other purpose but for a speedy shifting and running away But fortune afterward was a better guide for vs. As soone as it was day all set forward hauing the sunne on the right hand imagining that by sun-set they should reach to Villages of the Babylonian Territorie Neither were they deceiued in their imagination About euening they thought they saw the enemies Horse and both the Grecians which were out of order ranne to their places and Ariaeus for he rode on a Waggon because of his wound receiued in the battell alighted and put on his curace as did the rest likewise that were in his Company But while they were arming the scouts brought tydings that they were no Horse but onely carriage-beasts at pasture and streightwaies euery man easily coniectured that the Kings Campe was some where not farre of Howbeit Clearchus led not against the enemy both because our Souldiers courages began to fall and also because they had beene fasting that whole day and now it grew something late Yet turned not out of the way left hee might seeme to flie but holding on right forth by sunne-set he reached to the villages with the Vant-guard and there quartered The tymber of the houses of some of the villages was broken downe and carried away by the Souldiers of the Kings armie Therefore they that came first lodged themselues reasonably well the last being benighted euery one tooke vp his lodging as fell out and calling one vpon another made a great noise so that the Kings army heard it Whereby came to passe that the enemy next at hand fled out of their tents This appeared the next day For neither was there carriage-beast nor campe nor smoake at hand to be seene The King also as it should seeme was terrified with the accesse of our armie which he declared by the next dayes worke Yet in the processe of the night a feare seised vpon the Grecians themselues and the tumult and hurliburley was such as is wont when men are possessed with feare Clearchus in this distresse called Tolmides the Elean whom hee had with him the best Cryer of those times and after silence enioyned willed him to make proclamation that the Coronells signified whosoeuer in generall could bring forth the author of this tumult should haue a talent of siluer for his reward By the proclamation the Souldiers perceiued that their feare was vaine and their commanders in safetie As soone as it was day Clearchus commanded the Grecians to fall into the same order they held when the battell was fought And where I before wrote that the King was put into a feare by our accesse it hereby appeared to be so because the day before he sent an Imperious commandement to deliuer vp our armes and now this day he imploied messengers about a truce They after they came to our out-guards asked for the Coronels The out-guards aduertised Clearchus hereof who was then viewing the order of our embatteling and he willed them to say to the messengers that they should stay where they were till his further leasure After he had so ordered the Armie that the whole Phalange appeared in a faire thicknesse well compacted together and no vnarmed man in sight he called for the messengers and both himselfe taking with him some of the best armed and gallantest Souldiers of the Troopes and willing the other Coronels to do the like he aduanced to meet them Meeting together he demanded the cause of their comming They said they came about a â—â—uce and had full power to deliuer the Kings pleasure vnto them and to returne their answer to the King Clearchus answered Tell the King now from me that there is no other way but first to fight For we haue no dinner neither dares any man speake a word to the Grecians about Truce without offering them meat to eat The messengers hearing this posted away and returned presently Whereby also appeared that the king was at hand or at least some other man that had authoritie about this negotiation They said the King allowed the motion and if the Truce were concluded would send guides to conduct them to sufficient prouision Clearchus asked whether the Truce should stretch to all in generall or to those only which were to goe betweene They answered to all till your propositions be related to the king After these things spoken Clearchus fell to counsell with the Coronels It seemed good to all to embrace a Truce forthwith and quietly to goe to the place where the prouision was and there to take it I am of your minde quoth Clearchus but I would not signifie so much to the messengers but linger a little to put them in feare of our refusall of Truce and I thinke our Souldiers are in the like feare When he iudged it time he told the messengers he accepted the Truce and willed them to leade immediatly to the place where prouision might be found which they did Clearchus albeit he purposed to accept Truce yet marched on with his Armie in order of battell himselfe following in the Reare He chanced vpon Ditches and draines full of water which were not passable without Bridges Yet framed they a passage with Palme trees of which some were alreadie fallen to the ground othersome they felled themselues A man might hereby perceiue the sufficiencie of Clearchus his command who carying in the left hand a Pike in the right a Trunchion in case any man appointed to worke seemed to slacke chusing a fit man in his place he chastised and put him off and withall thrusting into the dirt himselfe set his hand to the worke So that it seemed a shame to all that had the worke in hand not to make haste and be earnest in it The worke was by him laid vpon the Souldiers of 30 yeeres of age But the elder sort vndertooke it also when they saw Clearchus so busie about it And he hasted the more suspecting that the Ditches were not at all times so full of water for it was no time of the yeere to water the Plaine but that the King had let the water in to the end that the difficulties of the iourney might seeme to the Grecians greater and more in shew than they were in deed Marching on they came to the villages in which the guides assigned their prouision There was much Wheat and Wine of Palme to be found and Vineger boiled out of Palme nuts Those Nuts of Palme such as are not to be seene in Greece were reserued for the Seruants but the Masters had other chosen out from the rest of wonderfull beautie and greatnesse The colour of them nothing differeth from Amber and being dried some of them were vsually set vpon the Table for dainties The Wine is pleasant but raising paine in the head This was the place where the Souldiers first fed vpon the Marrow of the Nuts of Palme and many wondred at the kinde and propertie of pleasantnesse of them This also bred
was day there came Fugitiues from the great Kings Campe and brought newes to Cyrus touching the Armie of the King Cyrus calling together the chiefe Commanders and the Captaines of the Grecians consulted with them how he might best order his Armie for fight and admonished and incouraged them in these words I made choice of you ô Grecians to be my Companions in Armes not because I wanted or might not haue had plentie of Barbarians but I chose you for that I esteemed you better and more to be valued than many multitudes of Barbarians Shew your selues therefore men worthy of the libertie you enioy in respect whereof I hold you also happie For I would haue you know that I prise libertie aboue all things I possesse and aboue many more of greater worth than those I possesse But to the end you may vnderstand what fight you are at this present to vndergoe I will in few words declare it vnto you The number of the enemie is great and they charge with a great cry Endure the first and I am ashamed of the rest and am likewise ashamed what manner of men you shall finde the Inhabitants of these Countreys to be And in case you shew your selues men and be couragious and valiant whosoeuer desireth to returne to his home I will so send him away that at his returne his fellow Citizens shall haue cause to enuie his good hap But I thinke so to vse the matter that many shall rather chuse to remaine and take such part as I shall haue than to returne home to their Countreys Hereupon Gaulites a Fugitiue of Samos but faithfull to Cyrus replied There are ô Cyrus that say you make large promises by reason of the perill at hand but in case the successe be good you will forget all Other some that although you remember and would you cannot performe what you promise Cyrus hearing these things answered My Fathers Kingdome stretcheth toward the South so farre that for heat no man is able to inhabit toward the North that no man can inhabit for cold the middlemost parts are vnder the gouernment of my Brothers friends If we get the victorie I can doe no lesse than establish you my friends in the possession of them So that I feare not if my iourney prosper not to haue enough wherewith to pleasure euerie one of my friends but I feare rather I shall not haue friends enow to pleasure But to you ô Grecians to euerie one of you I will giue ouer and aboue my promise a Crowne of Gold They that heard these things were much more forward than before and related them to the rest Many both of the chiefest Commanders and also some other of the Grecians went in to Cyrus demanding what should be their reward in case they won the day whom Cyrus sent away full of good hopes About that time Clearchus asked Cyrus Doe you thinke Cyrus your Brother will hazard a battell If quoth Cyrus he be the Sonne of Daerius and Parisatis and my Brother I shall neuer obtaine the things I seeke for without fight Here the Grecians being in Armes were numbred to be 10400 Armed and 2400 Targetiers the Barbarians with Cyrus 10 Myriades Sythed Chariots about 20. The enemie was said to be 120 Myriades and about 200 Sythed Chariots Besides there were 6000 Horse vnder the leading of Artagerses they were ranged before the King There were foure Rulers or Generals or Leaders of the Kings Armie of whom euerie one had 30 Myriades vnder his charge to wit Abrocomas Tissaphernes Gobryas and Arbaces But of this number there were no more then 90 Myriades present in the battell and 150 Sythed Chariots For Abrocomas although he posted with all speed out of Phoenicia came fiue daies after the battell The Fugitiues from the Kings Armie brought this information to Cyrus before the battell and those of the enemie that were intercepted after the battel confirmed the same From hence Cyrus in one encamping marched 3 Parasangs his whole Armie both Grecians Barbarians being in battell array for he thought the king would haue fought that day because at the end of this halfe daies iourney he found a deepe Trench cast the bredth whereof was fiue Fathomes the depth three Fathomes The trench ran vp into the Countrie 12 Parasangs thorow the Plain euen as far as the wall of Media where the Channels begin that are deriued out of the Riuer Tygris being in number foure each of them 100 Foot in bredth and verie deepe so that Ships of burthen doe saile in them They fall into Euphrates euerie one distant a Parasang from other and euerie one hauing a Bridge laid ouer it of the bredth of 20 Foot A narrow way was betwixt the Riuer Euphrates and this Trench The great King caused this Trench to be cast for a Fortification assoone as he heard that Cyrus was on foot Cyrus and his Armie passed ouer this narrow way and were come within the Trench The great King ioined not battell this day but many Tracts of men and beasts that retired might hereabouts be euidently perceiued Vpon the same day Cyrus calling to him Silanus the Diuiner of Ambracia gaue him 3000 Daricks because 11 daies before offering Sacrifice he told him that the King would not fight within ten daies If he fight not within ten daies quoth Cyrus he will neuer fight but if thy saying proue true I promise to giue thee 10 Talents and he gaue him that gold then because the ten daies were past Now seeing the King did not hinder the passage of Cyrus his Armie ouer that Trench Cyrus and the rest were strongly perswaded that he determined not to fight which was the cause that Cyrus had not so great care of his march the next day and he aduanced the third day after sitting in his Chariot and the most of his Armie marched confusedly and many of the Souldiers Armes were put vpon the Waines vpon the cariage beasts Now it was the time the Market was full and the place of encamping where they should quarter was at hand when Patagyas a Persian one of the faithfullest of Cyrus his Traine was seene to come vpon the spur his Horse dropping with sweat crying out in the Persian and Greeke Language that the King was hard by with an huge Armie readie and prepared for fight This newes made a great confusion and as well the Grecians as all the rest imagined they should be charged in this disorder Cyrus leaping from his Chariot put on his Curace and getting on Hors-back tooke his Darts in his hand and commanded the rest to Arme and euerie man to take his place Then with great diligence they ordered themselues Clearchus in the point of the right Wing by the Riuer Euphrates Proxenus next vnto him and the other after Proxenus Menon and his Regiment had the point of the left Wing of the Grecian battell Of the Barbarians about 1000 Paphlagonian Hors-men stood
giue chace toward the Gates of the Citadell For they threw downe mightie Timber logs from aboue and made it vnsafe either to stand still or goe off and the night approching brought terror with it Fighting in this sort and irresolued what to doe some God gaue a meanes of safetie For suddainly a House on the right hand it was vnknowne by whose kindling burst out into a flame The House no sooner fell but the enemies that were gotten vp to the Houses on the right hand shifted away When Xenophon saw this worke of Fortune he commanded the Houses on the left hand to be likewise fired which being made of Wood caught fire quickly whereby the enemie forsooke the Houses on that side also and the Armie was annoied only by those in Front who doubtlesse were like to fall vpon the Reare in their retreat and departure Here Xenophon gaue order that all who were without the reach of missiue weapons should bring Wood and lay it betwixt the enemie and them and when the store was sufficient it was set on fire The Houses were also fired that stood next the Rampier of the Towne ditch that the enemie might be busied on all sides So by the helpe of fire betwixt the enemie and them they made a hard retreat With this fire were consumed the whole Citie the Houses Turrets Rampier and all things else except the Citadell The next day the Grecians hauing gained sufficient prouision retired toward their Campe but because they feared the way that led toward Trapezond as being steepe and narrow they laid a false ambush There was in the Campe a Mysian by nation and name who taking vnto him foure or fiue Cretans remained in a wooddy plat of ground making semblance to the enemie as though he meant to hide himselfe Their Targets being of Brasse cast glimmering light here and there thorow the Wood which the enemie descrying feared as much as if it had been a true ambush In the meane time the Armie was descended into good ground and the Mysian thinking they had now gained way enough gaue the word to his companions euerie man to shift away amaine and immediatly he his consorts fled The Cretans forsaking the ordinarie way for they said the enemie might out-run them and take them prisoners and conueying themselues into Woods and tumbling downe thorow steepe and rough Forrests came safe to the Armie but the Mysian flying in the ordinarie way cried out for succour He was rescued brought away wounded and the Souldiers that rescued him retired by little and little casting Darts hauing also amongst them a few Cretans who shot at the enemie So they came all safe to the Campe. When neither Cherisophus returned and no more prouision was to be found for the Campe they decreed to proceed on their iourney and put on ship-board the sicke and those that were aboue fortie yeeres of age and children and women and vessels vnnecessary for the iourney and shipping likewise Philesius and Sophonetus the eldest of the Coronels they committed the charge of all to them The rest went on by Land The way was prepared and made plaine and euen and in three daies march they reached as farre as Cerasunt a Grecian Citie standing vpon the Sea being a Colonie of the Sinopeans situate in the Colchian Countrey Here they remained ten dayes and tooke a muster of Armes and of the number of their people and found 8600 men So many were left of the 10000 or thereabouts that ascended with Cyrus into Persia the rest were consumed by the enemies hand and by Snow and some by sicknesse Here also they diuided the money that arose out of the sale of Captiues and the Coronels tooke into their hands the tenth part which was seuered as an offering to be made to Apollo and Diana of Ephesus euerie one keeping and preseruing a share for the gods Neon the Asinean was appointed to receiue the portion which should haue been deliuered to Cherisophus Xenophon therefore making readie the offering for Apollo bestowed and hallowed it in the treasurie of the Athenians at Delphos and inscribed thereon both his owne name and the name of Proxenus the Baeotian who was put to death with Clearchus For Proxenus was Xenophons Host. The offring for Diana of Ephesus because himselfe was like to incurre hazard at such time as he departed out of Asia toward Baeotia with Agesilaâ—s he left with Megabyzus Dianaes Priest and willed him in case himselfe escaped the danger to make restitution to his owne hands if he miscaried to consecrate it to Diana and bestow it in such sort as in his opinion should be most acceptable to the goddesse But afâ—erward when Xenophon was banished his country and dwelled now at Scylunt which Towne was built by the Lacedemonians neere to Olympia Megabyzus came to Olympia to see the Games and restored to Xenophon the money left in his custodie and Xenophon receiuing it bought a portion of Land for the goddesse in a place designed by Apollo thorow which the Riuer Sellenus runneth At Ephesus also there runneth a Riuer Sellenus hard by Dianaes Temple and either of these Riuers nourisheth both other fish fish with shels But in the Scyluntine portion of Land there are beasts of all sorts fit to be hunted He built a temple also and an altar with the consecrated mony and from thenceforth gathering alwaies the tenth of the fruits growing on the land he offered sacrifice to Diana and all the Citizens and neere-dwellers as well men as women are partakers of the feast The goddesse alloweth them that come meale bread wine and iunkets and a portion of the flesh of those beasts which are either taken from the consecrated ground and sacrificed or else killed in hunting The sonnes of Xenophoâ— and of other Citizens exercise the hunting against the time of the feast and other men also hunt with them such as are desirous of the sport There are taken partly out of the Holy-land partly out of Phaloe wilde Boares Goats and Red-deere The place lieth in the way as you goe from Lacedemon to Olympia distant about twentie Furlongs from the Temple of Olympian Iupiter There are in the consecrated ground groues and mountaines stored with trees sufficient to nourish hogs and goats and sheepe and horses so that the carriage-beasts of such as come to the feast are largely prouided for About the Temple it selfe there is a groue of fruit-trees of all kindes that are fit to be eaten after they wax ripe The Temple it selfe as much as a little one may resemble a great is like to the Ephesian Temple and the Image made of Cypres like to the golden Image at Ephesus By the Temple is a pillar erected inscribed with these words The ground consecrated to Diana He that hath the possession and vse of it let him pay the tenth of euery yeares increase and with the ouer-plus repaire and maintaine
by Clearchus on the right hand and all the Targetiers of the Grecians On the left hand of the whole Phalange Arieus Cyrus his Lieutenant Generall and the remnant of the Barbarians Cyrus himselfe held the middest with 600 Hors-men which were armed with great Curaces and tases and all of them with Caskes except Cyrus alone Cyrus stood waiting the fight with his head vnarmed It is said that other Persians also when they hazard battell fight with their heads vnarmed All the Horse that serued vnder Cyrus had both Frontlets and Brest-plates the Hors-men had Grecian Swords also It was now mid-day and the enemie was not yet come in sight but when mid-day was past first a dust appeared like vnto a Cloud and a little while after a kinde of blacknesse spread ouer the whole Plaine When they came somewhat neerer a man might discerne the shining of Brasse and their Speares and array were easily discouered And on the left Wing of the enemie were placed Hors-men armed with white Curaces who were reported to be vnder the command of Tissaphernes next to whom were placed the Wickar Targetiers and hard by them armed Foot that caried long Woodden Targets reaching downe to their feet They were said to be Aegyptians then other Hors-men and other Archers all according to their Nations and euerie Nation was cast into a Plesium or square battell full of men and before them the Sythed Chariots distant a good space one from another These Chariots had on the sides Sythes prominent and bearing straight forth from the Axeltrees and some from the former Seat of the Chariot with their points turned toward the ground to the end to cut a peeces whatsoeuer they met and strooke vpon The Kings purpose was to send them with high speed against the rankes of the Grecians to breake and rent them in peeces Cyrus in a speech heretofore deliuered exhorting and encouraging the Grecians gaue them to vnderstand it should be enough only to endure the cry and shout of the Barbarians But he was therein greatly deceiued for they aduanced not with a cry but with as great silence and quietnesse as was possible continuing still in an equall and slow pace Cyrus at this time galloping vp to the right Wing with Pigres his Interpreter and with three or foure more cried out to Clearchus to lead the Grecians against the middest of the enemies battell because the King was there for if it be ouercome quoth he there is no more for vs to doe Clearchus seeing the middest of the battell and hearing from Cyrus that the King was farre without the point of the left wing of the Grecian Phalange for the king so abounded in multitude that all the middest of his battell stretched and was extended without the left Wing of Cyrus his Troopes would not for all that draw away the right Wing from the Riuer fearing to be ouerfronted and incompassed on both sides but answered Cyrus He would haue a care that all things should goe well In the meane time the Barbarians Army aduanced equally but the Grecians remaining in the same place increased still and ordered their Troops as they came on And Cyrus putting forth a little before the rest viewed both Armies at a good distance casting his eyes sometimes vpon the enemie sometimes vpon his friends whom when Xenophon the Athenian being amongst the Grecians perceiued he spurred his Horse to meet him and when he was come vp asked if he would command any thing Cyrus pausing a little said Tell all your people that the beast sacrifâ—ced and the inwards promise vs good lucke In speaking this he heard a murmuring that ran along cleane thorow the Grecian Troopes and asked what noise it might be and what it meant Xenophon told him the Word was now giuen the second time He mâ—ruailed who had betraied the Word and asked what the new Word was Xenophon answered Iupiter the Sauiour and Victorie which Cyrus hearing I accept it said he and let it be so After he had thus spoken he returned to his owne plaâ—â— And now the two Phalanges were not aboue three or foure Furlongs one from another when the Grecians sang the Paan and set forward against the enemie The part of the Phalange which aduanced swelled toward the Front as it had been a waue of the Sea and the hinder part began to follow apace and all shouted as they are wont in a Furie Martiall and all ran on at once Some also report that they beat their Pikes vpon their Targets to the end to scare the Horses Before they came within an Arrowes shot the Barbarians turned their Horses and fled The Grecians followed the chace with all speed and cryed one to another not â—o run and haste too much but to follow in good order The Chariots void of guides were caried some vpon the enemies themselues some vpon the Grecians who vpon a forecast opened and let them passe thorow yet were there some that were ouerthrowne for feare as it is wont to happen in a Horse race who notwithstanding were reported to haue had no harme nor yet any other Grecian in this whole fight one only excepted who was strucken with an Arrow in the left side Cyrus seeing the Grecians haue the victorie against their aduersaries and hotly pursuing them reioiced much and was now worshipped of those that were about him as King Notwithstanding he brake not out to follow the câ—ace but keeping by him his Troope of 600 Horse close serred he obserued what the King had in intention to doe For he knew well that his place was in the middest of the Persian Phalange as it is the manner of all the Persian Commanders to leade in the middest of their Troopes conceiuing that they are there in greatest safetie both because their strength is equally diuided on both sides of them and in case of Commands the Armie may receiue directions in halfe the time it should if they were else-where placed So the King being then in his Station in the middest of his Phalange and yet without the point of Cyrus his left Wing and seeing no man to fight against him on the contrarie part nor yet against the Troopes that were ranged before him he wound and turned his battell to the left hand to the intent to ouerwing and encompasse in his aduersaries which Cyrus perceiuing and fearing lest comming on the backes of the Grecians he should cut them in peeces he galloped forth and met him in Front and charging with his 600 ouercame and put to flight the 6000 that were ordered before the King and with his owne hands as the report goeth slew Artagerses one of the Generals of the King They were no sooner put to flight but Cyrus his 600 pursuing hotly were dispersed here and there except a few that were left with him who were for the most part such as vsually sate at his Table being accompanied with
him than any one man of that age whatsoeuer All these he distributed especially amongst his friends hauing consideration of euery mans manner of life and of their need The things that were sent him for ornament of his bodie or else foâ— warre or for other trimmings and beautifyings of these he is reported to haue said that his owne body could not vse them all and that his opinon was that friends well adorned were a mans greatest ornament But it is no maruell that being of greater ability he ouercame his friends in kindnesse This rather seemeth a maruell that he went beyond them in care to gratifie and doe them good For Cyrus oftentimes when he happened vpon extraordinary pleasant wine would send them flaggons with this message Cyrus hath not tasted more pleasant wine a long time he hath therfore sent this to you and desireth you to day to drinke it out with those that you loue best Oftentimes also he sent halfe geese and halfe loaues and such like willing the messenger to say the taste of these pleased Cyrus and therefore he would haue you also to taste them If at any time there were small store of fodder it was easie to him to furnish himselfe by reason of the multitude and diligence of his seruants Being then so furnished he vsed to â—end part vnto his friends and willed them to giue that fodder to the beasts vpon which they rid lest they might suffer hunger after they had trauelled in carrying his friends If he iournied any whither in the sight of many he would call his friends to him and finde talke with them of purpose that it might appeare who they were that he honoured Out of which I may truely coniecture that no man was beloued of more either Grecians or Barbarians than hee Let this also be a testimony hereof that no man sought to flye from Cyrus who was but a seruant vnto the King that was Master of all except only Orâ—â—â—es who also found the man whom he thought his sure friend more friend to Cyrus than to himselfe but many after the enmitie brake out betwixt the two Brothers yea some whom the King loued best left him and came to Cyrus beleeuing the rewad of Vertue was greater with Cyrus than with the King That he was both good himselfe and could giue true iudgement who were faithfull louing and constant it is a great argument that chanced at the end of his life For when he died all his friends and such as were partakers of his Table died fighting ouer his body sauing onely Ariaeus he was Commander of the Horse on the left Wing and when he perceiued that Cyrus was fallen fled with the whole Troopes vnder his command There the head and right hand of Cyrus were cut off But the King and his folke following the chace chanced vpon the Campe of Cyrus The Troopes of Ariaeus made stand no where but fled out of the Campe to the place where they last before quartered The way thither was accounted foure Parasangs in distance But the King and his Armie spoiled both other things and tooke Cyrus his Phocean Concubine called the Wise and Beautifull For the Milesian younger in yeeres than the other being in hand to the Kings people escaped away naked to the Grecians that stood armed by the Baggage who hauing put themselues in order for fight flew many of the Spoilers though some of them also were slaine Notwithstanding they fled not but saued hir and saued all whatsoeuer both goodâ— men that were within their custodie Here the King and the Grecians were 30 Furlongs asunder thâ—se last giuing chace to those enemies that stood against them as if they had been Conquerors of the whole Armie enemie the other rifling the Campe of the Grecians as if their whole Armie had gained the victorie But when the Grecians vnderstood that the King and his Armie were amongst their Baggage and the King heard by Tissaphernes that the Grecians had ouercome those that were opposite against them and that they proceeded forward giuing chace he gathered together his dispersed Troopes and put them in order of battell And Clearchus calling to him Proxenus for he was the next vnto him consulted whether it were better to send away some few or whether with their whole Forces they should go to succor the Campe. In the meane time the King appeared againe aduancing forward as it seemed vpon the reare of the Grecians the Grecians wheeling about their battell prepared themselues to march on and to receiue the Kings charge that way But the King aduanced not but as before he passed by without the left Wing so he returned backe againe the same way taking with him those that fled to the Grecians during the time of sight as also Tissaphernes and his Troopes for Tissaphernes fled not in the first encounter but gaue vpon the Grecian Targetiers by the Riuer side yet killed he no man in giuing on for the Grecians opening their battell speedily left a passage for Tissaphernes striking and darting at him and his as they passed thorow Episthenes the Amphipolitan was Captaine of the Targetiers esteemed a man of good direction therefore Tissaphernes departed as hauing the worst and making toward the Grecian Campe met the King there and both ioining againe their Forces aduanced forward After they were now come as far as the left Wing of the Grecians the Grecians feared the enemie would charge their Wing and so wrapping in their battell on both sides cut it in peeces They therefore thought fit to draw out that Wing in length and to apply and set their backes against the Riuer Whilest they were in this consultation the King changing the forme he was in ordered his Phalange against them as at first aduancing as though he meant to charge And the Grecians seeing the enemie at hand and ordered for fight began the Paean againe and moued forward with much more alacritie than in the first fight The Barbarians receiued them not but fled with greater speed than before They followed the chace vnto a certaine Village where they made Alt. For aboue the Village was a hill vpon the which the Kings Forces were rallied and stood with their faces toward vs being no Foot but Horse alone and so many as couered the hill A man could not see what was to be done some said they discerned the Kings Standard a golden eagle with her wings displaied as on a little Target fixed to the end of a long woodden staffe When the Grecians aduanced thither also the Horse forsooke the Hill not in Troopes but dispersedly some scattering here some there in the end all vanished away Clearchus therefore ascended not the hill himselfe but making Alt with the Armie at the foot of the hill sent Lucius the Syracusian and another willing them to get vp the hill and to discouer and make report to him of that they saw Lucius galloped vp the hill and after
betweene them Sometime going for wood to the same place and gathering fodder and such like they fel to blowes which also set them at further ods After three dayes encamping they came to the Wall of Media It was built of Bricke mortered with asphalt being in thicknesse 20 in height 100 Foot The length was said to be 20 Parasangs It was not far distant from Babylon From hence they marched eight Parasangs in two encampings and passed ouer two great Draines one vpon a Bridge the other vpon Ships ioyned together These Draines came out of the Riuer Tygris and from them were sewers deriued to water the Countrey being at the first greater then lesse lastly little Draines such as they vse in Greece when Panick seed is sowen From thence they came to the Riuer Tygris neere to which stood a great Citie well peopled named Sitaca being distant from the Riuer 15 Furlongs The Grecians encamped by the Citie neere a faire and large Parke wherein grew plentie of all manner of Trees The Barbarians passed ouer the Riuer and were out of sight After supper Proxenus and Xenophon chanced to walke before the place of Armes when there came one and asked the out-watch where he might finde Proxenus or Clearchus He sought not for Menon albeit he came from Ariaeus Menons guest When Proxenus told him he was the man whom he sought Ariaeus and Artaosus quoth he that were faithfull to Cyrus while he liued and are now your friends haue sent me vnto you and aduise you by me to keepe good watch to night lest the Barbarians assault your Campe. There is a great army in the Parke Besides they counsell you to put a good guard vpon the Riuer Tygris because Tissaphernes is determined this night to breake the Bridge if he can to the end to hinder your passage and to inclose you betwixt the Bridge and the Draine After they heard this they led the man to Clearchus and imparted the message vnto him Clearchus was much troubled and in extreme feare with the newes But a young man then present after he had well ruminated the matter said It hangs not together that Tissaphernes should goe about to charge vs and to breake downe the Bridge For it is euident that charging vs he must either ouercome or be beaten If he ouercome what need the Bridge be broken For admit there were many Bridges yet should we haue no where to saue our selues by flight If he be beaten whither shall his Armie fly the Bridge being broken and most of the Armie being beyond the Riuer how shall they succour one another but by the Bridge After Clearchus heard this he asked what quantitie of Land lay betwixt Tygris and the Draine He answered that the territorie was large had many villages great cities in it Here-hence they perceiued that the Barbarians sent the man vnderhand fearing that the Grecians would not passe the Bridge but remaine in the Island hauing for their Fortification the Riuer Tygris on the one side and the Draine on the other taking their prouision out of the Countrey where it was both plenteous and verie good in which also many Labourers inhabited Besides the place would be fit for retreat in case they were disposed to make inroades vpon the Kings dominions After this they gaue themselues to rest and yet were not vnmindfull to send a Guard to the Bridge But neither did any man assault the Greekish Campe nor yet as the Guard brought newes did any of the enemie come to the Bridge Assoone as it was day they passed the Bridge in as good order as was possible which Bridge was laid ouer the Riuer vpon 37 Ships Some of the Grecians in Tissaphernes Campe gaue intelligence they should be charged in their passage ouer But nothing of this was true During the time of their passage Glus and others were seene to obserue whether they passed ouer or no and when they saw them passing they spurred away with all speed From Tygris they marched 20 Parasangs in foure encampings as farre as the Riuer Fyscus It hath a Bridge vpon it and neere it a great Citie inhabited the name wherof is Opis hard by which the bastard-Brother of Cyrus and of Artaxerxes leading a great Armie from Sufae and Ecbatana to the Kings aid met the Grecians and causing his owne Armie to stay beheld the Grecians in their march Clearchus led his men two in a ranke and oftentimes made Alt in his going on As long as the Front of the Armie stood still so long the whole Armie stood also still so that both the Grecians held it a great Armie and the Persian was astonied at the sight thereof From hence they marched in six encampings 30 Parasangs in the Wildernesse thorow Media euen vp to the Villages which appertained to Parisatis Mother of Cyrus and of the King These did Tissaphernes permit the Grecians in derision of Cyrus to ransacke and take out of them what they list excepting only the bodies of men Much Corne and many Sheep and other goods were found there From thence in fiue encampings in the Wildernesse they marched 20 Parasangs leauing the Riuer Tygris on the left hand In the first encamping beyond the Riuer was a great and rich Citie called Caenae out of which the Barbarians transported Bread Cheese and Wine vpon flote-Boates made of Skins After this they came to the Riuer Zabatus which was foure Plethers broad and there remained three daies and still they increased their iealousies but no manifest deceit or lying in wait of one against the other was perceiued Therefore Clearchus thought it best to conferre with Tissaphernes to allay if he could these distrusts before they broke out into open hostilitie And hee sent a speciall messenger vnto him to signifie that hee desired to speake with him who readily answered hee might come when he pleased At their meeting Clearchus begun and said I know well Tissaphernes that we haue sworne and giuen mutuall right hands not to infest or annoy one another I see notwithstanding you keepe narrow watch vpon vs as vpon enemies and we perceiuing it doe as much vpon you But when according to my poore vnderstanding I looked into the matter and could not finde you sought to wrong vs and knew for certain that to wrong you was furthest from our thoughts I desired conference that thereby we might as much as was possible take each from other this diffidence For I am not ignorant that men fearing one another whether out of sinister delations or of iealousie to the end rather to preuent than to suffer bring remedilesse euills vpon them that neither seeke nor thinke the harme which they imagine is intended Conceiuing therefore that such errours are easily laid asleepe by familiar conference I come to you to signifie that you distrust vs without cause For first and chiefly our oathes forbid vs to be enemies
force them out of their hands and in case a man caried them on his head he should remaine naked against the enemies missiue weapons they returned and encamped neere the Riuer The place where they rested the night before they might easily see to be full of Armed Carduchans It caused great melancholy amongst them both because they saw the hard passage of the Riuer and the enemie opposing against their passage and also the Carduchans prest to fall vpon their Reare Remaining therefore in great anguish of spirit this day and the night following they spent in the place Xenophon is the meane time dreamed that he was bound in fetters and that they broke and fell off of their owne accord so that being loose he was at libertie to goe where he list Earely in the morning he went to Cherisophus and told him he hoped all should be well and communicated his dreame with him who was much delighted therewith and as day appeared all the Coronels assembled and offered sacrifice and at the verie first the sacrifice promised good successe and the Coronels and Captaines departing to their quarters commanded the Souldiers to dine Whilest Xenophon was at dinner there came running vnto him two young men for euerie man knew they might haue free accesse vnto him both at dinner and supper and that they might in sleepe awake him and impart any thing that should seeme to tend to the good of the march and told him they chanced to be a gathering sticks for firing and that amongst the Rocks on the other side the Riuer they espied an old man and a woman and young maids laying vp as it were bundles of Clothes tied together in a hollow Caue of the Rocke Which when they saw and conceiued withall there was no danger in the passage considering the enemies Horse could not by any meanes come there they pulled off their Clothes and taking their drawne Daggers in their hands they entred into the Riuer in purpose to swim ouer if they could not otherwise passe But going on they found themselues ouer before they had wet their priuities so that taking with them the garments which were hidden they returned and came safe to this side back againe Xenophon hearing this dranke a health and commanded the Cup should be filled to the two young men and to pray to the gods who had reuealed the dreame and passage to finish the remnant of all that should appertaine to the good of the iourney Assoone as the health was ended he led the young men to Cherisophus and declared vnto him the newes which they brought Who hearing these things drunke also a health after which commanding the Souldiers to trusse vp their baggage and calling the Coronels together they aduised about the best meanes of passage and of repulsing them that opposed the Front and of auoiding the danger of those that were like to fall vpon the Reare The resolution was that Cherisophus should leade the Vant passe ouer first with halfe the Armie the other halfe should remaine behinde with Xenophon and the cariage and vnarmed multitude should be conueied in the middest When these things were thus determined they began to march The young men led the way hauing the riuer on their left hand The way which tended to the Foord was about foure Furlongs in length As they marched forward on one side the enemies Hors-men embattelled marched against them on the other After they were come to the Foord and bancks of the riuer they laid downe their armes and first Cherisophus crowning himselfe and stripping off his apparel tooke vp his armes and commanded the rest to do the like and directed the Captaines euery one to cast their companies into a file to march some on his right some on his left hand The South saier offered sacrifice at the riuers side and the enemy albeit they plied vs with bowes slings yet could they not reach ouer vnto vs. The sacrifice was faire the Grecians sang the Paean gaue a shout The women also shouted for there were many whores in the campe So Cherisophus passed ouer and they with him Then Xenophon taking to him the lightest of the Reare ran back againe with all speed to the passage which led to the Ascent of the Armenian Mountaines making countenance as if he meant to passe ouer there cut betwixt the horse that guarded the banks the rest of their companions But the enemy seeing Cherisophus his forces easily wade thorow the Riuer and Xenophon with his Souldiers speedily returning backe fearing to be shut in betwixt both fled as fast as they could from the riuer to the way that led vpward as soone as they came there held on toward the mountaine Lucius that commanded the horse Aeschines that led the targetiers about Cherisophus when they saw them so cowardly run followed hard and gaue chace The Souldiers cried out to them not to giue ouer but to ascend the mountaine together with the enemy After Cherisophus had gained the passage he followed not the horse but presently vpon the bankes side led against the foot that held the higher places who being aboue on the higher ground and seeing their horse flying and the armed Grecians making head against them forsooke also their ground by the riuers side When Xenophon perceiued now all things on the other side of the riuer to be in good plight he returned speedily to the forces that were passing ouer For the Carduchans were seene by this time to descend the mountaines and to come into the Plaine as though they purposed to charge the Reare By this time had Cherisophus taken the higher ground and Lucius following the chace with a few won the carriages of the Reare of the enemy and withall rich apparell and much plate The carriage and vnarmed multitude of the Grecians passed ouer the riuer with all diligence And Xenophon turning toward the Carduchans opposed his armed against them and directed his Captaines euery one to order his Companie into Enomoties and to face to the left hand and to lead vp and to ioyne the Enomoties together in front and that the Captaines and Enomotarchs should make head against the Carduchans the bringers vp be behinde next to the riuer The Carduchans when they saw the Reare left by the vnarmed multitude and making shew but of few singing certaine songs after their countrey manner fell on and charged In the meane time Cherisophus hauing set his owne affaires in safetie sent the Peltasts and Slingers and Archers ouer to Xenophon willing them to doe what he commanded When Xenophon perceiued they passed the riuer hee dispatched a message to stay them where they were till they saw him and his troopes enter into the water and then to meet him on both sides and make as though they purposed to returne ouer againe the Darters with their fingers in the thongs of their darts the Archers with their arrowes
one of the targetiers came to Xenophon and told him that he had serued as a slaue in Athens added that he seemed to know the language of the enemy I thinke quoth he that this is mine own country and if you thinke good I would faine speake with them You may do it freely quoth Xenophon if you lift and know of them first what people they are They answered they were Macrons Aske them againe quoth he why they oppose against vs in armes desire to be our enemies They answered because you go about to inuade our countrey The Coronels willed the interpreter to say they came not to offer wrong but hauing made war against the king they returned into Greece and would faine come to the Sea The Macrons asked the Grecians againe whether they would giue assurance of that they said Who answered they were readie to giue take assurance Hereupon the Macrons gaue to the Grecians a Barbarian speare and the Grecians a Grecian speare to them For they said that this was the manner of assurance amongst them But both parties called the gods to witnesse After assurance giuen the Macrons helped the Grecians to cut down trees leuelled the way to further our passage came and conuersed with the Grecians furnishing out such a market as they were able and led them forward three daies iourney till they had set them vpon the Colchan mountaines There was in that countrey a high Mountaine but yet passable vpon which the Colchans had ranged themselues in battell At the first the Grecians ordered their troops against them in a Phalange as if they purposed to inuade the Mountaine in that forme Xenophon aduised them that laying aside the forme of a Phalange the best course would be to put themselues into single Companies drawne out in File For a Phalange said he will soone be broken by reason of the inequalitie of way which in some part of the Mountaine will be easie enough in other parts hard to ascend And it will quickly discourage the Souldiers to see the Phalange disordered in which they march Furthermore if we aduance in a large Front the enemie that exceedeth vs in number will ouer-front vs and vse his multitude to most aduantage if in a narrow Front it will be no maruell to see our Phalange cut in peeces with the number of missiue weapons and with multitude of men that will fall vpon it which comming to passe in any part the whole Phalange will be distressed Therefore as I said I hold it best to order our selues in companies stretched out in file or depth euery companie hauing such distance from other that the out-most companies may ouer-front and be without the points of the enemies wings So shall we both gain the aduantage of ouer-fronting their army marching on the companies being in file our best men shall first giue on vpon the enemie And let euerie companie make choise of the fittest way for ascent Now for the spaces betwixt each companie it will not be easie for the enemie to enter them the companies flancking euerie space nor yet to cut off a companie aduancing in such depth And if any companie chance to be distressed the next companie is to succour it And in case any one of the companies attaine the top of the Hill assure your selues no enemie will keepe his ground The aduice was approued by all and they drew their companies euerie one into a File Xenophon going from the right wing to the left said to the Souldiers These ô Souldiers whom you see are the only hindrance of our passage thither whither we haste with so great desire If it be possible we must deuoure them raw When euerie man was in his place and euerie companie in File the companies of the armed amounted to about 80 in number and euerie companie contained well-neere 100 men The Targetiers and Archers were diuided into three parts One part marched without the left Wing another without the right the third in the middest Then the Coronels commanded the Souldiers to pray When they had praied they sang the Pâ—an and so aduanced forward and the enemie made head against them Cherisophus and Xenophon and the Targetiers with them being without the points of the enemies battell marched on The enemie perceiuing it sought to meet them and some of them drawing to the right some to the left hand they rent their Phalange asunder and left much void space in the middest When the Arcadian Peltasts whose Captaine Aeschines the Acarnan was saw them distracted and seuered they imagined they fled and ran on with as much speed as they could They were the first that gained the Mountaine The armed Arcadians commanded by Cleanor the Orchomenian followed at their heeles The enemie stood firme in no place after they saw them come running on but fled some one way some another So the Grecians ascending the Mountaine quartered in many Villages replenished with all things necessarie In other things there was no cause of maruell only there were many Bee-hiues the Hony-combes whereof whosoeuer eat they became euerie man mad and scoured vpward and downeward and none was able to stand vpon their feet They that eat but a little were like drunken that eat much like mad and some like dead men and there lay so many vpon the ground that a man would haue thought an ouerthrow had been receiued from an enemie which caused much discouragement amongst the Troopes The next day there was no man found dead and they came to their right sense about the same houre they fel into their malady The third fourth day after they arose as if they had receiued some medicine From thence they marched seuen Parasangs in two encampings came to the sea side to Trapezond a Grecian city well inhabited which is situate vpon the Euxine Sea being a Colonie of the Sinopeans planted in the Colchan Countrey They remained about 30 dayes in the Colchan countrey spoiling preying it The Trapezuntines exhibited a Market to the Campe and gaue the Grecians gifts of hospitalitie viz. Oxen Meale and Wine entertaining them kindly They transacted likewise for the next neighbour Colchans especially for those that inhabited the Plaine from whom also were sent gifts of hospitalitie which were for the most part Oxen. Here the Armie prepared the sacrifice which they had vowed for a sufficient number of Oxen was sent vnto them to Iupiter the sauiour to Hercules who had so well guided and protected them in their whole iourney They praied likewise to other gods Besides they ordeined Games of exercise in the Mountaine where they encamped chose Dracontius the Lacedemonian who being yet a boy fled his Countrey for killing another boy with the stroke of a Cimitery against his will to order the running and to be president of the Games When the sacrifice was ended they gaue the beasts skins to Dracontius willed him to leade
the Temple In case he neglect this the goddesse will take order for her owne From Cerasunt they that were before shipped held on their course by Sea the rest made forward by land When they were come to the borders of the Mosynecans they sent vnto them Timositheâ—s a Trapezâ—â—tâ—â—e who was their guest to demand whether they should passe thorow their countrey as friends or as enemies They trusting to the strength of their countrey answered It would be all one to them which they did Timositheos after this answer returned gaue the Grecians to vnderstand that there were other Mosynecans dwelling further off that were enemies to those whereupon it was thought good to send vnto them to see if they would enter into fellowship of warre with the Greciâ—â—s Timositheos being sent returned bringing with him the chiefe Magistrates After their arriuall they and the Grecian Coronels assembled together Xenophon began in this manner Timositheos being his Interpreter We ô Mosynecans because we want shipping are desirous to passe into Greece on foot They who hinder vs as we vnderstand are your enemies You haue now an opportunitie presented vnto you if you lift to imbrace it by entring into societie of war with vs to be reuenged of them for all the wrong they haue any time hereâ—ofore done you and to make them henceforth your vassals If you at this present let vs passe by without taking the opportunitie consider with your selues if euer hereafter you are like to haue the like forces ioine with you in league The chiefe Magistrate of the Mosynâ—cans answered he was desirous to effect the proposition and to ioyne in society of warre with the Greciâ—â—â— Goe to then quoth Xenophon wherein will yoâ— imploy vs if we become your confâ—derates and you what aide can you giue vs to further our passage They replied We are of strength enough to enter our common enemies countrey on the further side and to send you shipping and men both to assist you in the field and to be guides of your iourney Vpon this taking and giuing assurance they departed The next day they came with 300 boats euery boat made of one peece of wood In each boat were three men of whom two landing laid downe their armes in order one remained behinde in the boat And they which remained in the boats sailed away straightwaies the other staied behinde and embattelled themselues in this manner They stood a hundred deepe like as the stage-dancers are wont filing themselues one opposite to the other hauing all Wicker Targets couered with white hayrie oxe-hydes the Targets in forme like to an Iuie leafe In the right hand each man held a dart of about six cubits long armed with a head before the stele being round They had coats that couered their knees were as thicke as a hempen cord that you binde a couerlet withall VpoÌ„ their heads they had leather head-peeces like to them which the Paphlagonians weare in the middest whereof ariseth a Cone resembling the forme of a Tyara They bore iron hatchets besides After this one of them beginning all the rest sung and marched forward by measure and passing through the rankes and armes of the Grecians forthwith aduanced against the enemy toward a Fort which seemed easie to be won It lay before the Citie which is called the Metropolis or mother Citie and is held in chiefe estimation amongst the Mosynecans and for it they warred one against another For they who enioyed it had their feet vpon the neckes of the other Mosynecans They said that the present possessours had no right nor lawfull possession but being common to all they had done wrong in entring detaining it to themselues alone Some of the Grecians also followed them not by order or appointment of the Coronels but in greedinesse of pillage The enemy held himselfe coy a while but when he saw them neere the Fort he sallied out and putting them to flight killed a great number of the Barbarians and some of the Grecians thatascended with them and followed the chace till he might see the army of the Grecians ready to come to reskue Then turning about he retired and cutting off the heads of those that were slaine shewed them to the Grecians and to their enemies and withall danced singing a kinde of measure The Grecians were much grieued that by this action the enemy was emboldned and that the Grecians in good number were seene to flie which they neuer did before in all this iourney But Xenophon calling the Souldiers together spake vnto them in this sort Be not dismayed O Souldiers with that which is happened The good of it is as great as the euill For first of all you now know certainly that those that shall be our guides are enemies to them vnto whom of necessitie we must be enemies Then those Grecians that seemed to contemne our order and thinking themselues to be able to â—o as much with the Barbarians as with vs feele the smart of their owne folly will hardly hereafter be brought to leaue our company But you must prepare your selues to shew the Barbarians your friends that you are better men than they and to let the enemy know that they haue at this present to do with another sort of people than with those who fought disorderly with them of late This day therefore they rested The next day after they had sacrificed and the sacrifice portended good fortune they dined and ordering their companies in file and placing the Barbarians on the left hand they aduanced against the enemy hauing the Archers betwixt the companies that were in file somwhat more backward than the front of the armed For some of the light-armed of the enemy ran forth and cast stones which quickly were repressed by our Archers Peltasts The rest aduanced leisurely first toward the Fort from which the day before the Barbarians and Grecians were put to flight For there the enemie stood embattelled and made head against the Grecians And first they fought and made good the place against the Peltasts but when the armed approached immediatly they turned their backs The Peltasts followed with speed giuing chace vpward toward the mother City or Metropolis the armed moued forward in order When they were come vp to the houses of the Metropolis the enemies ioyned and fought all together and threw darts and hauing thicke and long pikes such as a man could hardly weild with those they endeuoured to defend themselues hand to hand When the Grecians gaue no ground but ioyntly pushed forward the Barbarians fled and all of them forsooke the Fort. Their King that was in a woodden Tower built in the Citadell whom in common they nourish as long as he remaineth there and guardeth the place sought not to escape away nor they that were in the Fort before taken in but were burnt together with the woodden houses The Grecians rifling and spoyling the place found
yet depart hence in the safety you desire So that I am of your opinion to continue our iourney toward Greece And in case any man remaine behinde or forsake the Armie before it be wholly in safety I hold him worthy to be punished as an offender Whosoeuer is of this opinion let him lift vp his hand All held vp their hands Silanus hereupon cried out and went about to perswade that euery man of right ought to haue liberty to depart at his pleasure But the Souldiers would not heare him nay they threatned if he were taken shifting away he should pay for it soundly Afterward when the Heracleots vnderstood that the Armie was resolued to saile away and that Xenophon had agreed thereto they sent shipping but the money that they promised to Timasion and Thorax for pay they sent not From that time forward they who promised this money were much perplexed and began to stand in feare of the Armie And taking to them the other Coronels in the number of whom were all but Neo the Asinite Cherisophus his Lieutenant for Cherisophus was absent and communicating with them what they had negotiated they came to Xenophon and told him they repented of their former opinion and now they thought it best for the Armie to saile to Phasis and to take into their hands the Phasian territorie The sonne of Aeetas reigned ouer the Phasians at that time Xenophon answered he would propound no such thing to the Armie you if you please may call an assembly and make the motion your selues Timasion the Dardanian deliuered then his opinion which was not to call an assembly of the Armie but euery Coronell to deale with his Captaines and to seeke to perswade them seuerally to be of that opinion So they parted and laboured to put this resolution in practise In the meane time it came to the Souldiers eares and Neo gaue out that Xenophon hauing drawne the other Coronels to his party plotted how to deceiue the Armie and bring them backe againe to Phasis The Souldiers tooke it in very ill part gathered together and stood in rounds and it was to be feared they would do as they did before to the messengers of the Cholcans and to them that had the ouerseeing of the prouision of the Market of whom they stoned all that escaped not to the Sea When Xenophon perceiued it he thought it fit to warne a publike meeting with all speed and not to suffer them to come together of themselues and he commanded the Cryer to summon the assembly No sooner heard they the Cryer but they came together with all speed Here Xenophon accused not the Coronels in that they came vnto him but spake in this manner I heare O Souldiers that there is a man who accuseth me and giueth out that I seeke to deceiue you and bring you backe againe to Phasis Heare me therefore for Gods sake and if I shall seeme to wrong you my selfe will hold my selfe vnworthy to depart hence before I suffer punishment for my deserts But if you finde them that slander me to be in the wrong vse them I pray you as you shall thinke they deserue You know I make no question in what quarter of heauen the Sunne ariseth and where he setteth and that in case a man were to goe into Greece he is to iourney Westward if backe againe to the Barbarians toward the East Can any man then deceiue you as though the Sunne should arise and set in a contrary quarter of heauen Besides we see that the North wind carieth vs out of Pontus into Greece the South inward toward Phasis And it is a common speech amongst you The North wind bloweth we haue now a faire passage into Greece If then a man sought to deceiue you he were to put you a boord when the wind bloweth South Yea but I meane to ship you when it is calme Well then shall not I saile in one ship you in a hundred at least How can I then either compell you against your will or lead you on by deceiuing you But say you were beguiled and bewitched by me and so brought to Phasis We shall then land there and you will easily perceiue that you are not in Greece and I shall be but one man that deceiued you you neere 10000 that are deceiued and all in Armes How then can any one man cast himselfe into more certaine danger then by such counsell about himselfe and about you But these are the speeches of â—oolish men and of such as enuie me because I am honoured by you And yet they enuie me without cause For which of them doe I hinder either to speake if he can that which is for your good or to fight for you if he be disposed or to watch and be carefull for your safetie Doe I oppose against any man in the election of Commanders Nay I giue way to all on Gods name command he that will only let him doe that which shall tend to your good I haue spoken enough concerning these things If any of you thinke that either himselfe or other are deceiued by these words of mine let him come forth and shew wherein Now because you haue heard enough hereof depart not hence I pray till you be partakers of a matter which I see is begun in the Armie already and iâ— it creepe further and shall be found such as is reported it will be time for vs to take aduice concerning our selues that we seeme not the vilest and most execrable creatures that euer were both towards the gods and towards men and towards our confederates and towards our enemies and at last grow into an vniuersall contempt of all men The Souldiers hearing this wondred what it might be and bid him tell it out plainly Then he began againe You remember that in the Barbarian mountaines there were certaine Villages allied in friendship with the Cerasuntians from which mountains there were that descended and sold vs beasts for sacrifice and such other things as they had I thinke some of you also went to the neerest of those Villages to buy necessaries and afterward returned to the Campe. Clearaturâ— a Captaine of ours vnderstanding that one of the Villages was small and vnguarded because it was reputed to be comprehended within our League acquainting none of vs with his pâ—â—pose went against it in the night thinking to make boot of it His resolution was in case he surprized the Village no more to retuâ—â—e to the Armie but entring the ship in which his companions ran along the shore and putting into it what he had rifled to saile away and get him out of Pontus His companions and he as I now vnderstand were resolued vpoâ— this point Assembling therefore such as he had brought to his lure he led them against the Village The day preuented his march and the inhabitants flocking together and sending missiue weapons striking and wounding from the higher ground slew Clearatus and many other Some of
and danced in Armes to the Flute and capred aloft nimbly and vsed Swords At the last one strooke another in such sort that one of them fell and euerie man conceiued that he was deadly wounded But the stroke was artificially giuen at which notwithstanding the Paphlagonians cried out as men are wont to doe in feare After he that strooke the other taking the spoile of his Armes departed singing a Thracian Song which they call Sitalca Other Thracians taking the body of him that fell caried it out as if he had beene dead whereas indeed he had no manner of harme Next after them the Aenians and Magnetians arose and danced the dance commonly called the Seed-dance in their armes The manner of the dance is this One of them laying by his armes soweth the land and driueth on his Oxen in the plow looking often backe as though he were afraid The theefe approacheth The other as soone as he seeth him snatcheth vp his armes and fighteth with him before the Plow All this is performed in measure to the Flute At the last the theefe bindeth the Plow-man and driueth away the Oxen and sometime the Plow-man bindeth the theefe and fastneth him to the Oxen his hands tied behinde him and so driueth away After this a Mysian came in bearing in each hand a Target and sometimes he danced making semblance as if he opposed against two sometime he vsed the Targets as it were against one man sometimes he whirled about in a circle and tumbled ouer his head holding the Targets still in his hands So that it was a pleasant sight to behold him Lastly he danced the Persian dance clapping his Targets together one against another and kneeled downe and straightwayes stood vp againe and all this he did by measure to the sound of the Flute Then the Mantinaeans and some other Arcadians stood vp armed as seemingly as they could and moued in measure the Flute sounding a point of warre and sung the Paean and danced as the manner is in supplications to the gods The Paphlagonians seeing this wondred that all dances were performed in armes The Mysian to increase their wonder after hee had gotten the assent of an Arcadian that had a dancing woman in his possession brought her in arming her as gorgeously as he might with a light Target in her hand She danced the dance called Pyrrhice with great agilitie and nimblenesse Hereupon there arose a great clapping of hands and the Paphlagonians asked whether women also were their companions in fight To whom answer was made that the women were they who beat the King of Persia out of the Grecian Campe. This was the end of that nights sport The next day they brought the Ambassadours to the Army and the Souldiers decreed that the Paphlagonians should doe them no wrong nor they any to the Paphlagonians So the Ambassadours departed The Grecians when they imagined they had sufficient store of shipping gathered together went aboord and sailing forward that day and night with a faire gale they left Paphlagonia on their left hand and the next day they came as farre as Sinope and cast anchor before Harmene a Port of the Sinopaeans The Sinopaeans inhabite a part of Paphlagania and are a Colonie of Milesians They sent hospitall gifts to the Grecians 3000 Medimnes of meale of wine 1500 Amphores Thither came Cherisophus with some gallies which he had prouided The Souldiers expected him and were in hope that when he came he would bring them some good â—idings He brought them only newes that Anaxibius the Admirall and the rest commended them much and that Anaxibius promised they should haue ready pay if they would come out of Pontus The army remained at Harmene fiue dayes The neerer they seemed to come to Greece the more carefull they were to get and to furnish themselues with something before they came home They were of opinion therefore that if they did chuse one Generall that that one should haue a more vniforme and a more absolute command ouer the Army both by night and by day than if the command were in many hands And if any thing were to be kept secret it might be better concealed if to be preuented it should receiue the lesse hindrance For there needed no conference and the resolution of one might quickly be put in execution whereas heretofore all things passed by pluralitie of voices of the Coronels Being in this conceit they turned to Xenophon and the Captaines comming to him told what the affection of the Army was and euery of them out of their loue perswaded him to take vpon him the command Xenophon himselfe was desirous of the place thinking that both his honour might hereby grow greater and his name more esteemed both with his friends and Citie and it might fall out that he might be occasion of some good to the Army These thoughts lifted him vp to desire the Generall-ship But when he weighed in his minde that no man fore-knew the euent of things to come and that hereby he might hazard his former reputation he began to be in doubt and being not able to resolue it seemed best to counsell with the gods He called therefore to him two Priests and sacrificed to Iupiter the King of gods who by the Oracle of Delphos was appointed his Councellour in matters to come and hee beleeued that the dreame which he saw when hee first was chosen Coronell of the Army proceeded from Iupiter And he remembred that when he went out of Ephesus to follow Cyrus an Eagle croaked at his right hand sitting on the ground which the sooth-sayer that accompanied him at that time said to be a great augury portending more than the estate of a priuate man and that it was illustrious but yet notwithstanding laborious For birds vse not to molest the Eagle by falling vpon her saue onely when she sitteth on the ground Further that no great profit was signified by the token because the Eagle taketh her prey rather when she is on wing The god therefore when he sacrificed foretold apparantly that he was neither to seeke after the Generalls place nor yet to accept of it if it were offered him This was the issue of that businesse Now the Army being assembled it was the opinion of all that one Generall was to be chosen and their choice inclined to Xenophon who when he saw if they went to the election their resolution would be to giue him the place he stood vp and spake thus I ô Souldiers if I be a man haue cause to be glad of this honour which you offer vnto me and to giue you thankes and to pray to God that any occasion may be ministred whereby I may be able to doe you seruice But to chuse me your Generall a Lacedemonian being present seemeth neither for your nor yet for mine owne auaile in as much as if hereafter you shall happen to stand
Horse and Foot vpon the mountaines ouer against the Army ordered in a Phalange For Spithridates and Rathines were come thither with forces sent from Pharnabazus When the enemy espied the Grecians they made Alt about 15 Furlongs off Hereupon Arexion the soothsayer of the Grecians sacrificed and the entrailes were faire at the very first Then said Xenophon I thinke it best ô Coronels to chuse out certaine Companies and to order them in the Reare of the Phalange for seconds that if need be there may be some to giue aid to the Phalange and that the enemy being disordered may fall vpon them standing in order and readie for fight All yeelded to this opinion You then quoth he lead on against the enemy that we make no stay after we see and are seene of them If you thinke good I will go take some of the Reare Companies and separate them for this seruice Hereupon they marched on leasurely But Xenophon taking three Companies of 200. apeece from the Reare sent one to follow the Phalange on the right hand about a Plethers distance Samolas the Achâ—â—â— was the leader thereof another he separated to follow in the middest the command whereof Pyrias the Arcadian had the third on the left hand vnder the command of Phrasias the Athenian As they marched they chanced vpon a great Forrest and hardly passable where they made Alt being ignorant whether they might get thorow it or no and the word was giuen for the Coronels and Captaines to come vp to the Front Xenophon maruelling at the sâ—ay of the march and hearing the word that was giuen galloped vp to the Front with all speed When they were come together Sophoâ—etus the eldest of the Coronels said he thought not fit that such a Forrest as that should be trauersed thorow Xenophon quickly answering him spake thus My coÌ„panions you know as I thinke that I neuer willingly brought you into any danger For I see that you need no glory that may be purchased with valour but rather stand in need of safetie alone The case now standeth thus that we cannot depart hence without fight For if we goe not against the enemy he will follow and charge vs in our retreat Consider then which of the two is the better to goe against them with armes in our hands or facing about to see them fall vpon our Reare You cannot be ignorant that to dismarch from an enemy was euer held dishonourable by a man of valour as contrariwise that to pursue giueth courage euen to a coward For my part I had rather follow with halfe the number we haue than dismarch with twice so many I know also that there is none of you feareth they will stand our first charge if we seeke them Whereas no man is ignorant that they dare and will be readie to follow vpon vs if we retire If any man conceiue it a matter of danger to haue the Forrest behinde vs in our fight I hold it rather an aduantage to be sought for To the enemies I could wish that all places might seeme easie to shift away that they may haue occasion to turne their backes For you you ought to learne of the place it selfe that there is no saâ—etie but in victory But I should not a little maruell if any of you could once imagine that this Forrest is more fearefull for vs to trauerse than other places which wee haue alreadie passed For how could we haue gone thorow the plaine countrey if we had not ouercome the enemies Horse or ouer the mountaines if so many Peltasts had pressed vs Admit now we come safe to the Sea how gâ—eat a Forrest is the Sea Where if we remaine we shall finde neither shipping to transport vs nor victuall to nourish vs. And we shall no sooner arriue there but we must immediately issue out of our Campe to seeke prouision Is it not therefore better to fight with the enemy now we haue dined than to morrow fasting The sacrifice is faire and the presage of the euent fortunate and the entrailes of the beasts portend good lucke Let vs march against them and since we are come into their sight let vs not giue them leaue either to sup with content or to sleepe where themselues are disposed Hereupon the Captaines willed him to lead on and no man gainsaid it Leading on hee gaue the word that euery man should passe the Forrest in the very place where he was For he conceiued that the Army should more easily passe singling themselues as the way fell out than if they clustrâ—d and thronged at a Bridge which might be in the Forrest When all were thorow hee rid along the Phalange and said Remember ô Souldiers what battels you haue by the helpe of the gods gained together against your enemies and what they haue suffered that fled from the enemy and withall call to minde that you are at the gates of Greece Follow Hercules your guide and exhort one another by name It will be a pleasure for him that doth or speaketh any thing worthy of a braue minde to leaue a memorie of his worth in any place where hee will These words he spake riding in haste along the Front and withall led on the Phalangâ— and ordered the Peltasts on either wing thereof and so went against the enemy He also commanded them to carry their pikes on their right shoulders till he gaue a signe with the trumpet then charging them to follow leisurely and no man to giue chase running Then was the word giuen Iupiter the sauiour and Hercules the guide The enemy kept his ground trusting to the strength of the place When they came neere one to another the Grecian Peltasts giuing a shout ran forth against the enemy without command and were encountred and put to flight by the Bithynian horse and foot But when the Phalange of the armed marching speedily came vp and the trumpet sounded and they sang the Paean and afterward gaue a shout and charged their pikes the enemy forsooke the place and fled and Timasian with his horse which were not many in number killed as many as he could So the left wing of the enemy vpon which the Grecian horsmen followed was quickly dispersed but the right being not so muâ—h pressed in the chase stood still vpon a hill Whom when the Grecians saw remaining in the field they thought they might safely charge them and without all danger Singing therefore the Paean they aduanced against them But the enemy presently tooke themselues to their feet The Peltasts gaue chase till that wing was also scattered Few of them were slaine because of the multitude of the enemies horse who put the Peltasts in feare of following too farre The horsemen of Pharâ—abaziâ— stood yet vnited together to whom the Bithynian horsemen gathered and from a hill beheld what was done in the field Which when the Grecians saw albeit they were sore trauelled
doubled againe the rankes of the Companies and so filled it with halfe files if very wide they doubled the halfe files and filled it vp with Enomoties The remedy for light armed against forcing of the enemy The heauie armed vnfit for quicke and niâ—ble seruice The higher ground comâ—andeth the lower Care of the wounded Experience the mistresse of alterations in matters of warre 7 Miles and a halfe The manner of the Persian encamping 7 Mile and a halfe The Grecians march by night The Persians by night seise vpon a passage Meanes to dislodge the enemie that possesseth a straight Iuniores ad labores The top of the Hill gained Carelesnesse of Souldiers in seeking prey The enemie burneth his own countrey Consultation about their march A bridge oâ—red A bridge without boats or Ships Two prouinces of Persia. Mountaines neere to Armenia Euerie Myriade 10â—00 the whole number 120000 men Tygris Disposing of the light-armed where need was The Carduchans Obstinacie of the Carduchans The perill of the Grecians Good order in passage of straights and of mountains Execution of the order takeÌ„ Why the Front oftentimes made Alt. Hee had no Curace on Ambushes laid in a march and why About the passage How to giue vpon an enemy that possesseth a straight vpon a hill Emulation in seruice Taxiarches of the light-armed The ordering of a guide that is enemy How to diuert the enemies thoughts and to coceale our intentions 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Grecians gain the height of the mountaine The carriage in the middest Raising of forces against a hill 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Hill taken Securing of that Hill 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Conditions of recouering the dead bodies of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Grecians carefâ—ll of the buâ—iâ—ll of their dead Honour of buriall Mutuall assistance of the Vant and the Reare The Carduchans good archers Their bowes and arrowes length The force of their â—â—ot Centrites a riuer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Three quarters of a â—â—le or thereabout The Chaldeans 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Plether 100 Foot Xenophons dreame The passage of a Riuer Halfe a mile 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Halfe the army ouer There were 4 Enomoties in euery company 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 When they ordered then coÌ„panies into Eâ—oâ—oties this was the manner they doubled the front to the left hand euerie Enomâ—tarch leading vp his Enomotâ—e ioining to the other in front so that the battell was 25 deepe and the Enomotarchs stood all in front Light armed in the riuer to fauouâ— the passage of the followers Armour for a stedfast fight 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Facing about Following the chace too hoâ—ly 18 miles and 3 quarters in the afternoone The calamitie of warre 18 miles and 3 quarters in a day As much a day Teleboas a riuer Teribâ—zus gouernour of Armenia Desireth parley Maketh truce with the Grecians 18 mile three quarters a day A mile and a quarter Snow causeth quartering in villages The plentifulnes of Armenia Quartering when an enemy is feared Inconueniences of Snow Disorder in Souldiers punished Scouts to discouer A kinde of weapon headed like a hatchet Teribazus his falsenesse Preuention of danger by seeking the enemie first The enemie defeated Diligence in auoiding danger The Grecians wade ouer Euphrates 18 mile and more a day Miserable idolatry Snow a fathom deep Oxe-hunger 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Three mile three quarters Distresse of the Grecian souldiers Remedie against Snow â—or sight For the feet The souldiers vnable to march Their danger The enemy scared Two mile and a halfe Lots for quartering Houses vnder ground Plenty of prouision in them Beere or rather Ale Xenophons curtesie to the Comarch Banqueting of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Horse bred vp for the King The Persians sacrificed horses to the Sunne The horse of Armenia Remedie for beasts that trauell against the Snow The errour of Cherisophus about the Guide 18 mile and more a day 100 foot 18 mile and more a day Three â—ile and three quarters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In a march how to bring the troopes to a Phâ—lâ—nge A counsell how to dislodge the enâ—â—y from a mountaine 7 miles and more A double disaduantage A shew different from our intent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The signe A mile and a quarter The Grecians beat the enemie Haste without disorder A Trophey is a monument of victorie 22 mile and a halfe a day The order of an assault 150 foot 100 foot 50 foot 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Turnes of Captaines in marching A 100 men An honest and worthy emulation 28 mile and more the day The Chalybians Their valour Their armes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Harpasus a riuer 400 foot 18 mile and morâ— a day The Sâ—ythinians 18 mile more a day Gymnias a citie Theches the holy Mount The Grâ—cians see the Sea 6. li. 10. s. 12 mile more a day Passing ouer a riuer Macrons Assurance of a Truce The Colchan Mountaines The manner of ascending a mountaine Companies drawne into one File apeece The distance betwixt company and company Ouer-fronting the enemie 8000 Armed Ordering of the light-armed The Grecians win the Hill Strange hony Superstitious but yet zealous mindes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Games A race of a furlong A race of 24 furlongs or three mile some say of 12 fuâ—longs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 consisting of 1. Pâ—gillatto 2. Cuâ—sus 3. Saltus 4. Discus 5. Lucta Their resolution to goe by Sea The Lacedemonian Admirall Safe forraging Notice whither In what place SeÌ„tinels about the Campe. Prouision of shipping Reparation of Wayes Dexippus a run-away Miscarrying of carelesse forragers The Drylans A Fort of the Drylans 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rashnesse to aduance further than a man may well come off 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Commandement is nothing without execution 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Act. c. 9. v. 40. The manner of the retreat Fight in a street 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fire to fauour a retreat A meanes to retreat A false ambush They continue their iourney by Land Tythes amoÌ„ngst the Gentiles Xenophon careful to discharge the trust reposed in him For this departure see Xenop in vita Agesilai 657. Hist. Graec. lib. 4.513 B. Scylunt The land conseâ—rated to Diana The Mosynecans Aide against a common enemie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The order and armes of the Mosynecans 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Fort taken Bread a yeare old Fat of Dolphins Chesnuts 10 English mile The barbarousnesse of the Mosynaecans The Tibarenes The retreat of the Grecians was 1352 mile and a halfe to Cotyora Embassage of the Sinopaeans Accuseth the Grecians of wrong The defence of Xenophon Cotyora a City Consultation about the remainder of then iourney 120000. 3â—0 Foot 300 Foot