mayn Battell or middle betwixt the Front and the Rear And the third is the Rear or Stall And thus the Armie beeing placed the first beeing beaten the second may renew the Fight And if both the last may recover all As manie examples can instance And it is thought the best way of fighting is by Reserues Yea by Troups as to hazard all at once The Romanes vsed this kynd of three-fold Battell But that they so placed them that the first within the second and both within the third might in order retire if need was And thus still to mayntayn or rather to renew the Fight But their form and manner of retreat now not in vse An Armie may bee drawn vp after manie diverse forms and figures according to the exigencie of Tyme Place and new Inventions and Prudencie of a Generall as into a Triangular And the form of an Half moon or into both at one tyme as the first point chargeth the Enemie but composed of the weakest men that they may the more easilie retire whyle the two Angles advanceth and becommeth two wings And there-after the middle part shrinking and the wings advancing is then after the form of an Half Moon And that for circumdating the Enemie as the Battell of Cannas was And some tymes into the shape of a Diamond for penetrating and pearcing within the Enemies Battell into the figure of an Orb for defending at all quarters into a Wind-miln and diverse others for their severall reasons But heere-in I spare summing all vp in this that an Armie is a Bodie made vp of manie singular persons whose head is the Captayn Generall whose heart is good Order whose lyf and wellfare is in good Commanders Whose Defence is in Hors-men for without the same an Armie is naked The Soull of which Bodie is Cannon and Powder and the Sinews and Nerves that concatenateth altogether is Money Thus then I halt Neyther hath it been my scope to vndertake that which is onlie firting for those of greatest Wisdome and Experience in the perfect Draught of a compleet Armie Onlie thus much I haue given to the young Souldiour as a generall view of the reason and the end of all the foresayd Exercises To the effect That hee who intendeth to bee a Good Captayne hee may clearlie perceaue that of necessitie hee must first bee expert in the practice of this Militarie Rudiment For by the same great matters haue been performed and without the same all goeth to confusion consequentlie to ruin Most considerable observations anent Fortification both in Engines vse of Works or Skill in Artiliarie collected from the most expert who hath verified them by their practise A Fort is made that a little may resist a great force or a few great number of men And Works from Engyne are eyther simple or componed The Simples are a Wall a Rampate a falss Bray within the Wall a Counter-scarp a Lyne and Angle a Circle c. The Compounds are eyther of some of these as is Redout an Half Moon an Horn-work a Sconss or all of these as is the Fortificationes of a Town That which proceedeth from Assault is eyther from Approaches or from Artiliarie But the most furious is by Artiliarie But first of Fortification from Skill in Works and then of Assault by Artiliarie Before you build a Fort you must obserue this Maxime in four particulars First to haue a respect to the strength of the Enemie Secondlie That the Expence may bring Commoditie Thirdlie That the travaill may bring Rest Fourthlie That the tyme may bring Assurance Next You must obserue the most Advantagious place of Situation And there are six The first is that of a Mountayn when the Fortification occupieth the Tope of the same For it can not bee commanded by anie Art And it discerneth all round about it for to hinder Approaches But it hath that incōmoditie often wanting Water and good earth and facilitie of Transportation The second is vpon a mountayn also But the comming to it is by the continuation of another mountayn This hath a incommoditie more as the first Which maketh Approaches easie for elevating a Mount vpon the same and to haue an Command within the place The third also is vpon a Mountayn where there is many wayes comming to it consequently more incommodities The fourth is vpon a Marish watrie or sea place where the Approaches can not bee without drying the Marish Thefyft is vpon a playn firm ground which hath the Cōmodities of good earth and Water in the Ditch A Fortification easie to bee made within and without But the incommodities great For the Approaches are easie The sixt and last is That is commanded by some Mountayn one or more The Commodities few The incommodities great And the third Observation is Betwixt the Assailers and the Assaulted in a fortified place And that is excepting accidents ten without for one within with proportionable provision Lastlie You must obserue that the Assailers hath incommodities that the assaulted hath not First Evill lodged in an Hut Secondlie Discovered in their Approaches Thirdlie To cover them aboue at the foot of the Breach Fourtlie To mount the Ruin of the Breach Fiftlie To guard them from that which is casten from aboue vpon them Sixtlie To fight harnished and heavilie armed And now of Assaults by Artiliarie which that you may the better know you must consider four things First The destruction of Cannon Secondlie The necessarie proportions thereof Thirdlie The most effectuall shooting of Cannon Fourthlie You must vnderstand the proportion betwixt an Armie and Artiliarie And for the first of these The most common Artiliarie shooteth 35 and 45 pound The most vulgar length of a Cannon is ten or twelue foot And secondlie anent the proportion A Cannon of twelue foo◠in length is equall to 13 or 17. The Charge is according to the value of the powder commonlie the third of the weyght of the Ball at least The port of a Cannon in a right lyne is 600 commune space a Culverine as much and others less Distance of Batteries is 200 300 space at the furthest for to evite the hazard of Musquets The ordinarie force of a Cannon is beeing 200 space distant to pearce of well disgested earth fyue foot but of new builded ground seaven foot and of sand ten foot A Cannon may shoot 80 or more shot a-day The force of a Cannon is greatest from a low place to a high A Cannon is more effectuall and maketh greater ruin beeing vpon a Fort with Angles and Corners as a simple Batterie of on Front For thus they shoot athwart A thousand shot quicklie done maketh greaterruin with ten piece of Cannon as fifteen hundreth shot with fyue Cannon A good Engynier should chieflie foresee necessarie reparations according to the ruin Lastlie anent the proportion betwixt Armies and Cannon an Armie for a Siege should haue twelue Cannon three Culverines and some Bascards for empeaching of fortes You may judge the greatness of an Armie by the number of pieces and munition they beeing the soule of an Armie As there is proportion betwixt an Armie and that which sustayneth them so betwixt Artiliarie powder and ball A thousand men should haue on Cannon an hundreth balles and proportionablie powder and for the carriage thereof an hundreth Horss But this may change according to the advantage of the place For it is easier transporting by Water as by Land FINIS