81._o a_o battle_n and_o to_o behold_v a_o direct_a space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o rank_n for_o that_o be_v the_o grace_n and_o beauty_n as_o i_o may_v term_v it_o of_o a_o phalange_n order_v for_o fight_n this_o proportion_n can_v be_v maintain_v without_o observe_v distance_n curious_o open_v order_n be_v six_o foot_n both_o in_o rank_n and_o file_n betwixt_o man_n and_o man_n every_o way_n if_o then_o any_o soldier_n in_o file_n gather_v up_o to_o his_o leader_n and_o stand_v at_o distance_n of_o three_o foot_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o his_o rank_n be_v thereby_o disturb_v and_o make_v uneven_a although_o the_o file_n continue_v straight_o contrariwise_o if_o he_o bear_v himself_o out_o of_o his_o place_n three_o foot_n towards_o either_o of_o his_o sideman_n by_o this_o mean_v he_o disorder_v his_o file_n and_o make_v it_o crooked_a this_o fault_n if_o it_o be_v commit_v by_o many_o a_o general_a disorder_n will_v follow_v in_o the_o body_n and_o therefore_o aelian_n well_o advise_v to_o keep_v the_o first_o distance_n especial_o till_o you_o be_v command_v to_o the_o second_o or_o three_o distance_n which_o will_v often_o fall_v out_o in_o the_o four_o motion_n of_o which_o facing_n be_v the_o first_o and_o the_o word_n of_o motion_n direction_n in_o it_o be_v these_o as_o before_o in_o aelian_n 12_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n 25._o that_o be_v face_n to_o the_o tight_a hand_n for_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o bear_v in_o the_o right_a hand_n 14_o face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o pike-man_n in_o the_o macedonian_a army_n bear_v target_n on_o their_o left_a arm_n or_o on_o the_o left_a side_n so_o that_o face_n to_o the_o target_n be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o word_n of_o command_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n 16_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n that_o be_v face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n but_o where_o he_o add_v move_v a_o little_a further_o he_o signify_v that_o the_o direction_n be_v not_o full_o accomplish_v and_o he_o will_v have_v the_o soldier_n continue_v their_o motion_n till_o their_o face_n be_v full_o come_v about_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o then_o he_o will_v they_o to_o stand_v so_o because_o they_o have_v gain_v their_o place_n these_o face_n here_o express_v by_o aelian_n be_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n other_o face_n of_o the_o part_n he_o have_v not_o set_v down_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v oftentimes_o of_o great_a use_n for_o say_v the_o enemy_n charge_v in_o front_n and_o rear_v your_o front_n must_v continue_v as_o it_o do_v but_o the_o word_n for_o the_o rear_n be_v phalange_n half_a file_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n if_o the_o enemy_n charge_v you_o on_o both_o flank_n then_o be_v the_o word_n of_o command_n phalange_n half_n rank_n face_n to_o the_o right_n halft_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n if_o in_o front_n and_o one_o flank_n the_o front_n stand_v firm_a and_o the_o word_n for_o the_o flank_n that_o be_v charge_v be_v half_a rank_n of_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v flank_n face_n to_o the_o hand_n name_v plesium_n if_o in_o front_n and_o both_o flank_n the_o front_n be_v to_o stand_v firm_a and_o both_o the_o flank_n to_o face_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o this_o be_v do_v in_o a_o hollow_a square_a or_o plesium_n and_o the_o word_n be_v flank_n face_n one_o to_o the_o right_a the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n if_o on_o all_o side_n or_o round_o about_o it_o be_v as_o before_o for_o the_o flank_n but_o for_o the_o rear_n the_o rear_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n now_o in_o countermarch_v of_o the_o rear_n the_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n be_v oftentimes_o command_v to_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o countermarch_n of_o the_o front_n the_o rank_n of_o bringer_n up_o must_v do_v the_o like_a as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o countermarch_v double_v be_v the_o second_o motion_n use_v in_o battle_n the_o precept_n motion_n of_o it_o in_o this_o in_o aelian_n 18_o double_v your_o depth_n the_o word_n in_o our_o exercise_n for_o this_o motion_n be_v double_v your_o file_n because_o cap._n file_n measure_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o rank_n measure_v the_o length_n this_o double_n be_v make_v many_o way_n the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o even_a file_n that_o be_v the_o 2._o 4._o 6._o 8._o 10._o file_n fall_v into_o the_o odd_a as_o if_o the_o double_n be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o right_a hand_n corner-file_n stand_v firm_a and_o be_v the_o first_o after_o double_v the_o three_o be_v the_o second_o file_n the_o five_o the_o three_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n in_o order_n but_o the_o manner_n be_v that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n fall_v direct_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n behind_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o first_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o two_o file_n the_o same_o order_n be_v for_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n when_o they_o double_v the_o odd_a file_n and_o the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o manner_n be_v when_o half_o the_o body_n of_o file_n convey_v itself_o into_o the_o space_n oâ—_n the_o other_o half_n of_o the_o body_n be_v it_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n according_a to_o direction_n give_v so_o that_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n which_o be_v to_o move_v fall_v into_o the_o space_n next_o after_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n that_o stand_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n that_o move_v and_o the_o word_n be_v half_n the_o body_n double_v your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o be_v when_o file_n be_v double_v by_o a_o countermarch_n as_o if_o the_o second_o file_n of_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o it_o be_v appoint_v countermarch_n and_o the_o leader_n of_o that_o file_n place_n himself_o behind_o the_o bringer_n up_o of_o the_o corner_n file_n to_o that_o hand_n to_o which_o the_o double_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n of_o even_a number_n behind_o those_o of_o odd_a number_n as_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o first_o the_o four_o behind_o the_o three_o the_o six_o behind_o the_o five_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o next_o word_n in_o aelian_n be_v double_a your_o length_n that_o be_v double_v your_o rank_n or_o front_n for_o as_o i_o before_o note_v the_o rank_n make_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n which_o likewise_o be_v many_o way_n do_v the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o rank_n of_o even_a appellation_n as_o the_o 2._o 4._o 6._o 8._o etc._n etc._n fall_v out_o into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a namely_o into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o 1._o 3._o 5._o 7._o etc._n etc._n which_o stand_v before_o they_o and_o place_n themselves_o even_o with_o they_o in_o rank_n the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o way_n be_v when_o the_o bringers-up_a their_o half_a file_n follow_v they_o by_o countermarch_n advance_v up_o to_o the_o front_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o fileleader_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n according_o namely_o the_o nine_o rank_n in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o second_o the_o eight_o in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o three_o the_o seven_o in_o the_o four_o the_o six_o in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o five_o and_o the_o word_n be_v bringer_n up_o double_v your_o front_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o be_v when_o the_o reare-halfe-file_n one_o half_a face_n to_o the_o right_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o divide_v themselves_o march_v out_o till_o they_o be_v pass_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n then_o face_v to_o the_o front_n sleeve_n up_o and_o front_v with_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n then_o the_o word_n be_v rear_n halfe-file_n double_v your_o front_n by_o division_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n another_o way_n be_v when_o the_o reare-halfe-file_n undivided_a face_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o be_v beyond_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o body_n face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o sleeve_n up_o and_o join_v in_o front_n with_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n the_o word_n be_v reare-halfe-file_n enter_v double_a your_o front_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o all_o these_o motion_n of_o double_a rank_n or_o front_n the_o soldier_n be_v to_o return_v after_o
their_o motion_n to_o their_o first_o posture_n which_o be_v do_v by_o face_v about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o then_o by_o move_v and_o by_o recover_v their_o first_o place_n the_o word_n be_v as_o you_o be_v countermarch_v be_v the_o three_o motion_n use_v in_o the_o change_n of_o a_o battle_n the_o use_n and_o necessity_n thereof_o appear_v in_o aelian_a before_o and_o that_o there_o be_v two_o motion_n kind_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n the_o word_n of_o command_n that_o he_o here_o set_v down_o be_v only_o of_o countermarch_n by_o file_n which_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o two_o kind_n viz._n the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o front_n and_o the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o rear_n that_o of_o the_o front_n have_v likewise_o two_o kind_n the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o the_o chorean_a that_o of_o the_o rear_n only_o one_o and_o it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v now_o aelians_n direction_n follow_v 20_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n and_o of_o the_o front_n the_o manner_n be_v that_o the_o fileleader_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o paâ—â—e_v beyond_o the_o rear_n their_o file_n follow_v they_o in_o our_o exercise_n the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o front_n to_o the_o right_n or_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n it_o be_v do_v after_o another_o sort_n also_o as_o when_o the_o bringers-up_a face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a body_n face_v about_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n pass_v through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o the_o nine_o rank_n begin_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n after_o one_o another_o place_n themselves_o every_o paticular_a man_n before_o his_o follower_n in_o the_o same_o file_n till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o word_n be_v bringer_n up_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n beginning_n at_o the_o nine_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a to_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o place_v every_o man_n himself_o before_o his_o follower_n as_o you_o be_v in_o aelian_n follow_v 22_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v we_o in_o our_o exercise_n term_v this_o countermarch_v of_o the_o rear_n and_o it_o be_v do_v in_o two_o manner_n first_o when_o the_o bringer_n up_o begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o their_o file_n follow_v pass_v through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o fileleader_n till_o the_o fileleader_n become_v the_o last_o of_o the_o file_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a body_n face_n about_o and_o stand_v the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o rear_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n face_n about_o to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n and_o stand_v the_o other_o when_o the_o fileleader_n face_n about_o to_o either_o hand_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n begin_v at_o the_o second_o rank_n successive_o pass_v through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o file_n leader_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v place_v themselves_o every_o man_n behind_o his_o next_o leader_n and_o face_v about_o as_o they_o do_v the_o word_n be_v fileleader_n face_n about_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a and_o place_n yourselves_o behind_o your_o next_o leader_n the_o next_o in_o aelian_n be_v 24_o the_o chorean_a countermarch_v this_o countermarch_v be_v of_o the_o front_n as_o i_o say_v but_o it_o keep_v the_o ground_n that_o the_o body_n have_v before_o the_o fileleader_n their_o file_n follow_v they_o remove_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o and_o the_o bringer_n up_o to_o the_o place_n that_o the_o fileleader_n have_v the_o word_n be_v fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o stand_v viz._n when_o they_o come_v to_o the_o bringer_n up_o other_o countermarche_n thereare_v which_o be_v not_o here_o set_v downeby_o aelian_n 28._o but_o be_v remember_v in_o his_o chapter_n of_o countermarche_n of_o which_o the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n of_o the_o whole_a battle_n be_v one_o the_o other_o be_v the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n in_o the_o part_n and_o as_o in_o the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o front_n or_o rear_v the_o rank_n first_o begin_v to_o move_v so_o in_o countermarch_v of_o the_o flank_n the_o file_n entire_a begin_v to_o move_v and_o as_o in_o the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o front_n or_o rear_v the_o rank_n follow_v one_o another_o by_o file_n so_o in_o countermarch_v of_o the_o flank_n the_o file_n follow_v one_o another_o by_o rank_n that_o be_v the_o soldier_n of_o every_o rank_n follow_v one_o another_o if_o you_o will_v countermarch_n the_o right_a flank_n so_o to_o change_v one_o side_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o the_o other_o the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o right_a flank_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n in_o countermarch_v the_o left_a flank_n the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o left_a flank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o countermarch_n the_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n both_o the_o uttermost_a corner-file_n be_v to_o move_v towards_o the_o midst_n their_o half_a rank_n follow_v they_o and_o meet_v in_o the_o midst_n to_o stand_v there_o and_o face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v your_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n observe_v that_o in_o countermarch_v by_o rank_n the_o three_o countermarche_n macedonian_a lacedaemonian_a and_o choraean_a may_v be_v practise_v as_o well_o as_o in_o countermarch_v by_o file_n if_o the_o flank_n near_o to_o the_o enemy_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v this_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n because_o it_o make_v a_o show_n of_o shift_v away_o if_o the_o flank_n further_a from_o the_o enemy_n begin_v it_o be_v the_o lacedaemonian_a in_o that_o it_o carry_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o but_o when_o one_o flank_n countermarch_v till_o it_o come_v just_a up_o to_o the_o other_o and_o no_o further_o it_o be_v the_o choraean_a because_o it_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n wheel_v be_v the_o four_o and_o last_o motion_n and_o it_o be_v use_v in_o the_o whole_a entire_a motion_n battle_n or_o in_o the_o part_n thereof_o aelian_n give_v word_n of_o direction_n for_o the_o whole_a battle_n only_o and_o they_o be_v these_o wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o pike_n or_o to_o the_o target_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o wheel_n to_o the_o pike_n or_o right_a hand_n the_o right_a hand_n corner_n file-leader_n be_v only_o to_o turn_v his_o body_n by_o little_a and_o little_a to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_v even_o with_o the_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n till_o such_o time_n as_o he_o have_v gain_v the_o right_a hand_n aspect_n and_o the_o rest_n be_v to_o move_v about_o he_o make_v he_o the_o center_n as_o it_o be_v of_o their_o circle_a motion_n if_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_v leader_n be_v to_o do_v the_o like_a the_o same_o order_n be_v of_o wheelin_n the_o battle_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n aelian_n as_o i_o â—aiâ—_n give_v here_o no_o other_o word_n of_o command_n then_o for_o the_o wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n yet_o be_v the_o wheeling_n of_o the_o part_n of_o great_a use_n for_o either_o the_o flank_n be_v wheel_v into_o the_o front_n or_o the_o front_n into_o the_o flank_n the_o front_n be_v wheel_v into_o the_o flank_n when_o we_o desire_v to_o form_v the_o antistomus_n phalange_n to_o resist_v the_o enemy_n give_v on_o both_o flank_n and_o then_o the_o two_o middlemost_a bringer_n up_o be_v to_o stand_v and_o the_o middle_a fileleader_n to_o divine_v themselves_o and_o to_o move_v half_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n half_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n make_v those_o two_o bringer_n up_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o motion_n in_o this_o the_o word_n be_v wheel_v the_o front_n into_o flank_n by_o division_n if_o the_o flank_n be_v to_o be_v wheel_v into_o the_o front_n the_o two_o middle_a fileleader_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o and_o the_o two_o half_a body_n to_o move_v about_o they_o one_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a till_o the_o two_o flank_n be_v in_o the_o front_n and_o the_o front_n in_o the_o midst_n this_o kind_n be_v practise_v when_o we_o will_v frame_v the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n the_o word_n be_v wheel_v the_o flank_n into_o the_o front_n it_o be_v to_o be_v remember_v that_o after_o every_o motion_n a_o restitution_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v to_o be_v command_v in_o these_o word_n as_o you_o be_v in_o face_v you_o be_v to_o return_v to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n as_o if_o the_o command_n be_v to_o face_n to_o the_o right_n in_o return_v you_o come_v to_o the_o left_a in_o double_v you_o must_v do_v the_o like_a in_o countermarch_n likewise_o whether_o you_o countermarch_n the_o whole_a body_n or_o the_o parcel_n thereof_o you_o be_v to_o return_v by_o the_o contrary_a hand_n after_o
every_o man_n shall_v have_v three_o foot_n distance_n from_o other_o in_o rank_n double_v they_o twice_o the_o file_n have_v but_o four_o man_n and_o every_o man_n distance_n in_o rank_n be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o foot_n and_o half_a which_o as_o it_o be_v allowable_a in_o close_a order_n so_o admit_v it_o no_o third_n thou_o 〈…〉_z wherein_o the_o space_n betwixt_o man_n and_o man_n can_v exceed_v three_o quarter_n of_o a_o foot_n as_o therefore_o the_o second_o double_v of_o rank_n in_o a_o phalangarchy_n albeit_o it_o extend_v the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n leave_v yet_o too_o small_a a_o depth_n to_o the_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battle_n it_o contain_v no_o more_o than_o four_o man_n in_o depth_n so_o the_o double_n of_o file_n twice_o fit_v not_o the_o orthiophalange_n or_o hearse_n as_o have_v 64_o in_o depth_n and_o as_o many_o in_o length_n which_o number_n neither_o hold_v proportion_n of_o the_o depth_n manifold_a to_o the_o length_n of_o the_o orthiophalange_n or_o hearse_n nor_o yet_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o length_n have_v conveniency_n to_o apply_v itself_o to_o straight_a way_n a_o thing_n that_o contain_v the_o principal_a use_n of_o that_o manner_n of_o battle_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o antiquity_n use_v another_o course_n if_o the_o march_n be_v to_o be_v make_v out_o of_o a_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battle_n they_o frame_v a_o hearse_n by_o put_v forth_o out_o of_o the_o right_n or_o left_a wing_n first_o one_o file_n tetratchy_a or_o other_o body_n which_o may_v march_v whole_a according_a to_o the_o largeness_n of_o the_o way_n and_o after_o it_o follow_v from_o the_o same_o wing_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n in_o the_o same_o kind_n if_o contrariwise_o a_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battle_n be_v to_o be_v frame_v out_o of_o a_o orthiophalange_n or_o a_o hearse_n they_o cause_v the_o body_n which_o have_v the_o vaunt_n to_o stand_v firm_a and_o the_o rest_n follow_v to_o sleeve_n up_o by_o it_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n till_o they_o all_o come_v to_o a_o even_a front_n a._n xenophon_n show_v the_o manner_n in_o a_o company_n who_o word_n be_v these_o in_o english_a then_o he_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a behold_v another_o 〈◊〉_d captain_n lead_v his_o company_n from_o the_o river_n side_n to_o dinner_n one_o soldier_n follow_v another_o in_o a_o 〈◊〉_d single_a file_n who_o when_o he_o think_v â—it_n command_v the_o second_o and_o three_o and_o four_o file_n to_o sleeve_n up_o and_o make_v a_o even_a front_n with_o the_o first_o the_o fileleader_n be_v new_a in_o front_n he_o command_v the_o 〈◊〉_d half_a file_n to_o double_v the_o front_n so_o that_o new_a the_o decadarche_n or_o leader_n of_o half_a file_n stand_v in_o front_n again_o when_o it_o seem_v good_a he_o command_v the_o reaâ—e_n quarter_n file_v to_o double_v the_o front_n so_o the_o pempedarche_n or_o leader_n of_o the_o quarter_n of_o file_n lead_v up_o and_o the_o file_n march_v on_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o part_n when_o they_o be_v come_v unto_o the_o tent_n door_n he_o command_v the_o first_o file_n to_o single_a out_o again_o and_o to_o enter_v in_o and_o the_o second_o to_o follow_v it_o single_a in_o the_o rear_n and_o so_o the_o three_o and_o four_o till_o all_o be_v within_o the_o tent._n to_o clear_v these_o word_n of_o xenophon_n it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v that_o the_o company_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d here_o mention_v consist_v of_o 100_o man_n and_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o file_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d each_o file_n contain_v twenty_o four_o man_n the_o file_n have_v five_o officer_n the_o file_n leader_n the_o decadarch_n two_o pempedarch_n and_o the_o bringer_n up_o at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o file_n stand_v the_o file-leader_n and_o behind_o he_o direct_o five_o man_n next_o after_o they_o stand_v the_o first_o pempedarch_n and_o five_o man_n that_o follow_v he_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o file_n that_o be_v after_o the_o pempedarch_n and_o his_o five_a be_v place_v the_o decadarch_n who_o â—ed_v the_o hinder_v most_o half_o file_v and_o after_o he_o five_o man_n more_o last_o the_o second_o pempedarch_n and_o five_o more_o after_o he_o the_o last_o of_o which_o be_v the_o bringer_n up_o now_o when_o xenophon_n say_v that_o the_o whole_a company_n follow_v by_o one_o or_o file_v wise_a he_o mean_v that_o the_o four_o file_n be_v cast_v into_o one_o file_n and_o follow_v one_o another_o in_o a_o right_a line_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n have_v 100_o in_o depth_n and_o but_o one_o in_o front_n to_o bring_v it_o therefore_o to_o convenient_a length_n from_o this_o depth_n the_o captain_n command_v the_o first_o file_n leader_n to_o make_v alte_fw-la or_o to_o stand_v and_o the_o second_o file_n all_o leader_n with_o his_o file_n to_o advance_v and_o to_o sleeve_n up_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o to_o front_v with_o the_o first_o file_n leader_n and_o so_o both_o file_n to_o stand_v even_o front_v in_o open_a order_n the_o like_a he_o command_v the_o three_o and_o four_o file_n to_o do_v so_o that_o the_o four_o file_n be_v lay_v one_o to_o another_o and_o front_v equal_o the_o front_n or_o length_n of_o the_o body_n have_v four_o man_n the_o depth_n 24._o then_o because_o he_o hold_v this_o depth_n disproporcionable_a to_o the_o length_n in_o so_o small_a a_o body_n he_o again_o enlarge_v the_o front_n by_o double_v command_v the_o half_a file_n to_o double_v their_o front_n the_o decadarch_n hereupon_o march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n and_o rank_v with_o the_o file_n leader_n and_o the_o half_a file_n follow_v they_o rank_v with_o the_o front-halfe_a file_n man_n to_o man_n now_o be_v the_o front_n eight_o in_o length_n the_o flank_n or_o depth_n twelve_o to_o enlarge_v again_o the_o front_n and_o to_o make_v the_o length_n exceed_v the_o depth_n he_o command_v the_o quarter-file_n to_o double_a the_o front_n hereupon_o the_o pempedarch_n advance_v march_v up_o with_o their_o quarter_n file_n after_o they_o till_o they_o front_v with_o the_o file_n leader_n and_o decadarch_n and_o each_o man_n of_o the_o quarter_n file_v rank_v with_o the_o rest_n so_o that_o the_o front_n come_v to_o be_v of_o 16_o man_n in_o length_n the_o flank_n six_o man_n in_o depth_n and_o each_o man_n in_o rank_n have_v a_o foot_n and_o half_a distance_n in_o file_n six_o foot_n and_o thus_o the_o company_n from_o one_o file_n as_o it_o be_v from_o a_o orthiophalange_n or_o hearse_n be_v form_v into_o a_o long_a body_n somewhat_o resemble_v a_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battle_n to_o reduce_v it_o again_o to_o a_o orthiophalange_n or_o hearse_n the_o captain_n at_o the_o entry_n into_o the_o tent_n where_o the_o whole_a company_n be_v lodge_v together_o first_o direct_v the_o first_o file_n to_o march_v out_o namely_o by_o the_o file_n leader_n with_o his_o five_o than_o the_o first_o pempedarch_n with_o his_o five_o after_o he_o the_o decadarch_n with_o his_o five_o last_o the_o second_o pempedarch_n with_o his_o five_o which_o draw_v out_o of_o the_o officer_n one_o after_o another_o in_o depth_n with_o the_o part_n of_o the_o file_n command_v by_o they_o immediate_o bring_v the_o file_n to_o the_o just_a depth_n of_o 24._o this_o be_v do_v the_o second_o file_n follow_v the_o first_o in_o like_a order_n and_o the_o three_o the_o second_o &_o last_o of_o all_o come_v the_o four_o and_o this_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o change_v one_o form_n into_o another_o and_o albeit_o the_o example_n be_v but_o of_o a_o company_n yet_o be_v the_o reason_n all_o one_o in_o a_o phalange_n or_o battle_n for_o as_o a_o company_n be_v compact_v of_o many_o file_n so_o be_v a_o phalange_n of_o diverse_a company_n and_o as_o one_o file_n in_o the_o example_n before_o be_v lead_v after_o another_o filewise_o so_o be_v or_o may_v one_o company_n or_o other_o body_n be_v lead_v after_o another_o make_v thereby_o a_o orthiophalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o as_o one_o file_n advance_v to_o front_n with_o another_o to_o the_o intent_n to_o alter_v the_o form_n of_o the_o orthiophalange_n so_o must_v the_o body_n or_o company_n sleeve_n up_o one_o by_o another_o to_o make_v a_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battle_n yet_o want_v there_o not_o example_n in_o the_o greek_a history_n of_o turn_v the_o orthiophalange_n or_o hearse_n into_o a_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad_a front_a battle_n and_o by_o consequence_n the_o plagiophalange_n into_o a_o orthiophalange_n cherisophus_n in_o the_o return_n of_o the_o 10000_o grecian_n that_o follow_v cyrus_n the_o young_a into_o persia_n have_v the_o lead_n of_o the_o vanguard_n all_o the_o way_n a._n he_o in_o his_o march_n in_o armenia_n perceive_v the_o chalybes_n taochians_n and_o phasian_o have_v take_v
to_o be_v change_v nor_o any_o number_n of_o soldier_n to_o be_v transport_v to_o other_o place_n than_o they_o have_v for_o hereof_o tumult_n and_o confusion_n will_v straight_o arise_v and_o the_o enemy_n will_v easy_o take_v advantage_n of_o such_o as_o be_v not_o ready_a or_o fallout_v to_o be_v disorder_v i_o have_v say_v that_o the_o latin_n and_o grecian_n differ_v in_o the_o name_n of_o this_o battle_n howbeit_o they_o agree_v both_o about_o the_o form_n which_o may_v here_o appear_v by_o aelian_n who_o resemble_v it_o to_o the_o letter_n v_n neither_o can_v there_o a_o better_a resemblance_n be_v make_v for_o as_o the_o letter_n v_n consist_v of_o two_o line_n which_o be_v open_a in_o the_o top_n close_o in_o the_o bottom_n so_o do_v this_o form_n of_o battle_n of_o two_o side_n which_o in_o front_n be_v void_a open_a and_o dissever_v in_o the_o rear_n join_v and_o close_v fast_o together_o if_o you_o will_v therefore_o frame_v this_o battle_n you_o must_v first_o make_v a_o square_a the_o fileleader_n be_v all_o in_o front_n then_o must_v you_o wheel_v the_o wing_n of_o your_o battle_n into_o the_o midst_n and_o so_o your_o fileleader_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o midst_n last_o you_o be_v to_o open_v the_o front_n of_o your_o battle_n leave_v half_o the_o fileleader_n in_o the_o inside_n of_o one_o flank_n and_o half_a in_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o other_o keep_v the_o rear_n close_o knit_v together_o and_o for_o the_o open_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v somewhat_o more_o than_o will_v receive_v into_o the_o void_a space_n the_o front_n of_o the_o right_a induction_n which_o be_v once_o let_v in_o the_o inward_a two_o flank_n of_o the_o wedge_n where_o the_o fileleader_n be_v aught_o to_o face_n to_o both_o hand_n and_o to_o charge_v the_o outward_a flank_n of_o the_o right_a induction_n and_o so_o circumvent_v they_o 7._o furthermore_o a_o triphalange_n a_o triphalange_n in_o this_o place_n of_o aelian_n be_v when_o a_o square_a body_n or_o phalange_n be_v from_o front_n to_o rear_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n the_o figure_n show_v the_o manner_n the_o triphalange_n have_v as_o much_o advantage_n against_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la as_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la have_v against_o the_o right_a induction_n the_o caelembolos_fw-la compel_v the_o right_a induction_n to_o fight_v with_o the_o worst_a man_n and_o avoid_v the_o affront_n of_o the_o fileleader_n which_o be_v the_o best_a the_o triphalange_n have_v the_o fileleader_n in_o front_n oppose_v two_o several_a front_n against_o the_o two_o wing_n of_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la where_o there_o be_v no_o fileleader_n for_o they_o be_v always_o dispose_v for_o the_o inside_n and_o both_o avoid_v the_o advantage_n the_o caelembolos_fw-la seek_v and_o make_v the_o caelembolos_fw-la fight_n with_o the_o worst_a man_n in_o as_o much_o as_o one_o of_o the_o phalanges_fw-la charge_v the_o front_n of_o one_o wing_n of_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la the_o fileleader_n whereof_o be_v in_o flank_n within_o the_o hollowness_n the_o other_o charge_v the_o other_o now_o it_o have_v this_o advantage_n beside_o that_o it_o spare_v reserve_v for_o all_o occasion_n by_o off-holding_a the_o three_o phalange_n if_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la be_v beat_v by_o the_o two_o oppose_a phalanges_fw-la all_o be_v lose_v and_o no_o hope_n leave_v of_o win_v the_o field_n no_o other_o force_n be_v to_o second_v it_o where_o notwithstanding_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la have_v get_v the_o better_a may_v be_v curb_v and_o the_o victory_n arrest_v by_o this_o reserve_v and_o by_o the_o remnant_n of_o the_o other_o two_o phalanges_fw-la break_v word_n of_o direction_n in_o the_o right_a induction_n 1_o the_o right-corner_n xenagy_n march_v out_o so_o be_v it_o of_o all_o other_o body_n if_o they_o begin_v the_o march_n 2_o the_o rest_n follow_v in_o xenagies_n direction_n for_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la 1._o wheel_v the_o wing_n of_o your_o battle_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o your_o body_n so_o shall_v the_o file-leader_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n but_o we_o must_v note_v that_o the_o two_o middlemost_a leader_n must_v be_v centor_n for_o the_o other_o to_o wheel_v about_o 2._o open_v your_o front_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n keep_v your_o rear_n close_o for_o the_o triphalange_n 1_o the_o two_o wing_n face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n the_o middle_n remain_v as_o it_o be_v 2_o match_n out_o to_o the_o distance_n require_v that_o be_v to_o be_v able_a to_o meet_v in_o a_o right_a line_n the_o two_o front_n of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la 3_o stand_v when_o they_o come_v to_o the_o place_n require_v 4_o face_n as_o you_o be_v 5_o advance_v and_o charge_v of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n xxxvii_o 1_o parogoge_n or_o deduction_n be_v when_o the_o phalange_n proceed_v in_o 2_o a_o wing_n not_o by_o 3_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n have_v the_o commander_n or_o fileleader_n either_o on_o the_o right-hand_a which_o be_v call_v a_o right_a hand_n deduction_n or_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v a_o left-hand_a deduction_n for_o the_o phalange_n march_v in_o a_o 4_o double_a treble_a or_o quadruple_a front_n according_a to_o the_o place_n or_o part_v it_o be_v suspect_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v on_o and_o both_o the_o paragogy_n begin_v the_o fight_n in_o flank_n do_v 5_o make_v the_o length_n doubt_n to_o the_o depth_n this_o form_n of_o fight_n be_v devise_v to_o teach_v a_o soldier_n to_o receive_v heedful_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o flank_n note_n 1_o deduction_n be_v when_o the_o phalange_n induction_n be_v speak_v of_o deduction_n follow_v which_o be_v the_o second_o kind_n of_o march_n for_o these_o be_v no_o cap._n 37._o a_o four_o front_a phalange_n against_o all_o allempte_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o front_n of_o the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o right_a flank_n the_o front_n of_o the_o leave_v flank_v the_o front_n of_o the_o narch_n other_o kind_n than_o induction_n and_o deduction_n the_o one_o with_o the_o fileleader_n in_o front_n the_o other_o with_o the_o fileleader_n in_o flank_n neither_o do_v the_o greatness_n or_o smallness_n of_o the_o body_n make_v any_o difference_n herein_o be_v the_o body_n never_o so_o great_a as_o be_v the_o phalange_n or_o so_o small_a as_o one_o company_n yet_o must_v the_o fileleader_n either_o lead_n or_o else_o be_v in_o flank_n of_o the_o march_n the_o rear_n in_o necessity_n may_v well_o be_v make_v good_a by_o the_o bringer_n up_o deduction_n be_v the_o mother_n of_o many_o form_n of_o battle_n usual_a in_o march_n from_o it_o come_v the_o caelembolos_fw-la whereof_o we_o speak_v before_o from_o it_o be_v the_o antistomus_n the_o peristomus_fw-la the_o homoiostomus_n the_o heterostomus_fw-la of_o which_o hereafter_o 2_o when_o the_o phalange_n proceed_v in_o a_o wing_n suidas_n have_v that_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o phalange_n march_v with_o the_o fileleader_n on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n if_o on_o the_o left_a it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o left-hand_a deduction_n if_o on_o the_o right_n a_o right-hand_a deduction_n he_o make_v no_o mention_n of_o a_o wing_n as_o aelian_n do_v for_o it_o may_v so_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o body_n may_v be_v such_o as_o have_v the_o depth_n and_o breadth_n all_o one_o as_o a_o xenagy_n which_o have_v sixteen_o in_o breadth_n and_o sixteen_o in_o depth_n some_o body_n also_o as_o the_o taxi_n and_o tetrarchy_n have_v the_o depth_n less_o than_o the_o breadth_n the_o first_o hold_v sixteen_o in_o depth_n &_o no_o more_o than_o eight_o in_o breadth_n the_o last_o four_o in_o breadth_n and_o sixteen_o in_o depth_n so_o that_o they_o march_v not_o in_o a_o wing_n but_o because_o march_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v undertake_v in_o a_o wing_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n why_o aelian_n say_v that_o deduction_n proceed_v in_o a_o wing_n the_o depth_n whereof_o manifold_o exceed_v the_o length_n and_o they_o proceed_v 3._o not_o by_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n that_o be_v the_o fileleader_n be_v wheel_v to_o the_o flank_n after_o they_o have_v settle_v themselves_o to_o march_v proceed_v on_o their_o journey_n as_o they_o stand_v in_o the_o flank_n only_o face_v that_o way_n the_o march_n be_v intend_v and_o return_v not_o to_o lead_v in_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n as_o they_o do_v at_o first_o to_o lead_v by_o file_n be_v when_o the_o fileleader_n proceed_v and_o have_v their_o file_n follow_v at_o their_o back_n to_o lead_v by_o rank_n be_v when_o that_o which_o be_v the_o flank_n at_o first_o become_v the_o front_n and_o begin_v the_o march_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v according_o flanke-wise_a yet_o this_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o albeit_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v change_v in_o the_o deduction_n
his_o horse_n into_o two_o part_n the_o one_o he_o take_v to_o himself_o and_o observe_v eumenes_n the_o other_o he_o give_v to_o python_n will_v he_o to_o charge_v the_o the_o argiraspide_n and_o silver_n targateer_n old_a soldier_n of_o alexander_n deprive_v of_o the_o aid_n of_o the_o horse_n but_o they_o cast_v themselves_o into_o a_o plinthium_fw-la retire_v safe_o to_o the_o river_n aelian_n remember_v nothing_o concern_v the_o use_n of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la but_o we_o may_v learn_v by_o the_o example_n rehearse_v that_o it_o be_v then_o practise_v when_o the_o enemy_n be_v too_o strong_a and_o able_a to_o charge_v every_o way_n and_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o foreside_v battle_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o 36_o &_o 37_o chap._n and_o use_v principal_o against_o horse_n but_o sometime_o against_o horse_n and_o foot_n philip_n the_o father_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a be_v to_o take_v arm_n against_o the_o illyrian_n who_o usurp_v â—1_n many_o city_n of_o his_o kingdom_n levy_v 10000_o foot_n &_o 600_o horse_n and_o with_o they_o enter_v the_o enemy_n country_n bardilis_n the_o illirian_a king_n meet_v he_o with_o as_o many_o foot_n and_o 500_o horse_n when_o the_o army_n come_v together_o and_o with_o shout_n join_v battle_n philip_n hear_v the_o right_a wing_n and_o the_o best_a macedonian_a soldier_n command_v the_o horse_n to_o fall_v on_o and_o charge_v the_o enemy_n in_o flank_n himself_o give_v upon_o the_o front_n begin_v a_o strong_a fight_n the_o illyrian_n order_v themselves_o into_o a_o plinthium_fw-la valiant_o abide_v the_o onset_n and_o at_o the_o first_o the_o fight_n be_v equal_a and_o so_o continue_v a_o good_a while_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o valour_n show_v on_o both_o side_n afterward_o the_o horse_n ply_v hard_o the_o rear_n and_o flank_n and_o philip_n with_o his_o choice_n valiant_o lay_v at_o the_o front_n the_o multitude_n of_o the_o illyrian_n be_v force_v to_o fly_v here_o the_o plinthium_fw-la resist_v both_o horse_n and_o foot_n i_o will_v add_v one_o example_n more_o of_o repulse_v horse_n the_o army_n be_v cast_v into_o a_o plinthium_fw-la marcus_n antonius_n seek_v to_o subdue_v persia_n and_o to_o revenge_v the_o loss_n which_o croesus_n receive_v antony_n by_o the_o parthian_n for_o in_o that_o war_n croesus_n himself_o be_v slay_v and_o his_o army_n defeat_v and_o have_v lay_v siege_n to_o a_o great_a city_n call_v phreata_n and_o find_v not_o the_o success_n he_o look_v for_o determine_v to_o dis-march_a and_o lead_v his_o arm_n out_o of_o the_o country_n have_v first_o â—adâ—truce_n with_o the_o king_n of_o persia_n proceed_v on_o his_o journey_n he_o be_v set_v upon_o by_o the_o parthian_n but_o be_v repulse_v they_o retire_v that_o day_n antonius_n hereby_o resolve_v what_o to_o do_v and_o strengthen_v his_o rear_n and_o flank_n with_o many_o darter_n &_o slinger_n he_o form_v hâ—s_a army_n into_o a_o plinthium_fw-la and_o will_v his_o horse_n â—o_o fall_v out_o and_o repulse_v the_o eâ—nmy_n but_o not_o to_o follow_v the_o chase_n too_o far_o the_o parthian_n the_o next_o four_o day_n begin_v to_o be_v more_o cool_a and_o neither_o charge_v nor_o be_v charge_v and_o make_v winter_n their_o pretence_n be_v glad_a to_o retire_v â—o_o their_o house_n by_o this_o precedent_n we_o may_v see_v that_o the_o parthian_n who_o be_v mighty_a in_o horse_n be_v fierce_a upon_o the_o roman_n as_o long_o a_o they_o hold_v their_o ordinary_a kind_n of_o march_n but_o after_o they_o have_v order_v themselves_o into_o a_o plinthium_fw-la so_o that_o the_o parthian_n can_v not_o come_v up_o to_o they_o without_o much_o endanger_n themselves_o they_o think_v it_o best_a to_o let_v they_o quiet_o pass_v and_o go_v whither_o they_o will_v and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o diphalange_n homoiostomus_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la word_n of_o direction_n in_o the_o homoiostomus_n 1_o wheel_v your_o battle_n if_o they_o stand_v in_o even_a front_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n 2_o march_v one_o battle_n after_o the_o other_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n 1_o fâ—â—e_v about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n 2_o wheel_n the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n according_a as_o the_o case_n require_v 3_o face_n as_o you_o be_v at_o first_o cap._n 43._o the_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la the_o fileleader_n the_o bringers-up_a for_o the_o plinthium_fw-la if_o there_o be_v 4_o battle_n stand_v togethler_n in_o a_o even_a front_n this_o i_o will_v hold_v the_o fit_a way_n to_o make_v a_o plinthium_fw-la 1_o let_v the_o first_o battle_n stand_v firm_a or_o march_v on_o in_o go_v forward_a wheel_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n in_o fall_v back_o use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n 2_o the_o 3_o countermarch_n the_o front_n with_o a_o countermarch_n than_o wheel_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n then_z march_z forward_z and_o place_n itself_o behind_o the_o right_a hand_n flank_n of_o the_o first_o that_o the_o front_n of_o it_o may_v be_v in_o a_o right_a line_n with_o the_o say_a flank_n 3_o the_o 4_o in_o go_v forward_o countermarch_n the_o rear_n with_o a_o macedon_n countermarch_n than_o wheel_n your_o battle_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n abount_n then_o wheel_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n then_o march_v and_o apply_v itself_o to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o strst_a battle_n as_o the_o three_o do_v to_o the_o right_n then_o face_n about_o and_o stand_v thus_o 4_o the_o 2_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n then_o march_v on_o till_o it_o be_v beyond_o the_o left_a point_n of_o the_o 4_o battle_n then_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o march_v up_o to_o lay_v the_o right-hand-point_n even_o with_o the_o right_a point_n of_o the_o 1_o battle_n and_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o make_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la thus_o the_o several_a body_n be_v bring_v into_o a_o plinthium_fw-la must_v front_v every_o way_n as_o long_o as_o they_o make_v alte._n when_o they_o march_v in_o a_o plinthium_fw-la they_o be_v all_o to_o face_n towards_o the_o head_n of_o their_o march_n that_o be_v the_o right_a and_o left_a flank_n battle_n be_v to_o face_v the_o one_o to_o the_o left_a the_o other_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o rear_n battle_n be_v to_o face_n about_o to_o which_o hand_n it_o list_v and_o so_o march_v on_o the_o battle_n beside_o have_v every_o one_o their_o place_n of_o dignity_n the_o first_o battle_n have_v the_o front_n the_o 2_o battle_n the_o rear_n the_o 3_o battle_n the_o right_a flank_n the_o 4_o the_o left_a flank_n of_o the_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la chap._n xliii_o 1_o a_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la be_v that_o which_o proceed_v by_o deduction_n have_v the_o leader_n of_o the_o former_a phalange_n in_o a_o right-handdeduction_a and_o of_o the_o follow_a phalange_n in_o a_o left-hand_a deduction_n so_o that_o the_o battle_n march_v counterchangeable_o one_o have_v the_o leader_n in_o one_o flank_n the_o other_o in_o the_o other_o note_n 1_o a_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la as_o the_o homoiostomus_n consist_v of_o two_o phalanges_fw-la &_o both_o proceed_v by_o deduction_n so_o must_v this_o form_n they_o differ_v in_o this_o only_a that_o the_o first_o have_v all_o the_o fileleader_n on_o one_o side_n either_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a this_o the_o fileleader_n of_o one_o battle_n on_o the_o right_n of_o the_o other_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n for_o if_o the_o lead_a phalange_n have_v the_o fileleader_n on_o the_o right-hand_a the_o follow_a phalange_n shall_v have_v they_o on_o the_o left_a if_o the_o first_o have_v they_o on_o the_o left_a the_o other_o shall_v have_v they_o on_o the_o right_n see_v the_o figure_n the_o use_n of_o this_o form_n be_v when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o on_o both_o flank_n of_o our_o march_n and_o of_o it_o the_o double_a side_v battle_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v in_o the_o 36_o and_o 37_o chapter_n may_v be_v make_v by_o the_o sleeve_a up_o the_o latter_a to_o the_o former_a and_o join_a rear_n to_o rear_v and_o if_o the_o lead_a battle_n have_v the_o fileleader_n in_o the_o right-flank_n it_o be_v to_o make_v alte_fw-la when_o the_o enemy_n come_v near_o and_o the_o follow_a battle_n to_o sleeve_n up_o by_o the_o rear_n of_o it_o to_o make_v a_o even_a front_n with_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o contrariwise_o if_o it_o have_v the_o fileleader_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n beside_o this_o orme_n have_v further_a use_n and_o you_o may_v frame_v of_o it_o a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n by_o sleeve_v up_o the_o follow_a battle_n on_o that_o side_n where_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o lead_a battle_n march_v for_o by_o such_o sleeving_a the_o fileleader_n of_o both_o i_o halanges_fw-la shall_v be_v in_o the_o midst_n word_n of_o direction_n in_o the_o heterostomus_fw-la there_o
enemy_n if_o the_o enemy_n come_v sudden_o upon_o we_o he_o must_v direct_v himself_o either_o against_o our_o front_n or_o our_o rear_n or_o our_o flank_n if_o front_n against_o our_o front_n we_o need_v no_o other_o motion_n then_o that_o whereby_o we_o may_v strengthen_v our_o front_n which_o be_v usual_o do_v by_o double_v of_o rank_n we_o march_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o a_o hearse_n in_o which_o form_n there_o can_v come_v many_o hand_n to_o fight_v and_o that_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o it_o be_v account_v the_o weak_a form_n to_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n rank_n double_v of_o rank_n help_v that_o defect_n and_o bring_v as_o many_o hand_n to_o fight_v as_o the_o proportion_n of_o force_n will_v allow_v if_o against_o the_o rear_n rear_n and_o time_n straight_o you_o not_o and_o your_o battle_n be_v in_o open_a order_n you_o have_v the_o use_n of_o countermarch_v countermarch_n which_o bring_v the_o best_a hand_n to_o fight_v for_o the_o fileleader_n be_v esteem_v the_o flower_n of_o the_o army_n your_o battle_n be_v in_o order_n or_o close_a order_n you_o be_v to_o wheeling_n wheel_v it_o about_o to_o your_o right_n or_o left_a cap._n 32._o the_o action_n of_o wheel_a cap._n 32._o the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v the_o first_o posture_n close_v of_o file_n close_v of_o rank_n forward_o the_o front_n cap._n 33_o os_fw-mi cloinge_n close_v to_o the_o midst_n the_o front_n after_o close_v yâ—_z right_n action_n close_v to_o yâ—_z leave_v â—and_v close_v to_o yâ—_z right_n â—and_v the_o front_n before_o close_v the_o front_n of_o yâ—_z battle_n before_o close_v hand_n and_o so_o to_o oppose_v the_o front_n against_o the_o enemy_n but_o in_o both_o these_o motion_n the_o caution_n of_o aelian_n be_v that_o the_o enemy_n surprise_v you_o not_o while_o you_o be_v in_o the_o a_o 〈…〉_z ion_n of_o countermarch_n or_o wheel_a lest_o take_v his_o advantage_n he_o charge_v you_o be_v in_o disorder_n therefore_o if_o he_o come_v so_o near_o that_o you_o have_v no_o liberty_n to_o countermarch_n or_o wheel_n your_o only_a refuge_n be_v to_o facing_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n for_o so_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o give_v upon_o your_o back_n if_o the_o enemy_n appear_v upon_o any_o flank_n countermarch_n of_o the_o front_n will_v not_o avail_v much_o less_o double_v against_o the_o flank_n of_o rank_n or_o file_n but_o you_o must_v either_o wheel_v your_o front_n to_o the_o flank_n or_o if_o you_o have_v not_o time_n enough_o so_o to_o do_v you_o be_v to_o face_v your_o battle_n to_o that_o hand_n the_o use_n of_o these_o motion_n have_v be_v handle_v in_o their_o several_a chapter_n more_o at_o large_a of_o the_o sign_n of_o direction_n which_o be_v to_o be_v givin_v to_o the_o army_n and_o of_o their_o several_a kind_n chap._n xxxv_o 1_o we_o be_v to_o acquaint_v our_o force_n both_o foot_n and_o horse_n perfect_o with_o the_o 2_o voice_n and_o perfect_o with_o 3_o visible_a sign_n that_o whatsoever_o be_v fit_v may_v be_v execute_v and_o do_v as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v 4_o some_o thing_n also_o be_v to_o be_v denounce_v by_o the_o trumpet_n for_o so_o all_o direction_n will_v be_v full_o accomplish_v and_o sort_n to_o a_o desire_a effect_n 5_o the_o sign_n therefore_o which_o be_v deliver_v by_o voice_n be_v most_o evident_a and_o clear_a if_o they_o have_v no_o impediment_n 6_o but_o the_o most_o certain_a and_o least_o tumultuous_a sign_n be_v such_o as_o be_v present_v to_o the_o eye_n if_o they_o be_v not_o obscure_v the_o voice_n sometime_o can_v be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o clash_n of_o armour_n or_o trample_v or_o ney_v of_o horse_n or_o tumult_n of_o carriage_n or_o noise_n and_o confuse_a sound_n of_o the_o multitude_n the_o visible_a sign_n also_o become_v many_o way_n uncertain_a by_o thickness_n of_o air_n by_o dust_n by_o rain_n or_o snow_n or_o sunshine_n or_o else_o through_o ground_n that_o be_v uneven_a or_o full_a of_o tree_n or_o of_o turn_n and_o sometime_o it_o will_v not_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v out_o sign_n for_o all_o use_n occasion_n eftsoon_o present_v new_a matter_n to_o which_o a_o man_n be_v not_o accustom_v yet_o can_v it_o not_o so_o fall_v out_o that_o either_o by_o voice_n or_o by_o signal_n we_o shall_v not_o give_v sure_a and_o certain_a direction_n note_n 1_o the_o ordinary_a motion_n in_o a_o phalange_n be_v all_o represent_v by_o aelian_n now_o come_v he_o to_o speak_v of_o sign_n which_o direct_v and_o be_v mean_n of_o effect_v all_o these_o motion_n and_o without_o which_o the_o army_n be_v no_o army_n but_o remain_v a_o body_n ungovernable_a and_o may_v apt_o be_v resemble_v to_o a_o ship_n that_o have_v no_o rudder_n for_o as_o a_o ship_n in_o a_o tempest_n be_v drive_v by_o all_o wind_n toss_v by_o wave_n throw_v every_o way_n upon_o rock_n upon_o sand_n upon_o dangerous_a shore_n that_o be_v not_o guide_v by_o the_o master_n who_o stand_v and_o move_v at_o the_o helm_n so_o a_o army_n not_o direct_v by_o sign_n and_o forecast_v of_o the_o general_n be_v carry_v away_o through_o ignorance_n and_o violence_n of_o affection_n sometime_o of_o anger_n sometime_o offeare_n sometime_o of_o revenge_n and_o other_o unbridled_a desire_n and_o break_v or_o else_o fall_v into_o confusion_n through_o disorder_n work_v little_a against_o the_o enemy_n may_v rather_o give_v he_o mean_n of_o a_o certain_a victory_n the_o ship_n be_v like_o the_o army_n the_o general_n like_o the_o master_n the_o word_n of_o direction_n like_o the_o rudder_n guide_v all_o and_o every_o motion_n of_o the_o army_n for_o the_o army_n be_v a_o body_n of_o many_o head_n whereof_o every_o one_o have_v a_o several_a sense_n hang_v together_o not_o by_o the_o natural_a coherence_n and_o knit_n of_o one_o member_n to_o another_o but_o by_o artificial_a join_n of_o man_n to_o man_n file_n to_o file_n body_n to_o body_n whereby_o it_o be_v gather_v together_o into_o one_o mass_n and_o figure_v into_o many_o member_n and_o joint_n and_o rule_v not_o by_o the_o reason_n and_o judgement_n of_o itself_o but_o by_o the_o reason_n and_o understanding_n of_o the_o general_n so_o that_o no_o man_n be_v to_o demand_v why_o this_o or_o that_o be_v command_v but_o be_v to_o execute_v it_o alone_o for_o this_o cause_n because_o it_o be_v command_v the_o general_n then_o be_v to_o command_n and_o direct_v the_o action_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n aught_o to_o find_v out_o mean_n to_o speak_v and_o discourse_v with_o they_o all_o at_o once_o in_o such_o a_o language_n as_o it_o be_v that_o all_o may_v understand_v at_o once_o for_o the_o occurrence_n of_o war_n be_v oftentimes_o sudden_a and_o once_o slip_v by_o irrecoverable_a require_v sudden_a mean_n of_o speedy_a direction_n that_o nothing_o fall_v out_o so_o unlooked_v for_o but_o the_o army_n may_v have_v notice_n how_o to_o prevent_v and_o avoid_v or_o else_o to_o turn_v it_o to_o their_o most_o advantage_n the_o rather_o because_o in_o war_n safety_n and_o life_n come_v in_o question_n in_o loss_n of_o which_o no_o pardon_n of_o negligence_n can_v be_v admit_v and_o see_v there_o be_v two_o principal_a sense_n of_o advertisement_n the_o ear_n the_o one_o the_o other_o the_o eye_n the_o ear_n to_o hear_v all_o manner_n of_o sound_n the_o eye_n to_o discern_v all_o manner_n of_o colour_n and_o shape_n it_o have_v be_v the_o witty_a invention_n so_o ancient_a general_n to_o inform_v their_o army_n by_o the_o one_o and_o by_o the_o other_o by_o the_o eye_n when_o there_o be_v no_o use_n of_o the_o ear_n by_o the_o ear_n when_o the_o eye_n can_v not_o be_v inform_v the_o true_a observation_n and_o use_n of_o these_o sign_n avail_n much_o in_o war_n 5._o vegetius_n say_v that_o nothing_o profit_v more_o to_o victory_n then_o to_o obey_v the_o admonition_n of_o sign_n former_a experience_n have_v teach_v that_o the_o neglect_n or_o error_n of_o sign_n have_v bring_v in_o great_a inconvenience_n and_o quite_o overthrow_v the_o enterprise_n in_o hand_n â—_o polybius_n remember_v it_o in_o aratus_n the_o elder_a a_o general_n of_o the_o achaean_n cratus_fw-la say_v he_o the_o general_n of_o the_o achaean_n seek_v to_o get_v the_o cyâ—ethian_a city_n by_o a_o plot_n agree_v with_o those_o of_o his_o party_n within_o the_o city_n upon_o a_o certain_a time_n to_o come_v by_o night_n to_o the_o river_n that_o run_v by_o cynethe_v there_o refresh_v and_o stay_v his_o army_n a_o while_n and_o that_o those_o within_o take_v their_o time_n shall_v send_v about_o midday_n out_o of_o the_o gate_n secret_o one_o of_o their_o companion_n to_o stand_v in_o a_o cloak_n by_o a_o hill_n appoint_v which_o be_v not_o far_o from_o the_o city_n to_o give_v advertisement_n to_o aratus_n to_o
the_o sound_n of_o the_o instrument_n they_o may_v not_o in_o the_o march_n break_v their_o order_n of_o embattail_v which_o great_a army_n often_o do_v in_o advance_v to_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n when_o they_o be_v ready_a to_o join_v king_n agis_n bethink_v himself_o of_o this_o strata_fw-la gem_n it_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o all_o army_n in_o the_o onset_n to_o stretch_v out_o their_o right_a wing_n and_o with_o they_o to_o circumvent_v and_o encompass_v the_o left_a wing_n of_o their_o adversary_n because_o every_o soldier_n careful_a of_o his_o own_o sefety_n seek_v to_o cover_v his_o unarmed_a side_n with_o the_o target_n of_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o to_o his_o right_a hand_n and_o imagine_v that_o the_o set_n of_o target_n close_o serve_v for_o the_o best_a defence_n against_o the_o enemy_n the_o cause_n be_v this_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n desire_v to_o withdraw_v as_o much_o as_o he_o can_v his_o naked_a side_n from_o the_o weapon_n of_o the_o enemy_n proceed_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v he_o and_o at_o that_o time_n the_o mantinean_o a_o great_a deal_n overreach_v the_o scirite_n with_o their_o wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o tegeat_n much_o more_o the_o athenian_n by_o reason_n they_o oâ—ermatched_v theâ—_n in_o number_n agis_n therefore_o fear_v the_o encompass_v of_o his_o left_a wing_n see_v that_o the_o front_n of_o the_o mantinean_o be_v very_o broad_a and_o far_o extend_v give_v a_o sign_n to_o the_o scirite_n and_o brasideans_n to_o stretch_v out_o their_o wing_n and_o to_o equal_v the_o front_n of_o the_o mantinean_o and_o for_o the_o void_a space_n that_o shall_v remain_v upon_o their_o advance_v he_o command_v two_o polemarch_n or_o colonel_n hipponoidas_n and_o aristocles_n to_o lead_v therein_o two_o cohort_n from_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o fill_v up_o the_o void_a space_n conceive_v that_o he_o shall_v this_o notwithstanding_o leave_v himself_o strength_n enough_o in_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o that_o the_o wing_n oppose_v against_o the_o mantinean_o shall_v hereby_o be_v better_o enable_v to_o the_o encounter_n but_o it_o happen_v that_o hipponoidas_n &_o aristocles_n follow_v not_o these_o direction_n whether_o the_o reason_n be_v in_o the_o suddenness_n of_o the_o command_n or_o in_o the_o prevention_n of_o the_o enemy_n give_v on_o for_o which_o fault_n they_o be_v afterward_o banish_v sparta_n as_o man_n effeminate_a &_o coward_n when_o they_o come_v to_o hand_n the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o mantinean_o put_v the_o scirite_n and_o brasideans_n to_o flight_n and_o they_o and_o their_o ally_n and_o the_o 1000_o select_a argive_n fall_v into_o the_o empty_a space_n that_o be_v not_o fill_v up_o make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o encompass_v they_o force_v they_o to_o turn_v their_o back_n in_o haste_n and_o fly_v to_o their_o wagon_n and_o slay_v also_o some_o of_o the_o elder_a sort_n of_o soldier_n that_o be_v leave_v for_o guard_v there_o hitherto_o thucydides_n i_o prosecute_v not_o the_o remanenâ—_fw-la of_o the_o battle_n because_o it_o be_v somewhat_o long_o that_o which_o i_o have_v recite_v be_v enough_o for_o my_o purpose_n namely_o to_o show_v the_o manner_n of_o overw_v thus_o then_o apply_v it_o the_o mantinean_o have_v their_o right_a wing_n far_o extend_v beyond_o the_o point_n of_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o scirite_n and_o brasidaean_n who_o by_o march_v out_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n seek_v to_o equal_v the_o front_n of_o their_o adversary_n but_o leave_v the_o ground_n void_a wherein_o they_o be_v first_o place_v this_o ground_n by_o agis_n his_o commandment_n shall_v have_v be_v fill_v by_o the_o cohort_n of_o hipponoidas_n and_o aristocles_n it_o be_v not_o fill_v so_o that_o in_o the_o charge_n the_o enemy_n have_v the_o advantage_n to_o enter_v it_o and_o to_o circumvent_v on_o that_o side_n the_o scirite_n and_o brasideans_n and_o put_v they_o to_o flight_n which_o danger_n will_v be_v common_a to_o all_o that_o shall_v be_v so_o overwinge_v by_o their_o enemy_n the_o danger_n then_o of_o over-fronting_a and_o overwinging_a be_v so_o great_a let_v we_o see_v what_o remedy_n and_o prevention_n against_o either_o of_o they_o have_v be_v devise_v by_o antiquity_n against_o â—ner-fronting_a they_o seek_v to_o secure_v the_o flank_n of_o their_o battle_n over-fronting_a sometime_o by_o order_v their_o army_n in_o such_o a_o figure_n as_o shall_v be_v sufficient_a to_o sustain_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n wheresoever_o he_o give_v on_o of_o which_o kind_n 〈…〉_z be_v the_o plesium_n or_o hollow-square_a speak_v of_o in_o the_o last_o chapter_n this_o be_v practise_v by_o the_o grecian_n at_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n and_o oftentimes_o by_o other_o grecian_n as_o be_v every_o where_o to_o be_v find_v in_o their_o history_n and_o alexander_n when_o he_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o darius_n at_o gaugamela_n the_o country_n be_v e._n champagne_n and_o darius_n abound_v in_o multitude_n defend_v himself_o with_o a_o epicampios_fw-la opisthia_fw-la or_o a_o rear_n hollow_a battle_n i_o have_v show_v the_o manner_n of_o it_o before_o in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 46_o chapter_n and_o sometime_o again_o by_o foresee_v the_o danger_n and_o place_n reserve_v in_o the_o rear_n or_o some_o other_o secret_a place_n to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n in_o their_o flank_n while_o they_o busy_a themselves_o against_o your_o flank_n this_o 8._o be_v practise_v by_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a against_o croesn_n as_o i_o have_v show_v in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 46_o chapter_n of_o 2_o this_o kind_n also_o it_o be_v when_o you_o lay_v a_o ambush_n to_o charge_v their_o rear_n while_o they_o charge_v your_o flank_n the_o place_n will_v likewise_o help_v much_o to_o avoid_v encompass_v for_o if_o the_o battle_n be_v fight_v in_o a_o straight_a place_n by_o nature_n where_o the_o enemy_n can_v draw_v out_o his_o phalange_n in_o length_n there_o be_v no_o danger_n of_o encompass_v so_o alexander_n at_o issos_n in_o cilic_n 〈…〉_z be_v free_v from_o encompass_v the_o place_n 36._o be_v too_o narrow_a for_o darius_n to_o bring_v all_o his_o force_n into_o a_o equal_a front_n the_o place_n may_v also_o be_v help_v by_o art_n in_o case_n it_o be_v otherwise_o to_o open_v and_o fit_a for_o the_o enemy_n that_o abound_v in_o number_n to_o encompasle_n we_o on_o every_o side_n so_o 323._o caesar_n be_v to_o fight_v against_o multitude_n of_o gaul_n draw_v a_o deep_a trench_n on_o both_o the_o flank_n of_o his_o army_n to_o assure_v it_o from_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o like_a do_v inithridaâ—ico_fw-la sylla_n against_o archelauâ—_n the_o â—enerall_n of_o mithridat_n in_o the_o battle_n cheronea_n and_o both_o oâ—_n they_o so_o secure_v their_o army_n from_o circumuention_n become_v by_o that_o mean_n master_n of_o the_o field_n and_o conqueror_n of_o their_o enemy_n of_o late_a time_n 2._o 10._o huniades_n the_o hungarian_a king_n be_v to_o fight_v against_o a_o huge_a army_n of_o the_o turk_n gain_v a_o noble_a victory_n against_o they_o by_o place_v his_o army_n on_o the_o one_o side_n against_o a_o fen_n and_o enclose_v it_o on_o the_o other_o side_n with_o his_o wagon_n and_o these_o preventio_fw-la 〈…〉_z have_v be_v devise_v against_o hyperphalangesis_n or_o over-fronting_a against_o overwinning_a they_o think_v it_o overwinging_a sufficient_a to_o strengthen_v and_o make_v safe_a the_o wing_n that_o be_v like_a to_o be_v endanger_v by_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o all_o remedy_n against_o overfront_a be_v good_a also_o against_o overw_v but_o the_o remedy_n against_o overw_a be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o frustrate_v overfront_v ouerw_v therefore_o have_v be_v avoid_v sometime_o by_o draw_v out_o the_o endanger_a wing_n in_o length_n to_o equal_v the_o enemy_n wing_n that_o oppose_v against_o it_o this_o be_v do_v by_o double_v of_o rank_n as_o 5_o aelian_n teach_v in_o the_o 29_o chapter_n and_o as_o it_o be_v practise_v by_o 19_o cleandridas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a against_o tâ—e_v thurian_o wherein_o netwithstanding_o this_o caution_n be_v to_o be_v hold_v that_o you_o double_v not_o your_o rank_n so_o that_o you_o make_v the_o depth_n of_o your_o body_n to_o thin_a for_o 108._o in_o so_o do_v your_o body_n will_v be_v as_o subject_a to_o break_v for_o want_n of_o depth_n as_o for_o want_v or_o length_n to_o overw_v beside_o it_o be_v do_v by_o face_v to_o the_o hand_n where_o the_o enemy_n battle_n overwinge_v and_o march_v out_o against_o it_o paralelly_n till_o your_o wing_n equal_v the_o wing_n of_o the_o enemy_n but_o so_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o void_a space_n from_o whence_o you_o draw_v your_o wing_n be_v fill_v up_o for_o fear_v the_o enemy_n give_v in_o to_o it_o and_o distress_n you_o there_o as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o precedent_n which_o in_o this_o
need_v few_o word_n of_o direction_n in_o this_o only_o if_o the_o two_o ordinary_a battle_n stand_v in_o equal_a front_n let_v the_o one_o wheel_n to_o the_o right_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o so_o march_v the_o one_o before_o the_o other_o after_o of_o the_o horse_n rombe_n and_o of_o the_o foot-halfe-moone_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xliiii_o 1_o the_o battle_n frame_v in_o a_o form_n of_o a_o rombe_n be_v first_o invent_v by_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a and_o be_v call_v i_o will_v after_o his_o name_n and_o to_o this_o form_n he_o exercise_v and_o accustom_v his_o thessalian_n it_o be_v of_o good_a use_n because_o it_o have_v a_o leader_n on_o every_o corner_n in_o the_o front_n the_o captain_n in_o the_o rear_n the_o livetennant_n and_o on_o either_o side_n the_o flank-commander_n 2_o the_o foot_n battle_n fit_a to_o encounter_n this_o be_v the_o 3_o menoide_v or_o crescent_a have_v both_o the_o wing_n stretch_v out_o and_o within_o they_o the_o leader_n and_o be_v embow_v in_o the_o midst_n to_o environ_v and_o wrap_v in_o the_o horseman_n in_o their_o give_v on_o where_o upon_o the_o horseman_n ply_v the_o foot_n a_o far_o off_o with_o fly_a weapon_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o tarantine_n seek_v thereby_o to_o dissolve_v and_o disorder_v their_o circle_a frame_n of_o march_n tarentum_n be_v a_o city_n in_o italy_n the_o hoseman_n whereof_o be_v call_v acrobolist_n because_o in_o charge_v they_o first_o cast_v little_a darter_n dart_n and_o after_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n note_n 1_o the_o battle_n in_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n of_o the_o rhombe_n be_v sufficient_o speak_v in_o chap._n 6._o before_o and_o in_o the_o note_n upon_o the_o same_o chapter_n the_o manner_n of_o frame_v of_o it_o and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o be_v there_o set_v down_o the_o thessalian_n cap_n 44_o the_o half_a moon_n or_o menoide_n of_o foot_n the_o rhombe_n of_o horse_n the_o front_n use_v not_o all_o those_o kind_n but_o only_o that_o which_o file_v but_o rank_n not_o as_o aelian_n testify_v in_o the_o 46_o chapter_n which_o kind_n be_v there_o also_o describe_v it_o 46._o be_v account_v a_o form_n of_o great_a violence_n &_o in_o that_o form_n the_o thessalian_n get_v all_o there_o reputation_n be_v esteem_v the_o the_o best_a horseman_n of_o greece_n 2_o the_o foot_n battle_n fit_a to_o encounter_n this_o the_o advantage_n that_o horseman_n have_v against_o foot_n be_v great_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o footman_n have_v seek_v to_o help_v themselves_o by_o diverse_a kind_n of_o embattail_v to_o the_o end_n to_o supply_v by_o art_n that_o which_o they_o want_v by_o force_n and_o strength_n of_o which_o manner_n of_o embattailing_n many_o be_v set_v down_o in_o aelian_n if_o more_o than_o one_o troop_n charge_n at_o once_o you_o have_v the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la antistomus_n and_o the_o plinthium_fw-la to_o resist_v if_o but_o one_o troop_n the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n all_o which_o kind_n be_v before_o describe_v by_o aelian_n in_o this_o chapter_n be_v another_o kind_n describe_v namely_o the_o half_a moon_n and_o there_o follow_v in_o other_o chapter_n the_o plagiophalange_n the_o epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_fw-la and_o the_o wedge_n of_o all_o which_o we_o be_v to_o discourse_v in_o order_n as_o they_o be_v remember_v by_o our_o author_n 3_o be_v the_o menoeid_n or_o cressant_n against_o the_o rhombe_n of_o horse_n aelian_n oppose_v the_o menoeides_n of_o foot_n a_o name_n of_o battle_n borrow_v from_o the_o shape_n of_o the_o moon_n for_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v the_o moon_n and_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o be_v join_v to_o make_v up_o the_o composition_n signify_v a_o full_a shape_n or_o form_n so_o the_o word_n import_v a_o shape_n or_o form_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o yet_o this_o battle_n be_v not_o like_o all_o shape_n of_o the_o moon_n but_o like_a to_o the_o new_a moon_n when_o she_o have_v two_o horn_n and_o have_v the_o shape_n of_o half_a a_o circle_n as_o it_o be_v in_o which_o sense_n isis_n the_o egyptian_a goddess_n which_o indeed_o be_v the_o moon_n say_v â—_o diodorus_n siculus_n be_v picture_v with_o two_o horn_n from_o the_o show_n which_o she_o make_v be_v menoeide_n that_o be_v the_o new_a moon_n so_o be_v a_o wall_n sometime_o call_v because_o of_o the_o hollow_a form_n as_o when_o the_o rhodian_n have_v their_o wall_n shrewd_o shake_v by_o the_o engine_n of_o battery_n of_o demetrius_n rear_v a_o inward_a wall_n in_o shape_n of_o a_o crescent_n which_o with_o the_o compass_n comprehend_v all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o outward_a wall_n which_o be_v batter_v the_o same_o c._n diodorus_n call_v it_o menoeides_n the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o halicarnassean_o against_o alexander_n the_o great_a and_o arrian_n give_v it_o the_o name_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o brick_n half_a moon_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o invention_n of_o this_o form_n be_v lay_v out_o by_o 65._o onosander_n &_o 184._o leo._n oftentimes_o say_v onosader_n those_o that_o have_v great_a number_n of_o man_n in_o the_o field_n be_v wont_a to_o figure_v they_o into_o a_o crescent_n suppose_v that_o in_o charge_v the_o enemy_n will_v be_v ready_a to_o join_v man_n to_o man_n that_o be_v to_o enter_v into_o the_o semicircle_n and_o fight_n with_o they_o that_o stand_v embow_v in_o do_v whereof_o they_o will_v be_v hem_v and_o wrape_v in_o in_o the_o half_a circle_n the_o wing_n of_o the_o half_a circle_n be_v to_o be_v draw_v together_o round_o about_o they_o and_o the_o whole_a bring_v into_o the_o form_n of_o a_o circle_n and_o leo_n likewise_o the_o figure_n bear_v there_o semblance_n of_o half_a a_o circle_n seem_v to_o be_v safe_a &_o firm_a for_o it_o enclose_v the_o enemy_n that_o come_v against_o it_o in_o the_o hollowness_n of_o the_o circle_n by_o draw_v out_o the_o wing_n into_o a_o circle_n on_o both_o side_n and_o give_v more_o courage_n to_o fight_v against_o they_o the_o cause_n then_o to_o take_v up_o this_o figure_n in_o fight_n be_v three_o one_o the_o advantage_n of_o multitude_n of_o force_n in_o the_o field_n whereby_o the_o general_n be_v enable_v to_o encompass_v another_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o enemy_n that_o venture_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o half_a moon_n the_o three_o the_o efficasie_a of_o the_o figure_n which_o serve_v to_o entrap_v the_o enemy_n that_o be_v not_o heedful_a and_o wary_a in_o join_v battle_n it_o have_v be_v use_v both_o against_o horse_n and_o foot_n and_o sometime_o in_o sea_n by_o one_o navy_n against_o another_o aelian_n esteem_v it_o good_a against_o horse_n no_o doubt_n when_o horse_n charge_n and_o be_v resist_v both_o in_o front_n and_o ply_v also_o with_o fly_a weapon_n in_o flank_n they_o find_v a_o great_a â—n_n opposition_n and_o disadvantage_n then_o when_o they_o be_v receive_v in_o front_n alone_o in_o square_a battle_n of_o foot_n the_o front_n lie_v even_o the_o horse_n in_o charge_v abide_v only_o the_o danger_n before_o whereas_o in_o the_o hollow_a front_a battle_n of_o foot_n such_o as_o be_v this_o form_n and_o the_o epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_fw-la they_o be_v endanger_v also_o in_o flank_n yea_o in_o both_o flank_n &_o can_v enter_v the_o hollowness_n of_o the_o front_n without_o loss_n of_o many_o of_o their_o horse_n the_o depth_n of_o the_o hollowness_n be_v as_o strong_a in_o have_v the_o fileleader_n in_o front_n and_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o file_n the_o same_o as_o a_o square_a battle_n to_o resist_v and_o the_o wing_n ply_v and_o infest_v they_o with_o all_o sort_n of_o fly_a weapon_n against_o foot_n it_o have_v be_v use_v oftentimes_o and_o it_o be_v the_o only_a form_n that_o the_o turk_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o multitude_n use_v both_o with_o horse_n and_o foot_n against_o christian_n at_o this_o day_n the_o crescent_n may_v be_v frame_v not_o only_o before_o fight_n be_v begin_v but_o also_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o fight_n before_o the_o fight_n you_o have_v a_o example_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n against_o epaminondas_n which_o i_o have_v cite_v at_o large_a in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 30_o chap._n 41._o leo_n also_o setteh_a down_o the_o manner_n of_o cast_v a_o navy_n into_o a_o crescent_a before_o fight_v during_o the_o fight_n aratus_n the_o elder_a frame_v a_o crescent_n against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n pausanias_n recite_v it_o in_o this_o manner_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o 471._o the_o lacedaemonian_n against_o the_o mantinean_o the_o mantinean_o say_v he_o have_v the_o right_a wing_n all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o arcadian_n the_o left_a the_o midst_n be_v ussign_v to_o aratus_n and_o to_o the_o sicyonian_o and_o achaean_n agis_n king_n of_o lacedaemon_n and_o the_o lacedaemonian_n strethe_v out_o their_o battle_n to_o invade_v