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and_o serve_v for_o the_o pike_n only_a for_o the_o musquettier_n can_v be_v so_o close_o in_o file_n because_o they_o must_v have_v their_o arm_n at_o liberty_n &_o that_o be_v when_o every_o one_o be_v distant_a from_o file_n to_o file_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o 3_o foot_n from_o rank_n to_o rank_n and_o this_o last_o distance_n be_v thus_o command_v close_o yourselves_o thorough_o but_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v teach_v the_o soldier_n for_o that_o when_o necessity_n shall_v require_v it_o they_o will_v close_v themselves_o but_o too_o much_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n without_o command_n to_o begin_v therefore_o to_o do_v the_o exercise_n the_o company_n be_v set_v in_o the_o first_o distance_n to_o wit_n of_o 6_o foot_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o thus_o be_v say_v these_o be_v the_o general_a word_n of_o command_n which_o be_v often_o to_o be_v use_v stand_v right_a in_o your_o file_n stand_v right_a in_o your_o rank_n silence_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o 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distance_n to_o wit_n at_o 12_o foot_n and_o this_o for_o a_o single_a company_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v sc_n at_o the_o first_o in_o open_v rank_n or_o file_n you_o must_v keep_v they_o close_v until_o the_o second_o rank_n or_o file_n beginning_n from_o the_o outside_n have_v take_v their_o distance_n and_o so_o shall_v the_o rest_n remain_v close_o until_o every_o rank_n or_o file_n have_v take_v their_o distanceâ—_n in_o order_n open_v your_o file_n to_o wit_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n of_o 6_o foot_n if_o you_o will_v command_v to_o close_a file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o outmost_a file_n stand_v still_o and_o the_o rest_n close_o to_o that_o file_n for_o the_o pike_n with_o a_o firm_a stand_n advance_v your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n charge_v your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n trail_v your_o pike_n cheeeke_v your_o pike_n more_o for_o the_o pike_n first_o with_o a_o firm_a stand_n and_o then_o march_v charge_v your_o pike_n 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advance_v towards_o a_o enemy_n when_o they_o do_v not_o skirmish_v loose_a and_o disband_v vanguard_n they_o must_v give_v fire_n by_o rank_n after_o this_o manner_n two_o rank_n must_v always_o make_v ready_a together_o and_o advance_v ten_o pace_n forward_o before_o the_o body_n at_o which_o distance_n a_o sergeant_n or_o when_o the_o body_n be_v great_a some_o other_o officer_n must_v stand_v to_o who_o the_o musquettier_n be_v to_o come_v up_o before_o advance_v they_o present_v and_o give_v fire_n first_o the_o firstranke_a and_o while_o the_o first_o give_v fire_n the_o second_o rank_n keep_v their_o musket_n close_o to_o their_o rest_n and_o their_o pan_n guard_v and_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o be_v fall_v away_o the_o second_o present_o present_a and_o give_v fire_n and_o fall_v after_o they_o now_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o two_o rank_n do_v move_v from_o their_o place_n in_o the_o front_n the_o two_o rank_n next_o they_o must_v unshoulder_n their_o musket_n and_o make_v 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be_v call_v thureo_n and_o be_v in_o form_n like_o a_o door_n from_o whence_o they_o have_v their_o name_n for_o thura_fw-la signify_v a_o door_n these_o the_o roman_n and_o gaul_n used_n albeit_o sâ—me_n what_o different_a in_o form_n the_o 12_o round_o have_v eight_o full_a handful_n in_o diameter_n as_o alien_a say_v and_o be_v term_v asâ—ides_v long_a target_n be_v much_o dislike_v by_o the_o grecian_n cyrus_n in_o xenophon_n deride_v they_o as_o both_o hinder_v the_o sight_n &_o be_v unwieldy_a philopoe_n and_o philopoemen_n change_v they_o into_o round_a target_n follow_v the_o macedonian_a manner_n the_o target_n of_o philopoemen_n 4â—4_n pausanias_n term_v argâ—lican_n target_n it_o may_v be_v because_o they_o be_v first_o use_v by_o the_o argive_n in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o 56_o acrisius_n danae_n father_n and_o praetus_fw-la who_o contend_v about_o the_o kingdom_n of_o argos_n of_o what_o matter_n these_o target_n be_v be_v a_o quaestion_n some_o take_v they_o to_o have_v be_v make_v of_o other_o matter_n &_o cover_v over_o with_o brass_n &_o that_o otherwise_o the_o soldier_n shall_v not_o have_v be_v able_a to_o have_v bear_v they_o for_o the_o weight_n i_o deny_v not_o that_o in_o ancient_a time_n some_o target_n be_v plate_v with_o brass_n the_o rather_o because_o i_o find_v that_o alexander_n to_o match_v the_o indian_a pomp_n cover_v the_o target_n of_o his_o soldier_n with_o plate_n of_o silver_n but_o that_o the_o ordinary_a macedonian_a target_n be_v so_o cover_v i_o deny_v 12_o aelian_n after_o call_v they_o chalce_fw-la brazen_a not_o epichalce_a cover_v with_o brass_n c_o polyb._n say_v that_o the_o macedonian_n in_o the_o time_n of_o k._n philip_n the_o son_n of_o demetrius_n be_v call_v chalcaspide_n brazen_a targeteer_n not_o epichalkitai_o by_o which_o name_n as_o hesychius_n have_v they_o be_v call_v that_o have_v their_o target_n cover_v with_o brass_n so_o likewise_o aemiliâ—_n in_o the_o time_n of_o perseus_n and_o the_o megapolitan_o who_o imitate_v the_o macedonian_a manner_n of_o arm_v be_v term_v chalcaspide_n 4_o in_o polybius_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v â—_o brazen_a target_n by_o the_o institution_n of_o lycurgus_n &_o that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o hero_n almost_o all_o armour_n be_v make_v of_o brass_n 56â—_n the_o target_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n that_o be_v slay_v at_o the_o battle_n of_o leuctra_n be_v brass_n and_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pausanias_n and_o the_o brazen_a target_n 123_o of_o pyrrhus_n which_o he_o leave_v at_o argos_n be_v there_o slay_v be_v keep_v in_o the_o temple_n of_o câ—es_n as_o for_o the_o weight_n it_o be_v not_o so_o great_a but_o it_o may_v become_v light_a enough_o by_o use_n and_o exercisâ—_n we_o see_v iron_n target_n in_o use_n at_o this_o day_n and_o not_o hard_a to_o be_v bear_v and_o albeit_o the_o weight_n be_v not_o for_o every_o man_n strength_n yet_o since_o it_o have_v be_v and_o be_v the_o manner_n to_o make_v choice_n of_o soldier_n and_o to_o fit_v they_o with_o arm_n according_a to_o the_o ability_n of_o their_o body_n i_o see_v no_o reason_n but_o the_o strong_a sort_n may_v well_o bear_v they_o another_o sort_n of_o target_n there_o be_v which_o differ_v from_o the_o macedonian_a not_o so_o much_o in_o form_n of_o roundness_n as_o in_o matter_n and_o manner_n of_o carieng_n they_o be_v make_v of_o wicker_n and_o bear_v in_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o our_o buckler_n which_o we_o use_v not_o long_o since_o and_o a_o some_o cover_v over_o with_o hide_n some_z not_o b_o xenophon_n say_v that_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a arm_a the_o persian_n with_o these_o wicker_n target_n &_o reko_n ning_v up_o the_o nation_n through_o who_o country_n the_o grecian_n pass_v in_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n &_o describe_v their_o arm_n b_o report_v that_o the_o chalybes_n taochi_n &_o phasian_o have_v target_n of_o this_o kind_n now_o that_o they_o be_v bear_v in_o the_o left_a hand_n be_v clear_a by_o the_o same_o xenoph._n e._n he_o write_v thus_o of_o the_o fight_n betwixt_o cyrus_n &_o croesus_n the_o egyptian_n &_o persian_n encounter_v together_o the_o fight_n be_v hard_a &_o sharp_a &_o the_o egyptian_n aswell_o in_o number_n as_o in_o arm_n have_v the_o advantage_n for_o they_o fight_v with_o stiff_a long_a pike_n &_o their_o large_a target_n better_a cover_v their_o body_n than_o cuirass_n or_o wicker_n target_n and_o be_v bear_v on_o their_o shoulder_n avail_v to_o joint-thrusting_a foreward_n serring_z therefore_o their_o target_n close_o they_o advance_v &_o run_v on_o the_o persian_n be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v the_o shock_n by_o reason_n they_o bear_v their_o wicker_n target_v at_o the_o arm_n end_n but_o retire_v by_o little_a &_o little_a &_o give_v &_o take_v blow_n they_o maintain_v the_o fight_n till_o they_o come_v to_o the_o engine_n so_o far_o xenophon_n out_o of_o which_o word_n a_o man_n may_v plain_o understand_v the_o manner_n of_o bear_v these_o wicker_n target_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o lightness_n may_v easy_o be_v hold_v out_o at_o arm_n end_v and_o as_o the_o egyptian_a target_n which_o reach_v down_o to_o the_o foot_n must_v needs_o be_v heavy_a and_o therefore_o have_v â—eed_o of_o the_o shoulder_n to_o support_v it_o so_o be_v it_o with_o the_o brazen_a target_n of_o the_o macedonian_n which_o be_v also_o weighty_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o matter_n they_o be_v make_v of_o these_o therefore_o be_v likewise_o carry_v on_o the_o shoulder_n plutarch_n witness_v it_o in_o the_o life_n of_o aemilius_n and_o the_o same_o plutarch_n rehearse_v that_o cleomenes_n the_o king_n of_o sparta_n teach_v his_o lacedaemonian_n in_o steed_n of_o a_o spear_n to_o use_v a_o pike_n with_o hoth_a hand_n and_o to_o bear_v theirâ—_n target_n upon_o the_o strappe_v not_o by_o the_o handle_n the_o word_n be_v obscure_a &_o need_v light_n which_o i_o will_v give_v as_o short_o as_o i_o can_v i_o find_v three_o word_n amongst_o the_o grecian_n all_o perteyn_a to_o 〈◊〉_d a_o target_n they_o be_v those_o telamonius_n ochane_n or_o ochanon_n and_o porpax_v telamonius_n in_o this_o sense_n for_o it_o signify_v otherwise_o a_o band_n be_v by_o all_o confess_v to_o be_v the_o broad_a strappe_v which_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o handle_n of_o the_o target_n &_o hold_v the_o target_n be_v cast_v about_o the_o neck_n unto_o the_o back_n of_o ochane_n &_o porpax_n be_v some_o variance_n ochano_n suidas_n say_v that_o ochanon_n be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o hold_n of_o the_o target_n ochaâ—o_o hesychius_n call_v it_o the_o porpax_n of_o the_o target_n &_o the_o band_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o porpax_n 〈◊〉_d hesychius_n say_v it_o be_v the_o handle_n of_o the_o target_n &_o take_v porpe_n iâ—_n the_o same_o sense_n make_v it_o the_o thing_n bear_v up_o the_o targett_v into_o which_o the_o hand_n and_o arm_n to_o the_o elbow_n be_v thrust_v porpax_n suidas_n say_v porpax_n be_v it_o that_o they_o hold_v the_o target_n by_o which_o be_v call_v ochane_n &_o again_o that_o some_o take_v it_o for_o the_o band_n of_o the_o target_n other_o some_o for_o the_o middel_n iron_n that_o go_v through_o the_o target_n on_o which_o the_o soldier_n take_v hold_v so_o that_o both_o hesychius_n &_o suidas_n agree_v that_o ochanon_n &_o porpax_n be_v sometime_o alone_o and_o signify_v the_o handle_n of_o the_o target_n in_o which_o sense_n 34_o herodotus_n &_o â—40_n pausanias_n take_v ochanon_n also_o hesychius_n further_o interprete_v it_o for_o the_o band_n of_o the_o target_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o signification_n better_a agree_v with_o the_o meaning_n of_o plutarch_n who_o make_v a_o apparent_a difference_n betwixt_o they_o report_v that_o cleomenes_n teach_v the_o lacedaemonian_n to_o carry_v their_o target_n by_o the_o ochane_n not_o by_o the_o porpax_n when_o he_o say_v by_o the_o ochane_n be_v mean_v by_o the_o strappe_v by_o which_o be_v fasten_v about_o the_o neck_n the_o target_n be_v throw_v over_o to_o the_o back_n &_o rest_v upon_o the_o left_a shoulder_n that_o which_o i_o say_v will_v better_o appear_v if_o we_o mark_v what_o the_o lacedaemonian_n do_v before_o &_o what_o cleomenes_n advise_v they_o unto_o before_o they_o carry_v a_o spear_n in_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o a_o target_n by_o the_o handle_n in_o the_o left_a so_o that_o both_o their_o hand_n be_v full_a the_o spear_n be_v not_o able_a to_o match_v the_o enemy_n pike_n for_o cleomeâ—_n cleomenes_n have_v often_o to_o do_v with_o the_o macedonian_n &_o achaean_n who_o both_o use_a pike_n &_o pike_n the_o lacedaemonian_n can_v not_o wield_v with_o one_o hand_n so_o then_o to_o give_v they_o liberty_n of_o both_o hand_n he_o counsel_v they_o to_o carry_v their_o target_n at_o their_o back_n by_o the_o strappe_v
or_o ochane_n which_o be_v the_o macedonian_a manner_n and_o not_o to_o hold_v they_o any_o more_o by_o the_o porpax_n or_o handle_v and_o so_o to_o free_v their_o left_a hand_n to_o apply_v both_o to_o the_o menage_n of_o a_o pike_n this_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o direct_a meaning_n of_o plutarch_n cleomenes_n then_o persuade_v they_o to_o leave_v their_o spear_n &_o take_v pike_n and_o leave_v the_o target_n in_o the_o left_a hand_n may_v prove_v a_o impediment_n to_o the_o use_n of_o a_o pike_n he_o think_v best_o they_o shall_v carry_v they_o at_o their_o back_n by_o the_o ochane_n to_o carry_v they_o then_o by_o the_o strappe_v at_o the_o back_n be_v to_o give_v free_a use_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n without_o which_o a_o pike_n special_o a_o long_a pike_n such_o as_o cleomenes_n advise_v they_o unto_o can_v be_v wield_v as_o experience_n will_v teach_v any_o man_n that_o list_v to_o make_v trial_n 4_o and_o long_a pike_n pike_n for_o the_o most_o part_n have_v be_v call_v by_o two_o name_n by_o the_o grecian_n doru_n and_o sarissa_n aelian_n name_v they_o dorata_fw-la both_o here_o and_o in_o other_o place_n of_o this_o book_n c_o xenophon_n speak_v of_o the_o weapon_n of_o the_o chalybes_n say_v they_o have_v dorata_fw-la of_o 15._o cubit_n long_o arm_v with_o iron_n at_o one_o end_n only_o tet_z be_v doru_n take_v for_o a_o spear_n oftentimes_o as_o in_o that_o place_n of_o plutarch_n 〈◊〉_d last_o recite_v where_o cleomenes_n persuade_v the_o lacedaemonian_n to_o change_v their_o dorata_fw-la spear_n into_o sarissas_n pike_n the_o like_a recount_v he_o of_o philo._n philopoemen_n who_o change_v the_o spear_n of_o the_o achaean_n into_o pike_n call_v the_o spear_n dorata_fw-la the_o pike_n sarissas_n and_o even_o in_o this_o place_n aelian_n term_v they_o not_o dorata_fw-la simple_o but_o with_o addition_n of_o perimekestera_fw-la of_o a_o longsise_n and_o after_o describe_v the_o arm_n of_o the_o peltaste_v he_o say_v their_o spear_n dorata_fw-la be_v much_o short_a than_o the_o pike_n sarissae_n of_o the_o arm_a proper_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o macedonian_a be_v term_v sarissa_n if_o sometime_o doru_n some_o other_o word_n be_v add_v to_o avoid_v the_o ordinary_a signification_n of_o doru_n as_o doru_n macron_n cyâ—_n in_o xenophon_n doru_n perimeke_v in_o aelian_n yet_o deny_v i_o not_o but_o it_o may_v be_v call_v doru_n of_o the_o matter_n for_o doru_n signify_v wood_n of_o any_o kind_n and_o by_o consequent_a the_o wood_n a_o pike_n be_v make_v of_o but_o as_o i_o say_v the_o macedonian_a pike_n be_v proper_o call_v sarissa_n what_o the_o length_n of_o this_o pike_n be_v aelian_n will_v show_v in_o the_o 14._o chapter_n and_o for_o the_o wood_n it_o be_v make_v of_o i_o take_v it_o to_o have_v be_v corneil_n for_o i_o find_v that_o the_o macedonian_a horsemans_n staff_n be_v of_o that_o wood_n â—_o arrian_n confirm_v it_o say_v and_o now_o the_o macedonian_n have_v the_o better_a both_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o their_o body_n and_o experience_n in_o war_n and_o also_o because_o they_o fight_v with_o corneil_n lance_n against_o javelin_n for_o i_o assent_v not_o to_o the_o translater_n of_o arrian_n who_o turn_v xystois_n craneinois_n into_o corneil_n dart_n where_o it_o shall_v be_v corneil_n lance_n for_o in_o that_o place_n alexander_n be_v report_v to_o have_v fight_v with_o a_o lance_n and_o to_o have_v break_v it_o in_o fight_n and_o to_o have_v ask_v another_o of_o aretes_n one_o of_o the_o quiry_n of_o his_o stable_n who_o have_v also_o break_v he_o and_o fight_v with_o the_o truncheon_n and_o to_o have_v take_v the_o lance_n of_o divarate_v the_o corinthian_a and_o return_v present_o to_o the_o fight_n and_o therewith_o overthrow_v mithridates_n the_o son_n in_o law_n of_o darius_n beside_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o macedonian_n have_v the_o advantage_n in_o weapon_n take_v it_o thus_o that_o they_o fight_v with_o dart_n against_o javelin_n what_o advantage_n have_v they_o especial_o be_v come_v to_o the_o shock_n dart_n be_v use_v a_o far_o of_o at_o hand_n no_o man_n fight_v with_o they_o unless_o he_o have_v no_o other_o weapon_n i_o think_v no_o man_n will_v deny_v but_o that_o a_o javelin_n in_o close_v be_v more_o advantageous_a than_o a_o dart_n and_o that_o xyston_n signify_v a_o lance_n aelian_n himself_o testify_v in_o this_o chapter_n call_v the_o lancier_n doratophori_n or_o xystophori_n the_o macedonian_a than_o have_v his_o horsemans_n staff_n of_o corneil_n whiâ—_n 4â—_n pliny_n affirm_v to_o be_v a_o sound_n and_o a_o fast_a wood_n if_o his_o lance_n a_o man_n may_v â—bably_o conjecture_v his_o pike_n also_o which_o exceed_v the_o lance_n in_o length_n and_o thickness_n only_o we_o at_o this_o day_n prefer_v the_o ash_n before_o all_o wood_n for_o toughness_n lightness_n and_o beauty_n especial_o if_o the_o vain_a run_v through_o to_o the_o end_n notwithstanding_o i_o find_v in_o 21â—_n cicuta_fw-la a_o knight_n of_o venice_n a_o old_a soldier_n and_o one_o that_o follow_v the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o in_o his_o war_n of_o africa_n that_o the_o opinion_n of_o his_o time_n incline_v rather_o to_o fir_n both_o for_o lightness_n and_o strength_n i_o have_v not_o see_v the_o experience_n therefore_o leave_v i_o the_o judgement_n to_o trial_n we_o have_v then_o out_o of_o aelian_n that_o the_o arm_a have_v both_o target_n and_o pike_n that_o one_o man_n shall_v at_o one_o time_n use_v both_o target_n and_o pike_n in_o fight_n against_o the_o enemy_n will_v seem_v incredible_a in_o our_o day_n yet_o use_v the_o macedonian_a soldier_n both_o at_o one_o instant_a they_o both_o charge_v their_o pike_n and_o cover_v themselves_o with_o their_o target_n against_o the_o flyeng_a weapon_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o manner_n be_v this_o when_o they_o close_v with_o the_o enemy_n they_o charge_v their_o pike_n with_o both_o hand_n and_o with_o a_o slight_a wryeng_v of_o the_o body_n and_o lift_v up_o the_o right_a 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soldier_n which_o fight_v under_o the_o ensign_n have_v except_v the_o target_n both_o to_o assure_v himself_o from_o the_o fly_a weapon_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v and_o from_o the_o pike_n and_o sword_n of_o the_o arm_a in_o case_n the_o battle_n be_v enter_v and_o pierce_v as_o far_o as_o the_o ensign_n for_o it_o be_v no_o reason_n he_o shall_v carry_v a_o target_n lest_o both_o his_o hand_n shall_v be_v bind_v the_o right_a with_o the_o ensign_n the_o left_a with_o the_o target_n and_o so_o he_o have_v no_o use_n of_o either_o against_o the_o enemy_n and_o in_o the_o left_a hand_n i_o will_v give_v he_o a_o spear_n or_o â—avelin_n not_o a_o pike_n which_o can_v be_v wield_v with_o one_o hand_n for_o his_o own_o defence_n and_o to_o offend_v the_o enemy_n which_o weapon_n i_o have_v read_v ensign_n of_o ancient_a time_n do_v bear_v what_o the_o ensign_n place_n be_v whether_o in_o front_n or_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battatle_n i_o see_v it_o controvert_v parall_a patricius_n 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fileleader_n in_o front_n commander_n of_o five_o and_o bringers-up_a in_o the_o rear_n but_o in_o the_o midst_n also_o where_o the_o ensign_n stand_v and_o i_o rather_o agree_v to_o leo_n herein_o because_o i_o see_v it_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o roman_n also_o to_o place_v their_o ensign_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o maniple_n 3_o from_o whence_o come_v the_o appellation_n of_o antesignani_fw-la soldier_n that_o stand_v before_o the_o ensign_n and_o postsignani_n that_o stand_v behind_o beside_o the_o ensign_n be_v in_o the_o front_n the_o ensign_n bearer_n may_v soon_o get_v a_o clap_n who_o fall_v the_o ensign_n go_v to_o ground_n and_o be_v in_o danger_n of_o lose_v which_o be_v the_o great_a disgrace_n among_o the_o roman_n that_o may_v befall_v last_o 20._o aelian_n himself_o in_o plain_a word_n place_v the_o cornet_n of_o horse_n far_o from_o the_o front_n for_o speak_v of_o the_o ordinary_a horse-troupe_n he_o say_v it_o be_v to_o consist_v of_o 64_o horse_n the_o 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force_n to_o his_o son_n aleander_n that_o he_o need_v no_o other_o ally_n to_o overthrow_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o persia._n after_o his_o death_n 〈…〉_z alexander_n â—ooke_v his_o langdome_n and_o army_n and_o with_o it_o encounter_v and_o five_o inquish_a darius_n in_o two_o great_a battle_n run_v through_o asia_n like_o a_o flash_n of_o 〈◊〉_d renâ—ing_v a_o piece_n aâ—_n that_o resâ—ted_v or_o stand_v in_o his_o way_n and_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o albeit_o afterward_o divide_v continue_v long_o in_o his_o successor_n neither_o be_v the_o experience_n of_o their_o invinciblenesse_n against_o the_o barbarous_a people_n only_o but_o as_o much_o against_o the_o grecian_n who_o â—ill_v philip_n time_n be_v esteem_v the_o chief_a master_n of_o arm_n in_o europe_n this_o be_v clear_a by_o the_o victory_n the_o macedonian_n obtain_v against_o the_o renown_a city_n of_o greece_n both_o joint_o and_o several_o 〈…〉_z philip_n overthrow_v the_o phocean_n albeit_o 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be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o phalange_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n have_v not_o the_o proper_a place_n nor_o mean_n to_o use_v it_o own_o power_n in_o the_o encounter_n so_o long_o as_o the_o phalange_n have_v ground_n enough_o and_o can_v meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o a_o right_a front_n he_o hold_v it_o not_o possible_a to_o be_v foil_v be_v divide_v and_o in_o place_n uneven_a he_o be_v of_o opinion_n and_o experience_n have_v teach_v it_o may_v easy_o be_v put_v in_o a_o rout_n 〈…〉_z plutarch_n compare_v it_o for_o strength_n so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v one_o body_n and_o maintain_v the_o synaspisme_n joint_o to_o a_o invincible_a beast_n be_v disâ—evered_v he_o say_v it_o lose_v the_o force_n in_o the_o whole_a and_o in_o every_o man_n particular_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o arm_v and_o also_o because_o the_o violence_n oâ—_n it_o consist_v rather_o in_o knit_v of_o all_o part_n together_o than_o in_o particular_a of_o any_o man_n valour_n three_o battle_n to_o praetermit_v aivers_a skirmish_n i_o find_v the_o roman_n 〈◊〉_d with_o and_o thiem_v 〈◊〉_d the_o macedonian_n one_o against_o king_n philip_n the_o son_n of_o demeâ—us_n a_o 〈◊〉_d against_o antiochus_n the_o three_o against_o perâ—eus_n the_o soâ—e_a of_o king_n pâ—lip_n 〈…〉_z for_o i_o paâ—_n over_o those_o wherein_o they_o be_v beat_v by_o pyâ—hus_n 〈◊〉_d worâ—_n 〈…〉_z philip_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d phalange_n and_o not_o use_v the_o whole_a together_o but_o fight_v against_o the_o roman_n with_o the_o right_a wing_n only_o yet_o have_v the_o better_a and_o wâ—_n too_o â—ard_o for_o that_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n that_o join_v with_o he_o but_o the_o other_o 〈…〉_z winâ—_n come_v into_o the_o field_n fit_v rather_o for_o a_o march_n than_o a_o fight_n and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o order_v themselves_o phalaâ—ge-wise_a be_v soon_o defeat_v and_o the_o roman_a victorious_a fall_v upon_o the_o râ—re_a oâ—_n the_o right_a winâ—_n where_o philip_n be_v and_o have_v now_o get_v the_o victory_n and_o so_o 〈◊〉_d the_o field_n antiochus_n unskilful_a in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o phalange_n trusteâ—_n 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d horse_n than_o his_o phalange_n and_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o l_o scipio_n where_o he_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d give_v full_a scope_n anâ—_n extend_v the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n by_o make_v it_o 16_o deep_a 〈◊〉_d contrariwise_a narrow_v it_o 〈◊〉_d out_o the_o depth_n into_o 32_o whereby_o he_o lose_v the_o advantage_n of_o match_v the_o â—ront_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o after_o his_o horse_n be_v beat_v give_v facility_n to_o the_o enemy_n of_o 〈◊〉_d on_o it_o all_o side_n 〈…〉_z perseus_n join_v battle_n with_o paulus_n aemiâ—us_n 〈◊〉_d long_a 〈◊〉_d the_o phalange_n continue_v in_o the_o right_a figure_n slay_v many_o of_o the_o roman_n anâ—_n force_v they_o to_o retire_v but_o follow_v on_o too_o eager_o he_o come_v to_o uneven_a and_o rough_a ground_n wherein_o the_o phalange_n be_v dissever_v left_a space_n and_o breach_n for_o the_o roman_n to_o enter_v and_o defeat_v it_o so_o long_o then_o as_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v fit_a ground_n and_o the_o right_a property_n of_o embattail_v it_o stand_v fast_o against_o the_o roman_n the_o great_a soldier_n that_o ever_o be_v be_v in_o their_o hand_n that_o know_v not_o how_o to_o use_v it_o as_o a_o sword_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o child_n it_o yield_v to_o time_n and_o fortune_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v assign_v to_o be_v 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v which_o consist_v principal_o in_o order_v of_o target_n and_o pike_n in_o close_v of_o the_o target_n by_o synaspisme_n and_o in_o joint_a charge_v of_o the_o pike_n which_o lie_v out_o thick_a from_o the_o front_n beside_o the_o horror_n of_o the_o sight_n give_v almost_o a_o impossibility_n to_o enter_v the_o phalange_n i_o have_v allege_v the_o judgement_n of_o aemilio_n aemilius_n concern_v the_o sight_n present_v by_o a_o phalange_n when_o the_o pike_n lie_v so_o charge_v out_o of_o the_o front_n a._n polybius_n think_v nothing_o can_v resist_v the_o force_n thereof_o c._n livy_n albeit_o many_o time_n more_o than_o partial_a to_o the_o roman_n yet_o in_o the_o selfsame_o fight_n between_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n give_v his_o judgement_n thus_o of_o the_o phalange_n the_o second_o legion_n say_v he_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o middle_n empty_a place_n and_o so_o break_v asunder_o the_o phalange_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o more_o evident_a cause_n of_o victory_n than_o the_o fight_v in_o diverse_a place_n at_o once_o which_o first_o trouble_v the_o phalange_n in_o turn_v many_o way_n and_o afterward_o plain_o disjoint_v and_o scatter_v it_o who_o force_n be_v unite_a and_o rough_a with_o charge_a pike_n be_v intolerable_a if_o by_o give_v on_o in_o diverse_a place_n you_o constrain_v it_o to_o bring_v about_o the_o pike_n immovable_a through_o length_n and_o weight_n it_o entangle_v itself_o with_o confuse_a cross_n if_o at_o one_o time_n you_o charge_v it_o both_o flank_n and_o rear_v they_o fall_v asunder_o like_o a_o ruinous_a building_n as_o than_o they_o be_v compel_v many_o way_n to_o answer_v the_o roman_n and_o so_o to_o break_v their_o battle_n into_o many_o parcel_n and_o the_o roman_n upon_o the_o first_o opportunity_n of_o a_o breach_n straight_o way_n convey_v in_o their_o troop_n who_o if_o they_o have_v meet_v the_o enemy_n in_o front_n have_v run_v upon_o the_o pike_n as_o in_o the_o beginning_n it_o happen_v to_o the_o pelignan_n be_v too_o forward_o to_o come_v to_o hand_n and_o can_v not_o have_v resist_v the_o phalange_n fast_o shut_v and_o ser_v up_o for_o the_o encounter_n thus_o livy_n concern_v the_o phalange_n who_o albeit_o a_o roman_a hold_v the_o same_o opinion_n that_o polybius_n do_v 18._o and_o in_o another_o place_n tell_v of_o philip_n encamp_v â—e_n say_v he_o be_v lodge_v in_o a_o woody_a plot_n which_o be_v unfit_a for_o the_o phalange_n especial_o of_o the_o macedon_n which_o unless_o it_o cast_v the_o pike_n as_o it_o be_v a_o muniment_n before_o the_o target_n and_o that_o can_v be_v but_o in_o open_a ground_n be_v of_o no_o great_a use_n so_o than_o if_o pike_n may_v be_v charge_v out_o before_o the_o target_n the_o phalange_n be_v of_o great_a use_n but_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o bare_a opinion_n let_v we_o hear_v by_o a_o example_n or_o two_o the_o experience_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o target_n of_o the_o macedonian_a against_o the_o roman_a arm_n c._n when_o t._n quintus_fw-la flaminius_n the_o rome_n consul_n have_v drive_v king_n philip_n and_o his_o army_n from_o the_o straits_n near_o antigonia_n see_v that_o the_o enemy_n keep_v himself_o with_o his_o strength_n and_o abstein_v from_o the_o field_n he_o determine_v to_o try_v the_o city_n of_o thessaly_n and_o have_v win_v some_o
antiquity_n be_v repulse_v by_o it_o at_o a_o siege_n force_v to_o retire_v in_o a_o battle_n dare_v not_o come_v near_o it_o after_o they_o have_v gain_v the_o field_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n and_o the_o consul_n aemilius_n a_o man_n that_o have_v see_v much_o service_n and_o fight_v many_o a_o battle_n and_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a general_n of_o that_o time_n confess_v he_o never_o see_v so_o fearful_a a_o sight_n as_o when_o he_o behold_v the_o phalange_n advance_v into_o the_o field_n the_o body_n join_v the_o target_n ser_v and_o lock_v together_o dart_v out_o fire_n like_o lightning_n the_o front_n rough_a with_o couch_v and_o charge_v pike_n and_o arm_v with_o iron_n and_o threaten_v present_a death_n to_o he_o that_o dare_v approach_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n we_o may_v not_o take_v it_o as_o though_o the_o soldier_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n have_v two_o cubit_n or_o three_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o we_o learn_v before_o that_o in_o 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be_v the_o length_n at_o the_o first_o the_o maccdonian_o bring_v it_o to_o 14_o which_o they_o take_v to_o be_v a_o sufficient_a length_n against_o the_o enemy_n and_o easy_a for_o the_o pikeman_n to_o bear_v and_o handle_v 4_o the_o space_n in_o charge_v betwixt_o the_o hand_n take_v up_o two_o cubiâ—s_n herein_o be_v a_o difference_n between_o aelian_n and_o polybius_n aelian_n will_v have_v no_o more_o than_o 2_o cubit_n lose_v in_o charge_v a._n polybius_n say_v 4._o be_v lose_v and_o with_o polybius_n agree_v leo._n but_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o difference_n arise_v out_o of_o the_o form_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o hold_v it_o 39_o in_o the_o charge_n if_o it_o be_v hold_v at_o the_o butt_n end_n with_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o support_v towards_o the_o arm_a end_n with_o the_o left_a as_o the_o manner_n in_o charge_v be_v it_o can_v loose_v above_o two_o cubit_n and_o aeâ—an_n be_v in_o the_o right_n but_o if_o in_o hold_v it_o you_o set_v the_o right_a hand_n 2_o cubit_n from_o the_o butt_n and_o then_o must_v 4_o cubit_n of_o necessity_n be_v lose_v whereof_o 2_o rest_n behind_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o two_o be_v take_v up_o by_o the_o space_n betwixt_o both_o hand_n our_o manner_n of_o charge_v be_v at_o this_o day_n to_o take_v the_o butt_n end_n in_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o in_o so_o do_v we_o lose_v but_o two_o cubit_n but_o it_o seem_v our_o pike_n be_v not_o make_v in_o that_o form_n they_o be_v in_o polybius_n time_n in_o polybius_n age_n they_o have_v weight_n at_o the_o but_o end_v to_o make_v the_o sharp_a end_n the_o light_a as_o the_o heavy_a pummel_n lighter_v the_o sword_n in_o handle_v a._n this_o weight_n be_v call_v â—_o secoma_n as_o it_o be_v a_o counterweight_n to_o the_o heaviness_n and_o length_n of_o the_o pike_n neither_o do_v i_o read_v any_o thing_n elsewhere_o then_o in_o polybius_n concern_v the_o counterweight_n of_o a_o pike_n to_o the_o handle_n of_o a_o oar_n i_o find_v in_o a._n atheneus_n that_o lead_n be_v add_v to_o make_v the_o part_n stand_v out_o from_o the_o ship_n more_o light_a but_o yet_o polybius_n and_o aelian_o opinion_n may_v well_o agree_v and_o in_o pike_n that_o have_v counterweight_n at_o their_o end_n the_o hold_n for_o charge_v be_v take_v two_o cubit_n from_o the_o butt_n end_n there_o may_v be_v lose_v four_o cubit_n where_o the_o other_o sort_n be_v hold_v at_o the_o butt_n end_v itself_o lose_v but_o 2_o cubit_n 5_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o other_o behind_o can_v reach_v to_o the_o first_o rank_n how_o shall_v they_o bear_v their_o pike_n then_o d_o polybius_n show_v what_o the_o manner_n be_v those_o rank_n say_v he_o that_o stand_v behind_o the_o five_o can_v help_v nothing_o to_o the_o fight_n in_o front_n and_o therefore_o they_o charge_v not_o their_o pike_n low_a but_o bear_v they_o towards_o their_o forestander_n shoulder_n the_o point_n somewhat_o erect_v to_o secure_v the_o battle_n from_o above_o intercept_n by_o their_o thick_a lie_v the_o missive_a weapon_n which_o fly_v over_o the_o front_n will_v otherwise_o fall_v upon_o their_o head_n that_o be_v place_v towards_o the_o rear_n polybius_n say_v the_o manner_n be_v neither_o to_o charge_v nor_o order_v their_o pike_n but_o to_o bear_v they_o forward_o stop_v towards_o the_o shoulder_n of_o their_o companion_n before_o yet_o by_o bearin_fw-mi they_o so_o what_o security_n they_o can_v â—ue_v from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n that_o come_v aloft_o i_o can_v yet_o conceive_v a_o arrow_n dart_n or_o stone_n unless_o it_o hit_v just_a on_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o pike_n will_v do_v as_o much_o and_o sometime_o more_o harm_n by_o glance_v then_o if_o it_o have_v not_o touch_v they_o at_o all_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o the_o opinion_n of_o they_o who_o aelian_n here_o speak_v of_o have_v little_a reason_n to_o ground_n upon_o for_o either_o the_o pike_n of_o thâ—m_n that_o come_v in_o the_o five_o rank_n behind_o especial_o the_o two_o last_o must_v exceed_v in_o length_n or_o else_o the_o fileleaderâ—_n pike_n in_o shortness_n both_o which_o be_v â—like_o unprofitable_a if_o they_o be_v too_o long_o they_o can_v be_v wield_v if_o these_o too_o short_a the_o enemy_n shall_v reach_v the_o fileleader_n and_o not_o the_o fileleader_n the_o enemy_n the_o measure_n of_o the_o long_a pike_n be_v 16_o cubit_n which_o yet_o for_o aptness_n and_o use_n be_v by_o the_o macedonian_n reduce_v to_o 14._o say_v then_o the_o sixteen_o rank_n carry_v pike_n of_o 16_o cubit_n two_o of_o the_o cubit_n according_a to_o aelian_n be_v take_v away_o in_o handle_v other_o ten_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o five_o former_a rank_n four_o cubit_n alone_o remain_v and_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n if_o the_o file_n leader_n in_o the_o front_n shorten_v his_o pike_n to_o four_o cubit_n to_o make_v a_o even_a extension_n he_o shall_v not_o come_v near_o the_o enemy_n by_o ten_o cubit_n who_o in_o push_v will_v reach_v home_o to_o he_o for_o what_o length_n soever_o be_v take_v from_o the_o file-leader_n in_o front_n the_o same_o be_v give_v to_o the_o enemy_n that_o push_v with_o he_o and_o he_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o wound_v the_o file-leader_n and_o not_o the_o file-leader_n he_o especial_o the_o pike_n differ_v in_o so_o great_a a_o proportion_n 6_o the_o superordinarie_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n i_o have_v before_o note_v the_o duty_n of_o a_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o syntagma_n and_o it_o be_v here_o well_o express_v by_o aelian_n he_o that_o desire_v to_o see_v more_o touch_v the_o same_o let_v he_o resort_v to_o xenophons_n cyropaedia_fw-la lib._n 3._o 28._o and_o lib._n 7._o 178._o b._n and_o to_o leo_n cap._n 14._o §_o 79._o the_o place_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o number_n of_o every_o file_n chap._n xv._n thus_o much_o of_o order_v and_o marshal_v the_o armed-foote_n i_o will_v add_v a_o word_n or_o two_o of_o the_o lightarmed_n or_o naked_a 1_o the_o general_n be_v to_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n so_o that_o they_o be_v ready_a for_o all_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n sometime_o in_o front_n sometime_o in_o flank_n sometime_o in_o the_o rear_n according_a to_o occasion_n or_o necessity_n for_o our_o purpose_n let_v they_o be_v thus_o order_v we_o will_v frame_v also_o of_o they_o 1024_o file_n as_o many_o as_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o arm_a contain_v so_o that_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v place_v direct_o behind_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o the_o second_o file_n behind_o the_o second_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n 2_o yet_o shall_v they_o not_o be_v sixteen_o to_o the_o file_n but_o half_o so_o many_o namely_o eight_o
so_o that_o the_o 4_o horseman_n embattle_v in_o that_o form_n neither_o file_n nor_o rank_n conceive_v that_o turn_n and_o other_o motion_n will_v be_v more_o easy_o perform_v in_o this_o figure_n nothing_o hinder_v before_o behind_z or_o in_o flank_n and_o first_o they_o place_v the_o leader_n then_o one_o at_o his_o right_n and_o a_o other_o at_o his_o left_a hand_n so_o distant_a that_o their_o horse_n head_n reach_v up_o to_o his_o horse_n shoulder_n as_o be_v say_v before_o and_o the_o first_o row_n they_o make_v of_o a_o uneven_a number_n as_o 11_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o troop_n stand_v in_o the_o midst_n and_o 5_o other_o be_v lay_v to_o he_o backward_o on_o either_o side_n so_o that_o this_o rank_n contain_v two_o side_n of_o the_o rhombe_n then_o the_o reare-commander_n be_v place_v direct_o behind_o the_o leader_n and_o to_o he_o be_v other_o join_v forward_o on_o either_o side_n and_o the_o number_n of_o every_o follow_a rank_n after_o the_o first_o be_v to_o be_v two_o 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first_o troop_n be_v of_o 64_o man_n and_o the_o first_o rank_n thereof_o 15_o horse_n the_o next_o 13._o the_o next_o 11_o and_o in_o all_o the_o rest_n abate_v 2_o till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o last_o which_o be_v one_o 2_o he_o shall_v carry_v the_o cornet_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o second_o rank_n next_o the_o ranke-commander_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n all_o the_o troop_n shall_v be_v 64_o in_o number_n the_o horseman_n in_o all_o 4096._o 3_o two_o troop_n be_v call_v a_o epilarchy_n of_o 128_o horse_n two_o epilarchy_n 4_o a_o tarentinarchy_n of_o 256_o horse_n two_o tarentinarchy_n 5_o a_o hipparchy_n of_o 512._o
particular_o to_o the_o first_o aspect_n so_o that_o this_o be_v use_v after_o the_o make_n of_o a_o anastrophe_n for_o always_o in_o motion_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o the_o soldier_n face_n move_v forward_o to_o move_v backward_o have_v many_o inconvenience_n of_o stumbling_n upon_o uneven_a ground_n or_o stone_n or_o pit_n or_o stubbe_n or_o such_o like_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o in_o anastrophe_n after_o a_o wheeling_n aelian_n will_v that_o the_o soldier_n turn_v their_o face_n the_o contrary_a way_n first_o then_o move_v on_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o ground_n then_o open_a rank_n and_o file_n and_o last_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o aspect_n and_o as_o it_o differ_v from_o anastrophe_n so_o differ_v it_o likewise_o from_o metabole_n metabole_fw-la only_o turn_v face_n about_o this_o set_v the_o soldier_n in_o his_o former_a posture_n not_o only_o for_o his_o face_n but_o for_o his_o arm_n also_o which_o be_v order_v as_o at_o first_o the_o word_n wherein_o this_o motion_n be_v express_v by_o aelian_n be_v ep_n orthon_fw-mi apodounai_fw-mi and_o eye_n orthon_fw-mi apocaâ—astesai_fw-mi which_o be_v interpret_v by_o gaza_n in_o arrectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v up_o right_o by_o arcerius_fw-la rectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v right_a and_o so_o the_o word_n sound_v aelian_n interprete_v it_o to_o set_v again_o the_o soldier_n sight_n in_o the_o same_o aspect_n in_o which_o it_o stand_v at_o first_o as_o if_o be_v place_v with_o his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n he_o be_v command_v to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o then_o again_o to_o restore_v his_o face_n to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o must_v return_v and_o set_v his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n aelian_a therefore_o refer_v it_o to_o the_o sight_n he_o first_o have_v which_o if_o it_o be_v the_o right_a meaning_n how_o can_v it_o be_v upright_o or_o right_a more_o in_o that_o then_o in_o any_o other_o posture_n for_o the_o soldier_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o in_o flank_n and_o in_o the_o rear_n carry_v himself_o upright_o or_o right_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o upright_o stand_v of_o man_n as_o appear_v by_o sundry_a place_n of_o pausanias_n who_o reherse_v that_o minerva_n image_n set_v 43._o in_o the_o temple_n parthenion_n stand_v upright_o orthon_fw-mi esti_fw-la and_o in_o a_o other_o place_n that_o in_o corinth_n 89._o in_o the_o temple_n pantheon_n there_o be_v two_o image_n of_o mercury_n stand_v upright_o ortha_fw-mi 87._o and_o that_o in_o the_o temple_n of_o fortune_n the_o image_n of_o fortune_n be_v carve_v of_o parian_a stone_n and_o stand_v upright_a orthon_n and_o that_o in_o neptune_n temple_n situate_a in_o the_o corinthian_a isthmus_n the_o image_n of_o amphitrite_n and_o neptune_n stand_v in_o a_o chariot_n and_o the_o boy_n palemon_n upright_o upon_o a_o dolphin_n orthos_n in_o all_o which_o place_n orthos_n design_v the_o site_n of_o man_n but_o here_o as_o i_o take_v it_o can_v be_v so_o apply_v because_o in_o every_o motion_n not_o only_o in_o this_o the_o man_n stand_v upright_o how_o then_o can_v they_o be_v restore_v to_o their_o stand_n upright_o when_o they_o do_v it_o already_o i_o take_v the_o original_n of_o the_o appellation_n to_o come_v from_o another_o cause_n and_o that_o be_v from_o the_o order_n of_o the_o pike_n for_o when_o the_o battle_n be_v first_o set_v in_o the_o field_n every_o soldier_n stand_v with_o his_o pike_n order_v that_o be_v upright_o for_o to_o order_v a_o pike_n be_v to_o set_v the_o butt_n end_n on_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o soldier_n somewhat_o wide_o of_o his_o right_a foot_n and_o to_o hold_v it_o upright_o with_o the_o right_a hand_n bear_v even_o with_o the_o shoulder_n but_o when_o you_o begin_v or_o continue_v any_o motion_n the_o manner_n be_v to_o advance_v or_o to_o shoulder_v the_o pike_n and_o so_o to_o proceed_v but_o be_v command_v to_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n it_o must_v be_v order_v again_o so_o that_o the_o first_o posture_n of_o a_o arm_a man_n be_v to_o stand_v with_o his_o pike_n upright_o and_o after_o many_o motion_n and_o wind_n he_o at_o last_o return_v to_o the_o same_o posture_n which_o i_o take_v the_o command_n of_o ep'orthon_n apodounai_o to_o signify_v now_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o a_o probable_a conjecture_n alone_o i_o will_v bring_v witness_n for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o my_o opinion_n it_o be_v report_v by_o 473._o diodorus_n siculus_n that_o agesilaus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n with_o a_o army_n of_o eighteen_o thousand_o foot_n and_o fifteen_o hundred_o horse_n invade_v boeotia_n the_o athenian_n before_o hear_v of_o agesilaus_n come_v have_v send_v five_o thousand_o foot_n and_o 200_o horse_n to_o aid_v the_o theban_n who_o gather_v their_o army_n together_o seize_v upon_o a_o long_a narrow_a hill_n distant_a 20_o furlong_n from_o the_o city_n and_o make_v the_o hard_a access_n to_o the_o place_n a_o kind_n of_o fortification_n against_o the_o enemy_n they_o there_o wait_v his_o come_n fear_v to_o hazard_v upon_o even_a ground_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o renown_n and_o glory_n of_o agesilaus_n agesilaus_n have_v imbattail_v his_o troop_n lead_v they_o against_o the_o boeotian_n and_o approach_v near_o send_v his_o light_n arm_v to_o sound_v their_o disposition_n to_o fight_v which_o be_v easy_o repulse_v by_o the_o theban_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o high_a ground_n he_o advance_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o force_n be_v imbattail_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v give_v great_a terror_n chabrias_n the_o athenian_a will_v his_o soldier_n to_o await_v the_o enemy_n contemptuous_o both_o keep_v their_o first_o array_n and_o their_o target_n at_o their_o knee_n and_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o order_v who_o when_o they_o joint_o as_o upon_o a_o word_n give_v do_v as_o they_o be_v command_v agesilaus_n both_o wonder_v at_o the_o good_a order_n and_o at_o the_o assure_a fashion_n of_o the_o enemy_n think_v it_o not_o fit_a to_o strive_v with_o unequal_a ground_n and_o by_o force_v they_o to_o fight_v to_o compel_v they_o to_o be_v valiant_a whether_o they_o will_v or_o no._n hitherto_o diodor_n sicul._n of_o the_o strategem_fw-la of_o chabrias_n against_o agesilaus_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o contempt_n of_o agesilaus_n and_o all_o his_o force_n first_o in_o not_o stir_v one_o foot_n to_o meet_v the_o enemy_n then_o in_o keep_v the_o array_n they_o hold_v before_o further_a in_o sink_v their_o target_n to_o their_o knee_n last_o in_o continue_v the_o former_a order_n of_o their_o pike_n that_o be_v not_o make_v readyto_o charge_v but_o remain_v with_o their_o pike_n order_v as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o agesilaus_n advance_v his_o army_n think_v to_o strike_v a_o fear_n into_o his_o enemy_n chabrias_n trust_v to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o place_n scorn_v the_o brovado_n of_o agesilaus_n conceive_v he_o will_v not_o be_v so_o hardy_a to_o adventure_v the_o fight_n upon_o so_o great_a a_o inequality_n of_o ground_n he_o therefore_o will_v the_o cap_n 28_o the_o macedoman_n countermache_n by_o file_n the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o file_n leader_n with_o their_o face_n about_o stand_v firm_a the_o bringer_n up_o dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 29_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o fileleader_n advance_v in_o countermarche_n the_o bringer_n up_o stand_v firm_a with_o the_o their_o face_n turn_v about_o the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v beyond_o the_o reareof_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 20_o the_o chorean_a countermarche_n the_o front_n in_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o bringer_n up_o move_v the_o fileleader_n dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v cap._n 20._o countermarche_v by_o rank_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n dyer_n not_o to_o alter_v their_o posture_n but_o to_o continue_v as_o they_o be_v the_o word_n concern_v the_o pike_n be_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la that_o be_v to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_a en_fw-fr ortho_fw-la now_o whether_o the_o same_o be_v the_o posture_n that_o the_o tactic_n describe_v when_o they_o speak_v or_o restore_a ep_n '_n ortho_fw-mi upright_o i_o refer_v to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o reader_n a_o poliaenus_n agesilao_n remember_v this_o stratagem_n use_v somewhat_o different_a word_n and_o yet_o consent_v in_o meaning_n chabrias_n say_v he_o command_v his_o soldier_n not_o to_o run_v out_o against_o the_o enemy_n but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o hold_v their_o pike_n before_o upright_o and_o their_o target_n before_o their_o knee_n which_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o do_v when_o they_o will_v a_o little_a ease_n
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n or_o change_v the_o right_a hand_n place_n or_o else_o the_o left_a hand_n place_n of_o the_o battle_n one_o of_o which_o must_v needs_o fall_v out_o and_o never_o fail_v note_n the_o two_o former_a motion_n be_v perform_v one_o in_o close_a order_n the_o other_o in_o all_o order_n epistrophe_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v shut_v so_o close_o that_o as_o aelian_n say_v a_o man_n can_v turn_v his_o face_n neither_o the_o one_o way_n nor_o the_o other_o clisis_fw-la in_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o two_o â—_o follow_v motion_n countermarch_v and_o double_v one_o be_v do_v in_o open_a 84._o order_n the_o other_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o open_a order_n too_o and_o yet_o sometime_o in_o order_n and_o close_a order_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o due_a place_n this_o chapter_n handle_v countermarche_n the_o next_o doubling_n countermarch_v be_v a_o motion_n whereby_o every_o soldier_n march_v after_o other_o change_v his_o front_n for_o the_o rear_n or_o one_o flank_v for_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n and_o the_o other_o by_o rank_n and_o each_o of_o these_o be_v again_o divide_v into_o three_o the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a or_o cretan_a a_o countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o leader_n of_o the_o same_o file_n by_o rank_n when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o sideman_n of_o the_o same_o rank_n in_o the_o countermarch_v 1_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o purpose_n of_o the_o commander_n be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n of_o his_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o withal_o to_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v say_v aelian_n because_o
threefold_a gate_n or_o door_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxxii_o it_o follow_v to_o show_v how_o a_o battle_n may_v be_v turn_v or_o wheel_v and_o how_o after_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o station_n cap._n 30._o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o brode-fronted_n phalange_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o hearse_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_v the_o front_n lâ—â—halanx_n or_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n cap._n 31._o hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a entaxis_fw-la or_o insertion_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_a cap._n 32._o the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v the_o first_o posture_n close_v of_o file_n close_v of_o rank_n forward_o the_o front_n but_o in_o case_n we_o desire_v to_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n we_o command_v the_o left-hand-file_n to_o stand_v still_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o move_v forward_o close_o up_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v then_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o hinder_a rank_n then_o to_o wheel_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o stand_v and_o so_o be_v it_o do_v that_o be_v command_v but_o if_o restitution_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v needful_a we_o must_v do_v as_o we_o do_v in_o return_v from_o the_o right_n for_o every_o man_n must_v turn_v about_o his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n then_o the_o whole_a battle_n wheel_v about_o the_o left-hand-corner-file-leader_n must_v return_v to_o the_o place_n it_o have_v then_o all_o the_o fileleader_n stand_v firm_a and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n open_v their_o rank_n in_o move_v forward_o and_o make_v alte_fw-la then_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n be_v to_o stand_v firm_a for_o it_o have_v the_o place_n it_o first_o have_v and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o open_v their_o file_n and_o move_v forward_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o and_o so_o shall_v every_o man_n be_v in_o his_o first_o posture_n now_o if_o we_o will_v wheel_v the_o battle_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n we_o be_v to_o make_v 2_o wheeling_n to_o the_o same_o side_n so_o will_v it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o fileleader_n shall_v in_o the_o change_n have_v their_o face_n turn_v to_o the_o rear_n where_o before_o they_o have_v they_o look_v out_o from_o the_o front_n but_o in_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v it_o to_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n that_o be_v we_o give_v it_o two_o wheeling_n more_o the_o same_o way_n so_o the_o fileleader_n will_v have_v their_o face_n set_v as_o at_o first_o then_o we_o command_v the_o fileleader_n to_o stand_v firm_a and_o the_o rest_n to_o open_v their_o rank_n behind_o then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n about_o then_o the_o right_a hand_n file_v to_o stand_v still_o for_o it_o have_v the_o right_a place_n and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o march_v on_o till_o the_o former_a distance_n be_v regain_v then_o to_o make_v alte._n so_o be_v the_o battle_n reduce_v to_o the_o first_o station_n if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o battle_n turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n you_o be_v to_o give_v contrary_a direction_n that_o be_v in_o stead_n of_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n to_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n then_o by_o make_v two_o turn_n the_o contrary_a way_n to_o use_v the_o like_a change_n we_o speak_v of_o before_o there_o be_v likewise_o a_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n when_o it_o turn_v thrice_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n namely_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n the_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n transfer_v the_o soldier_n face_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o back_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n bring_v his_o face_n to_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n contrariwise_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n before_o in_o the_o 26_o chapter_n aelian_n discourse_v of_o wheel_a and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v be_v reserve_v for_o this_o place_n i_o need_v not_o therefore_o remember_v any_o thing_n else_o beside_o the_o word_n of_o command_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o epistrophe_n the_o uttermost_a file_n on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o side_n purpose_v and_o march_v up_o to_o the_o file_n stand_v firm_a face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o rank_n forward_o wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o when_o you_o have_v your_o ground_n stand_v return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n wheel_n back_o the_o body_n to_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n open_a to_o their_o first_o place_n face_n about_o to_o which_o hand_n you_o will_v the_o corner_n file_n to_o which_o the_o turn_n be_v stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n open_a to_o their_o first_o ground_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o wheel_v about_o the_o same_o word_n to_o close_v the_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v use_v which_o be_v use_v in_o epistrophe_n there_o remain_v no_o more_o then_o to_o say_v wheel_n about_o your_o body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n return_v to_o your_o first_o posture_n the_o same_o form_n be_v use_v that_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o former_a return_v unto_o the_o first_o posture_n for_o open_v rank_n and_o file_n ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a in_o this_o motion_n the_o same_o course_n be_v hold_v that_o be_v in_o the_o wheel_a but_o only_o that_o you_o command_v a_o treble_a wheel_a and_o the_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n be_v all_o one_o but_o for_o the_o same_o difference_n of_o close_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n xxxiii_o cap_n â—â—_o of_o change_v the_o front_n after_o close_v close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n in_o action_n close_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o middle_a close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n before_o close_v the_o front_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d before_o close_v if_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v close_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n must_v turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o target_n and_o the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n their_o face_n towards_o the_o pike_n then_o move_v forward_o towards_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n then_o after_o their_o true_a distance_n gain_v to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v and_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o rank_n behind_o when_o we_o will_v reduce_v the_o phalange_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v to_o turn_v face_n about_o then_o to_o open_v the_o rank_n and_o all_o to_o move_v on_o but_o the_o first_o rank_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n again_o and_o the_o right_a diphalange_n turn_v to_o the_o pike_n and_o the_o left_a diphalange_n to_o the_o target_n to_o follow_v their_o leader_n till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v this_o rule_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o all_o turn_n about_o of_o face_n when_o they_o be_v make_v out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v advance_v lest_o they_o hinder_v the_o soldier_n in_o make_v his_o turn_n the_o lightarmed_n be_v to_o be_v teach_v and_o exercise_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n note_n in_o the_o 11_o chapter_n the_o distance_n that_o aught_o to_o be_v betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n be_v particular_o treat_v of_o this_o chapter_n show_v how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v gain_v that_o be_v how_o we_o be_v to_o proceed_v out_o of_o one_o distance_n into_o another_o and_o because_o the_o open_a order_n be_v it_o that_o be_v common_o begin_v withal_o it_o be_v here_o teach_v how_o from_o thence_o to_o pass_v to_o the_o rest_n and_o to_o return_v to_o it_o again_o the_o end_n of_o closing_n be_v speak_v of_o before_o in_o regard_n of_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n one_o to_o the_o wing_n right_a or_o left_a the_o other_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n i_o can_v express_v the_o manner_n better_o then_o by_o set_v down_o the_o word_n of_o command_n or_o direction_n which_o be_v these_o in_o close_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v according_a to_o
the_o distance_n require_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v behind_o to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n and_o proceed_v to_o your_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n close_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n it_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o other_o but_o that_o the_o move_a be_v to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o right-wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n each_o move_v up_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o stand_v at_o the_o distance_n name_v face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o the_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n the_o first_o rank_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v the_o rank_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o file_n next_o the_o middle_a section_n stand_v fast_o and_o the_o right_a wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v on_o till_o the_o first_o distance_n recover_v face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v the_o pike_n we_o may_v not_o forget_v aelians_n general_a rule_n for_o turn_v of_o face_n out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o advance_v for_o when_o you_o come_v up_o to_o the_o closeness_n require_v the_o pike_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n will_v hardly_o admit_v turn_v of_o the_o face_n the_o like_a fall_v out_o when_o you_o will_v open_v from_o the_o close_v the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n xxxiv_o these_o precept_n of_o turn_v about_o of_o face_n of_o wheel_v and_o double_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o of_o reduce_v it_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o sudden_a approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n whether_o he_o show_v himself_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o in_o front_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o our_o march_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o countermarche_n of_o which_o the_o macedonian_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o for_o this_o cause_n either_o to_o have_v name_n according_o the_o history_n witness_v that_o philip_n who_o much_o enlarge_v the_o macedonian_a kingdom_n and_o overcome_v the_o grecian_n in_o battle_n at_o cheronea_n and_o make_v himself_o general_n of_o greece_n and_o likewise_o his_o son_n alexander_n that_o in_o short_a time_n conquer_v all_o asia_n make_v small_a account_n of_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n unless_o necessity_n force_v it_o and_o that_o they_o both_o by_o the_o use_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a become_v victorious_a over_o their_o enemy_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n the_o enemy_n fall_v upon_o the_o rear_n be_v cause_n of_o great_a confusion_n in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o hindermost_a dismarch_v towards_o the_o front_n and_o make_v a_o show_n of_o run_v away_o it_o more_o encourage_v and_o embolden_v the_o enemy_n to_o follow_v for_o fear_v and_o pursuit_n of_o the_o enemy_n ordinary_o deny_v that_o kind_n of_o countermarch_n but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v of_o contrary_a effect_n for_o when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o leader_n with_o their_o follower_n brave_o advance_v and_o oppose_v themselves_o it_o strike_v no_o small_a fear_n and_o terror_n into_o their_o mind_n cap._n 30_o the_o fileleader_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n a_o right_a induction_n the_o front_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la or_o hollow_a front_a wedge_n the_o front_n the_o right_a induction_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o left_a wing_n the_o right_a wing_n the_o front_n the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o coelmebolos_fw-la the_o forbear_n phalange_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o soverall_a kind_n chap._n xxxv_o we_o be_v to_o acquaint_v our_o force_n both_o foot_n and_o horse_n partly_o with_o the_o voice_n and_o partly_o with_o visible_a sign_n that_o whatsoever_o be_v fit_v be_v execute_v and_o do_v as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v some_o thing_n also_o be_v to_o be_v denounce_v by_o the_o trumpet_n for_o so_o all_o direction_n will_v be_v full_o accomplish_v and_o sort_n to_o a_o desire_a effect_n the_o sign_n therefore_o which_o be_v deliver_v by_o voice_n be_v most_o evident_a and_o clear_a if_o they_o have_v no_o impediment_n but_o the_o most_o certain_a and_o least_o tumultuous_a be_v such_o as_o be_v present_v to_o the_o eye_n if_o they_o be_v not_o obscure_v the_o voice_n sometime_o can_v hardly_o be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o clash_n of_o armour_n or_o trample_v and_o neigh_v of_o horse_n or_o tumult_n of_o carriage_n or_o noise_n and_o confuse_a sound_n of_o the_o multitude_n the_o visible_a sign_n also_o become_v many_o way_n incertain_a by_o thickness_n of_o air_n and_o dust_n or_o rain_n or_o snow_n or_o sunshine_n or_o else_o through_o ground_n that_o be_v uneven_a or_o full_a of_o tree_n or_o of_o turn_n and_o sometime_o it_o will_v not_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v out_o sign_n for_o all_o use_n occasion_n eftsoon_o present_v new_a matter_n to_o the_o which_o a_o man_n be_v not_o accustom_v yet_o can_v it_o not_o fall_v out_o that_o either_o by_o voice_n or_o by_o signal_n we_o shall_v not_o give_v certain_a and_o sure_a direction_n of_o march_v and_o of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n and_o first_o of_o the_o right-induction_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la and_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xxxvi_o be_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o march_v i_o will_v first_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o some_o kind_n of_o march_n be_v a_o right-induction_n other_o some_o a_o deduction_n on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o that_o in_o a_o single_a or_o double_a or_o treble_a or_o quadruple-sided-battaile_n in_o a_o single_a when_o one_o enemy_n be_v fear_v in_o a_o double_a when_o two_o in_o a_o treble_a when_o three_o in_o a_o quadruple_a when_o the_o enemy_n purpose_v to_o give_v on_o on_o all_o side_n therefore_o the_o march_n be_v undertake_v sometime_o in_o a_o single_a phalange_n sometime_o in_o a_o twofold_a phalange_n or_o else_o in_o a_o threefold_a phalange_n or_o in_o a_o fourfold_a phalange_n a_o right-induction_n be_v when_o one_o body_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n follow_v another_o as_o if_o a_o xenagy_a lead_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v xenage-wise_a or_o a_o tetrarchy_n lead_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v according_a to_o that_o form_n it_o be_v so_o call_v when_o the_o march_n stretch_v itself_o out_o into_o a_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o wedge_n coelembolos_fw-la which_o be_v frame_v when_o the_o antistomos_n phalange_n diphalange_n disjoin_v the_o leading-wing_n close_v the_o rear_n in_o manner_n of_o the_o letter_n v_o as_o the_o figure_n after_o place_v do_v teach_v in_o which_o the_o front_n be_v dissever_v &_o the_o rear_v join_v and_o knit_v together_o for_o the_o right-induction_n point_v at_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n battle_n the_o coelembolos_fw-la quick_o open_v before_o serve_v both_o to_o frustrate_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o front_n and_o to_o clasp_v in_o and_o circumvent_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o right-induction_n furthermore_o a_o phalange_n triphalange_n be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la one_o phalange_n fight_v against_o one_o wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o second_o against_o the_o other_o and_o the_o middle_n and_o three_o forbear_v and_o expect_v a_o time_n fit_a to_o charge_v of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n xxxvii_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n be_v when_o the_o phalange_n proceed_v in_o a_o wing_n not_o by_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n have_v the_o commander_n or_o fileleader_n either_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o right-hand-deduction_n or_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o left-hand_a deduction_n for_o the_o phalange_n march_v in_o a_o double_a treble_a or_o quadruple-side_n accornd_v to_o the_o place_n and_o part_n it_o be_v suspect_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v on_o and_o both_o the_o paragogy_n begin_v the_o fight_n in_o flank_n do_v make_v the_o length_n double_a to_o the_o depth_n this_o form_n of_o fight_n be_v devise_v to_o teach_v a_o soldier_n to_o receive_v heedful_o the_o charge_n of_o
length_n it_o be_v profitable_a in_o many_o respect_n for_o seem_v to_o carry_v but_o few_o in_o so_o small_a a_o breadth_n it_o deceive_v the_o enemy_n and_o it_o easy_o break_v his_o force_n with_o the_o thickness_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o embattail_v and_o may_v without_o perceive_v be_v lead_v through_o straight_o and_o narrow_a passage_n the_o foot-battaile_n to_o encounter_v it_o be_v call_v the_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battaile_n for_o be_v but_o slender_a in_o depth_n it_o bear_v forth_o and_o extend_v itself_o in_o length_n so_o that_o albeit_o it_o be_v break_v in_o the_o midst_n with_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o horse_n yet_o be_v nothing_o break_v but_o a_o little_a of_o the_o depth_n and_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v carry_v not_o upon_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o foot_n but_o straight_o and_o immediate_o into_o the_o open_a field_n and_o for_o that_o cause_n be_v the_o length_n thereof_o much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n of_o another_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n for_o horseman_n and_o of_o the_o foote-battaile_n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xlvi_o another_o sort_n of_o rhomboide_n there_o be_v whereof_o i_o need_v say_v no_o more_o but_o that_o it_o file_v and_o rank_v not_o for_o i_o have_v before_o show_v the_o use_n and_o that_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a be_v the_o inventor_n and_o that_o jason_n medea_n husband_n most_o put_v it_o in_o practice_n the_o use_n thereof_o be_v great_a be_v direct_v and_o lead_v in_o the_o four_o corner_n by_o the_o captain_n the_o lieutenant_n and_o the_o two_o flanke-commander_n it_o be_v common_o fashion_v of_o archer_n on_o horseback_n as_o the_o armenian_a and_o persian_a manner_n be_v against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o foote-battaile_n call_v battle_n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n because_o the_o circumduction_n of_o the_o front_n be_v like_o a_o embow_n the_o end_n of_o this_o form_n be_v to_o deceive_v and_o overreach_v the_o archer_n on_o horseback_n either_o by_o wrap_v they_o in_o the_o void_a space_n of_o the_o front_n as_o they_o charge_v and_o give_v on_o upon_o the_o spur_n or_o else_o disorder_v they_o first_o with_o their_o wing_n and_o break_v their_o fury_n by_o overthrow_v they_o final_o with_o their_o rank_n about_o the_o middle_a ensign_n this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v devise_v to_o entrap_v and_o beguile_v for_o open_v the_o middle_a hollowness_n it_o make_v show_v but_o of_o a_o few_o that_o march_v in_o the_o wing_n have_v notwithstanding_o thrice_o as_o many_o follow_a and_o second_v in_o the_o rear_n so_o that_o if_o the_o wing_n be_v of_o power_n sufficient_a for_o the_o encounter_n there_o need_v no_o more_o if_o not_o retire_v easy_o on_o either_o fide_fw-la they_o be_v to_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n call_v cyrte_n which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la chap._n xlvii_o the_o battle_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la be_v call_v convexebattaile_n cyrte_n of_o the_o circumferent_a form_n this_o also_o make_v semblance_n of_o small_a force_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o convexitie_n of_o the_o figure_n for_o all_o round_a thing_n appear_v little_a in_o compass_n and_o yet_o stretch_v out_o in_o length_n and_o single_v they_o prove_v twice_o as_o much_o as_o they_o appear_v to_o be_v as_o be_v evident_a in_o pillar_n which_o be_v round_o and_o therefore_o in_o sight_n show_v the_o one_o half_a and_o conceal_v the_o other_o the_o great_a piece_n of_o skill_n in_o embattail_v be_v to_o make_v a_o show_n of_o few_o man_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o indeed_o to_o bring_v twice_o as_o many_o to_o fight_v of_o the_o tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n and_o of_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xlviii_o the_o fouresquare_a tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n be_v square_a in_o figure_n but_o not_o in_o number_n of_o man_n for_o in_o square_n the_o number_n be_v not_o always_o the_o same_o and_o the_o general_n for_o his_o advantage_n may_v double_v the_o length_n to_o the_o depth_n the_o persian_n sicilian_n and_o most_o of_o the_o grecian_n do_v affect_v this_o form_n and_o take_v it_o to_o be_v easy_a in_o frame_v and_o better_a in_o use_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o phalange_n call_v wedge_n embolos_fw-la or_o wedge_n of_o foot_n all_o the_o side_n consist_v of_o arm_a man_n this_o kind_n be_v borrow_v of_o the_o horseman_n wedge_n and_o yet_o in_o the_o horse-wedge_n one_o suffice_v to_o lead_v in_o front_n where_o the_o footewedge_n must_v have_v three_o one_o be_v unable_a to_o bear_v the_o sway_n of_o the_o encounter_n so_o epaminondas_n the_o theban_a fight_v with_o the_o lacedaemonian_n at_o mantinaea_n overthrow_v a_o mighty_a power_n of_o they_o by_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o wedge_n it_o be_v fashion_v if_o the_o antistomus_n diphalangy_n in_o march_v join_v the_o front_n of_o the_o wing_n together_o hold_v they_o open_a behind_o like_a unto_o the_o letter_n a._n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n call_v ploesium_fw-la and_o of_o the_o wind_a or_o saw-fronted_n foot-battaile_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xlix_o the_o battle_n ploesium_fw-la have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n and_o it_o be_v call_v ploesium_fw-la when_o arm_a foot_n be_v place_v on_o all_o side_n the_o archer_n and_o slinger_n be_v throw_v into_o the_o midst_n against_o this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v set_v the_o winding-fronted-battaile_n to_o the_o end_n that_o with_o the_o unequal_a figure_n they_o may_v cap._n 47._o the_o cyrte_n or_o convex_a half_a moon_n the_o front_n the_o epicampios_fw-la the_o front_n cap._n 48._o the_o foot_n wedge_n the_o front_n the_o horsbattaile_n square_a in_o figure_n not_o in_o horse_n the_o front_n cap._n 49._o the_o peplegmene_n the_o front_n the_o plesium_n cap._n 50._o the_o adverse_a battle_n the_o overfrontnig_a battle_n cap._n 50._o the_o adverse_a battle_n the_o overw_a battle_n train_n out_o those_o of_o the_o ploesium_fw-la to_o cope_v with_o the_o foremost_a of_o the_o winding-fronted-battaile_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n dissolve_v and_o disorder_v the_o thickness_n oâ—_n the_o same_o and_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o winding-battaile_n be_v to_o observe_v and_o mark_v the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o ploesium_fw-la that_o if_o they_o still_o maintain_v their_o closeness_n and_o fight_v ser_v they_o also_o encounter_v they_o in_o the_o like_a form_n if_o the_o ploesium_fw-la fileleader_n sever_v themselves_o and_o spring_v out_o from_o their_o main_a force_n than_o they_o likewise_o be_v ready_a to_o meet_v they_o man_n to_o man_n of_o hyperphalangesis_n and_o hyperkerasis_n and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n l._n hyperphalangesis_n or_o over-fronting_a be_v when_o both_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n overreach_v the_o enemy_n front_n hyperkerasis_n or_o overw_v be_v when_o with_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n we_o overreach_v the_o front_n of_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o he_o that_o overfront_v overwinge_v but_o he_o that_o overwinge_v overfront_v not_o for_o they_o that_o match_n not_o the_o enemy_n in_o multitude_n may_v yet_o overw_v they_o attenuation_n or_o lessen_v be_v when_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v gather_v up_o and_o instead_o of_o 16_o man_n a_o small_a number_n be_v set_v of_o convey_v the_o carriage_n of_o the_o army_n chap._n li._n the_o lead_n of_o the_o carriage_n if_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v of_o great_a importance_n and_o require_v a_o special_a commander_n it_o may_v be_v convey_v in_o five_o manner_n either_o before_o the_o army_n or_o behind_o or_o on_o the_o one_o flank_n or_o the_o other_o or_o in_o the_o midst_n before_o the_o army_n when_o you_o fear_v to_o be_v charge_v behind_o behind_o the_o army_n when_o you_o will_v lead_v towards_o the_o enemy_n when_o you_o fear_v to_o be_v charge_v in_o flank_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n in_o the_o midst_n when_o a_o hollow-battaile_n be_v needful_a and_o fit_a of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n and_o certain_a observation_n about_o they_o chap._n lii_o last_o of_o all_o we_o will_v brief_o repeat_v the_o word_n of_o direction_n if_o we_o admonish_v first_o that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v short_a then_o that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v without_o double-signification_n for_o the_o soldier_n that_o in_o haste_n receive_v direction_n have_v need_n to_o take_v heed_n of_o doubtful_a word_n lest_o one_o do_v one_o thing_n and_o another_o the_o contrary_a as_o for_o the_o purpose_n if_o i_o say_v turn_v your_o face_n some_o it_o may_v be_v that_o hear_v i_o will_v turn_v to_o the_o right_n some_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o so_o no_o small_a confusion_n follow_v see_v therefore_o these_o word_n turn_v your_o face_n import_v a_o general_a signification_n and_o comprehend_v turn_v to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n we_o ought_v in_o stead_n of_o say_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n to_o pronounce_v it_o
who_o will_n read_v of_o iphicrates_n let_v he_o go_v to_o c._n aemilius_n probus_n that_o write_v his_o life_n his_o act_n be_v also_o declare_v by_o xenophon_n and_o diodorus_n siculus_n and_o polyaen_n and_o justin_n and_o divers_a other_o as_o they_o be_v incident_a to_o their_o general_a history_n he_o be_v esteem_v one_o of_o the_o best_a general_n of_o his_o time_n and_o be_v call_v out_o by_o name_n by_o darius_n king_n of_o persia_n to_o be_v general_a of_o the_o grecian_n his_o mercenary_n in_o the_o war_n he_o have_v against_o the_o egyptian_n his_o fame_n and_o estimation_n be_v so_o great_a with_o alexander_n the_o great_a that_o when_o his_o son_n who_o name_n be_v also_o iphicrates_n with_o other_o grecian_n be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o he_o for_o that_o they_o come_v ambassador_n into_o persia_n to_o darius_n he_o not_o only_o spare_v he_o for_o the_o love_n of_o the_o city_n of_o athens_n and_o for_o the_o remembrance_n of_o his_o father_n glory_n c._n the_o word_n of_o arrian_n but_o hold_v he_o about_o he_o in_o honour_n so_o long_o as_o he_o live_v and_o after_o his_o decease_n send_v his_o relic_n to_o athens_n there_o to_o be_v inter_v by_o his_o friend_n and_o kinsfolk_n 9_o posidonius_n the_o stoic_a posidonius_n in_o his_o time_n be_v a_o philosopher_n of_o high_a renown_n and_o of_o the_o sect_n that_o be_v call_v stoic_n tully_n cit_v he_o often_o in_o his_o work_n in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o tusculan_a quaestion_n he_o recount_v 146._o that_o pompey_n the_o great_a on_o a_o time_n come_n to_o rhodes_n be_v desirous_a to_o hear_v he_o but_o understanding_n he_o be_v extreme_a sick_a of_o the_o gout_n he_o forbear_v not_o notwithstanding_o to_o visit_v he_o be_v a_o most_o noble_a philosopher_n who_o after_o he_o have_v see_v and_o salute_v and_o use_v with_o honourable_a word_n and_o tell_v he_o he_o be_v sorry_a he_o can_v not_o hear_v he_o discourse_n you_o may_v if_o you_o please_v quoth_v posidonius_n and_o i_o will_v not_o suffer_v pain_n to_o be_v cause_n that_o so_o great_a a_o man_n seek_v i_o in_o vain_a then_o as_o he_o lie_v in_o his_o bed_n begin_v he_o grave_o and_o copious_o to_o dispute_v that_o nothing_o be_v good_a but_o that_o which_o be_v honest_a and_o when_o firebrand_n as_o it_o be_v of_o torment_n towch_v he_o to_o the_o quick_a amidst_o his_o disputation_n he_o break_v forth_o often_o into_o these_o word_n sorrow_n all_o this_o be_v nothing_o though_o thou_o trouble_v i_o never_o so_o much_o i_o will_v not_o yet_o confess_v that_o thou_o be_v of_o thyself_o evil_a so_o tully_n 115_o pliny_n likewise_o tell_v that_o pompey_n after_o the_o war_n of_o mithridates_n go_v into_o the_o house_n of_o posidonius_n a_o man_n famous_a in_o philosophy_n forbid_v his_o sergeant_n to_o knock_v at_o the_o door_n as_o the_o manner_n be_v and_o the_o sergeant_n bundle_n of_o rod_n say_v he_o be_v submit_v to_o a_o door_n by_o he_o to_o who_o east_n &_o west_n have_v submit_v themselves_o the_o same_o â—7_n tully_n attribute_v to_o this_o posidonius_n the_o invention_n of_o a_o sphere_n who_o particular_a conversion_n do_v work_v the_o same_o in_o son_n &_o moon_n and_o the_o other_o five_o planet_n that_o be_v wrought_v by_o the_o motion_n of_o heaven_n every_o day_n and_o night_n the_o preparation_n of_o warlike_a force_n and_o division_n of_o they_o and_o how_o they_o be_v arm_v chap._n ii_o i_o will_v then_o begin_v with_o such_o 1_o preparation_n as_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a for_o service_n in_o war_n the_o force_n whereof_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n the_o one_o land_n force_n the_o other_o ship_n force_n land_n force_n be_v such_o as_o fight_v on_o land_n ship_n force_v such_o as_o be_v order_v for_o fight_v in_o ship_n upon_o sea_n or_o river_n but_o the_o order_n of_o sea_n service_n i_o will_v reserve_v for_o another_o place_n and_o entreat_v now_o of_o thing_n pertain_v to_o land_n service_n the_o levy_n then_o for_o land_n service_n be_v either_o of_o those_o that_o fight_n and_o manage_v arm_n or_o else_o of_o those_o that_o fight_v not_o but_o remain_v in_o the_o camp_n for_o necessary_a use_n they_o fight_v that_o stand_v order_v in_o battle_n and_o with_o arm_n assail_v or_o repulse_n the_o enemy_n the_o rest_n fight_v not_o as_o physician_n merchant_n servant_n and_o other_o which_o follow_v the_o camp_n to_o minister_v unto_o it_o such_o as_o fight_v be_v either_o footman_n or_o rider_n footman_n proper_o that_o serve_v on_o foot_n of_o rider_n some_o use_v horse_n some_o elephant_n they_o that_o use_v horse_n be_v carry_v â—ither_o one_o horseback_n or_o else_o in_o chariotts_n and_o these_o be_v the_o difference_n in_o general_n but_o in_o special_a the_o foot_n and_o horse_n receive_v many_o other_o division_n only_o the_o elephant_n and_o chariotts_n never_o vary_v footman_n than_o be_v repart_v into_o three_o kind_n one_o be_v arm_v another_o targeteer_n the_o three_o light_n or_o naked_a 2_o the_o arm_a bear_v the_o heavy_a furniture_n of_o 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side_n and_o as_o the_o middle_a section_n divide_v the_o phalange_n in_o two_o part_n which_o be_v call_v wing_n so_o this_o section_n speak_v of_o by_o suidas_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o wing_n divide_v the_o wing_n into_o two_o part_n to_o call_v a_o phalangarchie_n which_o be_v a_o body_n consist_v of_o four_o thousand_o and_o ninty_a six_o man_n a_o section_n be_v i_o confess_v a_o unproper_a speech_n but_o tolerable_a notwithstanding_o consider_v that_o the_o whole_a fourefolde_v phalange_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o four_o phalangarchy_n and_o that_o the_o section_n of_o the_o right-wing_n begin_v at_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n or_o inward_a point_n of_o the_o right_a hand_n phalangarchie_n and_o end_v at_o the_o right_a hand_n file_n of_o the_o second_o phalangarchie_n and_o we_o be_v not_o to_o expect_v the_o same_o exactness_n of_o speech_n from_o soldier_n that_o be_v common_a to_o man_n skilful_a in_o the_o liberal_a science_n soldier_n that_o profess_v action_n 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and_o contain_v two_o thousand_o and_o forty_o eight_o man_n and_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o four_o file_n and_o add_v that_o it_o be_v of_o some_o call_v a_o telos_n and_o the_o leader_n a_o telarch_n a_o man_n may_v doubt_v see_v philopaeman_n make_v a_o interval_n betwixt_o every_o merarchie_n whether_o he_o make_v seven_o division_n or_o no_o for_o in_o aelians_n phalange_n there_o be_v eight_o merarchy_n betwixt_o every_o of_o which_o if_o a_o distance_n be_v there_o must_v needs_o arise_v seven_o intervall_n to_o clear_v this_o doubt_n we_o must_v understand_v that_o the_o phalanges_fw-la of_o the_o grecian_n be_v not_o always_o of_o the_o same_o number_n as_o i_o note_v before_o aelian_o and_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n consist_v of_o sixteen_o thousand_o and_o odd_a antigonus_n have_v but_o ten_o thousand_o demetrius_n eleven_o thousand_o other_o have_v more_o the_o lacedæmonians_n less_a and_o likewise_o the_o grecian_n for_o the_o most_o part_n and_o it_o seem_v the_o phalange_n of_o philopaeman_n be_v no_o more_o than_o eight_o thousand_o and_o odd_a in_o which_o number_n there_o be_v but_o four_o merarchy_n as_o aelians_n phalange_n comprehend_v sixteen_o thousand_o and_o odd_a wherein_o be_v four_o phalangarchy_n have_v likewise_o three_o division_n by_o phalangarchy_n and_o yet_o in_o this_o phalange_n of_o philopaeman_n if_o you_o account_v the_o file_n to_o have_v but_o eight_o man_n as_o the_o most_o grecian_n use_v in_o their_o file_n to_o have_v these_o four_o merarchy_n will_v possess_v as_o much_o ground_n in_o front_n as_o the_o phalangarchy_n of_o aelians_n phalange_n do_v the_o file_n be_v sixteen_o neither_o be_v it_o new_a to_o figure_n out_o the_o body_n great_a or_o less_o according_a to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o phalange_n 65._o leo_n command_v his_o general_n when_o the_o number_n will_v not_o reach_v to_o sixteen_o thousand_o the_o number_n of_o the_o old_a phalange_n to_o hold_v notwithstanding_o sixteen_o man_n in_o a_o file_n and_o to_o divide_v his_o phalange_n into_o four_o equal_a part_n by_o intervall_n except_v some_o few_o which_o he_o will_v have_v reserve_v for_o other_o use_n to_o conclude_v aelian_n himself_o seem_v to_o acknowledge_v more_o section_n than_o one_o when_o in_o the_o ten_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n he_o speak_v of_o the_o middle_a section_n mese_n apotome_n for_o this_o word_n middle_a be_v a_o relative_a can_v not_o be_v understand_v with_o out_o two_o other_o at_o least_o which_o be_v place_v on_o either_o side_n and_o all_o the_o figure_n that_o i_o have_v see_v of_o a_o fourfold_a phalange_n allow_v three_o section_n and_o no_o more_o that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o in_o the_o midst_n and_o the_o other_o two_o in_o the_o wing_n what_o the_o distance_n and_o dimension_n of_o these_o section_n ought_v to_o be_v i_o find_v not_o set_v down_o but_o if_o i_o may_v have_v leave_n to_o conjecture_v i_o will_v think_v they_o ought_v to_o be_v large_a enough_o for_o a_o troop_n 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inconvenience_n but_o any_o break_n of_o the_o horse-wedge_n breed_v a_o confusion_n in_o the_o whole_a troop_n yet_o where_o a_o troop_n of_o horse_n may_v find_v way_n there_o may_v a_o centurie_n or_o colour_n of_o lightarmed_n find_v also_o way_n 6_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v place_v after_o 3â—_n the_o lightarmed_n be_v diverse_o place_v sometime_o before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n which_o kind_n of_o place_v be_v afterward_o call_v prataxis_fw-la sometime_o on_o the_o wing_n and_o it_o be_v call_v hypotaxis_fw-la sometime_o betwixt_o the_o file_n of_o the_o arm_a front_v in_o a_o right_a line_n with_o they_o and_o it_o be_v call_v entaxis_fw-la sometime_o in_o the_o rear_n after_o the_o phalange_n which_o be_v call_v epitaxis_fw-la all_o these_o be_v speak_v of_o by_o aelian_a hereafter_o in_o this_o book_n 4â—_n there_o be_v another_o kind_n of_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n when_o they_o be_v throw_v into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v
the_o spaniard_n be_v all_o arm_a and_o set_v in_o order_n show_v their_o c._n battle_n about_o a_o mile_n from_o the_o roman_a camp_n the_o ansetans_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o illergetes_n hold_v the_o right_a wing_n other_o obscure_a people_n of_o spain_n the_o left_a betwixt_o the_o wing_n and_o the_o middle_a part_n they_o leave_v broad_a intervall_n to_o c._n give_v passage_n to_o their_o horse_n when_o time_n shall_v be_v to_o send_v they_o through_o to_o charge_n the_o roman_n embattle_v after_o their_o wont_a manner_n only_o then_o imitate_v the_o enemy_n in_o leave_v open_a way_n for_o the_o horse_n betwixt_o the_o legion_n â—_o lentulus_n imagine_v that_o party_n and_o none_o other_o shall_v have_v use_n of_o their_o horse_n that_o first_o possess_v these_o intervall_n of_o the_o adverse_a battle_n command_v cornelius_n the_o tribune_n to_o give_v direction_n to_o the_o horseman_n present_o to_o charge_v through_o the_o foot_n on_o both_o side_n come_v to_o blow_n and_o the_o fight_n be_v hard_a when_o the_o roman_a horseman_n pass_v through_o the_o space_n and_o fall_v upon_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o enemy_n at_o once_o disorder_v the_o battle_n of_o foot_n and_o shut_v â—p_v the_o way_n against_o the_o spanish_a horse_n by_o which_o mean_n after_o no_o long_a fight_n the_o enemy_n be_v utter_o defeat_v where_o livy_n say_v the_o roman_n embattle_v after_o their_o wont_a manner_n his_o meaning_n be_v they_o order_v themselves_o in_o maniple_n or_o battallion_n as_o we_o now_o term_v they_o for_o that_o be_v their_o wont_n but_o when_o he_o add_v they_o imitate_v the_o enemy_n in_o leave_v open_a way_n for_o the_o horse_n betwixt_o the_o legion_n we_o must_v understand_v that_o a_o legion_n be_v thus_o embattle_v c._n first_o they_o divide_v their_o legion_n in_o to_o thirty_o maniple_n ten_o of_o the_o hastati_fw-la ten_o of_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o ten_o of_o the_o triarij_fw-la the_o ten_o maniple_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la they_o set_v 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after_o the_o triarij_fw-la if_o from_o thence_o they_o have_v go_v to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n front_n through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o triarij_fw-la they_o must_v of_o necessity_n have_v fall_v upon_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la whoe_o be_v set_v direct_o against_o the_o intervall_n or_o space_n to_o give_v therefore_o free_a passage_n to_o their_o horse_n the_o roman_a general_n remove_v the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la from_o their_o ordinary_a place_n and_o bestow_v they_o in_o a_o right_a line_n after_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o make_v a_o open_a lane_n as_o it_o be_v from_o the_o rear_n of_o their_o battle_n to_o the_o front_n so_o that_o nothing_o hinder_v the_o horse_n but_o they_o may_v free_o fly_v up_o to_o and_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n front_n and_o yet_o i_o take_v not_o aelians_n meaning_n to_o be_v that_o the_o horse_n set_v in_o the_o rear_n shall_v during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n still_o remain_v there_o for_o so_o will_v no_o great_a service_n be_v have_v of_o they_o but_o he_o place_v they_o there_o the_o rather_o to_o avoid_v confusion_n in_o order_v the_o foot_n and_o that_o after_o their_o embattel_v they_o may_v be_v lead_v from_o thence_o to_o any_o place_n front_n or_o flank_n or_o wheresoever_o they_o may_v yield_v most_o use_v for_o in_o the_o fifteen_o and_o twenty_o chapter_n he_o will_v have_v both_o lightarmed_n and_o horse_n so_o place_v that_o they_o may_v answer_v all_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o in_o his_o caution_n follow_v he_o say_v if_o occasion_n require_v both_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n may_v be_v otherwise_o place_v that_o they_o be_v usual_o place_v in_o the_o wing_n i_o have_v before_o show_v the_o example_n declare_v they_o be_v place_v in_o the_o rear_n sometime_o of_o place_v in_o the_o front_n there_o be_v also_o example_n a._n the_o lacedaemonian_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o leuctra_n against_o the_o theban_n place_v their_o horse_n before_o their_o phalange_n and_o try_v their_o fortune_n with_o â—hem_fw-mi and_o be_v beat_v before_o the_o foot_n join_v f._n the_o persian_n at_o the_o river_n granicus_n esteem_v their_o horse_n to_o be_v their_o chief_a strength_n oppose_v they_o upon_o the_o bank_n against_o alexander_n that_o be_v to_o pass_v over_o and_o embattail_v their_o foot_n behind_o the_o horse_n and_o alexander_n encounter_v they_o first_o with_o his_o horse_n before_o his_o foot_n can_v get_v over_o one_o example_n more_o i_o will_v add_v to_o show_v the_o reason_n why_o horse_n be_v sometime_o place_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n of_o foot_n 64â—_n eumenes_n be_v to_o fight_v against_o craterus_n and_o neoptolemus_n both_o great_a general_n that_o have_v serve_v under_o alexander_n in_o all_o his_o war_n order_v the_o fight_n thus_o because_o he_o under-stood_a that_o their_o army_n confisted_a of_o twenty_o thousand_o foot_n the_o most_o part_n macedonian_n renown_v for_o their_o valour_n and_o skill_n in_o fight_n in_o who_o they_o set_v their_o great_a trust_n and_o of_o more_o than_o two_o thousand_o horse_n and_o know_v his_o own_o foot_n albeit_o they_o be_v as_o many_o in_o number_n yet_o all_o to_o be_v ramass_n of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o people_n and_o that_o his_o own_o horse_n be_v five_o thousand_o with_o exceed_v the_o enemy_n both_o in_o number_n and_o valour_n he_o determine_v to_o hazard_v the_o battle_n upon_o his_o horse_n before_o the_o two_o phalanges_fw-la of_o foot_n shall_v come_v together_o advance_v therefore_o with_o his_o horse_n far_o before_o his_o foot_n he_o take_v the_o right_a wing_n himself_o and_o give_v the_o leave_v to_o two_o stranger_n to_o pharnabarus_n a_o persian_a the_o son_n of_o artabazus_n and_o to_o phoenix_n a_o tenedian_n craterus_n stand_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o his_o own_o horse_n and_o place_v neoptolemus_n on_o the_o left_a and_o see_v the_o enemy_n horse_n come_v forward_o with_o great_a fury_n charge_v they_o 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which_o regard_n i_o prefer_v the_o target_n of_o aelian_n before_o that_o of_o leo_n aelians_n reach_v up_o to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o neck_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o thigh_n leos_n carry_v a_o handful_n more_o in_o breadth_n which_o in_o the_o circumference_n grow_v to_o a_o good_a proportion_n of_o weight_n and_o greatness_n 4_o no_o short_a than_o 8_o cubit_n that_o be_v 12_o foot_n short_a pike_n against_o long_o have_v a_o great_a disadvantage_n with_o the_o long_a pike_n a_o man_n be_v able_a to_o strike_v and_o kill_v his_o enemy_n before_o himself_o can_v be_v touch_v or_o come_v in_o danger_n of_o a_o short_a the_o pike_n keep_v the_o enemy_n out_o so_o far_o as_o the_o length_n be_v the_o experience_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o 8._o sorano_n show_v it_o where_o vitellozzo_n vitelli_n discomfit_v the_o almain_n only_a with_o the_o advantage_n of_o pike_n a_o arm_n long_o than_o they_o against_o long_a pike_n this_o policy_n be_v use_v by_o cleonymus_n the_o 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the_o army_n and_o to_o excel_v the_o rest_n as_o well_o in_o stature_n as_o in_o experience_n and_o martial_a skâ—ll_n for_o this_o rank_n knit_v and_o bind_v in_o the_o phalange_n and_o of_o all_o other_o yield_v great_a use_n for_o as_o a_o sword_n take_v to_o the_o edge_n as_o a_o weight_n and_o sway_n the_o swell_a iron_n towards_o the_o back_n exhibit_v thereby_o more_o violence_n in_o pierce_v so_o in_o a_o phalange_n the_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n be_v the_o edge_n itself_o and_o the_o multitude_n of_o aftercommer_n be_v the_o swell_a and_o sway_n and_o increase_v of_o weight_n consideration_n must_v be_v have_v likewise_o of_o those_o that_o follow_v in_o the_o second_o rank_n for_o their_o pike_n reach_v joint_o over_o the_o front_n and_o be_v next_o in_o place_n they_o be_v always_o ready_a for_o use_v and_o the_o file-leader_n fall_v or_o be_v wound_v the_o next_o follower_n step_v to_o the_o front_n in_o his_o place_n hold_v together_o and_o preserve_v the_o tenor_n of_o that_o rank_n unbroken_a furthermore_o we_o be_v to_o order_v the_o three_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n according_a to_o reason_n and_o as_o the_o valour_n of_o our_o soldier_n shall_v require_v this_o chapter_n show_v how_o the_o soldier_n be_v to_o be_v order_v in_o every_o file_n whereof_o because_o i_o have_v before_o speak_v sufficient_o in_o my_o note_n to_o the_o five_o chapter_n and_o the_o word_n of_o this_o chapter_n carry_v no_o difficulty_n or_o obscurity_n with_o they_o i_o will_v forbear_v to_o treat_v any_o further_a of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n and_o length_n of_o the_o soldier_n pike_n chap._n xiiii_o the_o 1_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v of_o enemy_n be_v think_v unresistible_a by_o reason_n of_o 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v for_o the_o soldier_n with_o his_o arm_n stand_v in_o close_a order_n or_o shut_v when_o he_o be_v ready_a for_o fight_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n and_o the_o length_n of_o his_o pike_n be_v sixteen_o cubit_n according_a to_o the_o first_o institution_n but_o in_o truth_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v fourteen_o cubit_n whereof_o the_o 4_o space_n betwixt_o the_o hand_n in_o charge_v take_v up_o two_o cubit_n the_o other_o twelve_o lie_v out_o from_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n those_o in_o the_o second_o rank_n that_o stand_v next_o to_o the_o leader_n lose_v four_o cubit_n in_o the_o phalange_n have_v their_o pike_n reach_v over_o the_o first_o rank_n ten_o cubit_n those_o of_o the_o three_o rank_n eight_o cubit_n of_o the_o four_o rank_n six_o cubit_n of_o the_o five_o 4_o cubit_n of_o the_o six_o 2_o cubit_n 5_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o other_o behind_o can_v attain_v to_o the_o first_o rank_n and_o see_v five_o or_o six_o pike_n be_v charge_v over_o the_o first_o rank_n they_o present_v a_o fearful_a sight_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o double_a the_o strength_n of_o the_o soldier_n stand_v fortify_v as_o it_o be_v with_o five_o or_o six_o pike_n and_o second_v with_o a_o main_a force_n at_o his_o back_n as_o the_o figure_n show_v moreover_o they_o that_o be_v place_v after_o the_o six_o rank_n albeit_o they_o push_v not_o with_o their_o pike_n yet_o thrust_v on_o with_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o body_n reinforce_v the_o strength_n and_o power_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o leave_v no_o hope_n for_o the_o fileleader_n to_o fly_v or_o shift_v away_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o than_o the_o foremost_a that_o they_o of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n may_v bear_v out_o the_o head_n of_o their_o pike_n equal_o with_o the_o first_o 6_o the_o superordinary_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n must_v be_v a_o man_n of_o understanding_n oversee_n the_o soldier_n of_o his_o command_n that_o they_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o if_o for_o fear_n or_o other_o occasion_n any_o forsake_v their_o ground_n he_o be_v to_o compel_v they_o again_o to_o their_o place_n and_o in_o close_v to_o put_v they_o when_o need_n require_v as_o near_o up_o together_o as_o they_o shall_v stand_v for_o it_o be_v a_o great_a strength_n and_o assurance_n to_o the_o phalange_n to_o have_v some_o principal_a commander_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o the_o cause_n before_o mention_v note_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n which_o consist_v principal_o in_o the_o e._n protension_n and_o charge_v of_o pike_n and_o knit_v together_o of_o target_n be_v here_o set_v down_o the_o whole_a chapter_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v out_o of_o e._n polybius_n who_o handle_v the_o same_o argument_n and_o almost_o with_o the_o same_o word_n but_o that_o aelian_a and_o he_o differ_v about_o the_o number_n of_o cubit_n which_o the_o pike_n take_v up_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n 1_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v be_v think_v to_o be_v unresistible_a the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n appear_v no_o way_n better_o than_o by_o the_o 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by_o force_n some_o by_o fear_n he_o come_v before_o rhage_n and_o besiege_v it_o he_o find_v the_o siege_n long_o and_o more_o difficult_a than_o any_o man_n will_v have_v think_v and_o the_o enemy_n make_v his_o resistance_n that_o way_n the_o consul_n will_v hardly_o have_v believe_v he_o can_v for_o he_o imagine_v that_o all_o his_o labour_n shall_v be_v in_o throw_v down_o the_o wall_n if_o once_o he_o find_v passage_n for_o the_o army_n to_o enter_v there_o will_v after_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o flight_n and_o slaughter_n as_o be_v wont_a in_o wonne-city_n but_o after_o that_o part_n of_o the_o wall_n be_v throw_v down_o with_o the_o ram_n and_o the_o army_n enter_v the_o city_n by_o the_o breach_n it_o be_v the_o beginning_n of_o a_o new_a and_o fresh_a labour_n for_o the_o macedonian_n that_o be_v there_o in_o garrison_n be_v many_o and_o choose_v think_v it_o also_o a_o glory_n to_o they_o if_o they_o can_v defend_v the_o city_n rather_o with_o arm_n and_o valour_n than_o 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to_o cause_v the_o breach_n of_o array_n there_o also_o fall_v out_o a_o chance_n which_o increase_v their_o hope_n and_o spirit_n for_o the_o tower_n be_v drive_v on_o upon_o a_o rampire_n that_o be_v not_o well_o ram_v underneath_o but_o have_v loose_a earth_n one_o of_o the_o wheel_n sink_v deep_o into_o the_o ground_n than_o the_o rest_n make_v the_o turret_n to_o nod_v &_o lie_v of_o one_o side_n that_o both_o the_o enemy_n believe_v it_o will_v fall_v and_o they_o within_o it_o be_v put_v in_o a_o pitiful_a fear_n when_o nothing_o succeed_v well_o the_o consul_n be_v evil_o appaide_v that_o the_o macedonian_a soldier_n and_o kind_a of_o arm_n may_v seem_v matcheable_a to_o he_o and_o see_v no_o great_a hope_n of_o speedy_a win_v the_o city_n and_o that_o the_o place_n be_v unfit_a to_o winter_n in_o raise_v his_o siege_n so_o here_o the_o macedonian_a soldier_n be_v not_o only_o equal_v but_o also_o prefer_v before_o the_o roman_a and_o that_o only_a by_o reason_n of_o his_o armour_n the_o pike_n and_o target_n an_o other_o experience_n fall_v out_o in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n whereof_o i_o speak_v in_o this_o chapter_n the_o story_n be_v this_o 〈◊〉_d the_o roman_n come_v to_o join_v battle_n with_o the_o macedonian_n and_o not_o able_a to_o come_v up_o to_o they_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o length_n and_o joint_a out-bearing_a of_o their_o pike_n there_o be_v one_o salius_n a_o captain_n of_o pelignans_n who_o take_v the_o ensign_n of_o his_o company_n from_o the_o ensign-bearer_n and_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n the_o pelignan_n run_v in_o heap_n to_o the_o place_n for_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a nor_o honest_a for_o the_o italian_n to_o forsake_v their_o ensign_n where_o the_o medley_n bring_v forth_o wonderful_a effect_n for_o the_o pelignans_n fight_v with_o sword_n to_o put_v by_o the_o pike_n and_o to_o press_v they_o down_o with_o their_o target_n and_o seize_v upon_o they_o to_o pull_v they_o out_o 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by_o eumenes_n his_o phalange_n of_o foot_n be_v destitute_a of_o horse_n first_o open_v and_o receive_v the_o lightarmed_n that_o have_v all_o this_o while_n fight_v in_o the_o front_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o it_o then_o afterward_o again_o close_v and_o when_o domitius_n scipio_n lieutenant_n encompass_v it_o round_o with_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n which_o he_o may_v easy_o do_v by_o reason_n it_o be_v thrust_v up_o into_o a_o thick_a plinthium_fw-la it_o be_v drive_v to_o great_a distress_n be_v neither_o able_a to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n nor_o yet_o to_o countermarch_n in_o so_o great_a depth_n as_o it_o carry_v it_o grieve_v they_o much_o that_o their_o long_a experience_n nothing_o avail_v they_o to_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n and_o that_o notwithstanding_o they_o be_v subject_a to_o arrow_n and_o dart_n at_o all_o hand_n yet_o bear_v out_o a_o multitude_n of_o pike_n on_o every_o side_n of_o their_o square_n they_o call_v the_o roman_n to_o come_v to_o handy_a blow_n and_o 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which_o respect_n a_o place_n fit_a have_v always_o be_v seek_v for_o their_o service_n to_o secure_v they_o from_o the_o access_n of_o the_o horse_n or_o of_o the_o enemy_n arm_v which_o place_n be_v either_o behind_o the_o phalange_n as_o aelian_n here_o will_v have_v it_o or_o else_o in_o the_o wing_n betwixt_o the_o horse_n and_o the_o arm_a or_o if_o they_o skirmish_v loose_a before_o the_o front_n and_o chance_v to_o be_v press_v with_o the_o enemy_n they_o retire_v into_o the_o interuall_n and_o convey_v themselves_o behind_o the_o phalange_n in_o safety_n 105._o leo_n say_v if_o there_o be_v any_o place_n of_o strength_n it_o will_v much_o help_v the_o lightarmed_n for_o after_o their_o fly_a weapon_n spend_v retire_v thither_o they_o will_v be_v in_o more_o security_n as_o a_o steep_a rocky_a place_n or_o the_o bank_n of_o a_o river_n or_o a_o high_a hill_n or_o such_o other_o our_o story_n report_v that_o at_o the_o battle_n of_o agincourt_n in_o france_n 200_o english_a archer_n be_v bestow_v in_o a_o meadow_n fence_v with_o a_o deep_a ditch_n from_o whence_o they_o so_o gaul_v the_o french_a horse_n and_o foot_n that_o they_o be_v a_o great_a help_n to_o the_o victory_n the_o like_a happen_v before_o at_o poitiers_n where_o that_o brave_a prince_n of_o wales_n elder_a son_n of_o edward_n the_o three_o have_v to_o fight_v with_o the_o whole_a power_n of_o france_n under_o the_o lead_n of_o their_o king_n give_v safeguard_n to_o his_o archer_n with_o hedge_n and_o ditch_n and_o other_o strength_n so_o that_o the_o frenchhorse_n have_v no_o access_n to_o disorder_v they_o be_v overwhelm_v with_o the_o tempest_n and_o storm_n of_o their_o arrow_n and_o such_o a_o victory_n obtain_v by_o our_o nation_n as_o may_v maâ—ch_v the_o most_o renown_a of_o all_o antiquity_n to_o say_v nothing_o of_o the_o invention_n which_o henry_n the_o five_o use_v against_o the_o horse_n of_o france_n for_o secure_v his_o archer_n the_o story_n say_v he_o devise_v stake_n 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the_o field_n where_o he_o may_v more_o easy_o be_v deal_v withal_o example_n be_v plentiful_a but_o i_o will_v content_v myself_o with_o a_o macedonian_a example_n lib._n alexander_n lead_v his_o army_n against_o the_o triball_n that_o have_v hide_v themselves_o in_o a_o wood_n command_v his_o archer_n and_o slinger_n to_o run_v out_o and_o to_o shoot_v and_o sling_v among_o the_o barbarian_n to_o see_v if_o he_o can_v toll_v they_o into_o the_o plain_a the_o archer_n and_o slinger_n spare_v not_o to_o let_v fly_v and_o the_o triball_n be_v wound_v with_o arrow_n throw_v themselves_o out_o of_o the_o wood_n with_o all_o speed_n to_o fall_v upon_o the_o unarmed_a archer_n alexander_n present_o command_v philotas_n with_o the_o horse_n of_o upper_a macedonia_n to_o charge_v the_o right_a wing_n on_o which_o part_n they_o cast_v out_o themselves_o farthest_o and_o heraclide_n and_o sopolis_n with_o the_o horse_n of_o bottiâ—a_n and_o amphipolis_n the_o left_a himself_o stretch_v out_o in_o length_n the_o phalange_n of_o foot_n &_o set_v the_o rest_n of_o horse_n before_o the_o phalange_n lead_v against_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n as_o long_o as_o it_o be_v but_o a_o skirmish_n the_o triball_n have_v not_o the_o worst_a but_o after_o the_o phalange_n close_o ser_v come_v up_o roundly_o to_o they_o and_o the_o horseman_n charge_v they_o no_o long_o with_o dart_n but_o press_v and_o overbear_v they_o with_o their_o horse_n they_o flee_v through_o the_o wood_n to_o the_o river_n to_o begin_v the_o fight_n â—04_n leo_n agree_v if_o say_v he_o we_o have_v lightarmed_n enough_o let_v they_o before_o the_o army_n join_v send_v their_o dart_n and_o arrow_n at_o the_o enemy_n and_o b._n after_o the_o fight_n of_o the_o arm_a be_v begin_v ply_v the_o flank_n with_o their_o missive_a weapon_n that_o at_o ouce_fw-fr both_o their_o flank_n may_v be_v assault_v it_o have_v be_v and_o be_v now_o the_o ordinary_a course_n to_o begin_v the_o fight_n with_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o because_o we_o shall_v read_v of_o no_o battle_n almost_o wherein_o it_o be_v not_o so_o i_o will_v forbear_v example_n to_o wound_v a_o farreof_o the_o light_n serve_v to_o great_a purpose_n if_o the_o general_n desire_v not_o to_o come_v near_o to_o fight_v but_o seek_v to_o annoy_v his_o enemy_n a_o far_o of_o without_o danger_n of_o his_o own_o folk_n b._n livy_n tell_v of_o cn._n manlius_n volso_o that_o be_v to_o make_v war_n against_o the_o gallo_n grecian_n that_o flee_v into_o the_o mountain_n and_o await_v the_o roman_n there_o and_o seek_v to_o defend_v themselves_o by_o advantage_n of_o the_o place_n he_o prepare_v great_a plenty_n of_o dart_n arrow_n bullet_n and_o small_a stone_n for_o slinge_n and_o leave_v his_o legionariâ—_n soulâ—iers_n behind_o lead_v his_o light_n arm_v against_o the_o enemy_n that_o possess_v certain_a straits_n by_o which_o his_o army_n must_v pass_v after_o some_o fight_n the_o gallo-graecians_a being_n not_o sufficient_o arm_v to_o defend_v their_o body_n from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n the_o lightarmed_n of_o the_o roman_n force_v the_o passage_n and_o follow_v they_o even_o to_o the_o camp_n where_o their_o companion_n come_v to_o their_o aid_n they_o first_o drive_v they_o into_o their_o camp_n and_o after_o the_o legionarie_a soldier_n come_v up_o they_o win_v it_o i_o have_v before_o rehearse_v the_o history_n of_o iphicrates_n who_o with_o his_o targetire_v that_o come_v seldom_o to_o hand_n blow_v but_o ply_v the_o enemy_n with_o darâ—s_n a_o far_o of_o overthrow_v and_o slay_v a_o whole_a moira_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o acarnans_n likewise_o with_o this_o kind_n of_o fight_n much_o encumber_v agesilaus_n that_o make_v a_o excursion_n into_o their_o country_n the_o story_n be_v this_o a_o agesilaus_n have_v take_v a_o great_a prey_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o acarnan_n d._n rest_v that_o day_n where_o he_o have_v take_v it_o be_v busy_a in_o sell_v of_o it_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n many_o acarnan_a targeteer_n assemble_v themselves_o together_o where_o agesilaus_n be_v encamp_v upon_o the_o side_n of_o a_o mountain_n and_o with_o dart_v and_o sle_v they_o force_v his_o camp_n to_o descend_v to_o the_o plain_a themselves_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n be_v free_a from_o hurt_n the_o next_o day_n agesilaus_n lead_v away_o his_o army_n the_o passage_n out_o of_o the_o place_n be_v straight_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mountain_n lie_v about_o in_o a_o circle_n which_o the_o acarnans_n possess_v ply_v the_o lacedaemonian_n with_o dart_n and_o stone_n from_o the_o high_a ground_n and_o sometime_o descend_v to_o the_o skirt_n of_o the_o hill_n they_o press_v the_o army_n so_o that_o it_o can_v not_o move_v forward_o and_o when_o the_o arm_a foot_n or_o horse_n fall_v out_o upon_o they_o they_o profit_v little_a for_o the_o acarnans_n retire_v immediate_o to_o their_o strength_n agesilaus_n perceive_v it_o will_v be_v hard_a for_o his_o army_n to_o wind_v out_o of_o those_o straits_n so_o long_o as_o the_o enemy_n so_o hang_v upon_o they_o resolve_v to_o charge_v those_o on_o his_o left_a hand_n for_o the_o ascent_n on_o that_o side_n be_v more_o easy_a both_o for_o his_o horse_n and_o arm_a foot_n command_v therefore_o his_o man_n to_o charge_n the_o arm_v of_o 29_o year_n of_o age_n first_o fall_v on_o and_o the_o horse_n after_o they_o upon_o the_o spur_n himself_o follow_v with_o the_o rest_n the_o acarnans_n therefore_o that_o be_v descend_v and_o busy_a a_o dart_a be_v quick_o put_v to_o flight_n and_o many_o slay_v in_o seek_v to_o remount_v the_o hill_n but_o their_o arm_a foot_n and_o most_o of_o their_o targeteer_n stand_v imbattail_v on_o the_o top_n and_o from_o thence_o both_o throw_v other_o missive_n and_o lance_v javeline_n wherewith_o they_o wound_v horseman_n and_o kill_v
horse_n in_o every_o troop_n because_o in_o horse_n a_o great_a depth_n will_v be_v idle_a and_o to_o no_o purpose_n for_o they_o can_v as_o foot_n do_v with_o their_o thickness_n thrust_v one_o a_o other_o forward_o from_o behind_o and_o so_o the_o foremost_a will_v they_o or_o will_v they_o be_v force_v to_o go_v against_o the_o enemy_n and_o this_o be_v do_v among_o foot_n but_o the_o horse_n can_v not_o thrust_v forward_o those_o that_o be_v before_o they_o nor_o the_o fileleader_n that_o stand_v in_o front_n be_v second_v in_o that_o kind_n by_o the_o rest_n that_o stand_v in_o depth_n after_o the_o four_o man_n for_o if_o they_o be_v lancer_n the_o five_o rank_n can_v reach_v with_o their_o lance_n to_o the_o front_n if_o archer_n they_o shall_v be_v fain_o to_o shoot_v aloft_o for_o fear_n of_o hurt_v their_o companion_n before_o and_o so_o their_o arrow_n serve_v for_o no_o use_n after_o fight_n be_v join_v therefore_o be_v the_o number_n of_o 4_o sufficient_a in_o depth_n as_o i_o have_v say_v this_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o leo._n to_o which_o i_o can_v absolute_o assent_v unless_o he_o have_v give_v 8_o for_o the_o front_n of_o his_o troop_n and_o so_o make_v it_o of_o 4_o equal_a side_n in_o figure_n not_o in_o number_n as_o aelian_n require_v to_o be_v do_v in_o the_o best_a square_n for_o the_o reason_n of_o lance_n not_o reach_v to_o the_o front_n in_o the_o five_o rank_n reach_v not_o home_n to_o the_o reason_n of_o war_n aelian_n before_o have_v declare_v that_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o seven_o rank_n reach_v not_o to_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n yet_o no_o man_n will_v thereof_o infer_v that_o the_o phalange_n ought_v to_o be_v but_o 6_o deep_a yea_o but_o the_o foot_n that_o come_v after_o help_v the_o foremost_a second_v they_o and_o thrust_v they_o on_o with_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o body_n which_o the_o horse_n can_v not_o do_v this_o must_v be_v grant_v to_o be_v a_o advantage_n that_o foot_n have_v above_o horse_n in_o depth_n 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it_o weak_a and_o ready_a to_o be_v break_v and_o dissever_v by_o the_o enemy_n and_o give_v a_o passage_n through_o and_o mean_v not_o only_o to_o encompass_v the_o front_n but_o at_o the_o same_o instant_n also_o to_o assault_v it_o behind_o and_o so_o utter_o to_o defeat_v it_o so_o that_o the_o reason_n of_o leo_n reach_v not_o home_o as_o i_o say_v there_o be_v other_o cause_n of_o thicken_a a_o horse_n troop_n beside_o reach_v of_o lance_n to_o the_o front_n and_o joint_a thrust_v on_o of_o the_o horse_n come_v behind_o and_o where_o leo_n speak_v but_o of_o 4_o horse_n in_o depth_n of_o a_o troop_n polybius_n say_v plain_o that_o be_v order_v for_o fight_n they_o have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n 8_o in_o depth_n polybius_n a_o man_n which_o live_v in_o the_o time_n whereof_o leo_n speak_v and_o have_v be_v general_n of_o the_o horse_n of_o the_o achaean_n beside_o leo_n seem_v not_o a_o little_a to_o differ_v from_o himself_o 70._o for_o in_o his_o seven_o chapter_n he_o write_v 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the_o front_n double_a to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o flank_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o horse_n or_o foot_n in_o foot_n because_o the_o soldier_n in_o ranke_n have_v but_o half_a so_o much_o distance_n as_o they_o have_v in_o file_n in_o rank_n a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a in_o file_n three_o foot_n in_o horse_n because_o the_o length_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v much_o more_o than_o his_o breadth_n and_o that_o length_n be_v full_o stretch_v out_o in_o flank_n the_o breadth_n only_o in_o front_n why_o rhombe_n be_v first_o bring_v into_o use_n and_o the_o diverse_a form_n of_o they_o chap._n xix_o the_o form_n of_o the_o rhombe_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v up_o for_o the_o necessary_a use_n thereof_o for_o the_o captain_n possess_v the_o first_o place_n the_o next_o follow_v horseman_n be_v not_o to_o rank_n with_o he_o but_o to_o come_v a_o little_a after_o on_o both_o side_n so_o that_o 1_o the_o head_n of_o their_o horse_n may_v reach_v to_o his_o horse_n shoulder_n &_o on_o the_o 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the_o right_a hand_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n i_o can_v never_o hitherto_o conceive_v any_o use_n of_o a_o treble_a wheel_a for_o so_o aelian_n take_v the_o word_n unless_o a_o perispasmos_n be_v first_o make_v and_o the_o battle_n have_v the_o front_n already_o bring_v to_o the_o rear_n and_o so_o a_o epistrophe_n add_v from_o the_o rear_n to_o the_o same_o hand_n otherwise_o see_v that_o one_o wheel_v be_v soon_o make_v than_o two_o and_o therefore_o soon_o than_o three_o i_o see_v no_o need_n of_o three_o wheeling_n especial_o see_v we_o may_v do_v that_o we_o desire_v with_o one_o for_o example_n let_v we_o wheel_v our_o battle_n thrice_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n will_v come_v to_o be_v in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o same_o will_v be_v perform_v as_o well_o with_o one_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n et_fw-la frustra_fw-la fit_a per_fw-la plura_fw-la quod_fw-la potest_fw-la fieri_fw-la per_fw-la pauciora_fw-la especial_o in_o matter_n of_o war_n 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practice_v give_v both_o light_n and_o life_n to_o precept_n pyrrh_n plutarch_n recount_v that_o after_o king_n pyrrhus_n have_v in_o vain_a assault_v sparta_n he_o be_v invite_v by_o a_o argivan_n name_v aristaeus_n to_o receive_v argos_n into_o his_o protection_n and_o that_o he_o march_v thitherward_o with_o his_o army_n arieus_fw-la the_o king_n of_o lacedemonia_fw-la lay_v ambush_n for_o he_o and_o take_v the_o principal_a straits_n by_o which_o he_o be_v to_o pass_v charge_v his_o rear_n wherein_o the_o galatian_n and_o molossian_n be_v when_o pyrrhus_n hear_v the_o bruit_n and_o noise_n he_o send_v his_o son_n ptolemy_n with_o the_o band_n of_o companion_n to_o aid_n himself_o with_o all_o speed_n march_v out_o of_o the_o straits_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n the_o medley_n be_v sharp_a about_o ptolemy_n and_o the_o choose_a lacedaemonian_n command_v by_o eualcus_n stand_v close_o to_o their_o business_n oroesus_n a_o candiot_n of_o aptera_n valiant_a of_o his_o hand_n and_o swift_a of_o foot_n run_v cross_a against_o the_o young_a prince_n give_v he_o a_o deadly_a stroke_n and_o overthrow_v he_o his_o fall_n make_v the_o rest_n to_o fly_v and_o the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v the_o victory_n and_o follow_v the_o chase_n come_v into_o the_o champion_n ground_n still_o kill_v but_o not_o remember_v they_o be_v not_o follow_v with_o arm_a foot_n upon_o who_o pyrrhus_n have_v even_o then_o hear_v of_o and_o be_v much_o move_v with_o the_o death_n of_o his_o son_n wheel_v about_o the_o molossian_a horseman_n and_o himself_o first_o advance_v upon_o the_o spur_n imbrue_v himself_o with_o the_o slaughter_n of_o lacedaemonian_n he_o always_o seem_v mighty_a and_o terrible_a in_o arm_n but_o then_o he_o exceed_v himself_o in_o dare_v and_o valour_n for_o turn_v his_o horse_n upon_o eualcus_n who_o shun_v he_o shift_v a_o side_n and_o with_o all_o strike_v at_o his_o bridle_n hand_n as_o he_o pass_v by_o and_o want_v but_o little_a of_o cut_v it_o off_o but_o miss_v the_o hand_n he_o light_v upon_o the_o reins_n and_o carve_v they_o quite_o a_o sunder_o pyrrhus_n with_o all_o strike_v he_o through_o the_o body_n with_o his_o lance_n then_o leap_v from_o his_o horse_n and_o fight_v a_o foot_n he_o cut_v in_o piece_n the_o choose_v lacedaemonian_n that_o fight_v to_o recover_v the_o body_n of_o eualcus_n this_o be_v the_o fight_n that_o pyrrhus_n make_v by_o wheel_v about_o his_o horseman_n against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n that_o follow_v upon_o his_o rear_n another_o example_n of_o wheel_v about_o be_v report_v by_o polybius_n and_o it_o be_v of_o amilcar_n annibals_n father_n this_o be_v the_o history_n the_o mercenary_a soldier_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n revolt_v from_o they_o and_o overthrow_v some_o of_o their_o general_n and_o shut_v they_o up_o within_o the_o city_n of_o carthage_n possess_v both_o other_o straits_n that_o lead_v into_o the_o country_n and_o also_o a_o bridge_n lay_v over_o a_o river_n call_v macar_n which_o river_n be_v not_o passable_a but_o by_o that_o bridge_n beside_o they_o build_v a_o city_n for_o defence_n of_o that_o bridge_n amilcar_n seek_v to_o dislodge_v the_o enemy_n from_o that_o bridge_n and_o have_v no_o way_n to_o come_v at_o they_o convenient_o observe_v that_o when_o certain_a wind_n blue_a the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n towards_o the_o sea_n be_v common_o fill_v up_o with_o sand_n and_o will_v give_v passage_n sufficient_a for_o his_o army_n find_v then_o a_o fit_a time_n he_o put_v over_o his_o army_n in_o the_o night_n and_o before_o day_n or_o ere_o any_o man_n know_v of_o it_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o passage_n and_o present_o lead_v against_o they_o that_o hold_v the_o bridge_n spendius_n he_o be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a rebel_n hear_v thereof_o advance_v to_o meet_v amilcar_n in_o the_o plain_a and_o both_o ten_o thousand_o from_o the_o city_n at_o the_o bridge_n foot_n and_o fifteen_o thousand_o more_o from_o utica_n come_v out_o one_o to_o aid_v another_o think_v to_o wrap_v in_o the_o carthaginian_n between_o they_o who_o be_v not_o above_o ten_o thousand_o soldier_n of_o all_o sort_n and_o 70_o elephant_n amilcar_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n before_o be_v the_o elephant_n the_o horse_n and_o light_v arm_v follow_v next_o the_o arm_a foot_n come_v last_o and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n that_o follow_v his_o rear_n press_v hard_o upon_o he_o he_o command_v his_o whole_a army_n to_o turn_v about_o those_o that_o be_v in_o the_o vanguard_n of_o the_o march_n he_o will_v to_o return_v to_o he_o with_o speed_n the_o other_o that_o at_o first_o have_v the_o rear_n he_o wheel_v about_o and_o straight_o oppose_v against_o the_o enemy_n the_o lybian_o and_o mercenary_n imagine_v the_o carthaginian_n flee_v for_o fear_n fall_v upon_o they_o disorderly_o and_o bold_o come_v to_o hand_n but_o when_o they_o see_v the_o horseman_n be_v now_o turn_v about_o and_o come_v up_o near_o to_o the_o foot_n and_o already_o put_v in_o order_n make_v a_o stand_n they_o themselves_o by_o reason_n they_o look_v for_o nothing_o less_o fall_v into_o a_o fear_n turn_v their_o back_n flee_v present_o as_o before_o they_o give_v on_o unaduised_o and_o stragling_o and_o some_o of_o they_o fall_v upon_o their_o own_o people_n that_o be_v come_v on_o wrought_v both_o they_o and_o their_o own_o destruction_n othersome_a be_v trample_v upon_o and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o horse_n and_o elephant_n that_o follow_v the_o chase_n thus_o far_o polybius_n and_o thus_o far_o of_o wheeling_n the_o figure_n and_o word_n of_o command_n be_v reserve_v for_o the_o 32_o chapter_n where_o the_o manner_n of_o wheeling_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v set_v down_o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvii_o to_o file_n be_v when_o every_o particular_a man_n keep_v equal_a distance_n from_o other_o stand_v in_o his_o own_o file_n lineal_o betwixt_o the_o file-leader_n and_o bringer-up_a to_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v in_o a_o right_a line_n even_o with_o his_o sideman_n in_o the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o sight_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o same_o aspect_n he_o have_v before_o the_o first_o turn_v as_o if_o his_o face_n be_v at_o first_o towards_o the_o enemy_n be_v command_v to_o turn_v towards_o the_o pike_n and_o thence_o to_o return_v to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o be_v again_o to_o return_v his_o face_n towards_o the_o enemy_n note_n of_o file_v and_o rank_v enough_o be_v speak_v before_o 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n this_o motion_n differ_v from_o anastrophe_n before_o specify_v for_o anastrophe_n bring_v back_o again_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o first_o place_n after_o a_o wheeling_n this_o the_o soldier_n face_n
the_o macedonian_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o which_o of_o the_o macedonian_n he_o tell_v not_o but_o exclude_v philip_n and_o alexander_n who_o both_o use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v and_o before_o their_o time_n i_o have_v not_o read_v of_o any_o warlike_a king_n of_o macedonia_n the_o manner_n of_o it_o be_v this_o first_o all_o the_o fileleader_n turn_v their_o face_n about_o either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n then_o the_o next_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a by_o they_o on_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o be_v come_v to_o their_o distance_n place_n themselves_o direct_o behind_o their_o fileleader_n and_o then_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o same_o way_n and_o so_o the_o three_o rank_n after_o they_o and_o the_o four_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o bringers-up_a be_v last_o and_o have_v take_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n again_o and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o figure_n express_v not_o well_o the_o action_n for_o in_o it_o the_o 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distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o file_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o stand_v and_o let_v your_o file_n follow_v you_o keep_v their_o distance_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_n turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o orderly_o behind_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n cap_n 29_o dobling_n of_o rank_n the_o front_n before_o dobling_n of_o rank_n dobling_n of_o rank_n in_o action_n the_o front_n after_o dobling_n of_o rank_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o first_o manner_n the_o corner_n file_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n turn_v your_o face_n and_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o 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file_n by_o insert_v in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n some_o of_o the_o follower_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o depth_n this_o be_v do_v to_o the_o end_n to_o thicken_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o we_o lift_v to_o recall_v they_o to_o their_o first_o posture_n we_o be_v to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v insert_v to_o countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o 4_o there_o be_v that_o mislike_v these_o doubling_n especial_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n and_o will_v have_v a_o show_n of_o double_v make_v without_o indeed_o double_v the_o phalange_n already_o order_v by_o stretch_v out_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o horse_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o length_n be_v when_o either_o we_o will_v over-wing_n the_o enemy_n or_o else_o ourselves_o fear_v to_o be_v over-winged_n the_o depth_n be_v double_v 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n into_o the_o first_o so_o that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v place_v next_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o four_o man_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o three_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o six_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o forth_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o whole_a second_o file_n be_v ingross_v into_o the_o first_o and_o likewise_o the_o four_o file_n into_o the_o three_o and_o all_o the_o even_a file_n into_o the_o odd_a doubâ—ing_v of_o the_o depth_n by_o countermarch_v be_v make_v either_o when_o the_o next_o side-file_n in_o several_a as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n the_o second_o and_o the_o four_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o place_n themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a file_n or_o else_o the_o file_n remain_v in_o their_o first_o place_n and_o number_n half_a of_o they_o divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a countermarch_n likewise_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o convey_v themselves_o behind_o the_o other_o there_o order_n themselves_o and_o so_o double_a the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n if_o we_o will_v return_v they_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o must_v recall_v those_o that_o be_v convey_v to_o stand_v behind_o to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o the_o countermarch_v note_n the_o former_a three_o motion_n alter_v not_o the_o form_n of_o the_o phalange_n for_o whether_o you_o turn_v face_n wheel_a or_o countermarch_v the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n and_o length_n remain_v one_o the_o motion_n to_o be_v express_v in_o this_o chapter_n induce_v a_o other_o shape_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o make_v it_o seem_v a_o different_a body_n from_o that_o it_o be_v before_o be_v by_o double_v extend_v either_o in_o length_n or_o in_o depth_n for_o double_v the_o number_n of_o man_n or_o the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n in_o front_n make_v the_o length_n twice_o as_o much_o 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nothing_o pertein_v to_o that_o argument_n i_o never_o make_v doubt_n be_v creep_v into_o the_o text_n and_o i_o be_o rather_o confirm_v in_o my_o opinion_n because_o i_o see_v it_o noteâ—_n with_o a_o asterisk_n in_o that_o aelian_a be_v of_o robortellus_n edition_n which_o the_o learned_a isaac_n casaubon_n have_v quote_v and_o purpose_v to_o set_v forth_o if_o untimely_a dâ—ath_n have_v not_o prevent_v he_o i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o the_o word_n because_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o aelian_n and_o may_v give_v some_o light_n to_o the_o manner_n of_o double_v it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v so_o be_v the_o word_n â—hat_n a_o phalange_n be_v double_v in_o person_n or_o place_n when_o we_o therefore_o take_v half_a the_o soldier_n from_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v file_n of_o they_o place_v they_o even_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o that_o of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v 248_o this_o be_v double_v of_o person_n in_o like_a sort_n we_o double_v the_o place_n with_o 124_o file_n not_o increase_v the_o number_n but_o only_o command_v some_o to_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n some_o to_o the_o target_n till_o the_o phalange_n be_v stretch_v out_o to_o a_o convenient_a length_n as_o from_o 5_o furlong_n to_o 10._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v the_o depth_n double_v for_o either_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o a_o other_o man_n for_o man_n so_o that_o the_o second_o file-leader_n become_v the_o follower_n of_o the_o first_o and_o the_o second_o man_n in_o the_o second_o file_n the_o follower_n of_o the_o second_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o the_o rest_n or_o else_o 16_o man_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o hold_v as_o much_o ground_n in_o length_n as_o 32_o usuallydoe_n so_o far_o the_o insertion_n it_o follow_v in_o aelian_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o
sleeve_v they_o upon_o one_o side_n which_o you_o will_v may_v be_v use_v without_o danger_n as_o well_o when_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_o as_o when_o the_o fight_n be_v in_o as_o much_o as_o they_o disturb_v not_o the_o battle_n but_o advance_v fresh_a aide_n against_o the_o enemy_n on_o the_o flank_n of_o it_o 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n there_o be_v two_o manner_n of_o doubling_n of_o the_o depth_n or_o of_o file_n one_o in_o number_n the_o other_o in_o place_n in_o number_n when_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o another_o the_o leader_n or_o first_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n stand_v behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o second_o the_o three_o behind_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o of_o the_o rest_n or_o when_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o their_o leader_n place_v themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a their_o file_n follow_v they_o or_o which_o come_v all_o to_o one_o the_o file_n be_v whole_a they_o divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o part_n in_o the_o front_n and_o half_a countermarch_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o other_o file_n to_o file_v albeit_o the_o two_o last_o be_v doubling_n both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n and_o not_o in_o place_n alone_o the_o true_a double_v of_o the_o place_n alone_o be_v not_o aelian_a the_o insertion_n whereof_o i_o speak_v remedi_v this_o defect_n also_o there_o it_o be_v say_v that_o when_o 16_o man_n that_o be_v a_o file_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o possess_v as_o much_o length_n as_o 32_o shall_v do_v that_o be_v as_o 2_o file_n it_o be_v double_v of_o place_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o change_v of_o the_o soldier_n order_n into_o open_a order_n for_o in_o their_o order_n they_o have_v 48_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o their_o open_a order_n 96_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o this_o double_v of_o depth_n we_o must_v take_v heed_n that_o we_o make_v not_o the_o front_n of_o our_o army_n to_o narrow_a lest_o we_o give_v opportunity_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o encircle_v and_o encompass_v it_o polybius_n note_v this_o a_o great_a faulâ—_n in_o marcus_n atilius_n regulus_n at_o such_o time_n as_o he_o fight_v with_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o be_v take_v prisoner_n his_o word_n have_v this_o effect_n k_o the_o roman_n see_v the_o enemy_n order_v 1._o his_o battle_n march_v out_o against_o he_o fuâ—l_o of_o courage_n be_v notwithstanding_o somewhat_o appall_v at_o and_o foresee_v the_o elephant_n violence_n in_o come_v on_o they_o set_v their_o darter_n before_o and_o place_v many_o maniple_n of_o arm_v behind_o one_o after_o a_o other_o and_o divide_v the_o horse_n half_a into_o one_o wing_n half_a into_o the_o other_o then_o make_v the_o whole_a battle_n short_a but_o deep_a than_o they_o be_v wont_a they_o provide_v well_o against_o the_o elephant_n but_o not_o against_o the_o horse_n that_o far_o exceed_v they_o in_o number_n be_v now_o come_v to_o hand_n the_o roman_a horse_n overpress_v with_o multitude_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n quick_o flee_v from_o either_o wing_n but_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o left_a wing_n partly_o avoid_v the_o elephant_n partly_o contemn_v the_o mercenary_n fall_v on_o and_o charge_v the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o put_v it_o to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o and_o give_v chase_v even_o to_o the_o trench_n but_o of_o those_o that_o be_v place_v against_o the_o elephant_n the_o first_o sink_v under_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o beast_n perish_v be_v overturn_v and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o heap_n the_o body_n of_o the_o battle_n remain_v a_o while_n unbroken_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o they_o that_o be_v after_o place_v but_o when_o the_o rear_n of_o all_o encompass_v by_o the_o horse_n be_v force_v to_o turn_v about_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o and_o the_o other_o that_o have_v by_o force_n make_v way_n through_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o elephant_n and_o be_v now_o behind_o their_o back_n come_v up_o to_o the_o fresh_a phalange_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n stand_v in_o good_a order_n they_o be_v by_o they_o slay_v thus_o fortune_n be_v contrary_a on_o all_o side_n the_o roman_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o excessive_a might_n of_o the_o beast_n and_o the_o rest_n die_v with_o the_o dart_n of_o the_o horseman_n in_o the_o place_n where_o they_o fight_v the_o error_n of_o attilius_n regulus_n be_v in_o order_v his_o battle_n too_o deep_a by_o mean_n whereof_o it_o be_v easy_o encompass_v and_o distress_a by_o the_o carthaginian_a horse_n b._n appian_n likewise_o blame_v antiochus_n for_o order_v his_o phalange_n 32_o man_n in_o depth_n where_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n ought_v to_o but_o 16_o deep_a show_v that_o by_o that_o oversight_n it_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o overthrow_v i_o have_v touch_v the_o history_n in_o my_o note_n before_o many_o other_o example_n may_v be_v allege_v but_o these_o two_o be_v sufficient_a for_o our_o purpose_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o double_v of_o the_o length_n by_o number_n middle_a man_n double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n by_o this_o command_n the_o middle_a man_n with_o their_o half_a file_n march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o file_n and_o stand_v even_o with_o the_o fileleader_n and_o the_o rest_n even_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n double_v of_o the_o length_n in_o place_n stand_v in_o your_o open_a order_n one_o half_n open_v their_o file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a and_o stand_v six_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o double_v of_o the_o depth_n in_o number_n double_o your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n fall_v into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n double_o your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o fall_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o odd_a and_o place_n themselves_o lineal_o after_o they_o observe_v their_o first_o distance_n divide_v your_o file_n and_o double_v they_o by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n half_n the_o file_n divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a and_o countermarch_n out_o behind_o the_o rear_n then_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o place_n behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o stand_a file_n which_o remove_v not_o then_o march_v on_o and_o place_n themselves_o orderly_o behind_o they_o file_n to_o file_v then_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o double_v the_o depth_n in_o place_n rank_n open_v behind_o to_o your_o open_a order_n the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven-fronted_n phalange_n chap._n xxx_o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o deep_a phalange_n common_o call_v the_o hearse_n be_v that_o which_o procee_v by_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n in_o general_a speech_n every_o thing_n be_v call_v parameke_n which_o have_v length_n more_o than_o the_o depth_n and_o that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n more_o than_o the_o length_n orthion_n and_o so_o likewise_o a_o phalange_n the_o phalange_n loxe_n or_o uneven_a front_a be_v that_o which_o put_v forth_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v think_v fit_a towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o with_o it_o beginning_n the_o fight_n hold_v off_o the_o other_o in_o a_o convenient_a distance_n till_o opportunity_n be_v to_o advance_v of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la eutaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n xxxi_o parembole_n or_o insertion_n be_v when_o place_v soldier_n before_o we_o take_v off_o the_o hindmost_a and_o rank_n they_o within_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o first_o protaxis_fw-la or_o fore-fronting_a be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o make_v they_o forestander_n as_o the_o fileleader_n be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n behind_o it_o be_v call_v epitaxis_fw-la as_o it_o be_v a_o after-placing_a prostaxis_fw-la or_o adjoin_v be_v when_o to_o both_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o to_o one_o flank_n some_o part_n of_o the_o hindmost_a be_v add_v the_o front_n of_o they_o that_o be_v add_v lie_v even_o with_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n such_o addition_n be_v call_v prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la or_o insition_n be_v when_o it_o seem_v good_a to_o set_v the_o lightarmed_n within_o the_o space_n of_o the_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n man_n to_o man_n hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a be_v when_o you_o bestow_v the_o lightarmed_n under_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_v they_o in_o a_o embow_v form_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a figure_n resemble_v a_o
the_o enemy_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o flank_n of_o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la chap._n xxxviii_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la for_o it_o be_v so_o call_v because_o it_o have_v two_o front_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o battle_n that_o be_v set_v and_o advance_v against_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v a_o front_n see_v then_o in_o this_o form_n the_o middlemost_a be_v order_v back_o to_o back_n and_o those_o in_o front_n and_o rear_v make_v head_n against_o the_o enemy_n the_o one_o be_v commander_n of_o the_o front_n the_o other_o of_o the_o rear_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v amphistomus_fw-la it_o be_v of_o great_a use_n against_o a_o enemy_n strong_a in_o horse_n and_o able_a to_o give_v a_o hot_a and_o dangerous_a charge_n and_o principal_o practise_v against_o those_o barbarian_n that_o inhabit_v about_o the_o river_n ister_n who_o they_o also_o call_v upon_o amphippi_n because_o they_o change_v horse_n in_o fight_n the_o horse_n battle_n to_o encounter_v this_o form_n have_v a_o tetragonall_a shape_n be_v for_o the_o purpose_n divide_v into_o two_o broad-squares_a they_o be_v broad-squares_a that_o have_v the_o front_n twice_o as_o much_o as_o the_o depth_n and_o these_o square_n be_v oppose_v several_o against_o the_o division_n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n of_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n chap._n thirty-nine_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n antistomus_n be_v like_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la the_o form_n be_v a_o little_a alter_v so_o that_o it_o accustome_v the_o soldier_n to_o resist_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o incursion_n of_o horse_n all_o that_o have_v be_v speak_v concern_v the_o former_a phalange_n both_o for_o foot_n and_o horse_n agree_v with_o this_o figure_n also_o herein_o they_o differ_v that_o cap._n 37._o a_o four_o front_a phalange_n against_o all_o allempte_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o front_n of_o the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o right_a flank_n the_o front_n of_o the_o march_n the_o front_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n cap._n 38._o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la cap_n 39_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n front_n cap._n 40._o the_o horsmans_n wedge_n front_v a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n the_o amphistomus_fw-la receive_v the_o charge_n in_o front_n and_o rear_v the_o antistomus_n in_o flank_n but_o aswell_o in_o the_o one_o as_o the_o other_o they_o fight_v with_o long_a pike_n as_o do_v the_o alan_o and_o sauromatans_n and_o the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o soldier_n in_o the_o file_n turn_v their_o face_n forward_o the_o other_o half_o backward_o so_o that_o they_o stand_v back_o to_o back_o this_o form_n have_v two_o front_n the_o one_o before_o where_o the_o fileleader_n the_o other_o behind_o where_o the_o back-commander_n stand_v and_o be_v also_o divide_v into_o a_o diphalange_n it_o make_v the_o forefront_n with_o the_o one_o and_o the_o after-front_n with_o the_o other_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n chap._n xl._o a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o fileleader_n place_v not_o in_o deduction_n outward_o but_o inward_o face_n to_o face_n one_o against-an_a other_o and_o the_o reare-commander_n without_o one_o half_a in_o a_o right_n the_o other_o in_o a_o left-hand_a deduction_n this_o form_n be_v use_v when_o the_o horse_n give_v on_o and_o charge_v wedge-wise_a for_o the_o *_o wedge_n shoot_v forth_o into_o a_o point_n and_o have_v the_o commander_n follow_v in_o flank_n and_o endeavour_v to_o dissever_v and_o break_v the_o front_n of_o the_o foot_n the_o leader_n of_o the_o foot_n foresee_v their_o purpose_n place_n themselves_o in_o the_o midst_n with_o intent_n either_o to_o repulse_v they_o or_o else_o to_o give_v they_o a_o thorough_a passage_n without_o loss_n for_o the_o wedge_n fly_v upon_o the_o foot_n in_o hope_n to_o charge_v the_o multitude_n in_o the_o midst_n and_o to_o disorder_v the_o whole_a battle_n and_o the_o foot_n commander_n conceive_v well_o the_o fury_n of_o that_o kind_n of_o form_n leave_v a_o little_a space_n betwixt_o either_o front_n and_o stand_v like_o wall_n on_o both_o side_n and_o joint_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o midst_n give_v they_o a_o fruitless_a and_o empty_a passage_n this_o form_n of_o horsebattaile_n be_v call_v a_o wedge_n by_o tactic_n which_o be_v invent_v by_o philip_n king_n of_o macedon_n who_o place_v his_o best_a man_n before_o that_o by_o they_o the_o weak_a sort_n may_v be_v hold_v in_o and_o enable_v to_o the_o charge_n as_o we_o see_v in_o a_o spear_n or_o in_o a_o sword_n the_o point_n whereof_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o sharpness_n quick_o pierce_v make_v way_n for_o and_o let_v in_o the_o middle_n blunt_a iron_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n xli_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n *_o peristomus_fw-la proceed_v by_o deduction_n in_o a_o wing_n the_o oblique_a deduction_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v the_o fileleader_n without_o the_o left_a hand_n oblique_a deduction_n the_o reare-commander_n within_o the_o figure_n show_v the_o intent_n of_o they_o that_o fight_v so_o order_v for_o the_o battle_n go_v to_o charge_n have_v be_v at_o first_o tetragonall_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o oblique_a wing_n the_o right_n and_o the_o left_a of_o purpose_n to_o enclose_v the_o adverse_a square-battaile_n and_o they_o fear_v to_o be_v enclose_v transform_v themselves_o into_o two_o several_a marching-phalanges_a direct_v one_o against_o the_o right_n the_o other_o against_o the_o left_a wing_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v peristomus_fw-la as_o have_v the_o front_n bend_v against_o the_o enemy_n both_o way_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v homoiostomos_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n xlii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o homoiostomus_n be_v so_o name_v because_o a_o whole_a file_n that_o be_v 16_o man_n move_v by_o itself_o another_o file_n follow_v it_o and_o it_o be_v therefore_o call_v homoiostomus_n because_o they_o that_o follow_v follow_v in_o a_o like_a figure_n this_o kind_n be_v oppose_v against_o the_o plinthium_fw-la *_o plinthium_fw-la be_v a_o form_n of_o battle_n that_o have_v the_o side_n equal_a both_o in_o figure_n and_o number_n in_o figure_n because_o the_o distance_n be_v every_o where_o equal_a in_o number_n because_o there_o be_v as_o many_o man_n in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n in_o this_o foure-sided-battaile_n be_v none_o in_o the_o flank_n but_o arm_v without_o archer_n or_o slinger_n to_o help_v when_o therefore_o two_o phalanges_fw-la march_n together_o one_o by_o another_o and_o both_o have_v their_o leader_n either_o in_o a_o right-hand_a or_o left-hand_a deduction_n it_o be_v call_v a_o diphalange_n homoiostomus_n of_o the_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la chap._n xliii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o heterostomus_fw-la be_v that_o which_o proceed_v by_o deduction_n have_v the_o leader_n of_o the_o former_a phalange_n in_o a_o right-hand-deduction_n and_o of_o the_o follow_a phalange_n in_o a_o left-hand-deduction_n so_o that_o the_o battle_n march_v counterchangeable_o one_o have_v the_o leader_n in_o one_o flank_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o other_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n again_o of_o the_o battle_n call_v a_o rhombe_n and_o of_o the_o foote-halfe_a moon_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xliv_o the_o battle_n frame_v in_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n be_v first_o invent_v by_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a and_o be_v call_v i_o will_v after_o his_o name_n and_o to_o this_o form_n he_o exercise_v and_o accustom_v the_o thessalian_n it_o be_v of_o good_a use_n in_o that_o it_o have_v a_o leader_n at_o every_o corner_n at_o the_o point_n the_o captain_n of_o the_o troop_n the_o reare-commander_n behind_o and_o on_o either_o side_n the_o flanke-commander_n the_o foot_n battle_n fit_a to_o affront_v this_o be_v the_o menoide_n or_o crescent_a have_v both_o the_o wing_n stretch_v out_o and_o in_o they_o the_o leader_n and_o the_o midst_n embow_v to_o environ_v and_o wrap_v in_o the_o horseman_n in_o their_o give_v on_o whereupon_o the_o horseman_n ply_v the_o foot_n a_o far_o off_o with_o fly_a weapon_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o tarentines_n seek_v thereby_o to_o dissolve_v and_o disorder_v their_o circle_a frame_n of_o march_v tarentum_n be_v a_o city_n of_o italy_n the_o horseman_n whereof_o be_v call_v acrobolist_n because_o in_o charge_v they_o first_o cast_v little_a dart_n and_o after_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n cap._n 42._o the_o battle_n call_v plinthium_fw-la the_o front_n the_o diphalange_n homoiostomus_n cap._n 43._o the_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la the_o fileleader_n the_o bringer_n up_o cap._n 45._o heteromeke_n or_o the_o hearse_n of_o horse_n the_o front_n plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad_a front_a battle_n of_o foot_n cap._n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n the_o front_n of_o the_o horsebattaile_n heteromeke_v and_o of_o the_o plagiophalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xlv_o the_o horse_n battle_n hâ—rse_n heteromeke_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n double_a to_o the_o
thus_o to_o your_o pike_n turn_v your_o face_n that_o be_v we_o ought_v to_o set_v the_o particular_a before_o and_o then_o infer_v the_o general_a like_a reason_n be_v if_o you_o say_v turn_v about_o your_o face_n or_o countermarch_n for_o these_o be_v also_o general_a word_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v do_v well_o to_o set_v the_o particular_a before_o as_o to_o the_o pike_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o or_o to_o the_o target_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o likewise_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n not_o the_o countermarch_v lacedaemonian_a for_o if_o you_o place_v the_o word_n countermarch_v first_o some_o of_o the_o soldier_n will_v happy_o fall_v to_o one_o kind_n other_o to_o another_o kind_n of_o countermarch_v for_o which_o cause_n word_n of_o double_a sense_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o the_o special_a to_o be_v set_v before_o the_o general_a of_o silence_n to_o be_v use_v by_o soldier_n chap._n liii_o but_o above_o all_o thing_n silence_n be_v to_o be_v command_v and_o that_o beed_o be_v give_v to_o direction_n as_o homer_n special_o signify_v in_o his_o description_n of_o the_o grecian_a and_o trojan_a fight_n the_o skilful_a cheeftaines_a press_v on_o guide_v with_o careful_a eye_n their_o arm_a troop_n who_o follow_v their_o leader_n silent_o you_o sure_o will_v have_v deem_v each_o one_o of_o all_o that_o mighty_a throng_n have_v be_v bereave_v of_o speech_n so_o bride_n lead_v he_o his_o heedful_a tongue_n fear_v the_o dread_a commander_n check_v and_o awful_a hest's_n among_o thus_o march_v the_o greek_n in_o silence_n breathe_v flame_n of_o high_a desire_n and_o fervent_a zeal_n to_o back_o their_o friend_n on_o foe_n to_o wreak_v their_o ire_n as_o for_o the_o disorder_n of_o the_o barbarian_n he_o resemble_v it_o to_o bird_n say_v as_o shoal_n of_o foul_a goose_n crane_n and_o swan_n with_o neck_n far_o stretch_v out_o which_o in_o the_o slimy_a fen_n caïster_v wind_a stream_n about_o sheare_n here_o and_o there_o the_o liquid_a sky_n sport_v on_o wanton_a wing_n then_o fall_v to_o ground_n with_o clang_v noise_n the_o fen_n all_o over_o ring_n none_o otherwise_o the_o trojan_n fill_v the_o field_n with_o heap_a sound_n of_o break_a and_o confuse_a cry_n each_z where_o tumult_n abound_v and_o again_o the_o captain_n marshal_n out_o their_o troop_n range_v in_o goodly_a guise_n and_o foâ—rth_o the_o trojan_n pace_n like_o bird_n which_o lade_v the_o air_n with_o cry_n not_o so_o the_o greek_n who_o silence_n breathe_v flame_n of_o high_a desire_n fernent_n in_o zeal_n to_o back_v their_o friend_n on_o foe_n to_o wreak_v their_o ire_n the_o word_n of_o command_n chap._n liiii_o thus_o then_o be_v we_o to_o command_v to_o your_o arm_n stand_v by_o your_o arm_n carriage_n away_o from_o the_o battle_n mark_v your_o direction_n separate_a yourselves_o advance_v your_o pike_n file_n and_o rank_n yourselves_o look_v to_o your_o leader_n rear_n commander_n order_v your_o file_n 11_o keep_v your_o first_o distance_n 25._o face_n to_o the_o pike_n move_v a_o little_a further_o stand_v so_o as_o you_o be_v 25._o face_n to_o the_o target_n move_v a_o little_a further_o stand_v so_o 25._o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n move_v a_o little_a further_o stand_v so_o 29._o double_o your_o depth_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 29._o double_o your_o length_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 28._o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 28._o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 28._o the_o choraan_n countermarch_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 26._o battle_n wheel_n to_o the_o pike_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 26._o battle_n wheel_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n these_o precept_n of_o the_o art_n tacticke_n most_o invincible_a caesar_n i_o have_v lay_v out_o to_o your_o majesty_n which_o will_v be_v a_o mean_n of_o safety_n to_o such_o as_o shall_v use_v they_o and_o of_o â—he_n overthrow_n of_o their_o enemy_n the_o exercise_n of_o the_o english_a in_o the_o service_n of_o the_o high_a and_o mighty_a lord_n the_o lord_n the_o estate_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o the_o low_a country_n the_o soldier_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n foot_n and_o horse_n the_o foot_n again_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n pikeman_n and_o musketeer_n pikeman_n be_v arm_v with_o a_o head-piece_n a_o cuirass_n and_o tase_n defensive_a and_o with_o a_o pike_n of_o fifteen_o foot_n long_o and_o a_o rapier_n offen_n sieve_n the_o armour_n be_v all_o iron_n the_o pike_n of_o ashen_n wood_n for_o the_o steal_v and_o at_o the_o upper_a end_n a_o iron_n head_n of_o about_o a_o handful_n long_o with_o cheek_n about_o the_o length_n of_o two_o foot_n and_o at_o the_o butt-end_n a_o round_a strong_a socket_n of_o iron_n end_v in_o a_o pike_n that_o be_v blunt_a yet_o sharp_a enough_o to_o fix_v to_o the_o ground_n the_o form_n thereof_o be_v express_v in_o the_o grave_a figure_n the_o musketier_n have_v a_o head-piece_n for_o defence_n a_o 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you_o be_v rank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_n rank_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n countermarch_n close_o your_o file_n close_o your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n wheel_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n wheel_n fault_n escape_v in_o the_o book_n pag._n 2._o in_o the_o margin_n beneath_o for_o spartionem_fw-la read_v spartianus_n pag._n 9_o lin_v 20._o for_o be_v be_v &_o lin_v 31._o for_o bircanna_n bircenna_n and_o in_o the_o marg_n lin_v 40._o for_o dipnoseph_n dipnosoph_n pag._n 10._o lin_v 26._o in_o marg_n for_o adrian_n arrian_n p._n 14._o l._n 11._o in_o marg_n for_o dipnoseph_n dipnosoph_n p._n 15_o l._n 18._o for_o marsilian_o massilian_n p_o 17._o l._n 47._o for_o pluime_n plume_n p._n 18._o l_o 49_o for_o conceit_a by_o conceited_o p._n 20._o l._n 45._o for_o thureo_n thureoi_n lin_v 48._o deal_n full_a p._n 22._o l._n for_o those_o these_o l._n 11._o for_o ochane_n ochane_n l._n 32._o deal_n then._n p._n 23._o l._n 12._o for_o divarate_v divarate_v p._n 27._o l._n 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