formerly mentioned dislocations The arm on one side and the hand on another must be extended upon a hard resisting and smooth place so that it may lye flat and you must have a care that the part whence the dislocated bone fell bee the lower in its site and place and the part whether it is gone the higher Then to conclude the prominencies of the bones must be pressed down by the hand of the Surgeon untill by the force of compression and site the luxated bones be thrust and forced into their places and cavities CHAP. XXXVI Of the dislocated bones of the Wrest THe wrest consists of eight bones which cannot unlesse by extraordinary violence bee put or fall out of their places Yet if they shall at any time fall out they will shew it by the tumor of the part wherto they are gone and by the depression of that wherefrom they are fled They may bee restored if the diseased hand bee extended upon a table and if the bones shall be dislocated inwards the hand shall bee placed with the palme upwards then the Surgeon shall with the palme of his hand presse downe the eminencies of the bones and force each bone into its place But if the luxation bee outwards he shall lay the palme next to the table and presse it after the same manner To conclude if the luxation shall be toward either side the luxated bones shall be thrust towards the contrary and the restored bones shall be presently conteined in their places with fit remedies binding rowling and carrying the hand in a scarfe CHAP. XXXVII Of the dislocated bones of the After-wrest THere are foure bones in the Palme or After-wrest the two middlemost whereof cannot be dislocated sidewayes because they are hindred and kept from falling aside by the opposition of the parts as it were resisting them Neither can that which answereth to the little finger nor that whereon the forefinger rests bee dislocated towards that side which is next the middle bones whereof wee now spake but onely on the other side freed from the neighbour-hood of the bones but all of them may be dislocated inwardly and outwardly They may be restored as those of the Wrest CHAP. XXXVIII Of the dislocated Fingers ALso the bones of the fingers may bee foure severall waies dislocated in wardly outwardly and towards each side To restore them they must bee laid straight upon a table and so put into joint againe For thus they may bee easily restored by reason their sockets are not deepe and their joints are shorter and ligaments lesse stronge In twelve dayes space they will recover their strength as also those dislocations that happen to the Wrest and After-wrest CHAP. XXXIX Of a dislocated Thigh or Hipp. THe Thigh or Hipp may be dislocated and fall forth towards all the foure parts But most frequently inwards next to that outwards but very seldom either forwards or backwards A subluxation cannot happen in this joint as neither in the shoulder especially from an externall cause contrary to which it usually happens in the elbow hand knee and foot The cause hereof is for that the heads of the thigh and shoulder-bone are exactly round and the sockets which receive them have certaine borders and edges encompassing them hereunto may be added that strong muscles encompasse each dearticulation so that it cannot come to passe that part of the heads of such bones may bee conteined in the cavity and other parts stand or fall forth but that they will quickly bee restored to their places by the motion and wheeling about of the joint and the strength of the encompassing muscles But a subluxation may seeme to happen in these parts from an internall cause For then the ligaments and tyes being softened and relaxed cannot draw and carry back the head of the bone standing forth so far as the edges of the socket If the Hip be dislocated towards the inner part that leg becomes longer and larger than the other but the knee appeares somewhat lower and looks outwardly with the whole foote neither can the patient stand upon his leg To conclude the head of the Thigh-bone bewrayes it selfe lying in the groin with a swelling manifest both to the eye and hand now the legge is longer than that which is sound for that the head of the thigh is out of its socket or cavity and situated lower to wit in the groin therefore the leg is made by so much the larger Now the knee stands forth because necessarily the lower head of the thigh-bone stands contrary to the socket For this is common to all dislocated bones that when as the dislocation happens towards the one side the other end of the bone flyes out to the contrary Whence it is that if the upperhead of the Thigh-bone shall fall inwards then the other head which is at the knee must necessarily looke outwards The like happens in other dislocations The leg cannot be bended towards the groine for that the dislocated bone holds the extending muscles of the same part so stiffely stretched out that they cannot yeeld or apply themselves to the benders For flexion or bending ought to precede extension and extension flexion CHAP. XL. Prognosticks belonging to a dislocated Hipp. THere is this danger in the dislocations of the Hipp that either the bone cannot bee put into the place againe at least unlesse with very much trouble or else being put in that it may presently fall out againe For if the tendons of the muscles the ligaments and other nervous parts of the member be hard and strong they by reason of their contumacy and stiffenesse will hardly suffer the bone to returne to its place If that they bee soft loose effeminate and weake they will not containe the restored bone in its place Neither will it be any better contained if that short but yet strong and round ligament which fastens the head of the Thigh-bone on the inside in the Socket or Cavity of the huckle bone bee broken or relaxed Now it may be broken by some violent shocke or accident it may bee relaxed by the congestion and long stay of some excrementitious tough and viscous humour lying about the joint through which meanes it waxeth soft But if it be broken how often soever the bone be restored it will presently fall out againe If it bee relaxed there is onely this hope to containe the restored bone that is to consume and draw away the heaped up humidity by application of medicines and Cauteries of both kindes for which purpose those are more effectuall which doe actually burne for that they dry and strengthen more powerfully Leanenesse of the body and the want of Aponeuroses that is of broad tendont and externall ligaments wherof many encompasse the knee encreases the difficulty of containing it in the place But the parts adjoyning to the dislocated not set bone fall away by little little and consume with an Atrophia or
out of the ureter bladder and passage of the urine now will we briefly shew the manner of taking of greater stones out of the bladder which is performed by incision and iron instruments and I will deliver the practice thereof first in children then in men and lastly in women First therefore let the Surgeon take the boy upon whom it is determined the worke shall be performed under the arme holes and so give him five or sixe shakes that so the stone may descend the more downewards to the neck of the bladder The must you cause a strong man sitting upon a high seat to lay the child upon his backe with his face from himward having his hips lying upon his knees The child must lye somewhat high that he may breathe the freelier let not the nervous parts be too much stretched but let all parts be loose and free for the drawing forth of the stone Furthermore it is fit that this strong man the childs legges being bended backe wish the child that putting his legs to his hams that he draw them up as much as he can let the other be sure he keep them so for this site of the child much conduceth to well performing of the worke Then let the Surgeon thrust two of the fingers of his left hand as farre into the childs fundament as hee is able but let him with his other hand presse the lower belly first wrapping a cloth about his hand that so the compression may be the lesse troublesome and lest inflammation should happen rather by this meanes than by the incision Now the compression hath this use to cause the stone descend out of the bottome of the bladder into the neck thereof under the os pubis whither after it is arrived it must be there kept as it were governed by the command of your hand lest it should slide from that place whereto you have brought it These things thus done nothing now remaineth but that the Surgeon with a wound some two fingers breadth distant from the fundament cut through all the flesh even to the stone on the left side of the perinaeum But in the interim let him beware that he hurt not the intestinum rectum for it may and usually doth happen that whilest the stone is brought out of the bottome of the bladder to the neck thereof this gut is doubled in now if it bee cut with your incision knife it commeth to passe that the excrements may sometimes come out at the wound and the urine by the fundament which thing hath in many hindred the agglutination and consolidation of the wound yet in some others it hath done little harme because in this tender age many things happen which may seeme to exceed nature the incision being made the stone must bee plucked forth with the instrument here expressed Hookes to pull stones forth of childrens bladders The stone being drawne out a small pipe shall be put into the wound and there kept for some space after for reasons hereafter to bee delivered then his knees shall bee bound together for thus the wound will the sooner close and bee agglutinated The residue of the cure shall be performed by reducing the generall cure of wounds to the particular temper of the childs age and the peculiar nature of the child in cure CHAP. XLII How to cut men for the taking out of the stone in the bladder SEing wee cannot otherwise helpe such men as have stones in their bladders we must come to the extreme remedy to wit cutting But the patient must first be purged and if the case require draw somebloud yet must you not immediately after this or the day following hasten to the work for the patient cannot but be weakened by purging bleeding Also it is expedient for some daies before to foment the privities with such things as relaxe and soften that by their yeelding the stone may the more easily be extracted Now the cure is thus to be performed The patient shall be placed upon a firm table or bench with a cloth many times doubled under his buttocks and a pillow under his loynes back so that he may lie halfe upright with his thighs lifted up and his legs and heels drawn back to his buttocks Then shall his feet be bound with a ligature of three fingers breadth cast about his ankles and with the heads thereof being drawn upwards to his neck and cast about it and so brought downewards both his hands shall bee bound to his knees as the following figure sheweth The figure of a man lying ready to be cut for the stone The patient thus bound it is fit you have foure strong men at hand that is two to hold his armes and other two who may so firmely and straightly hold the knee with one hand and the foot with the other that he may neither move his limmes nor stirre his buttocks but be forced to keep in the same posture with his whole body Then the Surgeon shall thrust into the urenary passage even to the bladder a silver or iron and hollow probe annoynted with oyle and opened or slit on the out side that the point of the knife may enter thereinto and that it may guide the hand of the workman and keep the knife from piercing any farther into the bodies lying there-under The figure of this probe is here exprest Probes with slits in their ends He shall gently wrest the probe being so thrust in towards the left side and also he who standeth on the patients right hand shall with his left hand gently lift up his Cods that so in the free and open space of the left side of the perinaeum the Surgeon may have the more liberty to make the incision upon the probe which is thrust in and turned that way But in making this incision the Surgeon must be carefull that he hurt not the seame of the perinaeum and fundament For if that seame bee cut it will not be easily consolidated for that it is callous and bloudlesse therefore the urine would continually drop forth this way But if the wound be made too neare the fundament there is danger lest by forcible plucking forth of the stone he may break some of the haemorrhoide veins whence a bleeding may ensue which is scarce to be stopped by any meanes or that hee may rend the sphincter muscle or body of the bladder so that it can never be repaired Therefore it must be made the space of two fingers from the fundament according to the straightnesse of the fibres that so it may be the more easily restored afterwards Neither must the incision thus made exceed the bignesse of ones thumbe for that it is afterwards enlarged by putting in the Crowes beake and the dilater but more by the stone as it is plucked forth But that which is cut is neither so speedily nor easily healed up as that which is torne
bones of Ilium to bee drawne the breadth of ones finger from Os sacrum and moreover in many unto whom I have been called being in great extremity of difficult and hard travell I have not onely heard but also felt the bones to crackle and make a noise when I laid my hand upon the coccyx or rumpe by the violence of the distention Also honest matrons have declared unto me that they themselves a few daies before the birth have felt and heard the noise of those bones separating themselves one from another with great paine Also a long time after the birth many doe feele great paine and ache about the region of the coccix and Os sacrum so that when nature is not able to repaire the dissolved continuity of the bones of Ilium they are constrained to halt all the dayes of their life after But the bones of the share called Ossa pubis I have never seene to be separated as many do also affirme It is reported that in Italy they break the coccyx or rumpe in all maidens that when they come to bee married they may beare children with the lesser travaile in childe-birth but this is a forged tale for that bone being broken is naturally and of its owne accord repaired and joyned together again with a Callus whereby the birth of the childe will be more difficult and hard CHAP. XIV Of the situation of the infant in the wombe REASON cannot shew the certain situation of the infant in the wombe for I have found it altogether uncertaine variable and divers both in living and dead women in the dead by opening their bodies presently after they were dead and in the living by helping them by the industry of my hand when they have beene in danger of perishing by travell of child-birth for by putting my hand into the womb I have felt the infant comming forth sometimes with his feet forwards sometimes with his hands and sometimes with his hands and feet turned backwards and sometimes forwards as the figure following plainely describeth I have often found them comming forth with their knees forwards and sometimes with one of the feet and sometimes with their belly forwards their hands and feet being lifted upwards as the former figure sheweth at large Sometimes I have found the infant comming with his feet down-wards striding awide and sometimes headlong stretching one of his armes downward out at length and that was an Hermaphrodite as the figure following plainly declareth One time I observed in the birth of twinnes that the one came with his head forwards and the other with his feet according as here I have thought good to describe them In the bodies of women that died in travaile of childe I have sometimes found children no bigger than if they had beene but foure moneths in the wombe situated in a round compasse like a hoope with their head bowed downe to the knees with both their hands under the knees and their heeles close to their buttockes And moreover I protest before God that I found a childe being yet alive in the body of his mother whom I opened so soone as shee was dead lying all along stretched out with his face upwards and the palmes of his hands joyned together as if he were at prayer CHAP. XV. Which is the legitimate and naturall and which the illegitimate or unnaturall time of childe birth TO all living creatures except man the time of conception and bringing forth their young is certaine and definite but the issue of man commeth into the world sometimes in the seventh sometimes in the eighth and sometimes which is most frequent in the ninth moneth sometimes in the tenth moneth yea sometimes in the beginning of the eleventh moneth Massurius reports that Lucius Papyrius the Pretor the second heire commencing a suit gave the possession of the goods away from him seeing the mother of the childe affirmed that she went thirteen moneths therewith being there is no certaine definite time of child-birth The child that is borne in the sixt moneth cannot be long lived because that at that time all his body or members are not perfectly finished or absolutely formed In the seventh moneth it is proved by reason and experience that the infant may be long lived But in the eight moneth it is seldome or never long lived the reason thereof is as the Astronomers suppose because that at that time Saturne ruleth those coldnesse and drynesse is contrary to the originall of life but yet the phisicall reason is more true for the physitians say that the childe in the wombe doth often times in the seaventh moneth strive to bee set at liberty from the inclosure of the wombe and therefore it contendeth and laboureth greatlie and so with labouring and striving it becommeth weak that all the time of the eight moneth it cannot recover his strength again whereby it may renew his accustomed use of striving and that some by such labouring and striving hurt themselves and so dye Yet some strong and lusty women are thought to bring forth their children being lively and strong on the eight moneth as Aristotle testifieth of the Aegyptians the Poets of the inhabitants of the Isle of Naxus and many of the Spaniards Furthermore I cannot sufficiently marvaile that the wombe which all the time of childe-bearing is so closed together that one can scarce put a probe into it unlesse it be happely by reason of superfoetation or when it is open for a short time to purge it selfe that presently before the time of childe-birth it should gape and waxe so wide that the infant may passe through it and presently after it to close againe as if it had never been opened But because that the travell of the first time of childe-birth is wont to be very difficult and grievous I thinke it not unmeet that all women a little before the time of their first travell anoint and relaxe their privie parts with the unguent here described â„ž sper ceti â„¥ ii ol amygd dul â„¥ iv cerae alb medul cervin â„¥ iii. axung ans gallin an â„¥ i. tereb venet â„¥ ii make thereof an ointment to anoint the thighes share privie parts and genitalls Furthermore it shall not bee unprofitable to make a trusse or girdle of most thinne and gentle dog-skinne which being also anointed with the same unguent may serve very necessarily for the better carrying of the infant in the wombe Also bathes that are made of the decoction of mollifying herbs are also very profitable to relaxe the privie parts a little before the time of the birth That is supposed to bee a naturall and easie birth when the infant commeth forth with his head forwards presently following the flux of the water and that is more difficult when the infant commeth with his feet forwards all the other wayes are most difficult Therefore Mid-wives are to be admonished that as often as they shall perceive the infant to be comming
wonderfull effect which Celandine hath upon the sight was learnt by the practise of Swallowes who have bin observed with it to have besmeared and so strengthened the eyes of their young Serpents rubbe their eyelids with fennell and are thought by that meanes to quicken and restore the decaying sight of their eyes The Tortois doth defend strengthen her selfe against the biting of Vipers by eating of savorie Beares by eating of Pismires expell that poison that they have contracted by their use of Mandrakes And for correction of that drowzinesse and sloth which growes upon them by their long sleepe in their dens they eate the herbe Aron i Cuckopint But the Art they use in the entising and catching of Pismires is very pretty They goe softly to the holes or hilles of the Pismires and there lay themselves all their length upon the ground as if they were dead hanging out their tongue wet with their foame which they draw not againe into their mouth before they feele them full of Pismires which are intised by the sweetnesse of the foame And having taken this as a purging medicine they expell by the guts those ill humors wherewith they were offended Wee see that Dogges give themselves a vomit by eating of a kinde of grasse which is from thence called Dogge-grasse Swine when they finde themselves sicke will hunt after smalt or river lobsters Stockdoves Blackbirds and Partridges purge themselves by bay leaves Pigeons Turtels and all sort of Pullen disburden themselves of grosse humors by taking of Pellitory of the wall The bird Ibis being not much unlike the Storke taught us the use of Clisters For when he finds himselfe oppressed with a burden of hurtfull humors he fills his bill with saltwater and so purgeth himselfe by that part by which the belly is best discharged The invention of the way of removing the Cataract of the eye wee must yeeld unto the Goate who by striking by chance against the thorny bushes pulls off the Cataract which hinders the sight and covers the ball of the eye and so recovers his sight The benefit of Phlebotomie we owe unto the Hippotamus or River-horse being a kinde of Horse and the inhabitant of the river Nilus who being a great devourer when hee finds himselfe surcharged with a great deale of bloud doth by rubbing his thigh against the sharpe sands on the bankeside open a veine whereby the superfluous bloud is discharged which he stoppeth likewise when it is fit by rowling himselfe in the thicke mudde The Tortois having chanced to eate any of the flesh of a Serpent doth make origanum and marjerom her Antidote The ancients found helpe from brute beasts even against the dreadfull and none-sparing force of lightning for they were of opinion that the wings of an Eagle were never strucke with lightning and therefore they put about their heads little wreathes of these feathers They were perswaded the same thing of the Seale or Sea-calfe and therefore were wont to encompasse their bodies with his skinne as a most certaine safegard against lightning It were a thing too long and laborious to speake of all those other muniments of life and health observed here and there by Aristotle and Plinie which we have learnt of brute beasts I will therefore end this Chapter after that I have first added this That we are beholding to beasts not onely for the skill of curing diseases and of preservation of health but for our foode our raiment and the ornament and beautifying the bodies Of the Faculty of brute Beasts in Presaging THe first knowledge and skill of Prognostication and observation of weather by the Aire was first delivered unto us from beasts of the land and water and from fowle For we see in daily observation that it is a signe of change of weather when Lambes and Rammes doe butt at one another with their hornes and playing wantonly doe kicke and keepe up their heeles The same is thought to bee presaged when the Oxe lickes himselfe against the haire and on the sodaine fills the Aire with his lowing and smells to the ground and when he feedes more greedily than he used to doe But if the Pismires in great multitudes fetch their prey so hastily that they runne and tumble one upon another in their narrow pathes it is thought a signe of raine As is also the busie working of Moales and the Cats rubbing and stroaking of her head and necke and above her eares with the bottome of her feete Also when Fishes play and leape a little above the water it is taken for a signe of raine But if the Dolphins doe the same in the sea and in great companies it is thought to presage a sodaine storme and tempest Whereby the Marriners forewarned use all care possible for the safetie of themselves and their shippes and if they can cast Anchor And it is sufficiently knowne what the louder croaking of Frogges than ordinary portends But the facultie of birds in this kinde of presaging is wonderfull If Cranes flie through the aire without noise it is a signe of faire weather and of the contrary if they make a great noise and flie stragglingly As also if Sea-fowle flie farre from the sea and light on the land The crie or scritching of Owles portends a change of the present weather whether foule or faire Plutarch saith that the loude cawing of the Crow betokens windes and showres as also when he flappes his side with his wings Geese and Duckes when they dive much and order and prune and picke their feathers with their beakes and crie to one another foretell raine and in like manner Swallowes when they flie so low about the water that they wet themselves and their winges And the Wren when he is observed to sing more sweetly than usuall and to hop up and downe And the Cocke when he chants or rather crowes presently after the setting of the Sunne And Gnats and Fleas when they bite more than ordinary If the Herne soare aloft into the aire it betokeneth faire weather if on the contrary he flie close by the water raine If Pidgeons come late home to the Dove-house it is a signe of raine If Bats flie in the evening they foreshew wet weather And lastly the Crocodile layes his egges in that place which must be the bounds of the overflowing of the river Nilus And therefore he that first meetes with these egges tels the rest of the countrie people and shewes them how high the floud will rise and what inundation it will make upon their grounds A thing most worthy of admiration that in this monster there should be that strong facultie of presaging Of the Industry of Fishes MAny sea-Fishes when they feele a tempest comming doe gravell or balast themselves to the end they may not be tossed up and downe at the pleasure of the waves Others when the fury of the sea is at the hight hide themselves in the
species as men of the same countrey chant and chirpe to one another when men understand not the speech of other men unlesse of the same nation Wherefore the Scythian tongue is no more profitable to one living in Egypt than if hee were dumbe nor the Egyptians understand it no more than if they were deafe Wherefore an Egyptian is dumbe and deafe to a Scythian This those which travell well understand how many dangers how many troubles they undergoe because they cannot expresse their mindes and require things necessary for life Wherefore to the assistance of this unprofitable tongue we are compelled to call the rest of the members and to abuse the gestures of the head eyes hands and feete Truly the condition of brute beasts is not so miserable seeing that all of the same kinde wheresoever they bee may answer each other with a knowne voice Truly if any should heare a Germane Briton Spaniard Englishman Polonian and Greeke speaking amongst themselves in their native tongues not understanding any of them he could scarce discerne and certainely judge whether hee heard the voice of men or of beasts That Birds may counterfeit Mans voice LInets Larkes Pies Rookes Dawes Crowes Stares and other such like Birds speake sing whistle and imitate the voices of men and other creatures In this Parrots excell all other being wondrous skilfull imitaters of mens voices and very merry but specially when they have drunke a little wine Plutarke reports that there was a Barber at Rome who kept a Pie in his shop which spoke exceeding well and that of her owne accord none teaching her when she first heard men talking together shee imitated the voice or crie of all beasts shee heard as also the sound of Drums and the noise of Pipes and Trumpets to conclude there was nothing which shee did not endevour to imitate There have beene Crowes that have spoken and articulately sung songs and Psalmes and that of some length To which purpose the Historie of Macrobius is notable for hee tels that there was one amongst those who went forth for lucke sake to meete with Augustus Casar returning from the warre against Antonius who carried a Crow which hee had taught plainely to pronounce this saluation Salve Caesar Imperator augustissime that is God save thee O most sacred Emperor Caesar Caesar taken with the noveltie of this spectacle bought this obsequious Bird with a thousand peeces of silver Pliny and Valerius have reckoned up amongst prodigies Oxen and Asses that have spoken I omit infinite other things recorded by the ancients Plato Aristotle Pliny Plutarch and other Philosophers of great credite of the docilitie of beasts and their admirable felicity of understanding Which things if untrue these learned men would never have recorded in writing lest so they might brand with vanity then which nothing is more base the rest of their writings to posterity in all ensuing ages Of the Sympathy and Antipathy of Living creatures amongst themselves HAving briefly described the understanding of brute beasts it seemes not impertinent to set downe some things more worthy of knowledge happening unto them by reason of Sympathy and antipathy that is mutuall agreement and disagreement which happens not onely to them living but also dead by a certaine secret and hidden propertie through occasion whereof some desire other shun and others prosequute one another even to death In testimony wherof The Lyon the king of beasts excelling all other in courage and magnanimitie feares the Cocke for he is not onely terrified by his presence but also by his crowing being absent So an Elephant feares a Hogge but hee is so affraid of Mice and Ratts that he will not touch the meat that is given him if hee smell that it hath beene defiled with such creatures There is deadly hatred betweene the Elephant and Rhinocerot yet when the Elephant is furious and angry hee becoms quiet and calme at the sight of a Ram. A horse is so afraid of a Camel that he cannot endure his sight The Dog hates the Wolfe the Hart flyes the Dogge The Snake flyes from and feares a naked man and followes him being clothed There is deadly hatred between the Aspis and Ichneumon for he when he hath rowled himselfe in the clay dryes himselfe in the Sunne and so being covered over by doing thus diverse times as it were with shells or armour he enters into Combat stretching out his taile and presenting his backe untill he get opportunity to choake his adversary by leaping and fastening on her jawes by which stratageme he also kills the Crocodile The green Lizard is a capitall enemy to the Serpent but most friendly to man as Erasmus witnesseth by many historyes concerning that matter in his dialogue of Sympathy and Antipathy There is a great deale of hatred betweene a man and a Wolfe which is most manifest by this that if the Wolues first see a man his voyce is taken away and his intended cry hindred If the Weasell intend to set upon the Aspis that most venemous Serpent shee armes her selfe by eating Rue as a most certaine Antidote The Ape feares the Torpedo as Erasmus manifests by a pleasant history in the fore mentioned Dialogue where also he pretily shews the deadly hatred betweene the Serpent called Areus and the Toad The like hate is between the Owle and Crowes so that the Owle dares not go out fly abroad or seeke her food unlesse by night The water or River fowle are afraid of the Falcon that if they but heare her bells they had rather be killd with staves and stones than take wing to fly into the aire So the Larke yeelds her selfe to be taken by a man least she fall into the tallents of the Hobby The Castrill or Merlin is naturally a terrour to Haukes so that they both shun his voyce and presence The Kites are all at perpetuall enmity with the Crowes wherefore the Crow alwayes gets away the Kites provision All kind of Pullen feare the Foxe The Chicken feares neither a Horse nor an Elephant but scarse hatched it presently runs away at the voyce or sight of a Kite and hides it selfe under the hens wings The Lambe and Kid flye from the Wolfe when they first see him nether doth death give an end to that hatred but it superviues their funerall An Experiment whereof they say is that if one drum be headed with Wolves skinnes and another with Sheepes and beaten up together you shall scarse heare the sound of the Drum covered with sheepes skins And besides if you string one Harpe with strings made of sheepes gutts and another with strings of Wolues gutts you cannot bring it to passe by any Arte to make them agree and goe in one tune It is reported from the experiments of many men that if a Wolues head be hanged up on high in the place where Sheepe are that they will not touch the grasse how good and fresh soever it be nor
lower part of the arme cald cubitus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 N. the wrest called Brachial◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 O. the after-wrest postbrachiale 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 P. the Palme called Palma or volo manus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Q the backe of the hand Dorsum manus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 QQ the fore ann middle part of the thigh where wee apply cuppingglasses to bring downe womens courses 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 RR. the knee genus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SS the leg Tibia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 TT the calfe of the leg sura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 VV. the instep tarsus XX. the top of the foote Dorsum pedis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 YY the inner Ankles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ZZ the outward anckles 〈◊〉 the toes of the feete 〈◊〉 the place under the inward anckle vvherâ— the veine called Sapheâ—â— is opened The Figure of the backe parts of a man A The forepart of the head synciput 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 B. the top or crowne of the head vertex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 C. the hinder-part of the head occiput 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 From D. to D. the face Facies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * E. the eyebrowes supercilia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 F. the upper eye-lid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * The tip of the nose cald globulus nasi H. the backe part of the neeke cald cervix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the nuke or nape of the necke There is a hollownesse at the top of this cervix where wee apply Seatons I. the backe part of the shoulder top called axilla 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 KK the shoulder blades scapulae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1 2 3. On this place wee set cupping glasses 4 5 6 7. the backe dorsum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 8 9. the ridge spina dorsi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 L the arme hole ala 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * the elbow Gibber brachij M M M M. the sides Latera N N the loines Lumbi or the region of the kidneyes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 O O. the place of the hips coxendices where we apply remedies for the Sciatica P. the place of the holy-bone or Os sacrum where we apply remedies in the diseases of the right gut Q. the place of the Rumpe or Coccyx RR. the buttocks Nates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SS the backe parts of the thigh Femen TT the ham Poples 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 VV. the calfe of the leg sura XX. the foote or paruâ—s pes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 YY the utter ancle Malleolus externus ZZ the heele calx or calcaâ—eus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aa the sole of the foote Planta pedis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 b the inside of the lower part of the arme called Vlna 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. the outside of the same Cubitus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dd the wrest Carpus ee the backe part of the hand dorsum manus g. the forefinger index 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 h the thumb pollex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. the middle finger medius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 k the rig-finger Annularis medicus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 l. the little finger Auricularis minimus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 CHAP. II. Of the containing parts of the Epigastrium and the preparation to Anatomicall administration THe containing parts of the Epigastrium are the Epidermis or thinne outward skinne the true skinne the fleshie or fatty Pannicle the eight muscles of the Epigastrium with their common coate the Rim of the belly the five vertebra's of the loines all the holy-bone the hanch-bone share-bone the white line and midriffe Of these parts some are common to the whole body as the three first the other proper to the parts contained in the Epigastrium taken in generall Which that you may see in their order first you must cut round about the navell to the upper superficies of the muscles that so wee may keepe it till such time as occasion shall offer it self to shew the vmbilicall vessels lying in that place which are one veine two arteries the vrachus if it be there Which being done you must draw a straight line from the chest over the breast-blade even to the share-bone which may divide the common containing parts even to the white line Then presently it will be convenient to draw two other lines acrosse or overtwhart of the like depth on each hand from the circumference of the navell even to the sides that so on each part wee may draw the skinne more commodiously from the parts lying vnder it the sight of which otherwise it would hinder These things being done the skinne must bee devided from the parts lying under it from the designed circumference left about the navell Wee must teach how the skinne is two-fold the true and false and render a reason of the name which we will every where doe as farre as the thing will suffer and it shall lie in our power And in doing or examining these things it will be convenient diligently to inquire into the nine things mentioned in the preface Wee will beginne with the skinne because that part is first obvious to our senses CHAP. III. Of the utmost skinne or Cuticle THe skinne being the first part and spred over all the body is twofold that is the true and bastard skinne The true is called by the Greekes Derma which may almost every where be pulled from the parts lying under it which it invests except in the face eares the palmes of the hands soles of the feete fingers and privities where it stickes so close that it cannot be separated The bastard which first of all wee will declare because it first presents it selfe to our sight is by the Greekes called Epidermis because it covers the true skinne they terme it commonly the Cuticle The substance of it is excrementitious and as it were a certaine drie flouring or production of the true skinne That it drawes not its substance from the seede is apparent by this that as it is easily lost so it is easily repaired which happens not in parts truly spermaticall This utmost thinne skinne or cuticle may two manner of wayes be made apparent by it selfe and separated from the other as by burning with fire or ardent heate of the Sunne in some delicate bodies and such as are not accustomed to be conversant in Sun-shine The quantitie in thicknesse is very small but the extent is most large because it covers all the skinne the figure of it is round and long like those parts which it invests The composure of it is obscure yet because this Cuticle is the excrement of the true skinne wee say it hath its matter from the excrementitious superfluitie of the nerves veines arteries and substance of the true skinne It is in number one like as the true skinne which it outwardly covers that it might be a medium betweene the
the grinding muscles because they move the skin as a mill to grinde asunder the meale From their forme or figure because some are like Mice other like Lizards which have their Leggs cut off for that they imitate in their belly body or tendon the belly or taile of such creatures from whence the names of Musculus and Lacertus are derived Such are those which bend the wrest and which are fastened to the bone of the Leg which extend the foot Others are triangular as that which lifts up the arme called Epomis or Deltoides and that which drawes the arme to the breast called the Pectorall muscle Others quadrangular as the Rhomboides or Lozenge muscle of the shoulder blade and the two hindesum-muscles serving for respiration and two of the wrests which turne down the hand Others consist of more than foure angles as the oblique descending and that muscle with joynes it selfe to it from the shoulder blade others are round and broad as the Midriffe others circular as the Sphincter muscle of the fundament and bladder others are of a pyramidall figure as the seaventh muscle of the eye which compasses the opticke nerve in beasts but not in men Others have a semicirculer forme as that which shuts up the eye feated at the lesser corner thereof Others resemble a Monks cowle or hood as the Trapezius of the shoulder blade Besides others at their first originall are narrow but broad at their insertion as the Saw-muscle of the shoulder and the transverse of the Epigastrium others are quire contrary as the three Muscles of the Hippe others keepe an equall breadth or bignesse in all places as the intercostall muscles and these of the wrest others are long and slender as the long muscle of the thigh others are long and broad as the oblique descending muscles of the Epigastrium others are directly contrary as the Intercostall which are very narrow From their perforations for some are perforated as the Midriffe which hath three holes as also the oblique and transverse of the Epigastrium that so they may give passage forth to the preparing spermaticke vessells and to the ejaculatory vessells the Coate Erythroides associating and strengthening them others are not perforated From their magnitude for some are most large as the two muscles of the Hipp others very small as the eight small muscles of the necke and the proper muscles of the Throtle and the wormy muscles Others are of an indifferent magnitude From their colour for some are white and red as the Temporall muscles which have Tendons comming from the midst of their belly others are livide as the three greater muscles of the calfe of the leg which colour they have by the admixtion of the white or tendinous nervy coate with the red flesh for this coat by its thicknesse darkning the colour of the flesh so that it cannot shew its rednesse and fresh colour makes it seeme of that livide colour From their scituation for some are superficiary as those which appeare under the skin and fat others deepe in and hid as the smooth and foure twin muscles some are stretched out and as it were spred over in a streight and plaine passage as the muscles of the thigh which move the legge except the Ham-muscle others oblique as those of the Epigastrium other some transverse as the transverse of the Epigastrium where you must observe that although all the fibers of the muscles are direct yet we call them oblique and transverse by comparing them to the right muscles as which by the concourse of the fibers make a streight or acute angle From the sorts of fibers for some have one kinde of fiber yet the greatest part enjoy two sorts running so up and downe that they either are crossed like the letter X as happens in the pectorall and grinding muscles or else doe not concurre as in the Trapezij Others have three sorts of fibers as the broad muscle of the face From their coherence and connexion or their texture of nervous fibers for some have fibers somewhat more distant and remote immediately at their originall than in other places as you may see in the muscles of the buttocks Others in their midst and belly which by reason thereof in such muscles is more big or tumid their head and taile being slender as happens in most of the muscles of the arme and leg in which the dense masse of flesh interwoven with fibers disioynes the fibers in so great a distance in other some the fibers are more distant in the taile as in the greater Saw-muscle arising from the bottome of the shoulder blade in others they are equally distant through the whole muscle as in the muscles of the wrest and betweene the ribbs From their head for in some it is fleshy interwoven with few fibers as in the muscles of the buttocks in others it is wholy nervous as in the most-broadmuscle common to the arme and shoulder blade and in the three muscles of the thigh proceeding from the tuberosity of the hucle bone in some it is nervous and fleshy as in the internall and externall muscle of the arme Besides some have one head others two as the bender of the elbow and the externall of the legge others three as the Threeheaded muscle of the thigh But wee must note that the word nerve or sinew is here taken in a large signification for a ligament nerve and tendon as Galen saith Lib de Ossibus and moreover we must observe that the head of a muscle is one while above another while below otherwhiles in the midst as in the Midriffe as you may know by the insertion of the Nerve because it enters the muscle by its head From their belly also there be some differences of muscles taken for some have their belly immediately at their beginning as the muscles of the buttocks others at their insertion as the Midriffe Others just at their head as those which put forth the Calfe of the leg in others it is somewhat further off as in those which draw backe the arme and which bend the legge in others the belly extends even from the head to the taile as in the intercostall muscles and these of the wrest in others it is produced even to their insertion as in those of the palmes of the hands and soles of the feet some have a double belly distinguished by a nervous substance as those which open the mouth and those which arise from the roote of the lower processe of the shoulder blade Moreover the differences of muscels are drawne also from the Tendons for some have none at least which are manifest as the muscles of the lips and the sphincter muscles the intercostall and those of the wrest others have them in part and want them in part as the Midriffe for the Midriffe wants a Tendon at the ends of the shorter ribs but hath two at the first Vertebra of the Loines
the bones of the body and this on the head is called by a peculiar name the Pericranium by reason of the excellency of the Cranium or skull in other bones it is tearmed the Periostium And as the Pericranium takes its originall from the Crassa meninx propagating it selfe by certaine strings or threds sent forth by the sutures and holes of the skull so all other membranes of the body have their originall either from this Pericranium or the Crassa meninx sending forth their productions as well by the holes or passages of the head as by these of the spinall marrow or back bone it selfe even to the Holy bone Of which this is an argument for in what part soever of the body a membrane is hurt presently the hurt or sense thereof comes to the Crassa meninx For so those who have but their litle Toe hurt when they sneese or cough perceive an increase of their paine by the passage thereof to the braine The vse of this Pericranium is to cover the skull and to give notice of things hurtfull by the power of the quick sense which it is endued withall and the Periostium doth the like in other bones Besides it sustaines and fastens by the sutures the Crassa meninx to the skull least it should fall by reason of its weight upon the Pia mater and so hurt it and hinder the pulsation of the braine and arteryes that are plenteously spread through both the Meninges Wherefore the Pericranium hath most strait connexion with the Crassa meninx because it takes the originall from thence We must thinke the same of the other membranes of the body which thing is very notable in the solution of the continuity of the membranes CHAP. III. Of the Sutures THe Sutures do sew or fasten together the bones of the skull these be 5 in number Three are true and legitimate two false and spurious The Coronal the first of the true sutures is seated in the forepart of the head descending downewards overtwhart the forepart of the head to the midst of the temples it is so called because Corollae that is wreaths crownes or garlands are set upon that place The second is called the Sagittalis or right suture as that which running through the crowne devides the head into two equall parts as with a straigth line running the length of it from the Coronall to the Lambdoides or hinde suture But this third suture Lambdoides is so called because it represents this Capitall greek letter Lambda Λ. You must understand this description of the sutures not as alwaies but as for the greater part to be thus For there be some skulls that want the foremost suture othersome the hind somtimes such as have none of the true sutures but only the false spurious But also you shal somtimes find the Sagittal to run to the nose And oft times there be three or foure sutures in the backe part of the head so that indeed the number of the sutures is not certaine Which also we find observed by Cornelius Celsus where he writes that Hippocrates was deceived by the sutures by chance for that he conjectured that the bones of the backe part of the head were broken because his Probe thrust to the roughnes of the second suture Lambdoides staied as at a Cleft made in the bone by a stroake The other two are called the false stony and scaly sutures by reason they are made by a scaly conjunction of the bones but not by a toothed saw or combe-like connexion But if any aske why the head consists not of one bone that so it might be the stronger I answere it is that so it might be the safer both from internall and externall injuries For the scull being as it were the tunnel of the chymney of this humane fabrick to which all the smoky vapours of the whole body ascend if it had beene composed of one bone these vapours should have had no passage fourth Wherefore the grosser vapours passe away by the sutures but the more subtile by the pores of the scull some have their sutures very open but others on the contrary very close Therefore nature hath otherwise compendiously provided for such as want sutures For it hath made one or two holes some two fingers bredth from the Lambdoides through which the Vena pupis enters into the skull and they are of that largenes that you may put a points tagge into them that so the vapours may have free passage forth otherwise there would be danger of death thus nature hath beene careful to provide for man against internall injuries and in like manner against externall for it hath made the head to consist of diverse bones that when one bone is broken the other may be safe the violence of the stroak being stayed in the division of the bones Whereby you may know that if the skull chance to be broken in the opposite side to that which received the blow that it happens either by reason of the defect of Sutures or else because they are unperfect and too firmely closed otherwise it is unpossible such fractures should happen by reason of the separation of the bones which breakes the violence of the blow that it can goe no further And certainely as it is rare to find a skull without Sutures so it is rare to find such kinde of fractures Therfore Chirurgions must diligently observe the Sutures and site of them least they bee deceived and take them for fractures or unawares apply a Trepan to them whence by breaking the veines arteryes and nervous fibers by which the internall parts communicate with the externall there may ensue increase of paine a violent defluxion of blood upon the Crassa meninx and the falling thereof upon the braine the fibers being broken by which it stuck to the Pericranium and so consequently a deadly interception of the pulsation of the Braine CHAP. IIII. Of the Cranium or Skull THe Cranium or Skull covering the braine like an Helmet is composed and consists of seaven bones of which some are more dense thick and hard than other some The First is the Os occipitis or Nowle bone seated in the back part of the head more hard and thicke than the rest because we want hands and eyes behind whereby we may keep or save our selves from falling This bone is circumscribed or bounded by the suture Lambdoides and the Os basilare The eminencies and as it were heads of this bone are received into the first vertebra for upon this the head is turned forwards and backwards by the force of fourteene muscles and strong ligaments which firmely tye these heads of the Nowle bone in the cavityes of this first vertebra The Second bone of the skull is in the forepart and is called the Os coronale or Os frontis the forehead bone it hath the second place in strength and thicknesse It is bounded by the Coronal suture and the
when it comes almost to the midst of the Cubit presently or a little after it is divided into two large branches the one of which alongst the wand the qther alongst the Cubite is carryed into the hand on the inside under the Ring For both these branches are distributed and spent upon the hand after the same manner as the branches of the internall Axillary veine that is having sent by the way some little shoots into the parts by which they passe at the length the branch which descends by the Wand of the remainder therof bestowes two sprigs upon the Thumbe on each side one two in like manner on the fore finger and one on the midle the other which runs alongst the Ell performes the like office to the litle and the midle or ring finger as you may see by dissection CHAP. XXIIII Of the Nerves of the Necke Backe and Arme. NOw we should handle the sinewes of the Arme but because these proceed from the Nerves of the Necke and Backe I thinke it fit therefore to speake something of them in the first place Therefore from the Necke there proceed seven paire of Nerves the first of which proceeds from the nowle bone and the first Vertebra of the necke as also the first paire of the Backe from the last Vertebra of the Necke and the first of the Chest But all these Nerves are divided into two or more branches of the first paire that is to say on each side goe the one to the small right muscle ascending from the first racke-bone of the necke to the nowle bone the other to the long muscle on the foreside of the necke The branches of the second paire are distributed some with a portion which they receive from the third paire over all the skin of the head the two others go as well to the muscles which are from the second Vertebra to the backe part of the head and from the same to the first Vertebra as also to the long muscle before mentioned One of the third paire of Sinewes is communicated to the head as we said before but others to the Muscles which extend or erect the head and the Necke there is also one of these distributed into the neighbouring â—â—de muscle and part of the long The nerves of the fourth paire go one to the muscles aswel of the neck as the head to the broad muscle the other after it hath sent some portioÌ„ therof into the long muscle the side muscles of the necke it descends with a portion of the fift and sixt paire to the Midriffe One of the branches of the fift paire is bestowed on the hinde muscles of the necke and head the other upon the longe muscle and Midriffe the third is communicated to the Levatores or Heaving muscles of the Arme and shoulder One of the Nerves of the sixt paire goes to the hinde muscles of the Necke and head another to the Midriffe the third with a portion of the seventh paire of the necke and of the first and second of the Chest goe to the Armes and heaving muscles of the shoulder-blade One of the branches of the seventh paire runs to the broad muscle and to the neighbouring muscles both of the necke and head another encreased with a portion of the fift and sixt paire of the necke and a third joyned to the second and third paire of the Chest descending into the Arme goe to the hand But you must note that the Muscles which take their originall from many Vertebrae whether from above downwards or from below upwards admit Nerves not onely from the Vertebrae from whence they take their originall but also from them which they come neere in their descent or ascent There passe twelue conjugations of Nerves from the Rack-bones of the Chest The first entring forth from betweene the last Racke-bone of the necke and the first of the Chest is divided that is on each side each Nerve from his side into two or more portions as also all the rest Therefore the branches of this first conjugation goe some of them to the Armes as we said before others to the muscles as well these of the Chest as others arising there or running that way The branches of the second conjugation are distributed to the same parts that these of the first were But the branches of all the other conjugations even to the twelfth are communicated some to the intercostall muscles running within under the true ribs even to the Sternon and under the bastard ribs even to the right and long muscles and the Costall Nerves of the sixt conjugation are augmented by meeting these intercostall branches by the way as they descend by the roots of the Ribs Other particles of the said Nerves are communicated to the muscles as well of the Chest as spine as the same Muscles passe forth or runne alongst by the Vertebrae from whence these nerves have either their originall or passage forth Having thus therefore shewed the originall of the Sinewes of the Arme it remaines that we shew their number and distribution Their number is five or sixe proceeding from the fifth sixth and seventh Vertebra of the necke and the first and second of the Chest The first of which not mixed with any other from the fifth Vertebra of the necke goes to the Muscle Deltoides and the skin which covers it The other 4 or 5 when they have mutually embraced each other not onely from their first originall but even to the shoulder where they free themselves from this convolution are distributed after the following manner The first and second descending to the Muscle mentioned a litle before and thence sometimes even to the hand is by the way communicated to the Muscle Biceps and then under the said Muscle it meets and is joyned with the third Nerve Thirdly it is communicated with the Longest muscle of the Cubite in the bending whereof it is divided into two branches descending alongst the two bones of the Cubit untill at last borne up by the fleshy pannicle it is spent upon the skin and inner side of the hand The third lower than this is first united with the second under the Muscle Biceps then straight way separated from it it sends a portion thereof to the Arme which lyes under it and to the skin thereof lastly at the bending of the Cubit on the fore side it is mingled with the fift paire The fourth the largest of all the rest comming downe below the third branch under the Biceps with the internall Axillary veine and Artery is turned towards the outward and backe part of the Arme there to communicate it selfe to the Muscles extending the Cubit and also to the inner skin of the Arme and the exteriour of the Cubit the remainder of this branch when in its descent it hath arrived at the joynt of the Cubit below the bending thereof it is divided into two
not obscurely be gathered by the writings of Galen But beware you be not deceived by the forementioned signes For sometimes in large Aneurismaes you can perceive no pulsation neither can you force the blood into the Artery by the pressure of your fingers either because the quantity of such blood is greater than which can be contayned in the ancient receptacles of the Artery or because it is condensate and concrete into Clods whereupon wanting the benefit of ventilation from the heart it presently putrifies Thence ensue great paine a Gangren and mortification of the part and lastly the death of the Creature The End of the Seventh Booke OF PARTICULAR TVMORS AGAINST NATVRE THE EIGHT BOOKE The Preface BEcause the Cure of diseases must be varied according to the variety of the temper not onely of the body in generall but also of each part thereof the strength figure forme site and sence thereof being taken into consideration I thinke it worth my paines having already spoken of Tumors in Generall if I shall treate of them in particular which affect each part of the body beginning with those which assayle the head Therefore the Tumor either affects the whole head or else onely some particle thereof as the Eyes Eares Nose Gumms and the like Let the Hydrocephalos and Physocephalos be examples of those tumors which possesse the whole head CHAP. I. Of an Hydrocephalos or watry tumor which commonly affects the heads of Infants THe Greekes call this disease Hydrocephalos as it were a Dropsie of the Head by a waterish humor being a disease almost peculiar to Infants newly borne It hath for an externall cause the violent compression of the head by the hand of the Midwife or otherwise at the birth or by a fall contusion and the like For hence comes a breaking of a veine or Artery and an effusion of the blood under the skinne Which by corruption becomming whayish lastly degenerateth into a certen waterish humor It hath also an inward cause which is the abundance of serous and acride blood which by its tenuity and heat sweats through the Pores of the vessells sometimes betweene the Musculous skinne of the head and the Pericranium sometimes betweene the Pericranium and the skull and sometimes betweene the skull and the membrane called Dura mater and otherwhiles in the ventricles of the braine The signes of it contained in the space betweene the Musculous skinne and the Pericranium are a manifest tumor without paine soft and much yeeelding to the pressure of the fingers The Signes when it remayneth betweene the Pericranium and the skull are for the most part like the forenamed unlesse it be that the Tumor is a little harder and not so yeelding to the finger by reason of the parts betweene it and the finger And also there is somewhat more sence of paine But when it is in the space betweene the skull and Dura mater or in the ventricles of the Braine or the whole substance thereof there is dullnesse of the sences as of the sight and hearing the tumor doth not yeeld to the touch unlesse you use strong impression for then it sincketh somewhat downe especially in infants newly borne who have their sculls almost as soft as waxe and the junctures of their Sutures laxe both by nature as also by accident by reason of the humor conteined therein moistening and relaxing all the adjacent parts the humor conteined here lifts up the Scull somewhat more high especially at the meetings of the Sutures which you may thus know because the Tumor being pressed the humor flyes backe into the secret passages of the braine To conclude the paine is more vehement the whole head more swollen the forehead stands somewhat further out the eye is fixt and immoveable and also weepes by reason of the serous humor sweating out of the braine Vesalius writes that hee saw a girle of two yeares old whose head was thicker than any mans head by this kinde of Tumor and the Scull not bonie but membranous as it useth to be in abortive birthes and that there was nine pound of water ran out of it Aâ—ucrasis tells that he saw a child whose head grew every day bigger by reason of the watery moisture conteined therein till at length the tumor became so great that his necke could not beare it neither standing nor sitting so that hee died in a short time I have observed and had in cure foure children troubled with this disease one of which being dissected after it died had a braine no bigger than a Tennis Ball. But of a Tumor and humor conteined within under the Cranium or Scull I have seene none recover but they are easily healed of an externall Tumor Therefore whether the humor lye under the Pericranium or under the musculous skin of the head it must first be assailed with resolving medicines but if it cannot be thus overcome you must make an incision taking heede of the Temporall Muscle and thence presse out all the humor whether it resemble the washing of flesh newly killed or blackish blood or congealed or knotted blood as when the tumor bath beene caused by contusion then the wound must be filled with dry lint and covered with double boulsters and lastly bound with a fitting ligature CHAP. II. Of a Polypus being an eating disease in the Nose THe Polypus is a Tumor of the Nose against nature commonly arising from the Os Ethmâ—ides of spungye bone It is so called because it resembles the fect of a Sea Polypus in figure and the flesh thereof in consistence This Tumor stops the Nose intercepting and hindering the liberty of speaking and blowing the Nose Celsus saith the Polypus is a caruncle or Excrescence one while white another while reddish which adheres to the bone of the Nose and sometimes fills the Nosthrils hanging towards the lipps sometimes it descends backe through that hole by which the spirit descends from the Nose to the throtle it growes so that it may he seene behinde the Vvula and often strangles a man by stopping his breath There are five kinds thereof the first is a soft membrane long and thin like the relaxed and depressed Vvula hanging from the middle gristle of the nose being filled with a Phlegmaticke and viscide humor This in exspiration hangs out of the Nose but is drawne in and hid by inspiration it makes one snaffle in their speech and snort in their sleepe The second hath hard flesh bred of Melancholy blood without adustion which obstructing the nosthrils intercepts the respiration made by that part The third is flesh hanging from the Gristle round and soft being the off-spring of Phlegmaticke blood The fourth is an hard Tumor like flesh which when it is touched yeelds a sound like a stone it is generated of Melancholike blood dryed being somewhat of the nature of a Scirrhus confirmed and without paine The fifth is as it were composed of many cancrous ulcers
both from the seat of the tumor as also from their matter For thus they have called an unperfect rupture which descends not beyond the Groines nor falls downe into the Codds Buboâ—ocele but the compleate which penetrates into the Codde if it be by falling downe of the Gut Enterocele if from the Kall Epiplocele if from them both together they name it Enteroepiplocele but if the tumor proceede from a waterish humor they terme it Hydrocele if from winde Physocele if from both Hydrophydocele if a fleshie excrescence shall grow about the testicle or in the substance thereof it is named Sarcocele If the veines interwoven and divaricated diverse wayes shall be swollen in the Codde and Testicles the tumor obtaines the name of a Cirsocele But if the humors shall be shut up or sent thither the name is imposed upon the tumor from the predominant humor as we have noted in the beginning of our Tractate of tumors The causes are many as all too violent motions a stroake a fall from a high place vomiting a cough leaping riding upon a trotting horse the sounding of trumpets or sackbuts the carrying or lifting vp of a heavy burden racking also the too immoderate use of viscide and flatulent meates for all such things may either relaxe or breake the Iertonaeum as that which is a thinne and extended membrane The signes of a Buboâ—ocele are a round tumor in the Groine which pressed is easily forced in The signes of an Enterocele are a hard tumor in the Codde which forced returneth backe and departeth with a certaine murmour and paine but the tumor proceeding of the Kall is laxe and feeles soft like Wooll and which is more difficultly forced in than that which proceeds from the Guts but yet without murmuring and paine for the substance of the Guts seeing it is one and continued to it selfe they doe not onely mutually succeede each other but by a certaine consequence doe as in a dance draw each other so to avoide distention which in their membranous body cannot be without paine by reason of their change of place from that which is naturall into that against nature none of all which can be fall the Kall seeing it is a stupide body and almost without sence heavy dull and immoveable The signes that the Peritonaeum is broken are the sudden increase of the tumor and a sharpe and cutting paine for when the Peritonaeum is onely relaxed the tumor groweth by little and little and so consequently with small paine yet such paine returnes so often as the tumor is renewed by the falling downe of the Gut or Kall which happens not the Peritonaeum being broken for the way being once open and passable to the falling body the tumor is renued without any distention and so without any paine to speake of The rest of the signes shall be handled in their places Sometimes it happens that the Guts and Kall do so firmely adhere to the processe of the Peritonaeum that they cannot be driven back into their proper seate This stubborne adhesion happens by the intervention of the viscide matter or by meanes of some excotiation caused by the rude hand of a Chirurgion in too violently forcing of the Gut or Kall into their place But also too long stay of the gut in the codde and the neglect of wearing a Trusse may give occasion to such adhesion A perfect and inveterate rupture by the breaking of the processe of the Peritonaeum in men of full growth never or very seldomes admits of cure But you must note that by great ruptures of the Peritonaeum the Guts may fall into the codde to the bignesse of a mans head without much paine and danger of life because the excrements as they may easily enter by reason of the largenesse of the place and rupture so also they may easily returne CHAP. XV. Of the cure of Ruptures BEcause children are very subject to Ruptures but those truely not fleshy or varicous but watry windy and especially of the Guts by reason of continuall and painefull crying and coughing Therefore in the first place we will treate of their cure Wherefore the Chirurgion called to restore the Gut which is fallen downe shall place the child either or table or in a bed so that his head shall be low but his buttocks and thighes higher theâ— shall he force with his hands by little and little and gently the Gut into its proper place and shall foment the Groine with the astringent fomentation described in the falling downe of the wombe Then let him apply this remedy â„ž Praescript decoctionis quantum sufficit farinae hordei fabarum an â„¥ j pulver Aloes Mastiches Myrtyll Sarcoco an â„¥ ss Boli Armeni â„¥ ij Let them be incorporated and made a cataplasme according to Art For the same purpose he may apply Emplastrum contra Rupturam but the chiefe of the cure consists in folded clothes and Trusses and ligatures artificially made that the restored gut may be contained in its place for which purpose he shall keepe the child seated in his cradle for 30. or 40. dayes as we mentioned before and keepe him from crying shouting and coughing Aetius bids steepe paper 3. dayes in water and apply it made into a ball to the groine the gut being first put up for that remedy by 3. dayes adhesion wil keep it from falling down But it wil be as I suppose more effectuall if the paper be steeped not in common but in the astringent water described in the falling downe of the wombe Truely I have healed many by the helpe of such remedies and have delivered them from the hands of Gelders which are greedy oâ— childrens testicles by reason of the great gaine they receive from thence They by a crafty cozenage perswade the Parents that the falling downe of the Gut into the Codde is uncurable which thing notwithstanding experience convinceth to be false if so be the cure be performed according to the forementioned manner when the Peritonaum is onely relaxed and not broken for the processe thereof by which the Gut doth fall as in a steepe way in progresse of time and age is straitned and knit together whilest also in the meane time the guts grow thicker A certaine Chirurgion who deserveth credit hath told me that he hath cured many children as thus He beates a loadstone into fine powder and gives it in pappe and then hee annointes with hony the Groine by which the gut came out and then strewed it over with fine filings of iron He administred this kinde of remedy for ten or twelve dayes The part for other things being bound up with a ligature and trusse as was fitting The efficacie of this remedy seemeth to consist in this that the loadestone by a naturall desire of drawing the iron which is strewed upon the Groine joynes to it the fleshy and fatty particles interposed betweene them by
admonished and told of the danger for many more die who have not the broken bones of the scull taken out than those that have But the Instruments with which the wounded or cleft bones may be cut out are called Scalpri or Radulae of which I have caused diverse sorts to be here decyphered that every one might take his choice according to his minde and as shall bee best for his purpose But all of them may be scrued into one handle the figure whereof I have here exhibited Radulae or Scalpri i Shavers or Scrapers Radulae of another forme for the better cutting of the greater bones To conclude when the scull shall be wounded or broken with a simpleifissure the Chirurgion must thinke he hath done sufficient to the patient and in his Art if hee shall divide the bone and dilate the fissure or cleft with the described Instruments though he have used no Trepan although the fissure pierce thorough both the Tables But if it doth not exceed the first Table you must stay your scrapers as soone as you come to the second according to the opinion of Paulus but if the bone shall be broken and shivered into many peeces they shall be taken forth with fit Instruments using also a Trepan if neede shall require after the same manner as we shall shew you hereafter CHAP. V. Of a Contusion which is the second sort of fracture AN Ecchymosis that is an effusion of blood presently concreating under the musculous skinne without any wound is oft caused by a violent Contusion This Contusion if it shall be great so that the skinne be devided from the scull it is expedient that you make an incision whereby the blood may bee evacuated and emptied For in this case you must wholy desist from suppurative medicines which otherwise would be of good use in a fleshy part by reason that all movst things are hurtfull to the bones as shall be showne hereafter But if the bone shall be too strong thicke and dense so that this Instrument will not serve to plucke it forth then you must perforate the scull in the very center of the depression and with this threefold Instrument or Levatory put into the hole lift up and restore the bone to its naturall site for this same Instrument is of strength sufficient for that purpose It is made with three feete that so it may be applyed to any part of the head which is round but divers heads may be fitted to the end thereof according as the businesse shall require as the figure here placed doth shew A three footed Levatorie A deliniation of other Levatories A A. Shewes the point or tongue of the Levatory which must be somewhat dull that so it may bee the more gently and easily put betweene the Dura Mater and the scull and this part thereof may be lifted up so much by the head or handle taken in your hand as the necessity of the present operation shall require B. Intimates the body of the Levatory which must bee foure square lest the point or tongue put thereon should not stand fast but the end of this Body must rest upon the sound bone as on a sure foundation The use thereof is thus put the point or tongue under the broken or depressed bone then lift the handle up with your hand that so the depressed bone may bee elevated C. Shewes the first Arme of the other Levatory whose crooked end must bee gently put under the depressed bone D. Shewes the other Arme which must rest on the sound bone that by the firme standing thereof it may life up the depressed bone But if at any time it comes to passe that the bone is not totally broken or deprest but onely on one side it will be fit so to lift it up as also to make a vent for the issuing out of the filth to devide the scull with little sawes like these which ye see here expressed for thus so much of the bone as shall be thought needefull may be cut off without compression neither will there be any danger of hurting the braine or membrane with the broken bone The Figures of Sawes fit to divide the scull But if by such signes as are present and shall appeare wee perceive or judge that the contusion goes but to the second Table or scarse so farre the baring or taking away of the bone must go no further than the contusion reaches for that will bee sufficient to eschew and divert Inflammation and divers other symptomes And this shall be done with a scaling or Desquamatory Trepan as they terme it with which you may easily take up as much of the bone as you shall thinke expedient And I have here given you the figure thereof A Desquamatorie or Scaling Trepan CHAP. VI. Of an Effracture depression of the bone being the third kinde of Fracture BEfore I come to speake of an Effracture I thinke it not amisse to crave pardon of the courteous and understanding Reader for this reason especially that as in the former Chapter when I had determined and appointed to speake of a Contusion I inserted many things of a Depression so also in this chapter of an Effracture I intend to intermixe something of a Contusion wee doe not this through any ignorance of the thing it selfe for wee know that it is called a contusion when the bone is deprest and crusht but falles not downe But an Effracture is when the bone falls downe and is broken by a most violent blow But it can scarse come so to passe but that the things themselves must be confounded and mixt both as they are done and also when they are spoken of so that you shall scarse see a Contusion without an Effracture or this without that Therefore the bones are often broken off and driven downe with great and forcible blowes with clubbes whether round or square or by falling from a high place directly downe more or lesse according to the force of the blow kinde of weapon and condition of the part receiving the same Wherefore you must bee provided with diversity of remedies and Instruments to encounter therewith Wherefore admit the bone is pressed downe and shivered into many peeces now for that these splinters neede not be taken out with a Trepan you may do the businesse with Levatories made and neatly fashioned for that purpose such as these which are here exprest A Levatorie But we must have speciall care least that in pulling and taking out of these scales and splinters we hurt the membranes These scales are somtimes very rough prickly so that they cannot touch the Meninges without offence but somewhiles the businesse is so intricate that they cannot be taken out unlesse by enlarging the fracture Wherefore in this case if there be a space so large as that the ends of these mullets may enter you may easily sheare off so much of the bone as shall be necessary â—…equisite for the taking away
defaced that it may seeme one bone growne together of many This shall be made manifest by recitall of the following Historie A servant of Massus the Poste-master had a greevous blow with a stone upon the right Bregma which made but a small wound yet a great contusion and Tumor Wherefore that it might more plainely appeare whether the bone had received any harme and also that the congealed blood might be pressed forth the wound was dilated the skinne being opened by Theodore Hereus the Chirurgion who as hee was a skillfull workeman and an honest man omitted nothing which Art might doe for his cure When he had divided the skinne the bone was found whole although it was much to bee feared that it was broken because he fell presently to the ground with the blow vomited and shewed other signes of a fractured scull so it happened that he dyed on the one twentieth day of his sicknes But I being called to learne search how he came by his death deviding the scul with a saw found in the part opposite to the blow a great quantity of Sanies or bloody matter and an Abscesse in the Crassae meninx and also in the substance of the very braine but no sutures but the two scaly ones Therefore that is certaine which is now confirmed by the authority of Hippocrates as also by reason and experience that a blow may bee received on the one side and the bone may be fractured on the opposite especially in such as have either no sutures or else so firmely united and closed that they are scarse apparent Neither is it absured that the part opposite to that which received the stroake of the same bone and not of diverse bones may be cloven and in those men who have their sculls well made and naturally distinguished and composed with sutures and this both was and is the true meaning of Hippocrates That this may bee the better understood we must note that the opposite part of the same bone may be understood two manner of wayes First when the fracture is in the same surface of the smitten bone as if that part of one of the bones of the Bregma which is next to the Lambdall future be smitten and the other part next to the Coronall suture be cloven Secondly when as not the same superficies and table which receives the blow but that which lyes under it is cleft which kind of fracture I observed in a certaine Gentleman a Horsman of Captaine Stempans troope He in defending the breach of the wall of the Castle of Hisdin was strucke with a Musket bullet upon the Bregma but had his helmet on his head the bullet dented in the Helmet but did not breake it no nor the musculous skinne nor scull for as much a could be discerned yet notwithstanding hee died apoplecticke upon the sixt day after But I being very desirous to know what might be the true cause of his death dividing his scull observed that the second table was broken and cast off scales and splinters wherewith as with nedles the substance of the braine was continually pricked the first and upper table being whole for all this I afterwards shewed the like example to Capellanus and Castellanus the King and Queenes chiefe Phisitions in the expedition of Roane But Hippocrates prescribes no method of curing this fifth kind of fracture by reason he thinks it cannot be found out by any circumstance whence it happens that it is for the most part deadly Yet must we endeavour to have some knowledge conjecture of such a fracture if it shall at any time happen Wherefore having first diligently shaved away the haire we must apply an Emplaister of Pitch Tarre Waxe Turpentine the powder of Iris or floure deluce rootes and mastich now if any place of the head shall appeare more moyst soft and swollne it is somewhat likely that the bone is cleft in that place so that the patient though thinking of no such thing is now then forest to put his hand to that part of the scull Confirmed with these and other signes formerly mentioned let him call a counsell of learned Physitions and foretell the danger to the Patients friends which are there present that there may no occasion of calumnie remaine then let him boldely perforate the scull for that is far better than forsake the patient ready to yeelde to the greatnesse of the hidden disease and so consequently to dye within a short while after There are foure sorts or conditions of fractures by which the Chirurgion may be so deceived that when the scull is broken indeed yet he may thinke there is no fracture The first is when the bone is so depressed that it presently rises up into its true place and native equability The second is when the fissure is onely capillary The third is when the bone is shaken on the inside the utter surface neverthelesse remaining whole forasmuch as can be dediscerned The fourth is when the bone is stricken on the one side and cleft on the other CHAP. IX Of the moving or Concussion of the Braine BEsides the mentioned kindes of fractures by which the braine also suffers there is another kinde of affect besides nature which also assailes it by the violent incursion of a cause in like manner externall they call it the Commotion or shaking of the braine whence Symptoms like those of a broken scull ensue Falling from aloft upon a solide and hard body dull and heavie blowes as with stones clubbes staves the report of a peece of Ordinance or cracke of Thunder and also a blow with ones hand Thus as Hippocrates tells that beautifull damosell the daughter of Nerius when she was twenty yeeres old was smitten by a woman a friend of hers playing with her with her flat hand upon the fore part of the head and then she was taken with a gâ—ddines and lay without breathing when she came home she fell presently into a great Feaver her head aked and her face grew red The seaventh day after there came forth some two or three Ounces of stincking and bloody matter about her right eare and shee seemed some what better and to be at somewhat more ease The feaver encreased againe and she fell into a heavie sleepinesse and lost her speech and the right side of her face was drawne up and she breathed with difficulty she had also a convulsion and trembling both her tongue failed her and her eyes grew dull on the ninth day she dyed But you must note that though the head be armed with a helmet yet by the violence of a blow the Veines and Arteries may be broken not onely these which passe through the sutures but also those which are dispersed betweene the two tables in the Diploe both that they might binde the Crassa Meninx to the scull that so the braine might move more freely as also that they might carry the
of the extreame parts to draw the humors downewards yet for all this the part of the head which was formerly affected begun to impostumate which being opened there came forth a great quantity of matter and at the length the musculous skinne and Pericranium sincking downe both the Tables of the scull became putrified and rotten as you might know by their blacknesse and stench Now to take away this coruption I applyed at certaine times actuall cauteries both to amend the corruption and separate that which was altered but marke after some months space a great number of wormes came forth by the holes of the rot ten bones from underneath the putrified scull which moved me to hasten the separation and falling away of the putrid bones Which being done upon the very Crassa Meniux which is more strange in that place which nature had covered with flesh I observed three cavities of the largenesse of ones thumbe filled with wormes about the bignesse of a points tagge with blacke heads diversly wrapped amongst themselves The bone which nature separated was of the bignesse of the palme of ones hand so that it was strange that so large a portion of the scull should bee cast off by nature and yet the patient not dye thereof for he recovered yet beyond all mens expectation but after the agglutination of the wound the scarre remained very hollow according to the decree of Hippocrates For flesh doth not easily grow upon a Callus because it is a thing strange and supposititious by nature besides as a scarre is a thing more dense than the skinne so is a Callus than the bone so that through the more compact substance thereof the blood can neither freely nor plentifully sweat through for matter to regenerate flesh Hence it is that wheresoever any portion of the scull is wanting you may there by putting too of your hand perceive and feele the beating of the Braine wherefore the scull must needes bee much weaker in that place Now to helpe this infirmity I wished this Lackey to weare a Cap made of thicke leather so more easily to withstand externall injuries and verily thereby he grew much better Now I thinke good in this place to lay open the deceite and craft of some Impostors falsly stiling themselves Chirurgions who when they are called to cure wounds of the head wherein any part of the scull is lost perswade the patient and his friends that they must put a plate of gold in the place of the scull which is wanting Wherefore they hammer it in the presence of the patient and turne it divers wayes and apply it to the part the better to fit it but presently after they â—liely convey it into their purses and so leave the patient thus cosened Others bragge that they are able to put the dryed rinde of a gourd into the place of the lost bone and fasten it on to defend the part and thus they grossely abuse those which are ignorant in the Art For this is so farre from being done that nature will not suffer nor endure so much as an haire or any other small body to be shut up in a wound when it is cicatrized neither is the reason alike of a leaden bullet which shot into the body lyes there for many yeeres without any harme to the patient for although lead have a certaine familiarity with mans body yet is it at length unlesse the density of the opposed flesh ligament tendon or some other such like substance hinder thrust forth by nature impatient of all strange bodies And thus much of the rottennesse and corruption of fractured bones now must we speake of the discommodities which befall the Meninges by wounds whereby the scull is broken CHAP. XXI Of the discommodities which happen to the Crassa Meninx by fractures of the scull MAny discommodities chiefely happen to the Crassa Meninx by a fracture of the scull and rash Trepaning thereof for it sometimes chances to bee cut and torne Agglutination is a remedy for this disease which Hippocrates wishes to be procured with the juice of Nepeta that is of that calamint which smells like Penny-royall mixed with barly floure In steed whereof this following powder having the like faculty may take place â„ž Colophon Ê’iij an.Ê’j. anÊ’ss misce fiat pulvis subtilis But to purge the blood and matter which is gathered and lyes betweene the Crassa Meninx and scull you shall put in a Tent made of a ragge twined up some foure or five double and steeped in syrupe of Roses or wormewood and a little aqua vita for thus you shall presse downe both the Crassa Meninx lest lifted up by the accustomed and native pulsation of the braine it should be hurt by the edges of the scull yet rough by reason of the sharpe splinters of the bone lately Trepaned and give freer passage forth for the matter there contained But as oft as you shall dresse the patient you shall renue the forementioned Tent untill all the matter be purged forth And so often also you shall presse downe with the following instrument the Dura Mater and bid the patient to strive to put forth his breath stopping his mouth and nose that so the matter may more easily be evacuated This Instument wherewith you shall hold downe the Dura Mater must have the end round polisht and smooth as it is here exprest A fit Instrument to presse and hold downe the Dura Mater so to make way for the passage forth of the Sanies or Matter And let there be layd upon the Dura Mater strewed over with the formerly mentioned powder a spunge moystened and wrung forth of a drying decoction made of aromaticke and cephalicke things such as this which followes â„ž Fol. salviae majoran betonica rosar rub absinth Myrtil florum chamam melil stoechad utriusque an M. iij. ss rad cyperi calam aromat ireos caryophyllatn angelicâ— an â„¥ ss bulliant omnia secundum artem cum aqua fabrorum vino rubro fiat decoctio ad usum dictum And in stead hereof you may use claret with a little aqua vita that so the conteyned matter may bee evacuated and dryed up A spunge is fitter for this purpose to draw than a linnen ragge or any other thing both because it is good of its selfe to draw forth the humidity as also for that by its softnesse it yeelds to the pulsation of the Braine Then apply to the wound and all the adjoyning parts an emplaster of Diacalcitheos dissolved with vinegar or wine or oyle of Roses that so the plaster may be the more cold and foft For in Hippocrates opinion nothing which is any thing heavie or hard must be applyed to wounds of the head neither must it be bound with too straite or hard a ligature for feare of paine and inflammation For Galen tells as he had it from Mantias that a certaine man lost his eyes by inflammation and impostumation arising for that an
easily and without harme But if by these meanes the putrifaction be not restrained and the tumor bee encreased so much that the Dura Mater rising farre above the scull remaines unmoveable blacke and dry and the patients eyes looke fiery stand forth of his head and rowle up and downe with unquietnesse and a phrensie and these so many ill accidents be not sugitive but constant then know that death is at hand both by reason of the corruption of the gangraene of a noble part as also by extinction of the natiue heate CHAP. XXII Of the cure of the Braine being shaken or moved WEe have formerly declared the causes signes and symptomes of the concussion or shaking of the Braine without any wound of the musculous skinne or fracture of the bone wherefore for the present I will treate of the cure Therefore in this case for that there is feare that some vessell is broken under the scull it is fit presently to open the cephalicke veine And let bloud bee plentifully taken according to the strength of the patient as also respectively to the disease both which is present and like to ensue taking the advice of a Physition Then when you have shaven away the haire you shall apply to the whole head and often renue the forementioned cataplasme Ex farinis aleâ— rosaceâ— oxymelite and other like cold and moyst repelling medicines But you must eschew dry and too astringent medicines must bee shunned such as are Vnguentum de bolo and the like for they obstruct too vehemently and hinder the passage sorth of the vapours both by the sutures and the hidden pores of the scull Wherefore they doe not onely not hinder the inflammation but fetch it when it is absent or encrease it when present The belly shall bee loosed with a glister and the acride vapours drawne from the head for which purpose also it will bee good to make frictions from above downewards to make straight ligatures on the extreame parts to fasten large cupping-glasses with much flame to the shoulders and the originall of the spinall marrow that so the revulsion of the blood running violently upwards to the braine and ready to cause a phlegmon may be the greater The following day it will be convenient to open the Vena Puppis which is seated upon the Lambdall suture by reason of the community it hath with the veines of the braine and shutting the mouth and nose to strive powerfully to breathe For thus the membranes swell up and the blood gathered betweene them and the scull is thrust forth but not that which is shut up in the braine and membranes of which if there be any great quantity the case is almost desperate unlesse nature assisted with stronger force cast it forth turned into Pus But also after a few dayes the vena frontis or forehead veine may be opened as also the Temporall Arteriâ—s and Veines under the tongue that the conjunct matter may bee drawne forth by so many open passages In the meane spare the Patient must keepe a spare diet and abstaine from wine especially untill the fourteenth day for that untill that time the fearefull symptomes commonly reigne But repelling medicines must be used untill the fourteenth day be past then we must come to discussing medicines beginning with the more milde such as is this following decoction â„ž rad Alth. â„¥ vj. ireos cyperi calami arom an â„¥ ij fol. salviae Majoran betonic flor chamaem meâ—il ros rub sâ—oechad an M. ss salis com â„¥ iij bulliant omnia simul secundum artem cum vino rub aqua fabrorum fiat decictio Let the head bee washed therewith twise a day with a spunge But yet when you doe this see that the head bee not to much heated by such a fomentation or any such like thing for feare of paine and inflammation Then you shall apply the cerate of Vigo which hath power to discusse indifferently to dry and draw forth the humors which are under the scull and by its aromaticke force and power to confirme and strengthen the braine it is thus described â„ž Furfuris bene triturati â„¥ iij. farin lentium â„¥ ij ros myrtillor foliorum granorum ejus an â„¥ j. calâ—m aromat â„¥ iss chamaemel melil an M. ss nuces cupresâ—â— num vj. olei rosacei chamaem an â„¥ iij. ceraealbae â„¥ iiss thuris mastichis an Ê’iij myrrhaeÊ’ij Inpulverem quae redigi debent redactis liquefactis oleis cum cera omnis misceantur simul fiat mixtura quae erit inter formam emplastri ceroti Vigo saith that one of the Duke of Vrbins Gentlemen found the virtue hereof to his great good Hee fell from his horse with his head downewards upon hard Marble he lay as if hee had beene dead the blood gusht out of his nose mouth and eares and all his face was swollen and of a livide colour hee remained dumbe twenty dayes taking no meat but dissolved gellies and Chicken and Capon broths with sugar yet he recovered but lost his memorie and saultered in his speech all his life after To which purpose is that Aphorisme of Hippocrates Those which have their Braine shaken by what cause soever must of necessity become dumbe yea also as Galen observes in his commentary loose both their sense and motion That Cerat is not of small efficacie but of marvellous and admirable force which could hinder the generating of an abscesse which was incident to the braine by reason of the fall Yet there be many men so farre from yeelding to reason that they stifly denie that any impostumation can be in the braine and augmenting this errour with another they deny that any who have a portion of the braine cut off can recover or rise againe but the authority of ancient writers and experience doe abundantly refell the vanitie of the reasons whereon they relye Now for the first in the opinion of Hippocrates If those which have great paine in their heads have either pus water or blood flowing from their Nose mouth or eares it helpes their disease But Galen Rhasis and Avicen affirme that Sanies generated in the braine disburdens its selfe by the nose mouth or eares and I my selfe have observed many who had the like happen to them I was told by Prethais Coulen Chirurgion to Monsieur de Langey that he saw a certaine young man in the towne of Mans who often used to ring a great bell hee once hanging in sport upon the rope was snatch up therewith and fell with his head full upon the pavement he lay mute was depriyed of his senses and understanding and was besides hard bound in his belly Wherefore presently a feaver and delirium with other horrid symptomes assayled him for he was not Trepaned because there appeared no signe of fracture in the scull on the seaventh day hee fell into a great sweate with often sneesing by the violence whereof a
the Chest For some thinke that such wounds must bee closed up and cicatrized with all possible speed least the cold ayre come to the heart and the vitall spirits flye away and bee dissipated Others on the contrary thinke that such wounds ought to be long kept open and also if they be not sufficiently large of themselves that then they must be enlarged by Chirurgery that so the blood powred forth into the capacity of the Chest may have passage forth which otherwise by delay would putrefie whence wound ensue an increase of the feaver a fistulous ulcer and other pernicious accidents The first opinion is grounded upon reason and truth if so bee that there is little or no blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest But the latter takes place where there is much more blood contained in the empty spaces of the Chest Which least I may seeme rashly to determine I thinke it not amisse to ratifie each opinion with a history thereto agrecable Whilest I was at Turin Chirurgion to the Marshall of Montejan the King of France his Generall I had in cure a souldier of Paris whose name was L'evesque he served under captaine Renouart He had three wounds but one more greevous than the rest went under the right brest some what deepe into the capacity of the Chest whence much blood was poured forth upon the midriffe which caused such difficulty of breathing that it even tooke away the liberty of his speech besides though this occasion he had a vehement feaver coughed up blood and a sharpe paine on the wounded side The Chirurgion which first drest him had so bound up the wound with a straite and thicke suture that nothing could flow out thereat But I being called the day after and weighing the present symptomes which threatned speedy death judged that the sowing of the wound must straight be loosed which being done there instantly appeared a clot of blood at the orifice thereof which made mee to cause the patient to lye halfe out of his bed with his head downewards and to stay his hands on a settle which was lower than the bed and keeping himselfe in this posture to shut his mouth and nose that so his lungs should swell the midriffe be stretched forth and the intercostall muscles and those of the Abdomen should be compressed that the blood powred into the Chest might be evacuated by the wound but also that this excrescion might succeede more happily I thrust my finger some-what deepe into the wound that so I might open the Orifice thereof being stopped up with the congealed blood and certainely I drew out some seaven or eight ounces of putrified and stinking blood by this meanes When he was layd in his bed I caused frequent injections to be made into the wound of a decoction of Barly with honey of Roses and red Sugar which being injected I wisht him to turne first on the one and then on the other side and then againe to lye out of his bed as before for thus he evacuated small but very many clots of blood together with the liquor lately injected which being done the symptomes were mittigated and left him by little and little The next day I made another more detergent injection adding thereto worme-wood centaury and Aloes but such a bitternesse did rise up to his mouth together with a desire to cast that he could not longer endure it Then it came into my mind that formerly I had observed the like effect of the like remedy in the Hospitall of Paris in one who had a fistulous ulcer in his Chest Therefore when I had considered with my selfe that such bitter things may easily passe into the Lungs and so may from thence rise into the Weazon and mouth I determined that thence forwards I would never use such bitter things to my patients for the use of them is much more troublesome than any way good and advantagious But at the length this patient by this and the like meanes recovered his health beyond my expectation But on the contrary I was called on a time to a certaine Germaine gentleman who was runne with a sword into the capacity of his Chest the neighbouring Chirurgion had put a great tent into the wound at the first dressing which I made to bee taken forth for that I certainly understood there was no blood powred forth into the capacity of the Chest because the patient had no feaver no weight upon the diaphragma nor spitted forth any blood Wherefore I cured him in few dayes by onely dropping in some of my balsame and laying a plaster of Diacalcitheos upon the wound The like cure I have happily performed in many others To conclude this I eare boldly affirme that wounds of the Chest by the too long use of tents degenerate into Fistula's Wherefore if you at any time shall undertake the cure of wounds which penetrate into the capacity of the Chest you shall not presently shut them up at the first dressing but keep them open for two or three dayes but when you shall finde that the patient is troubled with no or very little paine and that the midriffe is pressed downe with no weight and that he breathes freely then let the tent be taken forth and the wound healed up as speedily as you can by covering it onely with lint dipped in some balsame which hath a glutinative faculty and layd some what broader than the wound never apply liniments to wounds of this kinde lest the patient by breathing draw them into the capacity of the Chest Wherefore also you must have a care that the tent put into those kindes of wounds may be fastened to the Pledgets and also have somewhat a large head lest they should be drawne as we sayd into the capacity of the Chest for if they fall in they will cause putrifaction and death Let Emplast Diacalcitheos or some such like bee applyed to the wound But if on the contrary you know by proper and certaine signes that there is much blood fallen into the spaces of the Chest then let the orifice of the wound bee kept open with larger tents untill all the Sanies or bloody matter wherein the blood hath degenerated shall bee exhausted But if it happen at any time as assuredly it sometimes doth that notwithstanding the Art and care of the Physition the wound degenerates into a Fistula then the former evill is become much worse For Fistula's of the Chest are scarse cured at any time and that for divers causes The first is for that the muscles of the Chest are in perpetuall motion Another is because they on the contrary inside are covered onely with the membrane investing the ribbes which is without blood The third is for that the wound hath no stay by meanes whereof it may be compressed sowed and bound whereby the lips being joyned together the wound may at length be replenished with flesh and cicatrized But the reason
of Reeds some are blunt headed others have piles or heads of Iron Brasse Lead Tinne Horne Glasse Bone In figure for that some are round others cornered some are sharpe pointed some barbed with the barbs standing either to the point or shafts or else acrosse or both wayes but some are broad aad cut like a Chissell For their bignesse some are three foote long some lesse For their number they differ in that because some have one head others more But they varie in making for that some of them have the shaft put into the head others the head into the shaft some have their heads nailed to the shaft others not but have their heads so loosely set on that by gentle plucking the shaft they leave their heads behind them whence dangerous wounds proceede But they differ in force for that some hurt by their Iron onely others besides that by poyson wherewith they are infected You may see the other various shapes here represented to you in the following Figure The Figures of divers sorts of Arrowes CHAP. XVII Of the difference of the wounded parts THe Wounded parts are eyther fleshy or bony some are neare the joynts others seated upon the very joynts some are principall others serve them some are externall others internall Now in wounds where deadly signes appeare its fit you give an absolute judgement to that effect least you make the Art to be scandalled by the ignorant But it is an inhumane part and much digressing from Art to leave the Iron in the wound it is sometimes difficult to take it out yet a charitable and artificiall worke For it is much better to try a doubtfull remedy than none at all CHAP. XVIII Of drawing forth Arrowes YOu must in drawing forth Arrowes shun incisions and dilacerations of Veines and Arteries Nerves and Tendons For it is a shamefull and bungling part to doe more harme with your hand than the Iron hath done Now Arrowes are drawne forth two wayes that is either by extraction or impulsion Now you must presently at the first dressing pull forth all strange bodies which that you may more easily and happily performe you shall set the Patient in the same posture as hee stood when he received his wound and hee must also have his Instruments in a readinesse chiefely that which hath a slit pipe and toothed without into which there is put a sharpe iron style like the Gimblets we formerly mentioned for the taking forth of Bullets but that it hath no scrue at the end but is larger and thicker so to widen the pipe that so widened it may fill up the hole of the Arrowes head where into the shaft was put and so bring it forth with it both out of the fleshy as also out of the bony parts if so bee that the end of the shaft be not broken and left in the hole of the head That also is a fit Instrument for this purpose which opens the other end toothed on the outside by pressing together of the handle You shall finde the Iron or head that lies hid by these signes there will be a certaine roughnesse and inequalitie observable on that part if you feele it up and downe with your hand the flesh there will be bruised livid or blacke and there is heavinesse and paine felt by the patient both there and in the wound A deliniation of Instruments fit to draw forth the heads of Arrowes and Darts which are left in the wound without their shafts A hooked Instrument fit for to draw forth strange bodies as peices of Maile and such other things as it can catch hold of which may also bee used in wounds made by Gunshot But if by chance either Arrowes Darts or Lances or any winged head of any other weapon bee run through and left sticking in any part of the body as the Thigh with a portion of the shaft or staffe slivered in peices or broken off then it is fit the Chirurgion with his cutting mullets should cut off the end of the staffe or shaft and then with his other mullets plucke forth the head as you may see by this Figure CHAP. XIX How Arrowes broken in a wound may be drawne forth BVt if it chance that the weapon is so broken in the wound that it cannot bee taken hold on by the formerly mentioned Mullets then must you draw or plucke it out with your Crane or Crowes bill and other formerly described Instruments But if the shaft be broken neare the head so that you cannot take hold thereof with your Cranes bill then you shall draw it forth with your Gimblet which we described before to draw forth bullets for if such a Gimblet can be fastened in Bullets it may farre better take hold of wood But if the head be barbed as usually the English arrowes are then if it may be conveniently done it will be very fitting to thrust them through the parts For if they should be drawne out the same way they went in there would bee no small danger of breaking or tearing the Vessells and Nerves by these hooked barbes Wherefore it is better to make a section on the other side whither the head tended and so give it passage forth if it may bee easily done for so the wound will bee the more easily clensed and consolidated But on the the contrary if the point tend to any bone or have many muscles or thicke flesh against the head thereof as it happens sometimes in the Thighes Legges and Armes then you must not thrust the head thorough but rather draw it out the same way it came in dilating the wound with fit Instruments and by skill in Anatomie shunning the larger Nerves and Vessells Therefore for this purpose put a hollow Dilater into the wound and therewith take hold of both the barbes or wings of the head and then take fast hold of the head with your Cranes-bill and so draw them forth all three together A Dilater hollowed on the inside with a Cranes-bill to take hold of the barbed head CHAP. XX. What to be done when an Arrow is left fastned or sticking in a bone BVt if the weapon be so depact and fastned in a bone that you cannot drive it forth on the other side neither get it forth by any other way than that it entred in by you must first gently moove it up and downe if it sticke very fast in but have a speciall care that you doe not breake it and so leave some fragment thereof in the bone then take it forth with your Crowes bill or some other fit Instrument formerly described Then presse forth the blood and suffer it to bleed somewhat largely yet according to the strength of the Patient and nature of the wounded part For thus the part shall be eased of the fulnesse and illnesse of humors and lesse molested with inflammation putrefaction and other symptomes which are customarily feared When the weapon is drawne forth and the
danger lest the bone bee forced out againe and removed from its place whereinto it was restored by art and the hand Which thing Hippocrates so much feared that on the contrarie he willed that the set bone should be drawne somewhat more unto the part contrary to that whereunto it was driven by force than the naturall and proper site thereof should require But to returne to our former discourse of the three Ligatures The first under-binder being put on wee then take the second with which wee in like sort begin at the fracture but having wrapped it once or twice about there for that as we formerly said wee must not force backe and presse so much blood towards the extremities as wee must doe towards the body and bowels Wherefore this Ligature shall be drawne from above downe-wards gently straining it to presse forth the blood contained in the wounded part When by rowling you shall come to the end of that part then you shall carry back againe that which remaines thereof to wit upwards But otherwise you may take the third under-binder wherewith you may beginne to rowle whereas you left with the second and you may carry it thus rowling it from below upwards These under-bindings thus finished apply your boulsters after them your over or upper-bindings which are oft times two but sometimes three The first hath two heads and is wrapped both from the right hand and the left for the preservation of the first under-binder and the boulsters and restoring the muscles to their native figure The two other which remaine consist of one head the one of them must be rowled from below upwards the other from above downwards after such a manner that they may bee directly contrary to the under-binders as if they were rowled from the right hand then these must be from the left Now this is the manner of Hippocrates his Ligation which for that it is now growne out of use we must here set downe that which is in common use They doe not at this time use any over-binders but that which we termed the third under-binder serves our Surgeons in stead of the three forementioned over-binders Wherefore they carry this third under-binder wrapped from below upwards as we formerly said contrary to the first and second under-binder as if these begunne on the right side this shall be rowled from the left and shall end whereas the first under-binder ended And you must not only draw it indifferently hard but also make the spires and windings more rare This third rowler is of this use in this manner of Ligation that is it restores the muscles to their native figure from whence they were somewhat altered by the drawing and rowling of the two former Ligatures But you must alwaies have regard that you observe that measure in wrapping your Ligatures which reason with the sense of the patient and ease in suffering prescribes having regard that the tumor become not inflamed Also the habit of the body ought to prescribe a measure in Ligation for tender bodies cannot away with so hard binding as hard Verily in fractures and luxations the humors by too strait binding are pressed into the extreme parts of the body whence grievous and oft times enormous Oedema's proceede for healing whereof the Ligature must bee loosed and then the tumified parts pressed by a new rowling which must bee performed from below upwards and so by forcing the matter of the Tumor thither it may be helped for there is no other hope or way to drive the humor backe againe He which doth this forsakes the proper cure of the disease so to resist the symptome which the Surgeon shall never refuse to doe as often as any necessarie cause shall require it For this cause Hippocrates bids that the Bandages bee loosed everie three dayes and then to â—oment the part with hote water that so the humors which drawne thither by the vehemency of paine have settled in the part may be dissolved and dispersed and itching and other such like symptomes prevented The feare of all accidents being past let the Ligation bee sooner or later loosed and more slacked than it formerly was accustomed that so the blood and laudible matter wherof a Callus may ensue may flow more freely to the affected part CHAP. IIII. Of the binding up of Fractures associated with a wound IT sometimes happens that a Fracture is associated by a wound and yet for all this it is fit to binde the part with a Ligature otherwise there will be no small danger of swelling inflammation and other ill accidents by reason of the too plentifull affluxe of humors from the neighbouring parts But it is not fit to endeavour to use that kinde of binding which is performed with manie circumvolutions or wrappings about For seeing the wound must bee dressed everie day the part must each day necessarily be stirred and the Ligature consisting of so many windings loosed which thing will cause paine and consequently hinder the knitting and uniting which is performed by rest Therefore this kinde of binding may be performed by one onely rowling about the wound and that with a rowler which consists of a twice or thrice doubled cloth made in manner of a boulster and sewed with as much conveniencie as you can that it may be so large as to encompasse and cover all the wound for these reasons which shall bee delivered at large in our Treatise of Fractures But if the wound runne long-wayes let the boulsters and splints be applyed to the sides of the wound that so the lipps of the wound may bee pressed together and the contained filth pressed forth But if it be made over-thwart we must abstaine from boulsters and splints for that in Galens opinion they would dilate the wound and the purulent matter would be pressed out and cast back into the wound CHAP. V. Certaine common precepts of the binding up of Fractures and Luxations IN everie Fracture and Luxation the depressed hollow and extenuated parts such as are neere unto the joynts ought to be filled up with boulsters or cloaths put about them so to make the part equall that so they may be equally and on every side pressed by the splints and the bones more firmely contained in their seates So when the knee is bound up you must fill the ham or that cavity which is there that so the ligation may be the better and speedilier performed The same must be done under the armepits above the heele in the arme neer the wrest and to conclude in all other parts which have a conspicuous inequalitie by reason of some manifest cavitie When you have finished your binding then enquire of the patient whether the member seeme not to be bound too strait For if he say that he is unable to endure it so hard bound then must the binding be somewhat slackned For too strait binding causes paine heate defluxion a gangrene and lastly a sphacell
that which stood up too high and lifting up that which is pressed downe too low Some that they may more easily restore this kinde of fracture put a clew of yarne under the Patients arme-pit so to fill up the cavity thereof then they forcibly presse the elbow to the ribs and then force the bone into its former seat But if it happen that the ends of the broken bones shall bee so deprest that they cannot be drawn upwards by the forementioned means then must the Patient be layd with his backe just betweene the shoulders upon a pillow hard stuffed or a tray turned with the bottome upwards and covered with a rugge or some such thing Then the servant shall so long presse downe the Patients shoulders with his hands untill the ends of the bones lying hid and pressed downe fly out and shew themselves Which being done the Surgeon may easily restore or set the fractured bone But if the bone be broken so into splinters that it cannot bee restored and any of the splinters pricke and wound the flesh and so cause difficultie of breathing you then must cut the skinne even against them and with your instrument lift up all the depressed splinters and cut off their sharp points so to prevent all deadly accidents which thereupon may bee feared If there be many fragments they after they are set shall be covered with a knitting medicine made of wheat floure frankincense bole armenicke sanguis draconis resina pini made into powder and mixed with the whites of egges putting upon it splints covered with soft worne linnen raggs covered over likewise with the same medicine and then three boulsters dipped in the same two whereof shall be layd upon the sides but the third and thickest upon the prominent fracture so to represse it and hold it in For thus the fragments shall not be able to stirre or lift themselves up further than they should eyther to the rightside or left Now these Boulsters must be of a convenient thicknesse and breadth sufficient to fill up the cavities which are above and below that bone Then shall you make fit ligation with a rowler having a double head cast crosse-wise of a hands breadth and some two ells and a halfe long more or less according to the Patients bodie Now hee shall be so rowled up as it may draw his arme somewhat backwards and in the interim his arme-pits shall be filled with boulsters especially that next the broken bone for so the Patient may more easily suffer the binding Also you shall wish the Patient that he of himselfe bend his arme backewards and set his hand upon his hip as the Countrey Clownes use to doe when they play at leap-frogge But how great diligence soever you use in curing this sort of fracture yet can it scarce be so performed but that there will some deformity remaine in the part for that a ligature cannot be rowled about the collar-bone as it may about a legge or an arme A Callus oft times growes on this bone within the space of twenty daies because it is rare and spongious CHAP. IX Of the fracture of the shoulder-blade THe Greeks call that Omoplata which the Latines terme Scapula or Scapulae patella that is the shoulder-blade It is fastened on the backe to the ribs nowle the Vertebrae of the chest and necke but not by articulation but only by the interposition of muscles of which wee have spoken in our Anatomie But on the forepart it is articulated after the manner of other bones with the collar-bone the shoulder or arme-bone for with its processe which represents a pricke or thorne and by some for that it is more long and prominent is called Acromion that is as you would say the top or spire of the said shoulder-blade it receives the Collar-bone Therefore some Anatomists according to Hippocrates as they suppose call all this articulation of the Collar-bone with the hollowed processe of the shoulder-blade Acromion There is another processe of the said Blade-bone called Cervix omâ—platae or the necke of the Shoulder-blade this truely is very short but ending in a broad and sinuated head provided for the receiving of the Shoulder or arme-bone Not farre from this processe is another called Coracoides for that the end thereof is crooked like a Crowes beake This keeps the shoulder bone in its place and conduces to the strength of that part The shoulder-blade may be fractured in any part thereof that is eyther on the ridge which runnes like a hill alongst the midst thereof for its safety as wee see in the Vertebrae of the backe So also in the broader part thereof it may bee thrust in and deprest and also in that articulation whereby the top of the shoulder is knit to it According to this variety of these fractured parts the happening accidents are more grievous or gentle Wee know the spine or ridge of the Shoulder-blade to be broken when a dolorificke inequalitie is perceived by touching or feeling it But you may know that the broader or thinner part thereof is depressed if you feele a cavity and a pricking paine molest the part and if a numnesse trouble the arme being stretched forth The fragments if they yet sticke to their bone and doe not pricke the flesh must be restored to their state and place and there kept with agglutinative medicines and such as generate a Callus as also with boulsters and rowlers fitted to the place But if they doe not adhere to the bone or pricke the flesh lying under them then must you make incision in the flesh over against them that so you may take them out with your Crowes beake But although they stirre up and downe yet if they still adhere to the periostium and ligaments if so be that they trouble not the muscles by pricking them then must they not bee taken forth for I have oftner than once observed that they have within some short time after growne to the adjacent bones But if they being wholly separated doe not so much as adhere to the periostium then must they necessarily be plucked away otherwise within some short space after they will be driven forth by the strength of nature for that they participate not any more in life with the whole For that which is quicke saith Hippocrates uses to expell that which is dead farre from it The truth whereof was manifested in the Marques of Villars who at the battell of Dreux was wounded in his shoulder with a pistoll bullet certaine splinters of the broken bone were plucked forth with the peeces of his harnesse and of the leaden bullet and within some short space after the wound was cicatrized and fully and perfectly healed But more than seven yeares after a defluxion and inflammation arising in that place by reason of his labour in armes and the heavinesse of his armour at the battell of Mont-contour the wound broke open againe so that many
together Old and inveterate dislocations wherin a tough humor possessing the cavitie is concrete in stead of the head of the bone are not to be restored as neither when the heads of the luxated bones have by continuall attrition made themselves a new cavitie in the neighbouring bone neither if they be restored is the restitution firme and of continuance because the naturall cavitie is possessed by another matter and the new made neare thereto cannot well and faithfully containe the received head of the bone Those who have their shoulder dislocated may use their hand for many actions as well as the opposite sound hand for the weight of the bodie is not sustained by the hands as it is by the legs And by how much the hand is the more exercised by so much the arme becoms the more corpulent Contrarily if the thigh bone bee dislocated especially if it bee wrested inwards the whole legge quickly decayes by an atrophia because the part doth absolutely lose all motion for by the opinion of Hippocrates the performance of the proper action encreases strength and makes the part in better plight but idlenesse debilitates and makes it leane If a great wound and fracture bee joyned with a luxation there is danger lest while wee use extension for restoring the part we draw the nerves too violently and so break the nerves veines and arteries whence would ensue feare of inflammation convulsion and other maligne symptomes Wherefore Hippocrates judges it better in such a concourse and complication of preternaturall affects absolutely not to meddle at all with the setting of the dislocated bone for by attempting the restitution certaine death but by omitting it only lamenesse is to be feared Everie dislocation must be restored before inflammation come but if it be already present you must presently be carefull to take it away For other things let the Patient rest lest if the affect be irritated the increase and excesse of paine cause a convulsion gangrene and lastly death as I remember I have somtimes observed Therfore when inflammation and other maligne symptomes shall be mitigated and corrected then may you endeavour to restore the luxation especially if the habit of the bodie and member affected may admit it For if the bodie be slender delicate and tender then the restitution will bee more speedy and facile But on the contrarie more difficult if it be grosse and compact And let thus much suffice for prognosticks in Luxations CHAP. VI. Of the generall cure of Dislocations FOr all that I have heretofore delivered the generall methode of curing Fractures and dislocations yet it shall not bee unprofitable to repeat here in this place those things which may be accommodated to this Treatise of curing Luxations Now he that will cure Dislocations must have regard to five intentions which it will be fitting to performe in order The first is of Holding The second of Drawing or Extending The third of Forcing in The fourth of Placing in convenient figure and site The fifth of Correcting the concomitant or following symptomes The first scope which we said was of Holding is meant eyther of the whole body or else of some part thereof only The whole bodie must bee holden by the strong embracement of your servant or attendant when as the shoulder the vertebrae or the thigh-bones are dislocated But in the dislocation of the Collar-bone elbow hand knee or foote and legge it is sufficient onely to hold the part straitly in your hands There is necessitie of holding eyther the bodie or else some part thereof lest while the dislocated bone is extended the whole bodie follow by continuance of parts if there be nothing which may hinder for if the bodie should follow him that drawes or extends all the work-masters labour and endeavour to restore it is to no purpose The use of the second scope that is of Drawing or Extending is that there may be a free space and distance betweene the luxated bones by which distance the dislocated bone may the more freely be forced into its cavitie But the manner of drawing or extending is different in quantity and manner according to the various strength of the muscles and ligaments and dislocation of the bones to this or that part Therefore this worke is almost alwaies performed by the hands which when they cannot suffice we must use the assistance of instruments and engins whose figures you shall see hereafter delineated But that you may not doe amisse you may so farre use extension untill the head of the bone be brought just against its cavitie When the Surgeon hath brought it to this passe then must he hasten to the third intention which is to put the head of the bone first moved and gently bended into its cavitie For hee must have a speciall care that hee force it no other way than into its proper cavity for it would be dangerous lest he should turne it from one extreme into another and the bone for examples sake of the thigh which was dislocated into the forepart by too violent forcing by exceeding the middle cavitie may be driven and dislocated into the hinder part To shun this the bone shall be put backe the same way that it fell out which may bee easily done in fresh and late happening dislocations We understand that the bone is set by the noyse or as it were a popp or sound like that which solid and sounding bodies being fully and forcibly thrust into their cavities do make by the similitude and consent in figure magnitude and all conformation of the affected part with the sound and lastly by the mitigation of the paine The fourth scope which is of the convenient site of the part must bee so fulfilled that the bone after it is set may bee kept in its cavity and not flye forth againe Wherefore if the arme be dislocated it shall be carried bound up in a scarfe if the thigh knee legge or foote be luxated they shall be fitly layd in a bed but in the interim the Surgeon presently after hee hath set them shall have a care that the affected joynt be wrapped about with stoups and clothes or compresses steeped in rose vinegar and spred with convenient medicines then let it be bound with an artificiall deligation rowling the ligatures unto the part contrary to that whereto the dislocated bone flew For the which purpose thicker boulsters shall be there applied whence the bone came out otherwise there will be some danger lest it should be againe displaced when these things are done he shall for foure or five dayes space meddle with nothing about the Dislocation unlesse paine or some such like symptome happen For then the fifth scope will call us from that cessation and rest which is to correct the symptomes and complicate affections as paine inflammation a wound fracture and others wherof wee have spoken abundantly in our Treatise of Fractures Before wee
joynts of the bodie slipperie and fit for motion the Spine is flexible with notable agilitie forwards onely but not backewards for that so there would be continuall danger of breaking the Hollow ascendent veine and the great descending arterie running thereunder Therefore the dearticulations of the vertebrae mutually strengthned with strong ligaments doe looke more backewards I have thought good to premise these things of the nature of the Spine before I come to the Dislocations happening thereto I willingly omit divers other things which are most copiously delivered by Galen content only to adde thus much That there is nothing to bee found in the whole structure of Mans bones which more clearly manifests the industrie of Gods great workmanship than this composure of the Spine and the vertebrae thereof CHAP. XIII Of the Dislocation of the Head THe head stands upon the necke knit by dearticulation to the first vertebra thereof by the interposition of two processes which arise from the basis thereof neare the hole through which the marrow of the braine passes downe into the backe bone and they are received by fit cavities hollowed in this first vertebra These processes sometimes fall out of their cavities and cause a dislocation behinde whereby the spinall marrow is too violently and hard compressed bruised and extended the chin is fastened to the breast and the Patient can neyther drinke nor speake wherefore death speedily followes upon this kinde of Luxation not through any fault of the Surgeon but by the greatness of the disease refusing all cure CHAP. XIV Of the Dislocation of the vertebrae or Racke-bones of the necke THe other vertebrae of the necke may bee both dislocated and strained Dislocation verily unlesse it be speedily helped brings sudden death for by this meanes the spinall marrow is presently opprest at the verie originall thereof and the nerves there-hence arising suffer also together therewith and principally those which serve for respiration whereby it commeth to passe that the animal spirit cannot come and disperse its selfe into the rest of the bodie lying thereunder hence proceede sudden inflammation the squinsie and a difficultie or rather a defect of breathing But a straine or incomplete Luxation brings not the like calamitie by this the vertebrae a little moved out of their seats are turned a little to the hinde or fore part then the necke is wrested aside the face lookes blacke and there is difficultie of speaking and breathing Such whether dislocation or straine is thus restored The Patient must be set upon alowe seat and then one must leane and lye with his whole weight upon his shoulders and the meane while the Surgeon must take the Patients head about his eares betwixt his hands and so shake and move it to everie part untill the vertebra be restored to its place We may know it is set by the sudden ceasing of the pain which before grievously afflicted the Patient and by the free turning and moving his head neck everie way After the restoring it the head must be inclined to the part opposite to the Luxation and the neck must bee bound up about the dearticulation of the shoulder but yet so that the ligature bee not too strait lest by pressing the weazon and gullet it straiten the passages of breathing and swallowing CHAP. XV. Of the Dislocated Vertebrae of the Back THe Rack bones of the backe may bee dislocated inwards outwards to the right side and to the left We know they are dislocated inwards when as they leave a depressed cavitie in the spine outwardly when they make a bunch on the backe and wee know they are luxated to the right or left side when as they obliquely bunch forth to this or that side The vertebrae are dislocated by a cause eyther internall or externall as is common to all other Luxations the internall is eyther the defluxion of humors from the whole bodie or any part to them and their ligaments or else a congestion proceeding from the proper and native weakenesse of these parts or an attraction arising from paine and heat The externall is a fall from high upon some hard bodie a heavie and bruising blow much and often stooping as in Dressers and Lookers to Vineyards and Paviers decrepite old men and also such as through an incureable dislocation of the Thigh-bone are forced in walking to stoope downe and hold their hand upon their thigh But a vertebra cannot be forced or thrust inwards unlesse by a great deale of violence and if it at any time happen it is not but with the breaking of the tyes and ligaments for they will breake rather than suffer so great extension Such a dislocation is deadly for that the spinall marrow is exceedingly violated by too strait compression whence proceeds dulnesse and losse of sense in the members lying thereunder Neyther is restitution to bee hoped for because wee cannot through the belly force it into its place the urine is then supprest as also the excrements of the belly sometimes on the contrarie both of them breake forth against the Patients minde the knees and legges grow cold their sense and motion being lost Such things happen more frequently when the spine is luxated inwards than when it is dislocated outwards for that the nerves thence arising runne and are carried more inwardly into the bodie Besides the pressed Spinall marrow becomes inflamed and that being inflamed the parts of the same kinde and such as are joyned thereto are also inflamed by consent whence it happeneth that the bladder cannot cast forth the urine Now where the sinewes are pressed they can no more receive the irradiation of the animal facultie Hence followes the deprivation of the sense and motion in the parts whereto they are carried therefore the contained excrements doe no more provoke to expulsion by their troublesome sense neither are pressed to keep them in thence proceeds their suppression and hence their breaking forth against their wils But the spine outwardly dislocated scarce causes any compression of the marrow or nerves CHAP. XVI How to restore the Spine outwardly dislocated THe vertebrae outwardly dislocated when as they stand bunching forth then it is fit to lay and stretch forth the Patient upon a table with his face downe-wards and straitly to binde him about with towels under the arm-pits about the flanks and thighes And then to draw and extend as much as we can upwards and downe-wards yet without violence for unlesse such extension be made restitution is not to be hoped for by reason of the processes and hollowed cavities of the vertebrae wherby for the faster knitting they mutually receive each other Then must you lye with your hands upon the extuberancie and force in the prominent vertebrae But if it cannot be thus restored then will it bee convenient to wrap two pieces of wood of foure fingers long and one thick more or lesse in linnen clothes
the braines substitute But when divers vertebrae are dislocated at once it must of necessity be forced only into an obtuse angle or rather a semicircle by which compression it certainly suffers but not so as that death must necessarily ensue thereof Hereto may seeme to belong that which is pronounced by Hippocrates A circular moving of the vertebrae out of their places is lesse dangerous than an angular CHAP. XIX Of the Dislocation of the Rumpe THe Rumpe oft times is after a sort dislocated inwards by a violent fall upon the buttocks or a great blow in this affect the Patient cannot bring his heele to his buttockes neither unlesse with much force bend his knee Going to stoole is painefull to him neyther can he sit unlesse in a hollow chaire That this as it were dislocation may bee restored you must thrust your finger in by the Fundament even to the place affected as we have said in a fracture then must you strongly raise up the bone and with your other hand at the same time joyne it rightly on the outside with the neighbouring parts lastly it must be strengthened with the formerly mentioned remedies and kept in its place Now it will bee recovered about the twentieth day after it is set During all which time the Patient must not goe to stoole unlesse sitting upon a hollow seat lest the bone as yet scarce well recovered should fall againe out of its place CHAP. XX. Of the Luxation of the Ribs THe Ribs may by a great and bruising stroake bee dislocated and fall from the vertebrae whereto they are articulated and they may bee driven inwards or side-waies Of which kinde of Luxation though there be no particular mention made by the Ancients yet they confesse that all the bones may fall or be removed from their seats or cavities wherin they are received and articulated The signe of a Rib dislocated and slipped on one side is a manifest inequality which here makes a hollownesse and there a bunching forth but it is a signe that it is driven in when as there is only a depressed cavitie where it is knit and fastened to the vertebrae Such dislocations cause divers symptomes as difficulty of breathing the hurt rib hindring the free moving of the chest a painfulnesse in bowing downe or lifting up the bodie occasioned by a paine counterfeiting a pleurisie the rising or puâ—â—ing up of the musculous flesh about the rib by a mucous and flatulent humor there generated the reasons whereof we formerly mentioned in our Treatise of Fractures To withstand all these the dislocation must bee forthwith restored then the puffing up of the flesh must bee helped Wherefore if the dislocated Rib shall fall upon the upper side of the vertebrae the Patient shall be set upright hanging by his armes upon the toppe of some high doore or window then the head of the rib where it stands forth shal be pressed downe untill it be put into its cavity Againe if the rib shall fall out upon the lower side of the vertebra it will be requisite that the Patient bend his face do 〈◊〉 wards setting his hands upon his knees then the dislocation may be restored by pressing or thrusting in the knot or bunch which stands forth But if the luxated rib fall inwards it can no more be restored or drawn forth by the hand of the Surgeon than a vertebra which is dislocated towards the inside for the reasons formerly delivered CHAP. XXI Of a Dislocated shoulder THe shoulder is easily dislocated because the ligaments of its dearticulation are soft and loose as also for that the cavitie of the shoulder-blade is not very deepe and besides it is every where smooth and polite no otherwise than that of the shoulder-bone for that it is herein received Adde hereunto that there is no internall ligament from bone to bone which may strengthen that dearticulation as is in the legge and knee Wherein notwithstanding we must not thinke nature defective but rather admire Gods providence in this thing for that this articulation serves not onely for extension and bending as that of the Elbow but besides for a round or circular motion as that which carries the arme round about now up then downe according to each difference of site The shoulder-bone which Hippocrates cals the Arme-bone may be dislocated foure manner of waies upwards downe-wards or into the Arme-pit forwards and outwards but never backwards or to the hinde part For seeing that there the cavitie of the blade-bone which receives the head of the arm-bone which Hippocrates cals a Joynt lyes and stands against it who is it that can but imagin any such dislocation In like sort it is never dislocated inwardly for on this part it hath the flesh of a strong muscle termed Deltoides lying over it besides also the backe and acromion of the Blade and lastly the anker-like or beake-like processe all which foure hinder this joynt from slipping inwards Now Hippocrates saith that he hath only seene one kinde of Dislocation of this bone to wit that which is downe-wards or to the arme-pit and certainly it is the most usuall and frequent wherefore we intend to handle it in the first place When the shoulder is dislocated down-wards into the Arme-pit a depressed cavitie may bee perceived in the upper part of the joynt the acromion of the Blade shewes more sharpe and standing forth than ordinarie for that the head of the shoulder-bone is slipt downe and hid under the arme-pit causing a swelling forth in that place the Elbow also casts it selfe as it were outwards and stands further off from the ribs and though you force it yet can you not make it to touch them the Patient cannot lift up his hand to his care on that side neyther to his mouth nor shoulder Which signe is not peculiar to the luxated shoulder but common to it affected with a contusion fracture inflammation wound abscesse scirrâ—us or any defluxion upon the nerves arising out of the vertebrae of the neck and sent into the arme also this arme is longer than the other Lastly which also is common to each difference of a luxated shoulder the Patient can move his arme by no kinde of motion without sense of paine by reason of the extended and pressed muscles some also of their fibres being broken There are sixe wayes to restore the shoulder luxated down-wards into the arme-pit The first is when it is performed with ones fist or a towell The second with a clew of yarne which put under the arme-pit shall be thrust up with ones heele The third with ones shoulder put under the Arme-hole which maner together with the first is most fit for new and easily to be restored luxations as in those who have loose flesh and effeminate persons as children eunuches and women The fourth with a ball put under the Arme-pit and then the Arme cast over a piece of wood held upon two
mens shoulders or two standing posts The fifth with a Ladder The sixth with an Instrument called an Ambi. Wee will describe these sixe waies and present them to your view CHAP. XXII Of the first manner of setting a Shoulder which is with ones fist FIrst let one of sufficient strength placed on the opposite side firmly hold the Patient upon the joynt of the Shoulder lest he move up and downe with his whole bodie at the necessarie extension working and putting it in then let another taking hold of his arme above the elbow so draw and extend it downe-wards that the head thereof may be set just against its cavitie hollowed in the blade-bone Then at last let the Surgeon lift and force up with his fist the head of the bone into its cavitie Here this is chiefly to be observed that in fresh luxations especially in a bodie soft effeminate moist and not over corpulent that it sometimes comes to passe that by the only meanes of just extension the head of the bone freed from the muscles and other particles wherewith it was as it were intangled will betake it selfe into its proper cavitie the muscles being by this meanes restored to their place and figure and drawing the bone with them as they draw themselves towards their heads as it were with a sudden gird or twitch wherefore in many whilest we thought no such thing it sufficed for restitution only to have extended the arme But if the Luxation bee inveterate and the hand cannot serve then must the Patients shoulder be fastned to a Poste with the forementioned Ligature or else committed to ones charge who may stand at his backe and hold him fast Then the arme shall presently be tyed about a little above the elbow with a fillet whereto a cord shall be fastened which being put or fastened to the Pulley shall be drawne or stretched forth as much as need shall require Lastly the Surgeon with a towell or such like Ligature fastened about his necke and hanging down and so put under the Patients arme-pit neare to the Luxation shall raising himselfe upon his feete with the whole strength of his necke lift up the shoulder and also at the same time bringing his arme to the Patients breast shall set the head of the shoulder-bone forced with both his hands into its cavitie as you may see by this ensuing figure An expression of the first manner of putting a Shoulder into Joynt Then must you cover all the adjacent parts with a medicine made ex farina volatili bolo armenio myrtillis pice resina alumine beaten into powder and mixed with the white of an egge Then must the hollownesse under the arm be filled with a clew of Woollen or Cotton yarne or a linnen cloth spred over with a little oyle of Roses or Myrtles a little vinegar and unguentum rosatum or infrigidans Galeni lest it sticke to the haires if there be any there The part must afterwards be bound up with a ligature consisting of two heads of some five fingers breadth and two ells long more or lesse according as the bodie shall require The midst thereof shall be put immediately under the arme-pit and then crossed over the lame shoulder and so crossing it as much as shal be fit it shall be wrapped under the opposite arme And lastly the arme shall be layd upon the breast and put in a scarfe in a middle figure almost to right angles so that by lifting up the hand hee may almost touch his sound shoulder lest the bone newly set may fall out againe neyther shall the first dressing be stirred untill foure or five daies be past unlesse the greatnesse of some happening symptome divert us from this our purpose CHAP. XXIII Of the second manner of restoring a Shoulder that is with the heele when as the Patient by reason of paine can neither sit nor stand THe Patient must be layd with his backe on the ground upon a Cover-lid or Mat and a clew of yarne or leathern-ball stuffed with tow or cotton of such bignesse as may serve to fill up the cavitie must be put under his arm-pit that so the bone may straight-wayes the more easily be forced by the heele into its cavitie Then let the Surgeon sit beside him even over against the luxated shoulder and if his right shoulder be luxated he shall put his right heele to the ball which filled up the arme-pit but if the left then the left heele then let him forthwith draw towards him the Patients arme taking hold thereof with both his hands and at the same instant of time strongly presse the arme-pit with his heele Whilst this is in doing one shall stand at the Patients backe who shall lift up his shoulder with a towell or some such thing fitted for that purpose and also with his heele presse downe the top of the shoulder-blade another also shall sit on the other side of the Patient who holding him shall hinder him from stirring this way or that way at the necessary extension in setting it as you may see it exprest by the following figure The expression of the second manner of restoring a Shoulder CHAP. XXIV Of the third manner of restoring a Shoulder SOme one who is of a competent height and strength shall put the sharpe part of the toppe of his shoulder under the Patients arme-pit and also at the same time shall somewhat violently draw his arme towards his owne breast so that the Patients whole bodie may as it were hang thereby In the meane time another for the greater impression shall lay his weight on the luxated shoulder shaking it with his whole bodie Thus the shoulder drawne downe-wards by the one which stands under the arme-hole and moved and shaken by the other who hangs upon it may bee restored into its seat by the helpe of the Surgeon concurring therewith and with his hand governing these violent motions as the following figure shews The figure of the third manner of putting a Shoulder into Joynt CHAP. XXV Of the fourth manner of restoring a dislocated Shoulder YOu must take a perch or piece of Wood somewhat resembling that which the Water-bearers of Paris use to put on their shoulders some two inches broad and some sixe foote long in the midst hereof let there bee fastened a clew of yarne or ball of sufficient bignesse to fill up the cavitie of the arme-hole Let there be two pins put in one on each side of the ball each alike distant there-from with which as with stayes the shoulder may be kept in and upon the ball that it slip not away from it Let two strong men taller than the Patient eyther by nature or art put this perch upon their shoulders then let the Patient put his arme-pit upon that place where the ball stands up the Surgeon must be ready to pull his hanging arme downe-wards Thus the Patient shall as it were hang on the perch with his shoulder and so
the head of the bone shall bee forced into its cavitie as this ensuing Figure declares wherein you may see the perch or yoake with the two woodden pins and ball fastened in the midst delineated by its selfe The figure of the fourth manner of restoring the Shoulder CHAP. XXVI Of the fifth manner of putting the Shoulder into joynt which is performed by a Ladder YOu may also restore a Shoulder dislocated into the Arme-pit by the helpe of a Ladder after the following manner Let some round body as a ball or clew of yarne which as we formerly said may serve to fill the Arme-pit be fastened upon one of the upper steps of a Ladder at the foot of the Ladder set a low stoole whereupon let the Patient mount then binde both his legges and also his sound arme behind his back lest when you are about your operation he hinder and spoyle all you doe by laying his hand or setting his foote upon the Ladder Then let his Arme be presently put over the step of the Ladder and his Arme-pit put upon the there fastened bal the Patient in the meane while being wished to come with his whole body as neare unto the steps of the Ladder as he is able for otherwise besides that there is no other hope of restoring the Luxation there would bee no small danger of breaking the shoulder-bone Also let him take heede that he put not his head betweene the steps Then his Arme bound above the Elbow with filleâ—â—ing or some other ligature fit for that purpose shall be drawne downe by the hand of some that assist you and at the same time let the stoole be plucked from under his feet so that hee may hang upon the Ladder Thus by this meanes the head of the Shoulder will bee restored by its selfe the endeavour of the Surgeon assisting and pressing downe the shoulder-blade and moving it to and againe The bone being set the stoole which a little before was plucked from under the Patients feet shall be put there againe that he may with the more ease and lesse paine pull backe his Arme from the step of the Ladder For if he should lift it high up to draw it over there would be danger lest being newly set and not well stayed the head of the bone might fall out againe I have thought good to have all these things here expressed that you may learne this operation as if you see it done before you The delineation of the fifth manner of restoring a Shoulder I have not thought fit in this place to omit the industrie of Nicholas Picart the Duke of Guise his Surgeon who being called to a certaine Countrey-man to set his Shoulder being out of joynt and finding none in the place besides the Patient and his wife who might assist him in this worke hee put the Patient bound after the forementioned manner to a Ladder then immediately hee tyed a staffe at the lower end of the Ligature which was fastened about the Patients arme above his Elbow then put it so tyed under one of the steps of the Ladder as low as he could and got astride thereupon and sate thereon with his whole weight and at the same instant made his wife to plucke the stoole from under his feet which being done the bone presently came into its place as you may see by the following figure Another figure expressing the fourth manner of restoring a dislocated Shoulder Another figure to the same purpose If you have never a Ladder you may use a peece of Wood layd a-crosse upon two Posts Also you may use a doore as the other figure shewes wherein you must observe a flat piece of Wood or spatula with strings thereat whose use shal be showne in the following Chapter CHAP. XXVII The sixth manner of restoring a Shoulder luxated into the Arme-pit HIppocrates writes that this is the best way of all to restore a dislocated Shoulder You must take a woodden spatula of some foure or five fingers breadth and some two fingers thicknesse or lesse but some yard or thereupon long the one end thereof must bee narrow and thin with a round head standing up and lightly hollowed that put under the Arme-pit it may receive part of the head of the shoulder-bone the which for that purpose must not bend towards the ribs but to the top of the Shoulder This upper part of the spatula must bee wrapped about with a linnen or woollen ragge or some such soft thing that it may be the softer and hurt the lesse and then it must be so thrust under the Arme-pit that it may throughly penetrate into the inner part betweene the ribs and the head of the Shoulder-bone There must besides in this spatula be two holes in three severall places each alike distant from other through which let soft strings be put whereby it may be tyed to the arme stretched all the length thereof even to the fingers in one place a little below the head of the shoulder-bone in another a little above the elbow and the third at the wrest that so they may hold it firme Therefore let the distances of the holes bee fitted to this purpose but principally you must have a care of this that the upper part of the spatula reaching beyond the head of the arme enter even to the innermost Cavity of the arme-pit then a crosse pin or piece of wood must be made fast through two postes or a frame well fastened thereto and therupon the Arme with the spatula must be so put over that the pin may be under the arme-pit the body weighing one way and the arme another which being done the arme must be drawn down one way and the body another about the pin Now this crosse pin must bee put on such a height that the patient may stand on tipp-toes Now this is the very best way of restoring a shoulder In stead of two posts or a frame you may make shift with a ladder doore beds postes and such like things as shall bee there present I have heard Henry Arvet a very good surgeon of Orleans say that he never attempted this manner of putting into joint a shoulder dislocated into the arme-pit without good successe unlesse by chance which also is noted by Hippocrates that the flesh is growne into the cavity and the head of the bone hath made it selfe another cavity in the place whereinto it is fallen for in this case the bone will either not bee restored or else not remaine in its place but fall backe notwithstanding into the new hollowed cavity which serves it in stead of its naturall socket or cavity But I must here admonish young Surgeons that if the bone be not restored at the first endeavour and onset that they doe not despaire and presently desist from their entended operation but they must winde about and gently move the joint for so at the length it will bee more easily moved and enter into the
naturall cavity When it is in it must bee bound up with compresses and rowlers after the forementioned manner To the former figures I have thought good to adde this which expresseth the maner of restoring a shoulder luxated into the arme-pit with a spatula after the manner of Hippocrates This spatula fastened with an iron pin to the standing frame may be turned lifted up and pressed downe at your pleasure A. shewes the wooden spatula B. The frame or standing postes Hippocrates his Glossocomium termed Ambi. For the more certaine use of this instrument the patient must sit upon a seate which must be somewhat lower than the standing frame that so the spatula which is thrust into the arme-pit may be the more forcibly deprest so to force in the head of the shoulder-bone the patients feete must also be tyed that hee may not raise himselfe up whilest the Surgeon endevours to restore it Now he shall then endevour to restore it when he shall have bound the stretched forth arme of the dislocated shoulder unto the spatula thrust the one end therof under the slipped forth head of the shoulder bone as wee have formerly shewed for then by pressing downe the other end of the spatula which goes to the hand the bone is forced into its cavity You must diligently observe the wooden spatula which therefore I have caused to be expressed by it selfe which Hippocrates calleth Ambi whose head is a little hollowed where it is noted with this letter B. The whole spatula is marked with this letter A. with three strings hanging thereat provided for the binding of the arme that it may be kept steddy as you may perceive by the ensuing figure The figure of an Ambi fitted to a dislocated shoulder There are other additions to this Ambi whose figure I now exhibited to your view by the invention of Nicholas Picart the Duke of Lorrain's Surgion the use and knowledge whereof bestowed upon mee by the inventor himselfe I would not envie the studious reader Another figure of an Ambi with the additaments AA Shew the two eares as it were stops made to hold and keep in the top of the shoulder lest it should slippe out when it is put into the frame or supporter BB. The frame or supporter whereon the Ambi rests CC. The pin or axeltree which fastens the Ambi to the supporter DD. Screw-pinnes to fasten the foote of the supporter that it stirre not in the operation EE The holes in the foote of the supporter whereby you may fasten the screw-pins to the floore CHAP. XXVIII How to restore a shoulder dislocated forewards IT is seldome that the shoulder is luxated towards the foreside yet there is nothing so stable and firme in our bodies which may not be violated by a violent assault so that those bones doe also fall out of joint whose articulations are strengthened for the firmer connexion with fleshly nervous gristly and bony stayes or barres This you may perceive by this kinde of dislocated shoulder strengthened as it were with a strong wall on every hand to wit the Acromium and the end of the collar bone seeming to hinder it as also the great and strong muscles Epomis and Biceps Hippocrates shut up within the strait bounds of the lesser Asia never saw this kinde of dislocation which was observed fivetimes by Galen I professe I have seene it but once and that was in a certaine Nun which weary of the Nunnery cast her selfe downe out of a window and bore the fall and weight of her body upon her elbow so that her shoulder was dislocated forewards This kinde of dislocation is knowne by the depravation of the conformation or figure of the member by the head of the shoulder wrested out towards the breast as also the patient cannot bend his elbow It is restored by the same meanes as other luxations of other parts to wit by strait holding extending and forcing in Therefore the patient must bee placed upon the ground with his face upwards and then you must extend the shoulder otherwise than you doe when it is luxated into the arme-pit For when it falleth into the arme-hole it is first drawne forewards then forced upwards untill it bee brought just against the cavity whereinto it must enter But in this kinde of luxation because the toppe of the shoulder is in the fore parts of the dearticulation shut up with muscles opened both to the outer as also to the inner part you must worke to the contrary to wit to the hinde part But first of all you must place a servant at the backe of the patient who may draw backe a stronge and broade Bandage cast about the arme-pit such as is the Carchesius which consists of two contrary and continued strings lest that when the arme shall be extended the shoulder follow also you must put a clew of yarne to fill up the armepit Then must you extend the arme casting another ligature a little above the elbow and in the interim have a care that the head thereof fall not into the arme-pit which may be done both by putting the forementioned clew under the arme and drawing the head another way then must you permit by slacking your extension the joint freed from the encompassing muscles to be drawne and forced into its cavity by the muscles forcible recoiling as with an unanimous consent into themselves and their originals for thus it will easily bee restored and such extension onely is sufficient thereto CHAP. XXIX Of the shoulder luxated outwardly THe dislocation also of the shoulder to the outward parts seldom happens but yet if it may at any time happen the extension of the arme will bee very difficult but yet more difficult towards the outward part than towards the inward there is a depressed cavity perceived towards the chest but externally a bunching forth to wit in that part from whence the head of the shoulder-bone is fled For the restoring hereof the patient must bee laid flat on his belly and the elbow must be forcibly drawne contrary to that whereto it is fled to wit inwardly to the breast and also the standing forth head of the arm-bone must bee forced into its cavity for thus it shall bee easily restored But into what part soever the shoulder-bone is dislocated the arme must be extended and drawne directly downewards After the restitution fitting medicines shall be put about the joint Let there bee somewhat put into the arme-pit which may fill it up and let compresses or boulsters bee applyed to that part to which the luxated bone fell then all these things shall be strengthened and held fast with a strong and broad two headed ligature put under the armepit and so brought acrosse upon the joint of the shoulder and thence carried unto the opposite arme-pit by so many windings as shall be judged requisite Then the arme must be put and carried in a scarfe
to right angles which figure must be observed not onely in every luxation of the shoulder but in each fracture of the arme also for that it is lesse painefull and consequently such as the arme may stand the longest therein without moving CHAP. XXX Of the shoulder dislocated upwards THe head of the shoulder also may sometimes bee luxated into the upper part Which when it happens it shewes it selfe by bunching forth at the end of the Collar bone the hollowness of the arme-pit is found larger than usuall the elbow flyes further from the ribs than when it fell downewards now the arme is wholly unable to performe the usuall actions It is fit for the restitution of such a luxation that the Surgeon stoope downe and put his shoulder under the patients arme and then stand up as high as he can upon his feete and therewithall presse downe the head of the shoulder-bone into the cavity or else make some other to doe it Otherwise it is fit to lay the Patient upon his backe on the ground and whilest some one extends the affected arme by drawing it downe-wards the Surgeon with his owne hand may force downe the head of the bone into its cavity The operation performed the same things shall bee done as in other luxations compresses being applyed to that part whereto the bone flew and it being also bound up with ligatures Now you may understand in these foure forementioned kindes of dislocations that the bone which was luxated is restored by the sound which shall bee heard as you force it in by the restitution of the accustomed actions which are perceived by the bending extending and lifting it up by the mitigation of the paine and lastly by the collation and comparing of the affected arme with the sound and by its similitude and equality therewith CHAP. XXXI Of the dislocation of the Elbow THe Elbow may also be foure manner of wayes dislocated to wit inwardly outwardly upwards and downewards By the part which is inwards I meane that which lookes towards the center of the body when as the arme is placed in a naturall site to wit in a middle figure betweene prone and supine I make the outward part that which is contrary thereto By the upper part I meane that which is towards the heaven and by the lower that which is next to the earth and by how much the joint of the elbow consists of more heads and cavities than that of the shoulder by so much when it is luxated it is the more difficultly set and it is also more subject to inflammation and to grow hard thereupon as Hippocrates saith Now the joint of the elbow is more difficultly dislocated than that of the shoulder and more hardly set for that the bones of the cubit and arme doe receive and enter each other by that manner of articulation which is termed Ginglymus as wee have formerly more at large treated in our Anatomy and a little before in our treatise of fractures The Elbow is therefore dislocated for that the processes thereof are not turned about the shoulder-bone in a full orbe and by an absolute turning Wherefore if at any time the cubit be bended more straitly and closely than that the inner processe can retaine its place and station in the bottom of its sinuâ— the hinde processe falleth out and is dislocated backwards But when as the foreprocesse is extended more violently and forced against the bottom of its cavity it flyes and departs out of its place as beaten or forced thence and this kinde of luxation is farre more difficultly restored than the former adde hereunto that the utter extremitie of the cubite which is called Olecranum is the higher but the other inner is the lower whence it is that every one can better and more easily bend than extend their cubits Therfore such a dislocation is caused by a more violent force than that which is made to the inner side The signe of this luxation is the arme remaines extended neither can it be bended for the inner processe stayes in the externall cavity which is hollowed in the bottom of the shoulder-bone which formerly was possessed by the inner part of the Olecranum which thing makes the restitution difficult for that this processe is kept as it were imprisoned there But when it falleth out dislocated to the fore part the arme is crooked neither is it extended and it is also shorter than the other But if the elbow bee fallen out of its place according to the other manner of dislocations to wit upwards or downewards the naturall figure thereof is perverted for the arme is stretched forth but little notwithstanding bended towards that part from whence the bone went that is figured after a middle manner betweene bending and extending thereof What kinde soever of dislocation shall befall it the action of the Elbow will either not bee at all or certainely not well untill that it be restored to its former place there is a swelling in the part wherinto it is flowne and a cavity there from whence it is fled which also happens in the dislocations of all other parts Furthermore one dislocation of the Elbow is compleat and perfect another imperfect The latter as it easily happens and through a small occasion so it is easily restored but on the contrary a perfect as it hardly happens and not unlesse with great violence so it is not so easily restored againe especially if that you doe not prevent inflammation for being inflamed it makes the restitution either difficult or wholly impossible principally that which falleth outwards CHAP. XXXII How to restore the Elbow dislocated outwardly YOu may know that the elbow is dislocated outwardly if at any time you shall observe the arme to be distended and not able to be bended Wherefore you must forth with undertake the restitution thereof for feare of defluxion and inflammation which the bitternesse of pain usually causeth upon what part soever the luxation happen There is one manner of restoring it which is you must cause one to hold hard and steddy the patients arme a little under the joint of the shoulder and in the meane while let the Surgeon draw the arme taking hold thereof with his hand and also force the shoulder-bone outwards and the eminency of the cubit inwards but let him by little and little draw and extend the arme wresting it gently this way and that way that he may bring back the bone which fell out into its cavity I have thus expressely delivered this that the young Surgeon may understand that the arme must not be bended for the restoring of this kinde of dislocation for restitution cannot so be hoped for because by this kind of luxation the inner processe of the cubit possesseth the place of the exteriour processe in the cavity of the shoulder-bone Wherefore whilest the arme is bended or crooked the cubit is onely lifted up and not drawne into its seat But
want of nourishment both because the part it self is forced to desist from the accustomed actions and functions as also for that the veines arteries and nerves being more straitned and put out of their places hinder the spirits and nourishment from flowing so freely as they ought to the part whence it comes to passe that the part it self made more weak the native heat being debilitated through idlenesse it can neither attract the alimentary juice neither can it digest assimulate that little therof which flowes and falleth thereto Verily the Thigh-bone as long as it is forth of the cavity growes no more after the manner as the other bones of the body doe and therefore in some space of time you may perceive it to bee shorter than the sound bone Notwithstanding the bones of the legge and foote are not hindered of their growth for that they are not out of their proper places Now for that the whole leg appears more slender you must think that happens only by the extenuation leannesse of the proper muscles thereof The same thing happens to the whole hand in the largest acception when as the shoulder is out of joint unlesse that the calamity and losse hereof is the lesse For the shoulder being forth of joint you may do something with your hand whereby it will come to passe that no small portion of nourishment may flow downe into these parts But the Thigh-bone being dislocated especially inwards in a child unborn or an infant much lesse alimentary nourishment flowes to that part because it can much lesse use the foot and legge by reason of the dislocation of the Hipp than it can doe the hand by a luxation of the shoulder But now wee must thus understand that which is said by Hippocrates That dislocated bones and not restored doe decrease or are hindred from their just growth to bee onely in those who have not yet attained to their full and naturally appointed growth in every demension For in men of full growth the bones which are not restored become more slender but yet no shorter as appeares by that which hee hath delivered of the shoulder CHAP. XLI Of the signes of the Hipp dislocated outwardly or inwardly THe thigh-bone or Hipp when it is dislocated outwardly and not restored after some time the paine is asswaged and flesh growes about it the head of the bone weares it selfe a new cavity in the adjoyning Hipp whereinto it betakes it selfe so that at the length the patients may go without a staffe neither so deformed a leannesse will waste their legge But if the luxation happen inwards a greater leannesse will befall them by reason that the vessels naturally run more inwardly as Galen observes in the dislocation of the Vertebrae to the inside therefore it comes to passe that they are more grievously oppressed besides the thigh-bone cannot wagge or once stirre against the share-bone wherefore if the bone thus dislocated bee not restored to its joynt againe then they must cast their legge about as they walke just as wee see oxen doe Wherefore the sound legge whilest they go takes much lesse space than the lame because this whilest it stirreth or moveth must necessarily fetch a compasse about but that performeth its motion in a right line Besides whilest the patients stand upon their lame legge to put forwards the sound they are forced to stand crooked whereupon they are forced to stay themselves with a staffe that they fall not Furthermore those who have this bone dislocated either backwards or outwards so that it cannot bee restored have the part it selfe grow stiffe and hard which is the cause why the ham may bee bended without great paine and they may stand and goe upon the tops of their toes besides also when they desire â—o goe faster they are forced to stoope and strengthen themselves by laying their hand on their lame thigh at every step both for that their lame legge is the shorter as also because the whole weight of the body should not lye wholly or perpendicularly upon the joynt or head of the thigh-bone Yet in continuance of time when they are used to it they may goe without any staffe in their hands Yet in the interim the sound leg becomes more deformed in the composure figure because whilest it succours the opposite and lame leg by the firme standing on the ground it beares the weight of the whole body in performance wherereof the ham must necessarily now and then bend But on the contrary when as the head of the thigh being dislocated inwards is not put into the joynt if the patient be arrived at his full growth after that the head of the bone hath made it selfe a cavity in the neighbouring bone wherein it may rest he may bee able to walke without a staffe because the dislocated leg cannot easily be bended towards the groine or ham and he will sooner rest upon his heele than upon his toes This kinde of dislocation if it bee inveterate can never be restored And these things happen when as the thigh-bone is dislocated inwards or when the internall ligament which fastens the dearticulation shall be broken or relaxed But the contrary shall plainely appeare if the dislocation shall happen to bee outwards for then the lame legge becomes the shorter because the head of the thigh flyes into a place higher than its cavity and the muscles of that part are contracted towards their originall and convulsively draw the bone upwards together with them The whole leg together with the knee and foot looketh inwards they cannot goe upon their heels but upon the setting on of the toes The legge may bee bended which it cannot bee in a dislocation of the thigh inwards as Paulus shewes Therefore wee must diligently observe that sentence of Hippocrates which is read with a negative in these words Sed neque conflectere quemadmodum sanum crus possunt that they ought to bee read with an affirmative after this manner Sed conflectere c. quin crue ipsum c. But now the lame legge will better sustaine the weight of the body in an externall than in an internall dislocation for then the head of the thigh is more perpendicularly subject to the whole weight of the body Therefore when in successe of time it shall by wearing have made it selfe a cavity in the neighbouring bone which in time will be confirmed so that there will remaine no hope of restoring the dislocation neverthelesse the patient shall be able to goe without a staffe for that then no sense of paine will trouble him whence it followes that the whole leg also will become lesse leane for that going is lesse painfull neither are the vessels so much pressed as in that dislocation which is made inwardly CHAP. XLII Of the thigh-bone dislocated forewards IT seldome happeneth that the thigh is dislocated forwards yet when as it shall happen it is knowne by these signes The head of the
another with the like force But if you cannot have a wooden pin another strong like ligature shal be put upon the joynt directly at the hip held stiffe by the hands of a strong man yet so that it may not touch the head of the thigh by pressing it for so it would hinder the restoring thereof This manner of extension is common to foure kinds of luxation of the thigh-bone But the maner of forcing the bone into its cavity must be varied in each according to the different condition of the parts whereunto the head inclineth to wit it must be forced outwards if it bee fallen inwards and contrary in the rest as the kind of the dislocation shall bee Some too clownish and ignorant knot-knitters fasten the lower ligature below the ankle and thus the joynts of the foot and knee are more extended than that of the hipp or huckle-bone for that they are neerer to the ligature consequently to the active force but they ought to doe otherwise therefore in a dislocated shoulder you shall not fasten the ligatures to the hand or wrest but above the elbow But if the hands shall not be sufficient for this worke then must you make use of engines Wherefore then the patient being placed as is fit and the affected part firmely held some round thing shall be put into the groine and the patients knee together with his whole leg shall be drawne violently inwards towards the other leg And in the meane while the head of the thigh shall bee strongly forced towards the cavity of the huckle-bone and so at length restored as the following figure shewes A figure which manifesteth the way of restoring the thigh bone dissocated inwards When the head of the thigh by just extension is freed from the muscles wherewith it was infolded and the muscles also extended that they may give way and yeeld themselves more pliant then must the rope be somewhat slaked and then you must also desist from extending otherwise the restitution cannot bee performed for that the stronger extension of the engine wil resist the hand of the Surgeon thrusting and forcing it into the cavity This precept must bee observed in the restoring of this other dislocations You shall know that the thigh is restored by the equality of the legs by the free painelesse extension inflection of the lame leg Lastly by the application of agglutinative medicines whereof we have formerly spoken the restored bone shal be confirmed in its place to which purpose ligation shal be made the ligature being first cast upon the place whereinto the head of the thigh fell and thence brought to the opposite or sound side by the belly and loynes In the meane while the cavity of the groine must bee filled with somewhat a thicke bolster which may keep the head of the bone in the cavity Neither must you omit junks stretched down even to the ankles as we have observed in the fracture of the thigh Then must both the thighs be bound together wherby the dislocated member may be unmoveable and more more strengthned Neither must this dressing be loosed until foure or five dayes be passed unlesse peradventure the sudden happening of some other more grievous symptome shall perswade otherwise To conclude the patient must bee kept in his bed for the space of a moneth that the relaxed muscles nerves and ligaments may have space to recover their former strength otherwise there is danger left the bone may againe fall out by the too forward and speedy walking upon it For the site of the thigh it must be placed and kept in a middle figure yet this middle figure consists in the extension not in the flexion as it is demonstrated by Hippocrates for that such a figure is familiar and accustomable to the legge CHAP. XLV Of restoring the Thigh dislocated outwardly THE patient must bee placed groveling upon a table in this kinde of dislocation also and ligatures as before cast upon the hip and lower part of the thigh then extension must be made downewards and counter-extension upwards then presently the head of the bone must bee forced by the hand of the Surgeon into its place If the hand bee not sufficient for this purpose our pulley must be used as the following figure sheweth A figure which expresseth the manner of restoring the Thigh luxated outwards This kind of dislocation is the easilyest restored of all these which happen in the thigh or hip so that I have divers tmes observed the head of the thigh to have been drawne backe into its cavity by the onely regresse of the extended muscles into themselves towards their originals somewhiles with a noyse or pop otherwhiles without which being done laying a compresse upon the joynt you shall perform all other circumstances as before in an internall dislocation CHAP. XLVI Of restoring the Thigh dislocated forewards WHen the thigh is luxated forewards the patient must bee laid upon his sound side and tyed as wee have formerly delivered Then the Surgeon shall lay a Boulster upon the prominent head of the bone and have a care that his servant firmely hold it then immediately just extension being made he shall with his hand force the bone into the cavity but if his hand will not serve he shall attempt it with his knee Then to conclude he shall use the rest of the things formerly mentioned to containe the restored bone CHAP. XLVII Of restoring the Thigh dislocated backwards THe patient shall be placed groveling upon a table or bench and the member extended as in the rest one ligature stretched from the groine another from the knee then the Surgeon shall endeavour to force back with his hand that which stands up and also to draw away the knee from the sound legge The bone thus placed and restored the cure requires nothing else than to be bound up and kept long in bed lest that the thigh if it should be moved the nerves being yet more loose might againe fall out For the thigh is in great danger of relapse for that the cavity of the Huckle-bone is onely deprest as farre as it goes in and the burden of the hanging or adjoyning Thigh is heavie CHAP. XLVIII Of the dislocation of the Whirle-bone of the knee THe Whirle-bone of the knee may fall forth into the inner outter upper and lower part but never to the hinde part because the bones which it covers doe not suffer it To restore it the patient must stand with his foote firmely upon some even place and then the Surgeon must force and reduce it with his hands from the part into which it is preternaturally slidden When it shall bee restored the cavity of the ham shall bee filled up with bolsters so that he may not bend his leg for if it be bended there is no smal danger of the falling back of the whirl-bone Then a case or box shal be put about it on the side
Ecchymosis or blacknesse over all the heel paine swelling and other the like ensue which implore remedies the Surgeons helpe to wit convenient diet and drawing of bloud by opening a veine of which though Hippocrates makes no mention yet it is here requisite by reason of the feaver and inflammation and if need require purgation principally such as may divert the matter by causing vomit and lastly the application of locall medicines chiefly such as may soften and rarifie the skin under the heel otherwise usually hard and thick such as are fomentations of warme water oile so that divers times wee are forced to scarifie it with a lancet shunning the quicke flesh For so at length the blood poured forth into the part and there heaped up is more easily attenuated and at length resolved But these things must all bee performed before the inflammation seaze upon the part otherwise there will be danger of a convulsion For the bloud when it falls out of the vessels readily putrefies by reason the density of this part hinders it from ventilation and dispersing to the adjacent parts Hereto may be added that the large and great Tendon which covers the heele is endued with exquisite sense and also the part it selfe is on every side spred over with many nerves Besides also there is further danger of inflammation by lying upon the backe and heele as we before admonished you in the Fracture of a leg Therefore I would have the Surgeon to bee here most attentive and diligent to performe these things which we have mentioned lest by inflammation a Gangrene and mortification for here the sanious flesh presently falls upon the bone happen together with a continued and sharp feaver with trembling hicketting and raveing For the corruption of this part first by contagion assailes the next and thence a feaver assailes the heart by the arteryes pressed and growing hot by the putride heat by the nerves and that great and notable tendon made by the concourse of the three muscles of the calfe of the legge the muscles braine and stomach are evilly affected and drawne into consent and so cause convulsions raving and a deadly hicketting CHAP. LV. Of the dislocated pasterre or Ancle-bone THe Astragalus or Pasterne bone may bee dislocated and fall out of its place to every side Wherefore when it falls out towards the inner part the sole of the foot is turned outwards when it flyes out to the contrary the sign is also contrary if it be dislocated to the foreside on the hinde side the broad Tendon comming under the heel is hardened and distended but if it be luxated backwards the whole heel is as it were hid in the foot neither doth this kinde of dislocation happen without much violence It is restored by extending it with the hands and forcing it into the contrary part to that from whence it fell Being restored it is kept so by application of medicines and fit ligation The patient must keepe his bed long in this case lest that bone which susteines and bears up the whole body may againe sinke under the burden and breake out the sinewes being not well knit and strengthened CHAP. LVI Of the dislocation of the Instep and backe of the foot THe bones also of the Instep and backe of the foot may be luxated and that either upwards or downwards or to one side though seldome sidewise for the reason formerly rendred speaking of the dislocation of the like bones of the hand If that they stand upwards then must the patient tread hard upon some plaine or even place and then the Surgeon by pressing them with his hand shall force them into their places on the contrary if they stand out of the sole of the foote then must you presse them thence upwards and restore each bone to its place They may bee restored after the same manner if they bee flowne out to either side But you must note that although the ligatures consist but of one head in other dislocatious yet here Hippocrates would have such used as have two heads for that the dislocation happens more frequently from below upwards or from above downewards than sidewise CHAP. LVII Of the dislocation of the Toes NOw the Toes may bee foure waies dislocated even as the fingers of the hand and they may be restored just after the same manner that is extend them directly forth and then force each joint into its place and lastly bind them up as is fitting The restitution of all of them is easie for that they cannot farre transgresse their bounds To conclude the bones of the feet are dislocated and restored by the same meanes as those of the hands but that when as any thing is dislocated in the foote the patient must keepe his bed but when any thing is amisse in the hand he must carry it in a scarfe The patient must rest twenty dayes that is untill he can firmely stand upon his feet CHAP. LVIII Of the symptomes and other accidents which may befall a broken or dislocated member MAny things may befall broken or dislocated members by the meanes of the fracture or dislocation such as are bruises great paine inflammation a fever impostume gangrene mortification ulcer fistula and atrophia all which require a skilfull and diligent Surgeon for their cure A confusion happens by the fall of some heavie thing upon the part or by a fall from high whence followes the effusion of bloud poured out under the skinne which if it be poured forth in great plenty must be speedily evacuated by scarification and the part eased of that burden lest it should thence gangrenate And by how much the bloud shall appear more thick and the skin more dense by so much the scarification shall be made more deepe You may also for the same purpose apply leaches Concerning paine wee formerly said that it usually happens by reason that the bones are moved out of their places whence it happeneth that they become troublesome to the muscles and nerves by pricking and pressing them Hence ensue inflammations as also impostumation and a feaver oft times a gangrene and in conclusion a mortification corrupting and rotting the bones otherwhiles a sinuousulcer or fistula But an Atrophia and leanenesse ariseth by the sloth and idlenesse of the member decaying all the strength therof and by too strait ligation intercepting the passages of the bloud otherwise ready to fall and flow thither Now the leannesse which is occasioned by too strait ligation receives cure by the slackening of the ligatures wherewith the member was bound That which proceeds from idlenesse is helped by moderate exercise by extending bending lifting up and depressing the member if so bee that he can away with exercise Otherwise he shall use frictions and fomentations with warme water The frictions must be moderate in hardenesse and gentlenesse in length and shortnesse The same moderation shall be observed in
also to some fistulaes Such weeping fistulaes if they become old cause an Atrophia of the eye sometimes blindnesse a stinking breath Therefore wee must diligently and speedily by phisicall and chirurgicall meanes resist the breeding disease Wherefore having used generall medicines we must come to particulars Therefore if the ulcer be not sufficiently wide it shall bee inlarged by putting tents of spunge therein The flesh of the Glandule encreasing more than is fit shall be corrected by putting therein the cathaereticke pouders of Mercury calcined vitrioll or some aqua fortis or oyle of vitrioll and lastly by a potentiall cautery If you cannot prevaile by these meanes and that the bone begins to rot and the patient bee stout hearted then use an actuall cautery whose use is far more effectuall ready certaine and excellent than a potentiall cautery as I have tryed in many with happy successe In my opinion it makes no matter whether the cautery be of gold silver or iron for the efficacy it hath proceedeth not from the matter but from the fire Yet if wee must religiously observe and make choise of mettals I had rather have it of Iron as that which hath a far more drying and astringent faculty than gold for that the element of earth beareth the chiefe sway thererein as appeareth by the waters which flow through iron mines Wherefore you shall cause to be made a triangular Iron sharpe at the end that it may the more speedily penetrate And then the sound eye and adjacent parts being well covered and defended and the patients head firmely holden in ones hands lest the patient being frighted stirre himselfe in the very instant of the operation But a plate of iron somewhat depressed in the midst for the cavity of the greater corner shall be applyed and fitted to the pained eye This plate shall be perforated that the hot Iron may passe thereby to the fistula lying thereunder and so may onely touch that which is to be cauterized The figure of a cautery and a plate with a hole therein After the bone is burnt with the cautery a collyrium made of the whites of egges beaten in plantaine and nightshade waters must be poured into the hole it selfe the eye and all the neighbouring parts but the patient shall bee layd in bed with his head somewhat high and the collyrium shall be renued as often and as soone as you shall perceive it to grow dry Then the fall of the Eschar shall be procured by annointing it with fresh butter when it is fallen away the ulcer shall be cleansed filled with flesh and lastly cicatrized CHAP. XVI Of the Staphiloma or grape like swelling STaphiloma is the swelling of the horney and grape-like coat bred through the occasion of an humor flowing downe upon the eye or by an ulcer the horney coat being relaxed or thrust forth by the violence of the pustule generated beneath It in shape resembleth a grape whence the Greekes stile it Staphyloma This tumor is sometimes blackish otherwhiles whitish For if the horney coat bee ulcerated and fretted in sunder so that the grapie coat shew it selfe and fall through the ulcer then the Staphyloma will looke blacke like a ripe grape for the utter part of the Uvea is blackish But if the Cornea bee onely relaxed and not broken then the swelling appeares of a whitish colour like an unripe grape The Ancients have made many kindes or differences thereof For if it bee but a small hole of the broken Cornea by which the Uvea sheweth or thrusteth forth its selfe they then termed it Myocephalon that is like the head of a fly But if the hole were large and also callous they called it Clavus or a naile If it were yet larger then they termed it Acinus or a grape But in what shape or figure soever this disease shall happen it bringeth two discommodities the one of blindnesse the other of deformity Wherefore here is no place for surgery to restore the sight which is already lost but onely to amend the deformity of the eie which is by cutting off that which is prominent But you must take heed that you cut away no more than is fit for so there would be danger of pouring out the humors of the eye CHAP. XVII Of the Hypopyon that is the sappurate or putrefied eye PUS or Quitture is sometimes gathered between the horny and grapy coate from an internall or externall cause From an internall as by a great defluxion and oft times after an inflammation but externally by a stroake through which occasion a veine being opened hath poured forth blood thither which may presently be turned into Quitture For the cure universall remedies being premised cupping-glasses shall bee applied with scarification and frictions used Anodine and digestive collyria shall be poured from above downewards Galen writes that he hath sometimes evacuated this matter the Cornea being opened at the Iris in which place all the coats meet concurre and are terminated I have done the like and that with good successe James Guillemeau the the Kings Surgeon being present the Quitture being expressed and evacuated after the apertion The Ulcer shall be clensed with Hydronel or some other such like medicine CHAP. XVIII Of the Mydriasis or dilatation of the pupill of the eye MYdriasis is the dilatation of the pupill of the eye and this happeneth either by nature or chance the former proceedeth from the default of the first conformation neither is it curable but the other is of two sorts for it is either from an internall cause the off-spring of an humour flowing downe from the braine wherefore Phisicall meanes must bee used for the cure thereof Now that which commeth by any externall occasion as a blow fall or contusion upon the eye must bee cured by presently applying repercussive and anodyne medicines the defluxion must be hindred by diet skilfully appointed phlebotomie cupping scarification frictions and other remedies which may seeme convenient Then must you come to resolving medicines as the bloud of a Turtle Dove Pigeon or Chicken reeking hot out of the veine being poured upon the eye and the neighbouring parts Then this following cataplasme shall be applyed thereto â„ž farinae fabar hordei an â„¥ iiii ol rosar myrtillor an â„¥ i. ss pul ireos flor Ê’ii cum sapa fiat cataplasma You may also use the following fomentation â„ž rosar rub myrtill an m. i. florum melil chamam an p. i. nucum cupress â„¥ i. vini austeri lb. ss aq rosar plantag an â„¥ iii. make a decoction of them all for a fomentation to be used with a sponge CHAP. XIX Of a Cataract A Cataract is called also by the Greeks Hypochyma by the Latines suffusic Howsoever you terme it it is nothing else but the concretion of an humour into a certaine thin skin under the horny coat just against the apple or pupill and as
and draw forth the grosse and viscide so that they flow out by the ulcers together with the quitture Over and besides the ligaments are strengthened by their cicatrization and their loosenesse helped by this meanes the whole part is notably corroberated CHAP. XXIIII Of the flatulent convulsion or convulsive contraction which is commonly called by the French Goute Grampe and by the English the Crampe THat which the French call Goute grampe wee heare intend to treat of induced thereto rather by the affinity of the name than of the thing for if one speake truly it is a certaine kinde of convulsion generated by a flatulent matter by the violence of whose running downe or motion oft-times the necke armes and legs are either extended or contracted into themselves with great paine but that for a short time The cause thereof is a grosse and tough vapor insinuating it selfe into the branches of the nerves and the membranes of the muscles It takes one on the night rather than on the day for that then the heat and spirits usually retire themselves into the entrailes and center of the body whence it is that flatulencies may bee generated which will fill up distend and pull the part whereinto they runne just as wee see lute-strings are extended This affect often takes such as swimme in cold water causeth many to be drowned though excellent swimmers their members by this means being so straitly contracted that they cannot by any meanes be extended For the skin by the coldnesse of the water is contracted and condensed and the pores therof shut so that the engendered flatulencies have no passage forth Such as give themselves to drunkennesse and gluttony or sloth and idlenesse are usually more frequently troubled with this disease by reason of their heaping up of crudities Therefore it is cured by moderate diet and ordering of the body and exercise of each part therof for thus they gather strength and the generation of the flatulent matter is hindered In the very time when it takes one the patient shall bee cured by long rubbing with warme clothes and aqua vitae wherein the leaves of sage rosemary time savory lavander cloves ginger and the like discussing and resolving things have beene infused The extension and flexion of the members or joints and walking are also good The End of the Eighteenth Booke OF THE LUES VENEREA AND THOSE SYMPTOMES VVHICH HAPPEN BY MEANES THEREOF THE NINETEENTH BOOKE CHAP. I. A description of the Lues Venerea THe French call the Lues Venerea the Neapolitane disease the Italians and Germans as also the English terme it the French disease the Latines call it Pudendagra others name it otherwise But it makes no great matter how it bee called if the thing it selfe bee understood Therefore the Lues Venerea is a disease gotten or taken by touch but chiefly that which is in uncleane copulation and it partakes of an occult quality commonly taking its originall from ulcers of the privie parts and then further manifesting its selfe by pustles of the head and other externall parts and lastly infecting the entrailes and inner parts with cruell and nocturnall tormenting paine of the head shoulders joynts and other parts In processe of time it causeth knots and hard Tophi and lastly corrupts and foules the bones dissolving them the flesh about them being oft-times not hurt but it corrupteth and weakeneth the substance of other parts according to the condition of each of them the distemper and evill habit of the affected bodies and the inveteration or continuance of the morbificke cause For some lose one of their eyes others both some lose a great portion of the eye-lids othersome looke very ghastly and not like themselves and some become squint-eyed Some lose their hearing others have their noses fall flat the pallat of their mouthes perforated with the losse of the bone Ethmoides so that in stead of free and perfect utterance they faulter and fumble in their speech Some have their mouthes drawne awry others their yards cut off and women a great part of their privities tainted with corruption There bee some who have the Urethra or passage of the yard obstructed by budding caruncles or inflamed pustles so that they cannot make water without the helpe of a Catheter ready to die within a short time either by the suppression of the urine or by a Gangrene arising in these parts unlesse you succour them by the amputation of their yards Others become lame of their armes and othersome of their legges and a third sort grow stiffe by the contraction of all their members so that they have nothing left them sound but their voice which serveth for no other purpose but to bewaile their miseries for which it is scantly sufficient Wherefore should I trouble you with mention of those that can scantly draw their breath by reason of an Asthma or those whose bodies waste with a hecticke feaver and slow consumption It fares farre worse with these who have all their bodies deformed by a Leprosie arising there hence and have all their throttles and throates eaten with putride and cancrous ulcers their haire falling off from their heads their hands and feet cleft with tetters and scaly chinkes neither is their case much better who having their braines tainted with this disease have their whole bodies shaken by fits of the falling sicknesse who troubled with a filthy and cursed flux of the belly doe continually cast forth stinking and bloudy filth Lastly there are no kinde of diseases no sorts of symptomes wherewith this disease is not complicate never to be taken away unlesse the virulencie of this murrain be wholly taken away and impugned by its proper Antidote that is argentum vivum CHAP. II. Of the causes of the Lues Venerea THere are two efficient causes of the Lues venerea the first is a certaine occult and specificke quality which cannot be demonstrated yet it may be referred to God as by whose command this hath assailed mankind as a scourge or punishment to restraine the too wanton and lascivious lusts of unpure whoremongers The other is an impure touch or contagion and principally that which happeneth in copulation Whether the man or woman have their privities troubled with virulent ulcers or bee molested with a virulent strangury which disease crafty Whores colour by the name of the whites the malignity catcheth hold of the other thus a woman taketh this disease by a man casting it into her hot open and moist wombe but a man taketh it from a woman which for example sake hath some small while before received the virulent seed of a whore-master polluted with this disease the mucous sanies whereof remaining in the wrinckles of the womans wombe may be drawne in by the pores of the standing and open yard whence succeede maligne ulcers and a virulent strangury This virulencie like a torch or candle set on fire will by little and little
patient is troubled with paines in his joynts head and shoulders and as it were breakings of his armes legges and all his members they are weary without a cause so that neither the foot nor hand can easily performe his duty their mouths are inflamed a swelling troubles their throats which takes away their freedom of speaking swallowing yea of their very spittle pustles rise over all their bodies but chiefly certaine garlands of them engirt their temples and heads the shedding or losse of the haire disgraceth the head and chin and leanenesse deformeth the rest of the body yet all of these use not to appeare in all bodies but some of them in some But the most certaine signes of this disease are a callous ulcer in the privities hard and ill conditioned and this same is judged to have the same force in a prognosticke if after it be cicatrized it retaine the same callous hardnesse the Bubo's or swellings in the groines to returne backe into the body without comming to suppuration or other manifest cause these two signes if they concurre in the same patient you may judge or foretell that the Lues venerea is either present or at hand yet this disease happeneth to many without the concourse of these two signes which also bewrayeth it selfe by other manifest signes as ulcers and pustles in the rest of the body rebellious against medicines though powerfull and discreetely applyed unlesse the whole body bee annoynted with Argentum vivum But when as the disease becommeth inveterate many become impotent to venery and the malignity and number of the symptomes encrease their paines remaine fixed and stable very hard and knotted tophi grow upon the bones and oft-times they become rotten and foule as also the hands and feete by the corruption of salt phlegme are troubled with chops or clefts and their heads are seazed upon by an ophiasis and alopecia whitish tumours with roots deepe fastned in arise in sundry parts of the body filled with a matter like the meate of a chesnut or like a tendon if they be opened they degenerate into divers ulcers as putride eating and other such according to the nature and condition of the affected bodies But why the paines are more grievous on the night season this may bee added to the true reason wee rendred in the precedent Chapter first for that the venereous virulencie lying as it were asleepe is stirred up and enraged by the warmenesse of the bed and coverings thereof Secondly by reason of the patients thoughts which on the night season are wholly turned and fixed upon the onely object of paine CHAP. V. Of Prognosticks IF the disease be lately taken associated by a few symptomes as with some small number of pustles and little wandring paines and the body besides bee young and in good case and the constitution of the season bee good and favourable as the spring then the cure is easie and may bee happily performed But on the contrary that which is inveterate and enraged by the fellowship of many and maligne symptomes as a fixed paine of the head knots and rottennesse of the bones ill natured ulcers in a body very much fallen away and weake and whereof the cure hath beene already sundry times undertaken by Empyricks but in vaine or else by learned Physicians but to whose remedies approved by reason and experience the malignity of the disease and the rebellious virulency hath refused to yeeld is to be thought uncurable especially if to these so many evils this bee added that the patient bee almost wasted with a consumption and hectick leanenesse by reason of the decay of the native moisture Wherefore you must onely attempt such by a palliative cure yet bee wary here in making your prognosticke for many have beene accounted in a desperate case who have recovered for by the benefit of God and nature wonders oft-times happen in diseases Young men who are of a rare or laxe habit of body are more subject to this disease than such as are of a contrary habit and complexion For as not all who are conversant with such as have the Plague or live in a pestilent aire are alike affected so neither all who lye or accompany with such as have the Lues venerea are alike infected or tainted The paines of such as have this disease are farre different from the paines of the Gout For those of the Gout returne and torment by certaine periods and fits but the other are continuall and almost alwaies like themselves Gouty paines possesse the joynts and in these condense a plaster-like matter into knots but those of the Pocks are rather fastened in the middest of the bones and at length dissolve them by rottennesse and putrefaction Venereous ulcers which are upon the yarde are hard to cure but if being healed they shall remaine hard and callous they are signes of the disease lying hidde in the body Generally the Lues venerea which now reigneth is farre more milde and easie to bee cured than that which was in former times when as it first began amongst us besides each day it seemeth to bee milder than other Astrologers think the cause hereof to bee this for that the coelestiall influences which first brought in this disease in successe of time by the contrary revolutions of the Starres lose their power and become weake so that it may seeme somewhat likely that at length aftersome few yeares it may wholly cease no otherwise than the disease termed Mentagra which was very like this in many symptomes and troubled many of the Romans in the raigne of Tiberius and the Lichen which in the time of Claudius who succeeded Tiberius vexed not onely Italy but all Europe besides Yet Physicians had rather take to themselves the glory of this lesse raging disease and to referre it to the many and wholsome meanes which have beene invented used and opposed thereto by the most happy labours of noble wits CHAP. VI. How many and what meanes there are to oppugne this disease MAny sorts of remedies have beene found out by many to oppugne and overcome this disease Yet at this day there are onely foure which are principally used The first is by a decoction of Guajacum the second by unction the third by emplasters and the fourth by fumigation all of them by Hydrargyrum the first excepted Yet that is not sufficiently strong and powerfull for experience hath taught that the decoction of Guajacum hath not sufficient strength to extinguish the venome of the venereous virulency but onely to give it ease for a time for because it heates attenuates provokes sweate and urine wastes the excrementitious humours by drying them it seemeth to cure the disease for that thereupon for some time the paine and all other symptomes seeme more remisse but these endeavours are weake and deceitfull as whereby that only which is more subtle in the humours in fault is exhausted and dispersed by sweat But
unquietnesse and consequently a great resolution of the spirits cannot insist powerfully upon the worke of concoction Therefore he shall be fed with reare new layd egges caudles of the same barly creames culesses made of a decoction of knuckles of veale and a capon and gellyes and with these in small quantity but frequently administred alwaies gargling his mouth before hee eate For his drinke he shall use a decoction of Guajacum aromatized with a little cinamon but if any desire that the drinke shall become nourishment for that the patients cannot feed on more solid meats you may give them old wine claret and thinne mixed with some barly water Some there are who steep some crummes of pure manchet in the aforesaid â—ine and then presse it out but yet so that there may some part of the bread remain therein which may make it more nourishing and lesse sharpe or acride Others steepe bread hot out of the oven in wine for the space of a night then they distill it all over in balneo Mariae the liquor which first comes over is more strong and hot but that which flowes out afterwards more milde and such as the patient may use to mixe with his wine without any danger for his better nourishment and the recovery of his strength For to refresh the spirits in fear of fainting Muskedine Hippocras rose vinegar and the like put to the nose to smell to will be sufficient unlesse peradventure the patient should naturally abhorre such things for so they would rather deject the powers and spirits In the interim you must have care of the belly that you keep it open by gentle and emollient glysters CHAP. XIIII Of the fourth manner of curing the Lues venerea SOme have devised a fourth manner of curing the Lues venerea which is by suffitus or fumigations I doe not much approve hereof by reason of sundry maligne symptomes which thence arise for they infect and corrupt by their venemous contagion the braine and lungs by whom they are primarily and fully received whence the patients during the residue of their lives have stinking breaths Yea many while they have beene thus handled have beene taken hold of by a convulsion and a trembling of their heads hands legges with a deafenesse apoplexie and lastly miserable death by reason of the maligne vapours of sulphur and quicksilver whereof cinnabaris consists drawne in by their mouth nose and all the rest of the body Wherefore I can never approve the use of such fumigations which are to bee received in â—umes by the mouth and nostrills for to work upon the whole body yet I doe not dislike of that which is undertaken for some one part onely as to dry up ill conditioned ulcers which so affect it that they cannot bee overcome by any other meanes or for to disperse or digest knots or to resolve fixed paines otherwise unmoveable These fumigations by reason of the admixture of Argentum vivum have an attenuating cutting resolving and colliquating faculty Those who prepare these fumigations for the cure of the whole disease and body take this course They put the patient under a tent or canopy made close on every side lest any thing should expire and they put in unto him a vessell filled with hot coales whereupon they plentifully throw Cinnabaris that so they may on every side enjoy the rising fume just after the same manner as Farriers use to smoake their horses for the glaunders they repeat this every day so long untill they begin to fluxe at the mouth The principall matter or basis of such fumigations as we have already noted is cinnabaris consisting of sulphur and argentum vivum mixed together there is added also radix ireos flor thus olibanum myrrha juncus odoratus assa odorata mastiche terebinthina theriâ—â—â— all which have a faculty to resolve and strengthen the spirits and nature and correct the stench and evill quality of the argentum vivum There are also other fumigations made after another manner but that also when as the argentum vivum is extinct and as it were fixt after this manner let some lead bee melted and let there be powred or put thereto some argentum vivum then let it all be poudred adding thereto Antimony Aloes Mastich coprose orpiment and Benjamin made into pouder and framed into Trochisces with some turpentine Or else â„ž cinnabaris â„¥ i. styracus rub calamitae nuâ—is moschat an Ê’iii benzoini â„¥ ss ponderisÊ’ii for the foresaid use The terebinthina is added to incorporate the dry things and the gums are added to yeild matter to the fume But virulent ulcers of the Lues venerea shall not be fumigated before they be cleansed also this following fumigation is good â„ž â—…baris â„¥ i. benzoini myrrhae styracis olibani opopanacis an â„¥ ss mastiches macis thuris is an Ê’â—â— excipiantur terebinthina fiat suffumigium CHAP. XV. The cure of the symptomes or symptomaticke affects of the Lues venerea and first of the Vlcers of the Yard CAllous and maligne ulcers in this disease may grow all over the yard but these are far more maligne which arise on the prepuce than those that grow on the Glans or nut of the yard Now they are rebellious to the common medicines of ulcers which happen other waies they are also subject to turne into a gangrene so that sundry who have not in time provided for themselves by the use of argentum vivum are forced for their negligence to suffer the losse of their Glans and oft times of their whole yard Yet I am of opinion that I thinke we must begin the cure of all ulcers of the yard with the generall remedies of ulcers For all ulcers arising in these parts by reason of copulation are not virulent But when as we shall finde that we doe no good by this meanes and that the disease notwithstanding growes worse and worse then must we come to make use of such things as receive argentum vivum that by these we may resist the virulency which is ready to disperse it selfe over all the body yet it is absolutely necessary that all these things be endued with such faculties as may retund the maligne acrimony of this venome such an one is this following collyrium of Lanfranck â„ž vini albi lb i. aq ros plantag an quart i. auripig Ê’ii viridis â—ris Ê’i aloes myrrhae an ℈ ii terantur subtilissime fiat collyrium Also these ulcers may bee profitably touched with mercury water or aqua fortis which the Goldsmiths have used or else mercury in pouder or our aegyptiacum but the falling away of the Eschar shall bee procured with basilicon or fresh butter Yet I think it not fit to use these acrid things without very great caution for fear of a gangrene which easily happens to this part But if such ulcers are so stubborne that they will not
remedies as yet I have had no experience Others prescribe a dram of the seeds of Agnus castus to be drunke with wine and butter Others the powder of river-crabs burnt and drunke in wine Or â„ž gentianaeÊ’ii astacorum flaviatilium in fumo combust in pollinem redact Ê’iii terrae sigill â„¥ ss misce give Ê’i of this same powder in the decoction of river crabs let them drink thereof oft at sundry times Many have cast themselves into the sea neither have they thence had any helpe against madnesse as Ferrand Pozet the Cardinall testifieth in his booke of poysons wherefore you must not relie upon that remedie but rather you must have recourse to such things as are set downe in the books of Physicians and approved by certaine and manifold experience But seeing that no poyson can kill unlesse it be taken or admitted into the body we must not fear any harme by sprinkling our bodies with the sanies of a mad dogge viper toad or any other such like venemous creature if so bee that it be presently wiped or washed cleane away CHAP. XV. What cure must be used to such as feare the water but yet are able to know themselves in a glasse SUch as have not their animal faculty as yet orecome by the malignity of the raging venome must have strong purgations given them Wherefore if in any case Antimonie bee usefull then is it in this as that which causeth sweats looseth the belly and procures vomiting For it is a part of extreme and dangerous madnesse to hope to overcome the cruel malignity of this poyson already admitted into the bowels by gentle purging medicines Assuredly such and so great danger is never overcome without danger Bathes also conduce which may disperse and draw forth the poyson by causing sweats Also many and frequent treacle potions are good to retund the venome and strengthen the bowels also it will be fitting to give them water and all other liquid things which they so much abhorre in a cup with a cover Alwaies let such as are poisoned or bitten or stung by a mad dog or other venemous beast keep themselves in some warme and light place that the poyson which by coldnesse is forced in may be the readilier drawne out by the means of heat and the spirits bee recreated by the brightnesse of the aire and therefore move from the center to the circumference of the body and let the roome be perfumed with sweet things To eat very hot and salt things presently at the beginning as onions leeks all spiced meats and strong wine not allâ—ied seems not to be besides reason because such things by their spirituous heat hinder the diffusion of the poyson over the body and strengthen the filled entrailes There be some also that would have them to feed upon grosse and viscous meats which by obstructing the vessels may hinder the passage of the poyson to the heart and other parts and by the same reason it will be better to fill themselves with meate to satietie than otherwise because the malignity of humours is encreased by hunger than which nothing can be more harmfull to venemous wounds Yet within a short while after as within five or sixe dayes they must returne to a mediocritie and use all things temperate boiled meats rather than roasted and that in a decoction of opening things so to move urine Lastly they must keep such a diet as melancholike persons ought to do neither shall they let bloud lest so the poyson should bee further drawne into the veines but it is good that the patients body be soluble from the very first Let their drinke be wine indifferently allayed with water oxymel simplex or the syrupe of the juice of Citron with boiled water or else this following Julep â„ž succilimonum malorum citri an â„¥ ss suc gran acid â„¥ ii aquae acetosae min. ros an â„¥ i. aq font coct quantum sufficit fiat Julep ut artis est Sleep is to be avoided untill the force of the poyson is abated for by sleep the humours flow back into the bowells All things that resist poyson must bee given any way whatsoever as lemons oranges angelica rootes gentian tormentill burnet vervine carduus benedictus borage buglosse and the like Let all things that are afterwards set before the patient be meats of good juice such as are veale kid mutton partridge pullets capons and the like CHAP. XVI Of the biting of a Viper or Adder and the symptomes and cure thereof THe remedies that were formerly mentioned against the bitings of madde dogges the same may bee used against all venemous bites and stings yet neverthelesse each poyson hath his peculiar antidote Vipers or Adders as we vulgarly terme them have in their gummes or the spaces betwene their teeth little bladders filled with a virulent sanies which is pressed out into the part that they bite with their teeth There forthwith ariseth a pricking paine the part at the first is much swollen and then the whole body unlesse it be hindred grosse and bloody filth sweats out of the wound little blisters rise round about it as if it were burnt the wound gnawes and as it were feeds upon the flesh great inflammation possesseth the liver and the gummes and the whole body becomes very dry becomming of a yellowish or pale colour with thirst unquenchable the bellie is griped by fits a cholericke vomiting molesteth them the stomacke is troubled with a hicketting the patients are taken with often sownings with cold sweate the forerunner of death unlesse you provide by fit medicines for the noble parts before the poyson shall invade them Mathiolus tells that he saw a countrie-man who as he was mowing a meadow by chance cut an Adder in two with his sithe which when he thought it was dead he tooke the one halfe whereon the head remained without any feare in his hand but the enraged creature turning about her head cruelly bit him by one of his fingers which finger as men usually doe especially when as they thinke of no such thing hee put into his mouth and sucked out the blood and poyson and presently fell downe dead When as Charles the ninth was at Montpelier I went into the shop of one Farges an Apothecary who then made a solemne dispensation of Treacle where not satisfying my selfe with the looking upon the vipers which were there in a glasse ready for the composition I thought to take one of them in my hands but whilest that I too curiously and securely handled her teeth which were in her upper jaw covered with a skinne as it were a case to keepe the poyson in the beast catched hold of the very end of my fore-finger and bit me in the space which is betweene the naile and the flesh whence presently there arose great pain both by reason of the part endued with most exquisite sense as also by the malignity of the
remedies could not evacuate neither by resolution nor suppuration the conteined matter greatly vexing her with paine and pulsation I to the medicine formerly used by the consent of the Physicians put some quicksilver so within a few dayes the tumour was digested and resolved But some will say it resolves the strength of the nerves and limbs as you may see by such as have beene anoynted therewith for the Lues venerea who tremble in all their limbs during the rest of their lives This is true if any use it too intemperately without measure and a disease that may require so great a remedy for thus we see that Gilders Plumbers and such as digge in mines by the continuall ascent of the vapours of quicksilver to the braine the fountaine of the nerves by resolving the spirits and dissipating the radicall and substantificke moysture maketh them subject to the trembling of their joints Verily if it bee killed and incorporate with hogs greace and a list besmeared therewith which may encompasse the body like a girdle it will drive away lice fleas and cimices and anoynted about the navell it kils the wormes in the guts There are two sorts of quicksilver the one naturall the other artificiall The naturall is found running or flowing in the veins and bowels of the earth and amongst metals and in the fornaces of silver mines The Artificiall is made of minium as it is in Vitruvius and of the powder of Ivory Also it is probable that by art it may bee extracted out of all metals but chiefly out of Lead and Cinnabaris You may easily distinguish these kindes by the dull and blackish colour tough and grosse substance which as it runs leaves an impression like melted greace being as it were the excrement of lead The best quicksilver of all is pure cleare thin and very white it may bee cleansed with the drosse of Lead and becomes more thin being boyled in sharpe vinegar with sage rosemary time lavander Or else give it by a pound at a time to a whelpe to drinke downe and being cast forth by it boyle it againe in vinegar for thus it hath wondrous faculties and fitly given produceth marvellous effects nothing is more contrary thereto than fire For quicksilver though of its owne nature ponderous flyeth upwards by the force of the fire and forsaketh gold by that meanes than which nothing is more friendly to it CHAP. XXXIX Of the Unicornes Horne THere are very many at this day who thinke themselves excellently well armed against poyson and all contagion if they be provided with some powder of Unicornes horne or some infusion made therewith Therefore I have thought it good to examine more diligently how much truth this inveterate and grounded opinion hath The better to performe this taske I will propound three heads whereto I will direct my whole discourse The first shall be of the signification of this word Unicorn The second whether there be any such thing really and truely so called or whether it bee not rather imaginary like as the Chymera and Tragelaphus The third whether that which is sayd to be the horne of such a beast hath any force or faculty against poysons For the first that is the name it is somewhat more obscure what the word being Licorne in French may signifie than what the Latine or Greek word is For the French name is further from the word and signification but it is so clear and manifest that this word Unicornis amongst the Latines signifieth a beast having but one horn as it is vulgarly known the same thing is meant by the Greek word Monoceros But now for the second I thinke that beast that is vulgarly called taken for an Unicorn is rather a thing imaginary than really in the world I am chiefly enduced to beleeve thus by these conjectures Because of those who have travelled over the world there is not one that professeth that ever he did see that creature Certainly the Romans conquering the world being most diligent searchers after all things which were rare and so excellent if any where in any corner of the world this beast could have been found they would have found it out and engraven it upon their coynes or Armes as they did Crocodiles Elephants Eagles Panthers Lyons Tygers and other creatures unknowne to these countryes For these that have written of the Unicorn either that they have heard or that hath been delivered by tradition or what they in their owne mindes and fancies have conceived you shall scarce finde two that agree together either in the description of the body or in the nature and condition of her Pliny writes that Unicornes are for the fashion of their bodies like to an horse that is as Cardane interprets it of the bignesse of a horse with the head of an Hart the feet of an Elephant the taile of a Boare with one black horne in the midst of his forehead of the length of two cubits Munster who as Mathiolus jests never saw Unicornes besides painted ones doth on the contrary affirme them not to be of the bignesse of an horse but of an hind calfe of three moneths old not with feet like an Elephant but cleft like those of goats with an horne not only of two but oft times of three cubits long of a weazell colour with a necke not very long nor very hairy but having few and short haires hanging to the one side of the necke the legs are leane and small the buttocks high but very hairy Cardane dissâ—nting from both these writes that hee hath an horne in the midst of his forehead but that it is onely the length of three fingers Andrew I hevet mentions an Unicorne seene by a certaine Turkish Sangjach which was of the bignesse of a Bull of five or sixe moneths old and had one horne but that not in the midst of the forehead but upon the top of the crowne of the head he was legg'd and footed like an Asse but longer haired and had eares not much unlike the Rangifer a beast not unknowne in the subpolare or northern countries Thus various therefore is the report concerning the shape of this Beast Neither is there lesse difference concerning her nature and conditions For Pliny writes that the Unicorne is a most fierce beast and hath a great bellowing voice and that shee cannot therefore be taken alive Cardane renders a reason of this fiercenesse Because saith he it inhabits the desarts of Aethiopia a region squalide and filthy abounding with toads and such like venemous creatures Others on the contrary affirme her to bee of a most milde amiable and gentle nature of all others unlesse one purposely offend her or use her too harshly for seeing shee feeds not by stooping her head to the ground because shee is hindered therefrom by the length of her horne she must necessarily feed upon the fruit that hangeth upon trees out of cratches or mans hand
forth none of those waies but either with his belly or his backe forwards as it were double or else with his hands and feet together or with his head forwards and one of his hands stretched out that they should turne it and draw it out by the feet for the doing whereof if they be not sufficient let them crave the assistance and helpe of some expert Chirurgian CHAP. XVI Signes of the birth at hand THere will bee great paine under the navell and at the groines and spreading therehence towards the Vertebrae of the loines and then especially when they are drawne backe from the Os sacrum the bones Ilia and the Coccix are thrust outward the genitalls swell with paine and a certaine feaver-like shaking invades the body the face waxeth red by reason of the endeavour of nature armed unto the expulsion of the infant And when these signes appeare let all things bee prepared ready to the childe-birth Therefore first of all let the woman that is in travell be placed in her bed conveniently neither with her face upwards nor sitting but with her backe upwards and somewhat high that she may breath at more liberty and have the more power or strength to labour Therefore she ought to have her legs wide one from another and crooked or her heeles some-what bowed uptowards her buttocks so that she may lean on a staffe that must be placed overthwart the bed There are some that do travell in a stoole or chair made for the purpose others standing upright on their feet and leaning on the poast or piller of the bed But you must take diligent heed that you doe not exhort or perswade the woman in travell to strive or labour to expell the birth before the forenamed signes thereof doe manifestly shew that it is at hand For by such labour or pains she might be wearied or so weakened that when shee should strive or labour she shall have no power or strength so to doe If all these things doe fall out well in the childe-birth the businesse is to be committed to nature and to the Mid-wife And the woman with child must onely bee admonished that when shee feeleth very strong paine that shee presently therewith strive with most strong expression shutting her mouth and nose if shee please and at the same time let the mydwife with her hands force the infant from above downewards But if the birth bee more difficult and painefull by reason that the waters wherein the infant lay are flowed out long before and the womb be dry this ointment following is to be prepared â„ž butyri recentis sine sale in aqua artemesiae loti â„¥ ii mucaginis ficuum semin lini altheae cum aqua sabinae extractae an â„¥ ss olei liliorum â„¥ i. Make thereof an ointment wherewith let the mydwife often annoynt the secret parts Also this powder following may bee prepared â„ž Cinamom cort cassiae fistul dictamni an Ê’iss sacch albi ad pondus omnium make thereof a most subtle and fine powder Let the woman that is in extremity by reason of difficult and painefull travell in child-birth take halfe an ounce thereof at a time with the decoction of linseede or in white wine for it will cause more speedy and easie deliverance of the childe Moreover let the mydwife anoynt her hands with this ointment following as often as shee putteth them into the necke of the wombe and therewith also anoint the parts about it â„ž olei ex seminibus lint â„¥ i. ss olei de castoreo â„¥ ss moschataeÊ’iii ladaniÊ’i make thereof a liniment Moreover you may provoke sneesing by putting a little pepper or white hellebore in powder into the nostrils Linseed beaten and given in a potion with the water of Mugwort and Savine is supposed to cause speedy deliverance Also the medicine following is commended for the same purpose â„ž corticis cassiae fistul conquassatae â„¥ ii cicer rub m. ss bulliant cum vino albo aqua sufficienti sub finem addendo sabinae Ê’ii cinamomiÊ’ss crocigr vi make thereof a potion which being taken let sneesing bee provoked as it is above-said and let her shut or close her mouth and nostrils Many times it happeneth that the infant commeth into the world ouâ— of the wombe having his head covered or wrapped about with portion of the â—…dine or tunicle wherein it is enclosed especially when by the much strong and happy striving of the mother he commeth forth together with the water wherein it lyeth in the wombe and then the mydwives prophesie or foretell that the childe shall be happy because hee is borne as it were with a hood on his head But I suppose that it doth betoken health of body both to the infant and also to his mother for it is a token of easie deliverance For when the birth is difficult and painfull the child never bringeth that membrane out with him but it remaineth behinde in the passage of the genitals or secret parts because they are narrow For even so the Snake or Adder when shee would cast her skinne thereby to renew her age creepeth through some narrow or straight passage Presently after the birth the woman so delivered must take two or three spoonefuls of the oyle of sweet almonds extracted without fire and tempered with sugar Some will rather use the yolks of egges with sugar some the wine called Ipocras others cullises or gelly but alwaies divers things are to bee used according as the patient or the woman in childbed shall be grieved and as the Physician shall give counsell both to cease and asswage the furious torments and paine of the throwes to recover her strength and nourish her Throwes come presently after the birth of the child because that then the veines nature being wholly converted to expulsion cast out the reliques of the menstruall matter that hath beene suppressed for the space of nine moneths into the wombe with great violence which because they are grosse slimie and dreggish cannot come forth without great paine both to the veines from whence they come and also unto the wombe whereinto they goe also then by the conversion of that portion thereof that remaineth into winde and by the undiscreete admission of the aire in the time of the child-birth the wombe and all the secret parts will swell unlesse it be prevented with some digesting repelling or mollifying oile or by artificiall rowling of the parts about the belly CHAP. XVII What is to bee done presently after the child is borne PResently after the child is borne the mydwife must draw away the secundine or after birth as gently as shee can but if she cannot let her put her hands into the wombe and so draw it out separating it from the other parts for otherwise if it should continue longer it would bee more difficult to bee gotten out because that presently after the birth the orifice of the wombe is drawn
if his hands bee forth already so that it may seeme hee may bee drawne forth easily that way yet it must not be so done for so his head would double backwards over his shoulders to the great danger of his mother Once I was called unto the birth of an infant whom the midwives had assayed to draw out by the arme so that the arme had been so long forth that it was gangrenate whereby the childe dyed I told them presently that his arme must bee put in againe and hee must bee turned otherwise But when it could not bee put backe by reason of the great swelling thereof and also of the mothers genitals I determined to cut it off with an incision knife cutting the muscles as neare as I could to the shoulder yet drawing the flesh upwards that when I had taken off the bone with a paire of cutting pincers it might come downe againe to cover the shivered end of the bone lest otherwise when it were thrust in againe into the wombe it might hurt the mother Which being done I turned him with his feete forwards and drew him out as is before sayd But if the tumour either naturally or by some accident that is to say by putrefaction which may perchance come bee so great that hee cannot bee turned according to the Chirurgions intention nor be drawne out according as hee lyeth the tumour must bee diminished and then hee must bee drawne out as is aforesaid and that must bee done at once As for example if the dead infant appeare at the orifice of the wombe which our mydwives call the Garland when it gapeth is open and dilated but yet his head being more great and puffed up with winde so that it cannot come forth as caused to bee so through that disease which the Greeks call Mucrophisocephalos the Chirurgion must fasten a hooke under his chinne or in his mouth or else in the hole of his eye or else which is better and more expedient in the hinder part of his head For when the scull is so opened there will bee a passage whereat the winde may passe out and so when the tumour falleth and decreaseth let him draw the infant out by little and little but not rashly lest he should break that whereon he hath taken hold the figure of those hookes is thus The forme of hookes for drawing out the infant that is dead in the wombe But if the breast bee troubled with the like fault the hookes must bee fastened about the chanell bone if there bee a Dropsie or a Tympany in the belly the hooks must bee fastned either in the short ribs that is to say in the muscles that are betweene the ribbes or especially if the disease doe also descend into the feete about the bones that are above the groine or else putting the crooked knife here pictured iâ—…he wombe with his left hand let him make incision in the childs belly and so get out all his entrals by the incision for when hee is so bowelled all the water that caused the dropsie will out But the Chirurgion must do none of all these things but when the child is dead and the woman that travelleth in such danger that shee cannot otherwise be holpen But if by any meanes it happeneth that all the infants members bee cut away by little and little and that the head onely remaineth behinde in the wombe which I have sometimes against my will and with great sorrow seene then the left hand being anoynted with oyle of Lillies or fresh butter must bee put into the wombe wherewith the Chirurgion must find out the mouth putting his fingers into it then with his right hand hee must put up the hooke according to the direction of the left hand gently by little little and so fasten it in the mouth eye or under the chin and when hee hath firmely fixed or fastened it hee must therewith draw out the head by little and little for feare of loosening or breaking the part whereon hee hath hold In stead of this hooke you may use the instruments that are here described which therefore I have taken out of the Chirurgery of Francis Dalechamps for they are so made that they may easily take hold of a sphaericall and round body with the branches as with fingers Gryphons Talons that is to say instruments made to draw out the head of a dead infant that is separated in the wombe from the rest of the body But it is not very easie to take hold on the head when it remaineth alone in the wombe by reason of the roundnesse thereof for it will slip and slide up and downe unlesse the belly be pressed downe and on both sides thereby to hold it unto the instrument that it may with more facility take hold thereon CHAP. XXVII What must bee done unto the woman in travell presently after her deliverance THere is nothing so great an enemy to a woman in travell especially to her whose child is drawne away by violence as cold wherefore with all care and diligence shee must bee kept and defended from cold For after the birth her body being voyde and empty doth easily receive the ayre that will enter into every thing that is empty and hence shee waxeth cold her wombe is distended and puffed up and the orifices of the vessels thereof are shut and closed whereof commeth suppression of the after-birth or other after purgations And thereof commeth many grievous accidents as hystericall suffocation painefull fretting of the guts feavers and other mortall diseases What woman soever will avoyde that discommodity let her hold her legges or thighes acrosse for in so doing those parts that were separated will bee joyned and close together againe Let her belly bee also bound or rowled with a ligature of an indifferent breadth and length which may keep the cold ayre from the wombe and also presse the bloud out that is contained in all the substance thereof Then give her some Capon broth or Caudle with Saffron or with the powder called Pulvis ducis or else bread toasted and dipped in wine wherein spice is brewed for to restore her strength and to keepe away the fretting of the guts When the secundine is drawne out and is yet hot from the wombe it must bee layd warme unto the region of the wombe especially in the winter but in the summer the hot skinne of a Weather newly killed must be laid unto all the whole belly and unto the region of the loynes But then the curtaines of the bed must bee kept drawne and all the windowes and doores of the chamber must bee kept shut with all diligence that no cold ayre may come unto the woman that travelleth but that shee may lye and take her rest quietly The Weathers skinne must bee taken away after that it hath lyen five or sixe houres and then all the region of her belly must bee annointed with the oyntment following â„ž
happen by the same cause that twinnes and many at one birth contrary to natures course doe chance that is by a larger effusion of seed than is required for the framing of that part that so it exceeds either in number or else in greatnesse So Austin tells that in his time in the East an infant was borne having all the parts from the belly upwards double but from thence downewards single and simple for it had two heads foure eyes two breasts foure hands in all the rest like to another child and it lived a little while Caelius Rhodiginus saith he saw two monsters in Italy the one male the other female handsomly neatly made through all their bodies except their heads which were double the male died within a few daies after it was borne but the female whose shape is here delineated lived 20. five yeers which is contrary to the common custome of monsters for they for the most part are very short lived because they both live and are born as it were against natures consent to which may be added they doe not love themselves by reason they are made a scorne to others and by that meanes lead a hated life The effigies of a maide with two heads But it is most remarkeable which Lycosthenes telleth of this woman-monster for excepting her two heads shee was framed in the rest of her body to an exact perfection her two heads had the like desire to eat and drinke to sleepe to speake and to doe every thing she begged from dore to dore every one giving to her freely Yet at length she was banisht Bavaria lest that by the frequent looking upon her the imaginations of women with childe strongly moved should make the like impression in the infants they bare in their wombes The effigies of two girles whose backes grew together In the yeere of our Lord 1475. at Verona in Italy two Girles were borne with their backes sticking together from the lower part of the shoulders unto the very buttockes The novelty and strangenesse of the thing moved their parents being but poor to carry them through all the chiefe townes in Italy to get mony of all such as came to see them In the yeere 1530. there was a man to bee seene at Paris out of whose belly another perfect in all his members except his head hanged forth as if he had been grafted there The man was forty yeeres old and hee carried the other implanted or growing out of him in his armes with such admiration to the beholders that many ranne very earnestly to see him The figure of a man with another growing out of him The effigies of the horned or hooded monster At Quiers a small village some ten miles from Turine in Savoy in the yeere 1578. upon the seventeenth day of January about eight a clocke at night an honest matron brought forth a childe having five hornes like to Rams hornes set opposite to one another upon his head he had also a long piece of flesh like in some sort to a French-hood which women used to wear hanging downe from his forehead by the nape of his necke almost the length of his backe two other pieces of flesh like the collar of a shirt were wrapped about his necke the fingers ends of both his hands somewhat resembled a Haukes talons and his knees seemed to be in his hammes the right leg and the right foot were of a very red colour the rest of the body was of a tawny colour it is said he gave so terrible a scritch when he was brought forth that the Midwives and the rest of the women that were at her labour were so frighted that they presently left the house and ran away When the Duke of Savoy heard of this monster he commanded it should be brought to him which performed one would hardly think what various censures the Courtiers gave of it The shape of a monster found in an egge The monster you see here delineated was found in the middle and innermost part of an egge with the face of a man but haires yeelding a horrid representation of snakes the chinne had three other snakes stretched forth like a beard It was first seene at Autun at the house of one Bancheron a Lawyer a maide breaking many eggs to butter the white of this egge given a Cat presently killed her Lastly this monster comming to the hands of the Baron Senecy was brought to King Charles the ninth being then at Metz. The effigies of a monstrous childe having two heads two armes foure legs In the yeere 1546. a woman at Paris in her sixt moneth of her account brought forth a childe having two heads two armes and foure legges I dissecting the body of it found but one heart by which one may know it was but one infant For you may know this from Aristotle whether the monstrous birth bee one or more joined together by the principall part for if the body have but one heart it is but one if two it is double by the joyning together in the conception The portraiture of Twinnes joyned together with one head In the yeere 1569. a certaine woman of Towers was delivered of twinnes joyned together with one head and mutually embracing each other Renatus Ciretus the famous Chirurgian of those parts sent mee their Sceleton The effigies of two girles being Twinnes joyned together by their fore-heads Munster writes that in the village Bristant not farre from Wormes in the yeere 1495. he saw two Girles perfect and entire in every part of their bodies but they had their fore-heads so joined together that they could not be parted or severed by any art they lived together ten yeeres then the one dying it was needfull to separate the living from the dead but she did not long out-live her sister by reason of the malignity of the wound made in parting them asunder In the yeere 1570. the twentieth of July at Paris in the street Gravilliers at the signe 〈◊〉 the Bell these two infants were borne distering in sexe with that shape of body â—â—at you see expressed in the figure They were baptized in the Church of St. Nichlas of the fields and named Ludovicus and Ludovica their father was a Mason his nâ—me was Peter German his surname Petit Dieu i little-God his mothers name was Mathea Petronilla The shape of the infants lately borne at Paris The figure of two girles joyned together in their breasts and belly In the yeere 1572. in Pont de See neare Anger 's a little towne were borne upon the tenth day of July two girles perfect in their limbs but that they had but foure fingers apiece on their left hands they clave together in their 〈◊〉 parts from their chin to the navell which 〈◊〉 but one as their heart was also but one their 〈◊〉 was divided into foure lobes they lived haâ—â— an houre and were baptized The figure of a child with two heads and the body as bigge as one
of fore moneths old Caelius Rhodiginus tells that in a â—wn of his country called Sarzano Italy being roubled with civill warres there was born monster of unusual bigness for he had two heads having all his limbs answerable in grâ—ness tallnesse to a child of foure months old between his two heads which were boâ—h alike at the setting on of the shoulder 〈◊〉 had a third hand put forth which did not â—â—ceed the eares in length for it was not all â—…n it was born the 5. of the Ides of March 〈◊〉 14. The figure of one with foure legges and as manyarmes Jovianus Pontanus tells in the yeere 1529. the ninth day of January there was a man childe borne in Germany having foure armes and as many legges The figure of a man out of whose belly another head shewed it selfe In the yeere that Francis the first King of France entered into league with the Swisses there was borne a monster in Germany out of the midst of whose belly there stood a great head it came to mans age and this lower and as it were inserted head was nourished as much as the true and upper head In the yeere 1572. the last day of February in the parish of Viaban in the way as you goe from Carnuta to Paris in a small village called Bordes one called Cypriana Girandae the wife of James Merchant a husbandman brought forth this monster whose shape you see here delineated which lived untill the Sunday following being but of one onely sexe which was the female The shape of two monstrous Twinnes being but of one onely Sexe In the yeere 1572. on Easter Munday at Metz in Loraine in the Inne whose signe is the Holy-Ghost a Sow pigged a pigge which had eight legges foure eares and the head of a dogge the hinder part from the belly downeward was parted in two as in twinnes but the foreparts grew into one it had two tongues in the mouth with foure teeth in the upper jaw and as many in the lower The sexe was not to be distinguished whether it were a Bore or Sow pigge for there was one slit under the taile and the hinder parts were all rent and open The shape of this monster as it is here set downe was sent me by Borgesius the famous Physitian of Metz. The shape of a monstrous Pigge CHAP. III. Of women bringing many children at one birth WOman is a creature bringing usually but one at a birth but the 〈…〉 been some who have brought forth two some three some fouâ—… sixe or more at one birth Empedocles thought that the abundâ—…e of seed was the cause of such numerous births the Stoikes affirmâ—…e divers cells or partitions of the wombe to be the cause for the seâ—… being variously parted into these partitions and the conception divided there are more children brought forth no otherwise than in rivers the water beating against the rockes is turned into divers circles or rounds But Aristotle saith there is no reason to think so for in women that parting of the womb into cells as in dogs and sowes taketh no place for womens wombes have but one cavity parted into two recesses the right left nothing comming between except by chance distinguished by a certain line for often twins lye in the same side of the womb Aristotles opinion is that a woman cannot bring forth more than five children at one birth The maide of Augustus Caesar brought forth five at a birth a short while after she her children died In the yeer 1554. at Bearn in Switzerland the wife of Dr. John Gelinger brought forth five children at one birth three boies and two girles Albucrasis affirmes a woman to have bin the mother of seven children at one birth another who by some externall injury did abort brought forth fifteene perfectly shaped in all their parts Pliny reports that it was extant in the writings of Physitians that twelve children were borne at one birth and that there was another in Peloponnesus which foure severall times was delivered of five children at one birth and that the greater part of those children lived It is reported by Dalechampius that Bonaventura the slave of one Savill a Gentleman of Sena at one time brought forth seven children of which four were baptized In our time between Sarte and Maine in the parish of Seaux not far from Chambellay there is a family and noble house called Maldemeure the wife of the Lord of Maldemeure the first yeere she was married brought forth twinnes the second yeere she had three children the third yeere foure the fourth yeere five the fift yeere sixe and of that birth she died of those sixe one is yet alive and is Lord of Maldemeure In the valley of Beaufort in the county of Anjou a young woman the daughter of Mace Channiere when at one perfect birth shee had brought forth one child the tenth day following she fell in labour of another but could not be delivered untill it was pulled from her by force and was the death of the mother Martin Cromerus the author of the Polish history writeth that one Margaret a woman sprung from a noble and antient family neere Cracovia and wife to Count Virboslaus brought forth at one birth thirty five live children upon the twentieth day of January in the yeere 1296. Franciscus Picus Mirandula writeth that one Dorothy an Italian had twenty children at two births at the first nine and at the second eleven and that she was so bigge that she was forced to beare up her belly which lay upon her knees with a broad and large scarfe tyed about her necke as you may see by the following figure The picture of Dorothy great with child with many children And they are to bee reprehended here againe who affirme the cause of numerous births to consist in the variety of the cells of the wombe for they feigne a womans wombe to have seven cells or partitions three on the right side for males three on the left side for females and one in the midst for Hermaphrodites or Scrats and this untruth hath gon so far that there have bnene some that affirmed every of these seven cells to have bin divided into ten partitions into which the seed dispersed doth bring forth a divers and numerous encrease according to the variety of the cells furnished with the matter of seed which though it may seeme to have been the opinion of Hippocrates in his book De natura Pueri notwithstanding it is repugnant to reason and to those things which are manifestly apparent to the eyes and senses The opinion of Aristotle is more probable who saith twinnes and more at one birth are begot and brought forth by the same cause that the sixt finger groweth on the hand that is by the abundant plenty of the seed which is greater and more copious than can bee all taken up in the naturall framing of one body for if it all be forced
into one it maketh one with the parts encreased more than is fit eithâ—… greatnesse or number but if it bee as it were cloven into divers parts it caâ—… more than one at one birth CHAP. IV. Of Hermaphrodites of Scrats ANd here also we must speake of Hermaphrodites because they draw the cause of their generation and conformation from the plenty and abundance of seed and are called so because they are of both sexes the woman yeelding as much seed as the man For hereupon it commeth to passe that the forming faculty which alwaies endeavours to produce something like it selfe doth labour both the matters almost with equall force and is the cause that one body is of both sexes Yet some make foure differences of Hermaphrodites the first of which is the male Hermaphrodite who is a perfect and absolute male and hath onely a slit in the Perinaeum not perforated and from which neither urine nor seed doth flow The second is the female which besides her naturall privity hath a fleshy and skinny similitude of a mans yard but unapt for erection and ejaculation of seed and wanteth the cod and stones the third difference is of those which albeit they beare the expresse figures of members belonging to both sexes commonly set the one against the other yet are found unapt for generation the one of them onely serving for making of water the fourth difference is of those who are able in both sexes and throughly performe the part both of man and woman because they have the genitalls of both sexes compleat and perfect and also the right breast like a man and the left like a woman the lawes command those to chuse the sexe which they will use and in which they will remaine and live judging them to death if they be found to have departed from the sexe they made choice of for some are thought to have abused both and promiscuously to have had their pleasure with men and women There are signes by which the Physitians may discerne whether the Hermaphrodires are able in the male or female sexe or whether they are impotent in both these signes are most apparent in the privities and face for if the matrix be exact in all its demensions and so perforated that it may admit a mans yard if the courses flow that way if the haire of the head bee long slender and soft and to conclude if to this tender habite of the body a timide and weake condition of the minde be added the female sexe is predominant and they are plainely to bee judged women But if they have the Perinaeum and fundament full of haires the which in women are commonly without any if they have a yard of a convenient largenesse if it stand well readily and yeeld seed the male sexe hath the preheminence and they are to be judged men But if the conformation of both the genitalls be alike in figure quantity and efficacy it is thought to be equally able in both sexes although by the opinion of Aristotle those who have double genitals the one of the male the other of the female the one of them is alwaies perfect the other imperfect The figure of Hermaphrodite twinnes cleaving together with their backes Anno Dom. 1486. In the Palatinatâ— at the village Robach neere Heidelberg there were twinnes both Hermaphrodites borne with their backs sticking together The effigies of an Hermaphrodite having foure hands and feet The same day the Venetians and Genoeses entred into league there was a monster borne in Italy having foure armes and feet and but one head it lived a little after it was baptized Iames Ruef a Helvetian Chirurgian saith hee saw the like but which besides had the privities of both sexes whose figure I have therefore here set forth CHAP. V. Of the changing of Sexe AMatus Lusitanus reports that in the village Esquina there was a maid named Maria Pateca who at the appointed age for her courses to flow had in stead of them a mans yard lying before that time hid and covered so that of a woman she became a man and therefore laying aside her womans habite was cloathed in mans and changing her name was called Emanuel who when hee had got much wealth by many and great negotiations and commerce in India returned into his country and married a wife but Lusitanus saith he did not certainely know whether he had any children but that he was certaine he remained alwaies beardlesse Anthony Loqueneux the Kings keeper or receiver of his rents of St. Quintin at Vermandois lately affirmed to me that he saw a man at Reimes at the Inne having the sign of the swan in the yeer 1560. who was taken for a woman untill the fourteenth yeere of his age for then it happened as he played somewhat wantonly with a maid which lay in the same bed with him his members hitherto lying hid started forth and unfolded them selves which when his parents knew by helpe of the Ecclesiasticke power they changed his name from Ioane to John and put him in mans apparell Some yeeres agone being in the traine of King Charles the ninth in the French Glasse-house I was shewed a man called Germane Garnierus but by some Germane Maria because in former times when he was a woman hee was called Mary he was of an indifferent stature and well set body with a thicke and red beard he was taken for a girle untill the fifteenth yeere of his age because there was no signe of being a man seene in his body and for that amongst women he in like attire did those things which pertaine to women in the fifteenth yeere of his age whilest he some-what earnestly pursued hogges given into his charge to bee kept who running into the corne he leaped violently over a ditch whereby it came to passe that the stayes and foldings being broken his hidden members sodainly broke forth but not without paine going home hee weeping complained to his mother that his guts came forth with which his mother amazed calling Physitians and Surgeons to counsell heard he was turned into a man therefore the whole businesse being brought to the Cardinall the Bishop of Lenuncure an assembly being called he received the name and habite of a man Pliny reports that the sonne of Cassinus of a girle became a boy living with his parents but by the command of the Soothsayers he was carried into a desart Isle because they thought such monsters did alwaies shew or portend some monstrous thing Certainely women have so many and like parts lying in their wombe as men have hanging forth onely a strong and lively heat seemes to bee wanting which may drive forth that which lyes hid within therefore in processe of time the heat being encreased and flourishing and the humidity which is predominant in childhood overcome it is not impossible that the virile members which hitherto sluggish by defect of heat lay hid may be put forth especially if to that strength of
the growing heat some vehement concussion or jactation of the body be joined Therefore I thinke it manifest by these experiments and reasons that it is not fabulous that some women have beene changed into men but you shall finde in no history men that have degenerated into women for nature alwaies intends and goes from the imperfect to the more perfect but not basely from the more perfect to the imperfect CHAP. VI. Of monsters caused by defect of seed IF on the contrary the seed be any thing deficient in quantity for the conformation of the infant or infants some one or more members will be wanting or more short and decrepite Hereupon it happens that nature intending twinnes a childe is borne with two heads and but one arme or altogether lame in the rest of his limbes The effigies of a monstrous childe by reason of the defect of the matter of seed Anno Dom. 1573. I saw at St. Andrewes Church in Paris a boy nine yeeres old borne in the village Parpavilla sixe miles from Guise his fathers name was Peter Renard and his mother Marquete hee had but two fingers on his right hand his arm was well proportioned from the top of his shoulder almost to his wrest but from thence to his two fingers ends it was very deformed he wanted his leggs and thighes although from the right buttocke a certaine unperfect figure having onely foure toes seemed to put it selfe forth from the midst of the left buttock two toes sprung out the one of which was not much unlike a mans yard as you may see by the figure In the yeere 1562. in the Calends of November at Villa-franca in Gascony this monster a headlesse woman whose figure thou heere seest was borne which figure Dr. John Altinus the Physitian gave to mee when I went about this booke of Monsters he having received it from Fontanus the Physitian of Angolestre who seriously affirmed he saw it The figure of a monstrous woman without a head before and behind A few yeeres agone there was a man of forty yeeres old to be seene at Paris who although he wanted his armes notwithstanding did indifferently performe all those things which are usually done with the hands for with the top of his shoulder head and necke hee would strike an Axe or Hatchet with as sure and strong a blow into a poast as any other man could doe with his hand and hee would lash a coach-mans whip that he would make it give a great crack by the strong refraction of the aire but he ate drunke plaid at cardes and such like with his feet But at last he was taken for a thiefe and murderer was hanged and fastened to a wheele Also not long agoe there was a woman at Paris without armes which neverthelesse did cut sew and doe many other things as if she had had her hands We read in Hippocrates that Attagenis his wife brought forth a childe all of flesh without any bone and notwithstanding it had all the parts well formed The effigies of a man without armes doing all that is usually done with hands The effigies of a monster with two heads two legs and but one arme CHAP. VII Of monsters which take their cause and shape by imagination THe antients having diligently sought into all the secrets of nature have marked and observed other causes of the generation of monsters for understanding the force of imagination to bee so powerfull in us as for the most part it may alter the body of them that imagine they soon perswaded themselves that the faculty which formeth the infant may be led and governed by the firme and strong cogitation of the Parents begetting them often deluded by nocturnall and deceitfull apparitions or by the mother conceiving them and so that which is strongly conceived in the mind imprints the force into the infant conceived in the wombe which thing many thinke to be confirmed by Moses because he tells that Jacob encreased and bettered the part of the sheepe granted to him by Laban his wives father by putting roddes having the barke in part pulled off finely stroaked with white and greene in the places where they used to drinke especially at the time they engendered that the representation apprehended in the conception should be presently impressed in the young for the force of imagination hath so much power over the infant that it sets upon it the notes or characters of the thing conceived We have read in Heliodorus that Persina Queene of Aethiopia by her husband Hidustes being also an Aethiope had a daughter of a white complexion because in the embraces of her husband by which she proved with childe she earnestly fixed her eye and mind upon the picture of the faire Andromeda standing opposite to her Damascene reports that he saw a maide hairy like a Beare which had that deformity by no other cause or occasion than that her mother earnestly beheld in the very instant of receiving and conceiving the seed the image of St. John covered with a camells skinne hanging upon the poasts of the bed They say Hippocrates by this explication of the causes freed a certain noble woman from suspicion of adultery who being white her selfe and her husband also white brought forth a childe as blacke as an Aethiopian because in copulation she strongly and continually had in her minde the picture of the Aethiope The effigies of a maid all hairy and an infant that was blacke by the imagination of their Parents There are some who thinke the infant once formed in the wombe which is done at the utmost within two forty dayes after the conception is in no danger of the mothers imagination neither of the seed of the father which is cast into the womb because when it hath got a perfect figure it cannot be altered with any external form of things which whether it be true or no is not here to be enquired of truly I think it best to keep the woman all the time she goeth with childe from the sight of such shapes and figures The effigies of a horrid Monster having feet hands and other parts like a Calfe In Stecquer a village of Saxony they say a monster was borne with foure feet eyes mouth and nose like a calfe with a round and redde excrescence of flesh on the fore-head and also a piece of flesh like a hood hung from his necke upon his backe and it was deformed with its thighes torne and cut The figure of an infant with a face like a Frog Anno Dom. 1517. in the parish of Kings-wood in the forrest Biera in the way to Fontain-Bleau there was a monster borne with the face of a Frog being seen by John Bellanger Chirurgian to the Kings Engineers before the Justices of the towne of Harmoy principally John Bribon the Kings procurator in that place The fathers name was Amadaeus the Little his mothers Magdalene Sarbucata who troubled with a feaver by a womans perswasion
held a quicke frogge in her hand untill it died she came â—hus to bed with her husband and conceived Bellanger a man of an acute wit thought this was the cause of the monstrous deformity of the childe CHAP. VIII Of Monsters caused by the straitnesse of the wombe WEE are constrained to confesse by the event of things that monsters are bred and caused by the straitnesse of the wombe for so apples hanging upon the trees if before they come to just ripenesse they bee put into strait vessels their growth is hindered So some whelps which women take delight in are hindered from any further growth by the littlenesse of the place in which they are kept Who knowes not that the plants growing in the earth are hindered from a longer progresse and propagation of their roots by the opposition of a flint or any other solid body and therefore in such places are crooked slender and weak but on the other part where they have free nourishment to bee strait and strong for seeing that by the opinion of Naturalists the place is the forme of the thing placed it is necessary that those things that are shut up in straiter spaces prohibited of free motion should be lessened depraved and lamed Empedocles and Diphilus acknowledged three causes of monstrous births The too great or small matter of the seed the corruption of the seed and depravation of growth by the straitnesse or figure of the womb which they thought the chiefest of all because they thought the case was such in naturall births as in forming of metals and fusible things of which statues being made doe lesse expresse the things they be made for if the moldes or formes into which the matter is poured bee rough scabrous too strait or otherwise faulty CHAP. IX Of monsters caused by the ill placing of the mother in sitting lying downe or any other site of the body in the time of her being with childe WEE often too negligently and carelesly corrupt the benefits and corporall endowments of nature in the comelinesse and dignity of conformation it is a thing to be lamented and pitied in all but especially in women with childe because that fault doth not onely hurt the mother but deformes and perverts the infant which is conteined in her wombe for wee moving any manner of way must necessarily move whatsoever is within us Therefore they which sit idely at home all the time of their being with childe or crosse-legged those which holding their heads downe doe sow or worke with the needle or doe any other labour which presse the belly too hard with cloaths breeches or swathes doe produce children wrie-necked stooping crooked and disfigured in their feet hands and the rest of their joints as you may see in the following figure The effigies of a childe who from the first conception by the site of the mother had his hands and feet standing crooked CHAP. X. Of monsters caused by a stroake fall or the like occasion THere is no doubt but if any injury happen to a woman with childe by reason of a stroake fall from on high or the like occasion the hurt also may extend to the child Therefore by these occasions the tender bones may bee broken wrested strained or depraved after some other monstrous manner and more by the like violence of such things a veine is often opened or broken or a fluxe of blood or great vomiting is caused by the vehement concussion of the whole body by which meanes the childe wants nourishment and therefore will be small and little and altogether monstrous CHAP. XI Of monsters which have their originall by reason of hereditary diseases BY the injury of hereditary diseases infants grow monstrous that is monstrously deformed for crooke-backt produce crooke-backt and often times so crooked that betweene the bunch behind and before the head lies hid as a Tortoise in her shell so lame produce lame flat nosed their like dwarfes bring forth dwarfes leane bring forth leane and fat produce fat CHAP. XII Of monsters by the confusion of seed of divers kindes THat which followeth is a horrid thing to be spoken but the chast minde of the Reader will give mee pardon and conceive that which not onely the Stoikes but all Philosophers who are busied about the search of the causes of things must hold That there is nothing obscene or filthy to be spoken Those things that are accounted obscene may bee spoken without blame but they cannot bee acted or perpetrated without great wickednesse fury and madnesse therefore that ill which is in obscenity consists not in word but wholly in the act Therefore in times past there have beene some who nothing fearing the Deity neither Law nor themselves that is their soule have so abjected and prostrated themselves that they have thought themselves nothing different from beasts wherefore Atheists Sodomites Out-lawes forgetfull of their owne excellency and divinity transformed by filthy lust have not doubted to have filthy and abhominable copulation with beasts This so great so horrid a crime for whose expiation all the fires in the world are not sufficient though they too maliciously crafty have concealed and the conscious beasts could not utter yet the generated mis-shapen issue hath abundantly spoken and declared by the unspeakable power of God the revengerand punisher of such impious horrible actions For of this various and promiscuous confusion of seedes of a different kinde monsters have beene generated and borne who have beene partly men and partly beasts The like deformity of issue is produced if beasts of a different species doe copulate together nature alwaies affecting to generate something which may bee like it selfe for wheat growes not but by sowing of wheat nor an apricocke but by the setting or grafting of an apricocke for nature is a most diligent preserver of the species of things The effigies of a monster halfe man and halfe dogge Anno Dom. 1493. there was generated of a woman and a dogge an issue which from the navell upwards perfectly resembled the shape of the mother but therehence downewards the sire that is the dogge This monster was sent to the Pope that then reigned as Volaterane writeth also Cardane mentions it wherefore I have here given you the figure thereof Câ—lius Rhodiginus writes that at Sibaris a heards-man called Chrathis fell in love with a Goat and accompanied with her and of this detestable and brutish copulation an infant was born which in legges resembled the damme but the face was like the fathers The figure of a monster in face resembling a man but a Goat in his other members Anno Dom. 1110. In a certaine towne of Liege as saith Lycosthenes a sow farrowed a pig with the head face hands and feet of a man but in the rest of the body resembling a swine The figure of a pigge with the head face hands and feet of a man Anno Dom. 1564. at Bruxels at the house of one Joest Dictzpeert in
and vastnesse of bodies is in some sort monstrous Of this sort there are many especially in the Sea whose secret corners and receptacles are not pervious to men as Tritons which from the middle upwards are reported to have the shape of men And the Sirenes Nercides or Mere-maides who according to Pliny have the faces of women and scaly bodies yea where as they have the shape of man neither yet can the forementioned confusion and conjunction of seeds take any place here for as we lately said they consist of their owne proper nature When Mena was President of Aegypt and walked on the bankes of Nilus he saw a Sea-monster in the shape of a man comming forth of the waters his shape was just like a man even to the middle with his countenance composed to gravity his haires yellow yet intermixed with some gray his stomack bony his armes orderly made and jointed his other parts ended in a fish Three daies after in the morning there was seene another Sea-monster but with the shape or countenance of a woman as appeared by her face her long haire and swollen breasts both these monsters continued so long above water that any one might view them very well The effigies of the Triton and Siren of Nilus In our times saith Rondeletius in Norway was a monster taken in a tempestuous sea the which as many as saw it presently termed a Monk by reason of the shape which you may see here set forth The figure of a fish resembling a Monke Anno Dom. 1531. there was seene a sea-monster in the habite of a Bishop covered over with scailes Rondeletius and Gesner have described it The figure of a fish in the habite or shape of a Bishop Gesner professeth that hee received from Jerome Cardane this monster having the head of a Beare the feet and hands of an Ape The effigies of a Sea-monster headed like a Beare Not long before the death of Pope Paul the third in the midst of the Tyrrhene sea a monster was taken and presented to the successour of this Paul it was in shape and bignesse like to a Lion but all scaily and the voice was like a mans voice It was brought to Rome to the great admiration of all men but it lived not long there being destitute of its owne naturall place and nourishment as it is reported by Philip Forrest The effigies of a Lion-like scaily Sea-monster Anno Dom. 1523. the third day of November there was seen at Rome this sea-monster of the bignesse of a child of five yeeres old like to a man even to the navell except the eares in the other parts it resembled a fish The effigies of a Sea-monster with a mans face Gesner makes mention of this Sea-monster and saith that he had the figure thereof from a Painter who tooke it from the very fish which hee saw at Antwerpe The head lookes very ghastly having two hornes pricke eares and armes not much unlike a man but in the other parts it was like a fish It was taken in the Illyrian Sea as it came a shore out of the water to catch a little child for being hurt by stones cast by fishermen that saw it it returned a while after to the shore from whence it fled and there died The effigies of a Sea Devill Gesner tells that a Sea-monster with the head mane and breast of a horse and the rest of his body like a fish was seene and taken in the ocean Sea brought to Rome and presented to the Pope Olaus Magnus tells that a Sea-monster taken at Bergen with the head and shape of a Calfe was given him by a certaine English Gentleman The like of which was presented lately to King Charles the ninth and was long kept living in the waters at Fountaine-Bleau and it went oft times ashore This is much different from the common Sea-calfe or Seale The effigies of a monstrous Sea-calfe This great monster was seene in the Ocean sea with the head of a Bore but longer tuskes sharpe and cutting with scailes set in a wonderfull order as you may see by this figure The effigies of a Sea-bore Olaus Magnus writes that this monster was taken at Thyle an Iland of the North Anno Dom. 1538. it was of a bignesse almost incredible as that which was seventy two foot long and fourteene high and seven foot betweene the eyes now the liver was so large that therewith they filled five hogsheads the head resembled a swine having as it were a halfe moone on the backe and three eyes in the midst of his sides his whole body was scaily The effigies of a monstrous Sea-swine The Sea Elephant is bigger than the land Elephant as Hector Boëtius writes in his description of Scotland it is a creature that lives both in the water and a shore having two teeth like to elephants with which as oft as hee desires to sleepe he hangs himselfe upon a rocke and then he sleeps so soundly that Mariners seeing him at sea have time to come ashore and to bind him by casting strong ropes about him But when as he is not awaked by this meanes they throw stones at him and make a great noise with which awakned he endeavers to leape back into the sea with his accustoned violence but finding himselfe fast hee growes so gentle that they may deale vith him as they please Wherefore they then kill him take out his fat and divide or cut his skin into thongs which because they are strong and doe not rot are much esteemed of The effigies of a Sea-Elephant The Arabians of Mount Mazovan which runnes alongst the Red Sea chiefly feed on a fish called Orobone which is very terrible and much feared by other fish being nine or ten foot long and of a breadth agreeable thereto and it is covered with scailes like a Crocodile A Crocodile is a vaste creature comming sometimes to be fifteene cubites long and seeing it is a creature that doth not bring forth young but egges it useth at the most to lay some sixty egges no bigger than Goose egges rising to such bignesse from so small beginnings for the hatched young one is proportionable to the egge she is very long lived It hath so small and uselesse a tongue that it may seeme to have none at all Wherefore seeing it lives both on land and water as it lives on land it is to bee taken for a tongue but as it lives part of the life in the water it hath no use of a tongue and therfore is not to bee reputed one For fishes either wholly want tongues or else have them so impedite and bound that they serve for little use The Crocodile onely of all other things moves the upper jaw the lower remaining unmoveable for her feet they are neither good to take nor hold any thing she hath eyes not unlike those of swine long teeth standing forth of the mouth most sharpe clawes a scaily skill so hard that no weapon
if it be touched with a speare or rod will benumbe even the strongest armes and retarde the feet how ever nimble to runne away CHAP. XXII Of the admirable nature of Birds and of some Beasts THAT there bee divers things not onely in the Sea but also in the aire and earth which by the wonderfull condition of their nature may equall that of Monsters the onely Estrich may serve for a witnesse It is the biggest of Birds though indeed it partly resembles a bird and partly a beast and it is familiar to Africa and Aethiopia as which contrary to the nature of beasts hath feathers and against the custome of birds cannot flye aloft for it hath not feathers fit to flye but like unto haires yet will it out-run a horse The naturall force of the stomacke in concocting is miraculous as to which nothing is untameable shee layes egges of a wondrous largenesse so that they may bee framed into cuppes their feathers are most beautifull as you may perceive by this following figure The figure of an Estrich Any one may easily gather of what a prodigious magnitude an Estrich is by the greatnesse of his bones Three of these birds were kept at the Kings charge by the Mareschall de Rets one whereof dying it was bestowed upon mee whereof I have with great diligence made a Sceleton The delineation of the Sceleton of an Estrich A. Shewes the head which was somewhat thicker than the head of a Crane of the length of ones hand plaine from the crowne even to the beake the beake being divided to the middle region of the eye being roundish at the end thereof B. The necke a yard long consisting of seventeene vertebrae each whereof on each side is furnished with a transverse processe looking downewards of some fingers length excepting the two which are next the head as which want these and are joyned together by Ginglymos C. The backe is of a foots length consisting of seven Vertebrae D The holy-bone of two foot long in whose top there is a transverse processe under which there lyes a great hole E. Three more but lesse F. G. H. After which there followes the cavity or socket whereinto the head of the thigh-bone is received and hid This externally and on the side produceth a perforated bone noted with the letter I. perforated I say at the beginning for it is presently united at the letter K. then is it forked and divided into two other bones whereof one is bigger than the other The lesse is noted with the letter L. then are they both united at the letter M. each of them is halfe a foot and foure inches long But from that part whereas they first begun to bee divided to that whereas they are united there is a hole some foure fingers broad but the length of ones hand or more and it is noted with the letter N. The residue of the bone is like to a pruning knife three inches broad but sixe in length at the end whereunder is the letter O. it is joyned by coalition P. The rumpe consisting of nine vertebrae like to a mans The thigh-bones are two whereof that which is noted with the letter Q. is of the length of a foot and of thickenesse equall to a horses thigh The other next under which peradventure you may call the legge-bone noted with R. is a foot and halfe long it hath joyned thereto the Fibula or lesser focile of the like length but which growes smaller as it comes lower S. Is the legge to which the foot adheres being one foot and a halfe long divided at the end into two clawes the one bigger the other lesse whereof each consists of three bones T. Eight ribbes which are inserted into the Sternon the three middlemost of these have a bony production like to a hook V. Is the Sternon consisting of one bone of some foot 's length representing a buckler to this there is joyned another bone which stretched over the three first ribs is in stead of clavicles or collar-bones X. The first bone of the wing which is one foot and halfe long Y Two bones under this equivalent to the ell and wand under which there are sixe other bones composing the point of the wing noted with Z. This whole Sceleton is seven foot long and so many foot or more high from the feet to the beake there are many other observable things in her composure but I have thought fit to omit them for brevities sake Jerome Cardane in his bookes De subtilitate writes that in the Hands of the Molucca's you may sometimes find lying upon the ground or take up in the waters a dead bird called a Manucodiata that is in Hebrew the bird of God it is never seene alive It lives aloft in the aire it is like a Swallow in body and beake yet distinguished with divers coloured feathers for those on the toppe of the head are of a golden colour those of the necke like to a Mallard but the taile and wings like Peacocks it wants feet Wherefore if it become weary with flying or desire sleepe it hangs up the body by twining the feathers about some bough of a tree It passeth through the aire wherein it must remaine as long as it lives with great celerity and lives by the aire and dew onely The cocke hath a cavity deprest in the backe wherein the hen laies and sits upon her egges I saw one at Paris which was presented to King Charles the ninth The effigies of a Manucodiata or bird of Paradise Wee have read in Thevets Cosmography that he saw a bird in America which in that country speech is called Touca in this very monstrous deformed for that the beake in length and thickenesse exceeds the bignesse of the rest of the body it feeds on pepper as the black-birds and felfires with us do upon Ivie berries which are not lesse hot than pepper A certaine Gentleman of Provence brought a bird of this kinde from that country to present it to King Charles the ninth but dying in the way he could not present it alive Wherefore the King wished the Mareschal de Rets to give her to me that I might take forth her bowells and embalme her that she might bee kept amongst the Kings rarities I did what I could yet not long after she rotted she resembled a crow in body and feathers but had a yellowish beake cleere smooth and toothed like a saw and of such length and thicknesse as we formerly mentioned I keep it yet as a certaine monstrous thing Thevet writes that in the Iland Zocetera there is frequently found a certaine wild beast called Hulpalis of the bignesse of an Aethiopian Monkey It is a very monstroas creature but in nothing more than that it is thought to live upon the aire only the skinne as if it were died in graine is of a scarlet colour yet is it in some places spotted variegated it hath a
round head like to a boule with feet round broad and wanting hurtfull nailes The Moores kill it and use to eat the flesh of it being first bruised that so it may be the more tender In the Realme of Camota of Ahob of Benga and other mountaines of Cangipa Plimatique and Catagan which are in the inner India beyond the river of Ganges some five degrees beyond the Tropicke of Cancer is found a beast which the westerne Germanes call Giraffe This beast in head eares and cloven feet is not much unlike our Doe it hath a very slender necke but it is some sixe foot long and there are few beasts that exceed him in the length of their legges his taile is round but reacheth no further than his hammes his skin is exceeding beautifull yet somewhat rough having haire thereon somewhat longer than a Cow it is spotted and variegared in some places with spors of a middle colour betweene white and chesnut so as Leopards are for which cause by some greeke Historians it is called a Cameleopardalis it is so wilde before it bee taken that with the good-will it will not so much as be seen Therefore it inhabites and lives only in desart and secret places unknown to the rest of the beasts of that region He presently flyes away at the sight of a man yet is he taken at length for that he is not very speedy in his running away once taken he is as easily and speedily tamed as any wild beast whatsoever He hath above his crowne two straight horns covered with haires and of a foots length When as he holds up his head and necke hee is as high as a Lance. He feeds upon herbes and the leaves and boughes of trees yea and he is also delighted with bread The effigies of a Giraffa Such as saile in the red sea alongst the coast of Arabia meet with an Iland called by the Arabians Cademota in that part thereof where the river Plata runnes is found a wild beast called by the barbarous inhabitants Parassoupi being of the bignesse of a Mule headed not unlike one yet rough and haired like to a Beare but not of so dark a colour but inclining to yellow with cloven feet like a Hart shee hath two long hornes on her head but not branched somewhat resembling those so much magnifyed hornes of Unicornes For the natives of the place bitten by the venemous tooth of either beast or fish are presently helped and recover by drinking the water wherein such hornes have beene infused for sixe or seven dayes space as Thevet in his Cosmography reports In one of the Ilands of the Molucca's there is found a Beast living both on land and water like as a Crocodile it is called Camphurch it is of the bignesse of an Hart it hath one horne in the forehead moveable after the fashion of the nose of a Turky-cocke it is some three foot and an halfe long and never thicker than a mans arme his neck is covered over with haire of an ash colour he hath two feet like to a gooses feet wherwith he swims both in fresh and salt waters His fore feet are like to a stags he lives upon fish Many have perswaded themselves that this beast is a kind of Unicorne and that therefore his horne should bee good against poysons The King of the Iland loves to be called by the name of this beast and so also other Kings take to themselves the names of the wilde beasts fishes or fruits that are most pretious and observable in their dominions as Thevet reports Mauritania and Aethiopia and that part of Africke that is beyond the desarts and syrtes bring forth Elephants but those of India are farre larger Now although in the largenesse of their body they exceed all foure footed beasts yet may they bee more speedily and easily tamed than other beasts For they may be taught to doe many things above the common nature of beasts Their skin is somewhat like to a Buffles with little haire upon it but that which is is ash coloured his head large his necke short his eares two handfulls broad his nose or trunke very long and hanging down almost to the ground hollow like as a trumpet the which he useth in stead of an hand his mouth is not farre from his beast not much unlike a swines from the upper part whereof two large teeth thrust forth themselves his legges are thicke and strong not consisting of one bone as many formerly have falsly believed for they kneele to admit their Rider or to bee laden and then rise up againe of themselves his feet are round like a quoit some two or three hands breadth and divided into five clefts He hath a taile like a Buffle but not very rough some three hands breadth long wherefore they would be much troubled with flyes and waspes but that nature hath recompenced the shortness of their tailes by another way for when they finde themselves molested they contract their skin so strongly that they suffocate and kill these little creatures taken in the wrinkles thereof they overtake a man running by going onely for his legges are proportionable to the rest of his body They feed upon the leaves and fruits of trees neither is any tree so strong or well rooted which they cannot throw downe and breake They grow to bee sixteene handfulls high wherefore such as ride upon an Elephant are as much troubled as if they went to sea They are of so unbridled a nature that they cannot endure any head-stall or raines therefore you must suffer them to take the course and way they please Yet doe they obey their country men without any great trouble for they seeme after some sort to understand their speech wherefore they are easily governed by their knowne voices and words They throw down a man that angers them first taking him up with their Trunke and lifting him aloft and then letting him fall they tread him under foot and leave him not before he bee dead Aristotle writes that Elephants generate not before they be twenty yeeres old they know not adultery neither touch they any female but one from which they also diligently abstain when they know she hath once conceived It cannot be knowne how long they goe with young the reason is for that their copulation is not seen for they never do it but in secret The females bring forth resting upon their hinde legges and with paine like women they licke their young and these presently see and goe and sucke with their mouths and not with their Trunkes You may see Elephants teeth of a monstrous and stupendious bignesse at Venice Rome Naples and Paris they terme it Ivory and it is used for Cabinets Harps Combes and other such like uses The figure of an Elephant We have read in Thevet that in Florida there are great Bulls called in that country tongue Beautrol they have hornes of a foot long a bunch on their backe like a
the part otherwise it will burne and this medicine must bee made to the consistence of a pultis and applied warme first fomenting the part with warme water for then the haire will fall off by gentle rubbing or washing it with warme water but if there happen any excoriation thereupon you may helpe it by the use of unguentum rosatum or some other of the like faculty ℞ calcis viv aurip citrin an ℥ i. amyl spumae argent an ℥ ss terantur incorporentur cum aq com bulliant simul you shall certainly know that it is sufficiently boiled if putting thereinto a gooses quill the feathers come presently off some make into powder equall parts of unquencht lime and orpiment they tye them up in a cloath with which being steeped in water they besmear the part and within a while after by gently stroaking the head the haire falls away of it selfe The following waters are very fitting for to wash the hands face and whole body as also linnen because they yeeld a gratefull smell the first is lavander water thus to be made ℞ flor lavend. lb iv aq rosar vini alb an lb ii aq vitae ℥ iv misceantur omnia simul fiat distillatio in balneo Mariae this same water may also bee had without distillation if you put some lavander flowers in faire water and so set them to sunne in a glasse or put them in balneo adding a little oile of spike and muske Clove water is thus made ℞ caryoph ℥ ii aq rosar lb ii macerentur spatio xxiv horarum distillentur in balneo Mariae Sweet water commonly so called is made of divers odoriferous things put together as thus ℞ menthae majoranae hyssopi salviae rorismarini lavendulae an m ii radicis ireos ℥ ii caryophylorum cinamomi nncis moschatae ana ℥ ss limonum num iv macerentur omnia in aqua rosarum spatio viginti quatuor horarum distillentur in balneo Mariae addendo Moschi ℈ ss The End of the Twenty sixt Booke OF DISTILLATIONS THE TVVENTIEIGHTH BOOKE CHAP. I. What Distillation is and how many kinds thereof there be HAving finisht the Treatise of the faculties of medicines it now seemes requisite that we speake somewhat of Chymistry and such medicines as are extracted by fire These arc such as consist of a certaine fift essence separated from their earthy inpurity by Distillation in which there is a singular and almost divine efficacy in the cure of diseases So that of so great an aboundance of the medicines there is scarse any which at this day Chymists doe not distill or otherwise make them more strong and effectuall than they were before Now Distillation is a certaine art or way by which the liquor or humid part of things by the vertue and force of fire or some semblable heate as the matter shall seeme to require is extracted and drawne being first resolved into vapour and then condens'd againe by cold Some call this art Sublimation or subliming which signifies nothing else but to separate the pure from the unpure the parts that are more subtle and delicate from those that are more corpulent grosse and excrementitious as also to make those matters whose substance is more grosse to become more pure and sincere eyther for that the terrestriall parts are ill united and conjoyned or otherwise confused into the whole and dispersed by the heate and so carried up the other grosser parts remaining together in the bottome of the vessell Or a distillation is the extraction or effusion of moisture distilling drop by drop from the nose of the Alembecke or any such like vessells Before this effusion or falling downe of the liquor there goes a certaine concoction performed by the vertue of heate which separates the substances of one kind from those of another that were confusedly mixed together in one body and so brings them into one certaine forme or body which may be good and profitable for divers diseases Some things require the heate of a cleare fire others a flame others the heate of the Sunne others of Ashes or sand or the filings of Iron others horse dung or boyling water or the oiely vapour or steame thereof In all these kinds of fires there are foure considerable degrees of heate The first is conteined in the limits of warmth and such is warme water or the vapour of hot water The second is a little hotter but yet so as the hand may abide it without any harme such is the heate of Ashes The third exceeds the vehemency of the second wherefore the hand cannot long endure this without hurt and such is the heate of sand The fourth is so violent that it burneth any thing that commeth neare and such are the filings of Iron The first degree is most convenient to distill such things as are subtle and moist as flowers The second such as are subtle and dry as those things which are odoriferous and aromaticall as Cinnamon Ginger Cloves The third is fittest to distill such things are of a more dense substance and fuller of juice such as are some Roots and gumms The fourth is fit for mettalls and mineralls as Allum Vitrioll Amber Iet c. In like manner you may also distill without heate as wee use to doe in those things which are distilled by straining as when the more pure is drawne and separated from that which is most unpure and earthy as wee doe in Lac Virginale and other things which are strained through an hypocras bag or with a peece of cloath cut in the forme of a tongue or by setling or by a vessell made of Ivy wood sometimes also somethings may bee distilled by coldnesse and humidity and so we make the oile of Tartar Myrrhe and Vitriolls by laying them upon a marble in a cold and moist place CHAP. II. Of the matter and forme of Fornaces THe matter and forme of Fornaces uses to bee divers For some Fornaces use to bee made of brickes and clay othersome of clay onely which are the better and more lasting if so bee the clay bee fat and well tempered with whites of Egges and haire Yet in suddaine occasions when there is present necessity of distillation fornaces may be made of bricks so laid together that the joynts may not agree but be unequall for so the structure will be the stronger The best and fittest forme of a Fornace for distillation is round for so the heate of the fire carried up equally diffuses it selfe every way which happens not in a Fornace of another figure as square or triangular for the corners disperse and separate the force of the fire Their magnitude must bee such as shall bee fit for the receiving of the vessell For their thicknesse so great as necessity shall seeme to require They must be made with two bottomes distinguisht as it were into two forges one below which may receive the ashes of the coales or
upon the backe of his left hand the bignesse almost of foure fingers with the cutting of the Veines Arteries Nerves and part of the bones of that part whence it is that he will be lame of that hand howsoever carefully and diligently healed Now because by hurting the spinall marrow men become lame sometimes of a legge it is fit you know that the spinall marrow descends from the braine like a rivelet for the distribution of the Nerves who might distribute sense and motion to all the parts under the head wherefore if by hurting the spinall marrow the patients armes or hands are resolved or numme or wholy without sense it is a signe these Nerves are hurt which come forth of the fifth sixth seaventh vertebrae of the necke But if the same accidents happen to the thigh legge or foote with refrigeration so that the excrements flow unvoluntarily without the patients knowledge or else are totally supprest it is a signe that the â—inewes which proceed from the vertebrae of the loynes and holy-bone are hurt or in fault so that the animall faculty bestowing sense and motion upon the whole body and the benefit of opening and shutting to the sphincter muscle of the bladder and fundament cannot shew its self in these parts by which meanes suddaine death happens especially if there be difficulty of breathing therewith Being to make report of a child killed with the mother have a care that you make a discreete report whether the childe were perfect in all the parts and members thereof that the judge may equally punish the author thereof For he meriteth farre greater punishment who hath killed a child perfectly shaped and made in all the members that is he which hath killed a live childe than he which hath killed an Embryon that is a certaine concretion of the spermaticke body For Moses punisheth the former with death as that he should give life for life but the other with a pecuniary mulcte But I judge it fit to ex emplifie this report by a president I A. P. by the Iudges command visited Mistris Margaret Vlmary whom I found sicke in bed having a strong feaver upon her with a convulsion and effluxe of blood out of her wombe by reason of a wound in her lower belly below her navill on the right side penetrating into the capacity of her belly and the wombe therein whence it hath come to passe that she was delivered before her time of a male childe perfect in all his members but dead being killed by the same wound piercing through his scull into the marrow of the braine Which in a short time will be the death of the mother also In testimony whereof I have put my hand and seale The manner how to Embalme the dead I Had determined to finish this my tedious worke with the precedent treatise of Reports but a better thought came in my head which was to bring man whose cure I had undertaken from his infancie to his end and even to his grave so that nothing might be heere defective which the Chirurgion might by his profession performe about mans body either alive or dead Verily there hath scarse ever beene a nation so barbarous which hath not onely beene carefull for the buriall but also for the Embalming or preserving of their dead bodyes For the very Scythians who have seemed to exceede other nations in barbarousnesse and inhumanity have done this for according to Herodotus the Scythians bury not the corpes of their King before that being embowelled and stuffed full of beaten Cypresse frankincense the seedes of Persly and Annise hee be also wrapped in cearcloathes The like care hath also possessed the mindes of the Ethiopians for having disburdened the corpes of their friends of their entrails and flesh they plaistered them over and then having thus rough cast them they painted them with colours so to expressâ— the dead to the life they inclosed them thus adorned in a hollow pillar of glasse that thus inclosed they might be seene and yet not anoy the spectators with their smell Then were they kept the space of a yeere in the hands of their next kindred who during this space offered and sacrifized to them The yeare ended they carryed them forth of the Citty and placed them about the walls each in his proper vault as Herodotus affirmes But this pious care of the dead did farre otherwise affect the Aegyptians than it did other nations For they were so studious to preserve the memory of their ancestors that they embalmed their whole body with aromaticke oyntments and set them in translucent Vâ—nes or glasse Colls in the more eminent and honoured part of their houses that so they might have them dayly in their sight and might be as monuments and inciters to stirre them up to imitate their fathers and Grandâ—ires vertues Besides also the bodyes thus embalmed with aromatick balsamick oyntments were in steed of a most sure pawn so that if any Aegyptian had neede of a great sum of money they might easily procure it of such as knew them their neighbours by pawning the bodye of some of their dead parents For by this meanes the creditour was certaine that he which pawned it would sooner loose his life than break his promise But if all things so unhappily succeded with any so that through poverty he could not fetch home his pawne againe but was forceâ— to forgoe it he was so infamous amongst all men during the rest of the life as one banished or forlorne and loosing his freedome he shall become a servant yea scorned and reviled of all men he should be accounted unworthy to enjoy the light and society of men And certainely the Aegyptians understanding the life which we heere lead to be of short continuance comparison being made with that which wee are to live after the separation of the soule from the body they were more negligent in building their houses they dwelt in but in raring the pyramides which should serve them in steed of sepulchers they were so beyond reason sumptuous and magnificent that for the building of one of these edifices so renowned over all the world which King Cheopes begun a hundred thousand men were every 3 moneths for twenty yeeres space there kept at worke it was five furlongs and being square each side was 800. foot long and so much in height Almost all the peeces of marble went to the building thereof were thirty foote long engraven and carved with various workemanship as Herodotus reports But before the bodyes were committed to these magnificent Sepulchers they were carryed to the Salters and Embalmers who for that purpose had allowance out of the publicke stocke These besmeared them with Aromaticke and balsamicke oyntments and sowed up the incisions they made then strewed them over with salt and then covered them with brine for 70. dayes which being expired they washed them being taken thence and all the filth being taken off they
wrapped them in Cotton cloathes glewed together with a certaine gumme then their kinsemen placed them thus ordered in a wooden Coffinne carved like to a man This was the sacred and accustomed rite of embalming and burying dead bodyes amongst the Aegyptians which were of the richer sort Our Countrie-men the French stirred up with the like desire embalme the bodyes of their Kings and Nobles with spices and sweete oyntments Which custome they may seeme piously and christianly to have taken from the Old and New Testament and the ancient and laudible custome of the Iewes for you may reade in the New Testament that Ioseph bought a fine linnen cloath and Nicodemus brought a mixture of myrrhe and Aloes about 100. pound weight that they might embalme and bury the body of Iesus Christ our Saviour for a signe and argument of the renovation and future integrity which they hoped for by the resurrection of the dead Which thing the Iewes had received by tradition from their ancestors For Ioseph in the old Testament commaunded his Physitions they should embalme the dead body of his father with spices But the body which is to be embalmed with spices for very long continuance must first of all be embowelled keeping the heart apart that it may bee embalmed and kept as the kinsfolkes shall thinke fit Also the braine the scull being divided with a saw shall be taken out Then shall you make deepe incisions alongst the armes thighes legges backe loynes and buttockes especially where the greater Veines and Arteries runne first that by this meanes the blood may be pressed forth which otherwise would putrifie and give occasion and beginning to putrefaction to the rest of the body and then that there may be space to put in the aromaticke powders the whole body shall be washed over with a spunge dipped in Aqua vitae and strong vinegar wherein shall be boyled wormewood aloes coloquintida common salt and Alume Then these incisions and all the passages and open places of the body and the three bellyes shall be stuffed with the following spices grossely powdered R. pul rosar chamaem melil balsami menthae aneâ—hi salviae lavend rorismar majoran thymi absinthij cyperi calami aromat gentianae ireos florent assae odoratae caryophyll nucis moschat cinamoni styracis calamitae benjoini myrrhae aloes santal omnium quod sufficit Let the incisions be sowed up and the open spaces that nothing fall out then forth with let the whole body be anointed with Turpentine dissolved with oyle of roses and Chamomile adding if you shall thinke it fit some Chymicall oyles of spices and then let it be againe strewed over with the forementioned powder then wrap it in a linnen cloath and then in ceare-cloathes Lastly let it be put in a Coffin of Lead sure soudred and filled up with dry sweete hearbes But if there be no plenty of the forementioned spices as it usuall happens in beseiged townes the Chirurgion shall be contented with the powder of quenched lime common ashes made of Oake wood For thus the body being over and above washed in strong vinegar or Lie shall be kept a long time if so be that a great and dissolving heate doe not beare sway or if it be not put in a hot and moyst place And this condition of time and place is the cause why the dead bodyes of Princes and Kings though embalmed with Art and cost within the space of sixe or seaven dayes in which they are kept to bee shewed to the people after their embalming doe cast forth so greevous a sent that none can endure it so that they are forced to be put in a leaden Coffinne For the ayre which encompasseth them groweth so hot by reason of the multitude of people flowing to the spectacle and the burning of lights night and day that the small portion of the native heate which remaineth being dissipated they easily putrefie especially when as they are not first moystened macerated in the liquor of aromaticke things as the Aegyptians anciently used to doe steeping them in brine for 70 dayes as I formerly told you out of Herodotus I put in minde hereby use that so the embalming may become the more dureable to steepe the bodyes being embowelled and pricked all over with sharpe bodkinnes that so the liquor hindring putrefaction may penetrate the deeper into them in a woodden tubbe filled with strong vinegar of the decoction of aromaticke and bitter things as Aloes Rue Wormewood and Coloquintida and there keepe them for twenty dayes pouring thereinto eleven or twelve pinâ—s of Aqua vitae Then taking it forth and setting it on the feete I keepe it in a cleare and dry place I have at home the body of one that was hanged which I begged of the Shriffe embalmed after this manner which remaines sound for more than 25 yeeres so that you may tell all the muscles of the right side which I have cut up even to their heads and plucked them from those that are next them for distinctions sake that so I may view them with my eyes and handle them with my hands as often as I please that by renuing my memory I may worke more certainely and surely when as I have any more curious operation to be performed the left side remaines whole and the Lungs Heart Diaphragma stomacke spleene kidneyes beard haires yea and the nailes which being pared I have often observed to grow againe to their former bignesse And let this be the bound of this our immense labour and by Gods favour our rest to whom Almighty all powerfull immortall and invisible be ascribed all honour and glory for ever and ever Amen Labor improbus omnia vincit The end of the Treatise of reports and embalming the dead THE APOLOGIE AND TREATISE CONTAINING THE VOYAGES MADE INTO DIVERS PLACES BY AMBROSE PARE of Laval in Maine Counsellor and cheefe Chirurgion to the King THE TVVENTI NINTH BOOKE TRuely I had not put my hand to the penne to write on such a thing were it not that some have impudently injured taxed and more through particular hatred disgraced me than for zeale or love they beare to the publicke good which was concerning my manner of tying the Veines and Arteries writing thus as followeth Malè igitur nimiùm arrogdnter inconsultus temerarius quidam vasorum ustionem post emortui membri resectionem a veteribus omnibus plurimùm commendatam semper probatam damnare ausus est novum quendam deligandi vasa modum contra veteres omnes medicos sine ratione experientia judicio docere cupiens nec animadvertit majora multo pericula ex ipsa vasorum deligatione quam acu partemsanam profunde transfigendo administrari vult imminere quà m ex ipsa ustione Nam si acu nervosam aliquam partem vel nervum ipsum pupugerit dum ita novo inusitato modo venam absurde conatur constringere nova inflammatio necessariò
ulcered and all the bones cariez'd and rotten prayed me for the honor of God to cut off his Legge by reason of the great paine which he could no longer endure After his body was prepared I caused his legge to be cut off fowre fingers below the rotula of the knee by Daniel Powlet one of my servants to teach him and to imbolden him in such workes and there he readily tyed the vessells to stay the bleeding without application of hot irons in the presence of Iames Guillemeaâ— ordinary Chirurgion to the King and Iohn Charbonell master Barber Chirurgion of Paris and during the cure was visited by Master Laffile and Master Courtin Doctors Regents in the facultie of Medicine at Paris The said operation was made in the house of Iohn Gohell Inkeeper dwelling at the signe of the white horse in the Greve I will not here forget to say that the Lady Princesse of Montpeâ—sier knowing that he was poore and in my hands gave him money to pay for his chamber and diet He was well cured God be praysed and is returned home to his house with a wooden Leg. Another History A Gangreene happened to halfe of the Legge to one named Nicholas Mesnager aged threescore and sixteene yeares dwelling in S. Honores street at the signe of the Basket which happened to him through an inward cause so that wee were constrained to cut off his Legge to save his life and it was taken off by Anthony Renaud master Barber Chirurgion of Paris the 16. day of December 1583. in the presence of Master Le Fort and Master La Noüe sworne Chirurgions of Paris and the blood was stanched by the Ligature of the vessells and hee is at this present cured and in health walking with a woodden Leg. Another History A Waterman at the Port of Nesle dwelling neare Monsieur de Mas Postmaster named Iohn Boussereau in whose hands a Musket brake asunder which broke the bones of his head and rent and tore the other parts in such sort that it was needfull and necessary to make amputation of the hand two fingers above the wrist which was done by Iames Guillemeau then Chirurgion in ordinary to the king who dwelt at that time with me The operation likewise being redily done and the blood stancht by the Ligature of the vessells without burning irons hee is at this present living Another History A Merchant Grocer dwelling in St Denis street at the signe of the great Tournois named the Iudge who fell upon his head where was made a wound neare the temporall muscle where he had an artery opened from whence issued forth blood with great impetâ—osity in so much that common remedies would not serve the turne I was called thither where I found Master Rasse Master Cointeret Master Viard sworne Chirurgions of Paris to stay the blood where presently I tooke a needle and thread and tyed the arterie and it bled no more after that and was quickly cured Master Rousselet can witnesse it not long since Deacon of your Facultie who was in the cure with us Another History A Sergeant of the Chastler dwelling neare S. Andrew des Arts who had a stroake of a sword upon the throate in the Clackes medow which cut asunder the jugular veine externe as soone as he was hurt he put his handkercher upon the wound and came to looke mee at my house and when hee tooke away his handkercher the blood leaped out with great impetuosity I suddainly tyed the veine toward the roote he by this meanes was stanched and cured thankes be to God And if one had followed your manner of stanching blood by cauteries I leave it to be supposed whether he had beene cured I thinke hee had beene dead in the hands of the operator If I would recite all those whose vessells were tyed to stay the blood which have beene cured I should not have ended this long time so that me thinkes there are Histories enough recited to make you beleeve the blood of veines and arteries is surely stanched without applying any actuall cauteries DV BARTVS He that doth strive against experience Daignes not to talke of any learned science NOw my little Master seeing that you reproach me that I have not written all the operations of Chirurgery in my workes which the Ancients writ of I should be very sorry for it for then indeede might you justly call me Carnifex I have left them because they are too cruell and am willing to follow the modernes who have moderated such cruelty which notwithstanding you have followed step by step as appeareth by the operations here written extracted from your booke which you have drawne here and there from certaine ancient Authors such as follow and such as you have never practised nor seene The first operation TO inveterate fluxions of the eyes Migrimes Paulus Aegineta as also Albucasis command to make Arteriotomie see here the words of the same Aeginete You marke the Arteries which are behind the eares then divide them in cutting to the very bone and make a great incision the breadth of two fingers which is the will also of Aetius that the incision be made tranverse cutting or incising the length of two fingers even till that the Artery be found as you command to bee done in your booke but I holding the opinion of Galen who commands to dresse the diseased quickly safely and with the least paine that is possible I teach the young Chirurgion the meanes to remedy such evills in opening the Arteries behind the eares and those of the Temples with one onely incision as a letting blood and not to make a great incision and cut out worke for a long time The second operation TO fluxions which are made a long time upon the eyes Paul Aeginete and Albucasis command to make incision which they call Periscythismos or Augiologie of the Greekes and see heere the words of Paul In this operation first the head is shaved then taking heede of touching the temporall muscles a transverse incision must bee made beginning at the left Temple and finishing at the right which you have put in your booke word for word without changing any thing which sheweth openly you are a right wound-maker as may be sâ—ene in the Chapter which you call the Crowne cut which is made halfe round under the Coronall suture from one temple to the another even to the bone Now I doe not teach such a cruell kind of remedy but instruct the operator by reason authority and notable proofe of a sure and certaine way to remedy such affections without butchering men in this kind The third IN the cure of the Empyema Paul Aeginete Albucasis and Celsus commanded to apply some 13. others 15. Cauterles to give issue to the matter contained in the breast as the said Celsus in the aforesaid place appointeth for Asthmatick people which is a thing out of all reason with respect to their honour be it
to his good health And the Cittizens of Mont Hainaut and other gentlemen neighbours came to see him in admiration as a man coming from the tombe And as soone as he began to mend he was not without company and as one went out another came in to visite him his table was alwayes well covered Hee was greatly loved of the Nobility and of the common people as well for his liberality as by reason of his beauty and honesty having a pleasant looke and a gracious speech insomuch that those that beheld his face were constrained to love him The cheefe of the Citty of Monts came on Saturday to beseech him to permit mee to goe to Monts where they had a great desire to feast and make me good cheere for his sake He told them he would pray me to goe there which he did But I made them answere that they should not doe me so much honour as also that they could not give me better cheere than I had with him And he prayed mee againe affectionately to goe thither and that I should doe that for his sake to which I agreed The day after they fetcht me with two Coaches and being arrived at Monts we found the dinner ready and the cheefe of the Citty with their wives stayed for mee with a good will We went to the Table and they placed me at the upper end and dranke all to me and to the health of Monsieur D'auret saying that he was very happy and they likewise to have obtained me to take him in hand for that they knew that in this company he was greatly honoured and loved After dinner they led mee backe to the Castle of Auret where Monsieur the Marquesse stayd for me with great expectation to recount unto him what we had done in our banquet I told him that all the company had dranke divers times to his health in 6 weekes he began to uphold himselfe a little with crutches and to grow very fat and get a lively naturall colour Now he had a desire to goe to Beaumont which is the dwelling place of Monsieur the Duke of Ascot and made himselfe be carried in a great chaire with eight men by turnes and the Country folkes where we passed along knowing 't was Monsieur the Marquesse fought and strove together who should carry him and constrained us to drinke but it was but Beere but I beleeve had it beene Wine or Hippocras they would have given it us with a very good will so much did they shew themselves joyfull to see the sayd Marquesse and prayd all to God for him Being arrived at Beaumont all the people came before us to doe him reverence and prayed God to blesse him and keepe him in good health We entred into the Castle where there was more than 50 gentlemen which the Duke of Ascot had sent for to come make good cheere with his brother who kept his table furnisht three dayes together After dinner the gentlemen runne at the Ring playd at Foyles and rejoyced greatly to see Monsieur Auret because they had heard he would never come out of his bed againe or be cured of his hurt I was alwayes at the upper end of the table where every one draulâ—â—â—arouses to him me thinking to make me foxt which they could not do for I drank but according to my old custome A few dayes after wee returned backe and tooke leave of Madam the Dutchesse of Ascot who tooke a Diamond ring from her finger which she gave me acknowledging I had very well drest her brother which Diamond was more worth than fifty Crownes Monsieur Auret grew still better and better and walked all alone round about his garden with crutches I beg'd leave of him divers times to come away to Paris declaring that his Physition and Chirurgion would well doe the rest that remained for the cure of his greefe And now to begin a little to estrange my selfe from him I prayd him to give me leave to goe see the Citty of Antwerp which he willingly accorded to and commanded his Steward to conduct me thither accompanied with two Pages we passed through Malignâ—s and Bruxelle where the cheefe of the Citty prayed the sayd Steward that at our returne they might heare of it and that they had a great desire to feast me as they of Monts had done I thank't them most kindly and told them that I was not worthy of such honour I was two dayes and a halfe to see the Citty of Antwerp where some Merchants knowing the Steward prayd him to doe them the honour that they might bestow a dinner or supper upon us There was striving who should have us and were all very joyfull to heare of the good health of the Marquesse of Auret doing me more honour than I expected To conclude we came backe to the Marquesse making good cheere and within five or sixe dayes I asked my leave of him which he granted with great greefe and gave me an honest Present and of great valew and made me be conducted by the sayd master of his house and two Pages even to my house at Paris I have forgot to tell you that the Spaniards have since ruined and demolisht his Castle of Auret sack 't pillag'd rifled and burnt all the houses and Villages belonging unto him because he would not be of their side in the slaughters and ruines of the Low Countryes The Voyage of Bourges 1562. THe King with his Campe remained not long at Bourges but those within yeelded it up and went out with their jewells saved I know nothing worthy of memory but that a Boy of the Kings privie kitchin who being neere the walls of the Citty before the composition was made cryed with a loud voyce Huguenot huguenot shoot heere shoote heere having his armes lifted up and his hand stretched out a souldier shot his hand quite through with a bullet having received his stroake he came and found me out to dresse him My Lord high Constable seeing the Boy to have his hand all bloody and all rent and torne demanded of him who had hurt him Then there was a gentleman who saw the shot made sayd it was well bestow'd because he cried Huguenot shoot here shoot here Then the sayd Lord Constable sayd this Huguenot was a good musketiere and bare a pittifull mind for it was very likely if he would have shot at his head he might have done it more easily than in the hand I dress'd the sayd Cooke who was very sicke but at length was cured but with lamenesse of his hand and ever since his companions call him Huguenot he is living The battell of Saint Deâ—is 1567. ANd as for the battell of Saint Denis there were divers slaine aswell on one side as on the other ours being hurt went backe to Paris to be dressed together with the Prisoners who were taken whereof I dressed a great part The King commanded me by the request of the Lady high Constable to goe to her house to
dresse my Lord who had received a Pistoll shot in the middle of the spondills of his backe whereby he presently lost all sence and motion of thighes and legges with retention of excrements not being able to cast out his Vrine nor anything by the fundament because that the spinall marrow from whence proceede the sinewes to give sense and motion to the inferiour parts was bruised broken and torne by the vehemence of the bullet He likewise loft his reason and understanding and in a few dayes he dyed The Chirurgions of Paris were a long time troubled to dresse the sayd wounded people I beleeve my little master that you saw some of them I beseech the great God of Victories that we may never be imployed in such evill encounters and disasters The voyage of Bayonne 1564. NOw I say moreover what I did in the voyage with the King to Bayonne where we have beene two yeares and more to compasse all this Kingdome where in divers Citties and Villages I have beene called into consultations for divers diseases with the deceased Monsieur Chaplaine cheefe Phisition to the King and Monsieur Chastellan cheefe to the Queene Mother a man of great honour and knowledge in Physicke and Chirurgery making this voyage I was alwayes inquisitive of the Chirurgions if they had marked any rare thing of remarke in their practice to the end to learne some new thing Being at Bayonne there happened two things of remarke for the young Chirurgions The first was that I drest a Spanish Gentleman who had a greevous great impostume in his throate he came to have beene touched by the deceased King Charles for the Evill I made incision in his Aposteme where there was found great quantity of creeping wormes as bigge as the point of a spindle having a blacke head and there was great quantity of rotten flesh Moreover there was under his tongue an impostume called â—anula which hindred him to utter forth his words and to eate and swallow his meate he pray'd mee with his held up hands to open it for him if it could be done without perill of his person which I immediatly did and found under my Lancet a solid body which was five stones like those which are drawne from the bladder The greatest was as big as an Almond and the other like little long Beanes which were five in number in this aposteme was contained a slimy humor of a yellow colour which was more than foure spoonefulls I left him in the hands of a Chirurgion of the Citty to finish the cure Monsieur de Fontaine Knight of the Kings Order had a great continuall pestilent Feaver accompanyed with divers Carboneles in divers parts of his body who was two dayes without ceasing to bleed at nose nor could it be stancht and by that meanes the feaver ceased with a very great sweat and soone after the Charboncles ripened and were by me dressed and by the grace of God cured I have publisht this Apologie to the end that each man may know with what foot I have alwayes marched and I thinke there is not any man so ticklish which taketh not in good part what I have said seeing my discourse is true and that the effect sheweth the thing to the eye reason being my warrant against all Calumnies The end of the Apologie and Voyages FINIS A GENERALL TABLE OF ALL THE CHIEFE THINGS TREAted of in this Worke. A ABortions why frequent in a pestilent season Pag. 821 their causes c. 921 Abductores musculi 223 238 Abscesses how to be opened 259 Aconite the symptomes caused thereby and their cure 807 Actuall Cauteries preferred before Potentiall 749. Their formes and use 750. 751. Their force against venemous bites 784 Action the definition and division thereof 23 Voluntary Action 24 Adders their bitings the symptomes thereone usuing together with the cure 790 Adiposa vena 116 Adductores musculi 222 Adjuncts of things naturall 27 Adâ—ata sive Conjunctiva one of the coates of the Eye 182 Aegilops what 948. the differences thereof Ibid. the cure 649 Aegyptiacum the force thereof against putrefaction 433. a cleanser and not a suppurative 46. descriptions thereof 456 423. the praise thereof 856 Afterbirth see Secundine 1 After-tongue 195 After-wrest 518 Age what the division thereof 9 Ages compared to the foure seasons of the yeare 10 Agonie what 40 Agues see Quotidian Quartaine Tertian Bastard Agues how cured 286 Agglutinative medicines 326. their nature and use 1046 Aire an Element the prime qualities thereof 6 the necessity thereof for life 29. which hurtfull 30. What understood thereby ib. How it changes our bodies 31. Though in Summer colder than the Braine 357. How it becomes hurtfull 416. How to be corrected 429. Of what force in breeding diseases 433. What force the Starre have upon it 434. How that which is corrupt or venemous may kill a man 782. How it may bee corrupted 819. Pent up it is apt to putrifie 837. change thereof conduces to the cure of the Plague 837 Alae what 130 Allantoides tunica there is no such shewed by three severall reasons 132 Albugineus humor the use thereof 184 Almonds of the throate or eares their History 193. their tumor with the causes and signes thereof 293. The cure 294 Almonds encrease the paine of the head 357 Alopecia what the cause which curable and how and which not 637 Amnios tunica the substance and composure thereof 132 Amphiblistroides vel retiformis tunica 183 Amputation of a member when to be made 457. How to be performed 458. To stanch bleeding ensuing thereon 459. how to dresse the part 460. To performe the rest of the cure 461. Sometimes made at a joynt 463 Anatomy the necessity of the knowledg thereof 79. A threefold method thereof 80. The definition thereof c. ibid. Anatomicall administration of the lower Belly 87. Of the sternon 139. Axiomes 122 152 183 212 226 Aneurisma what 286. How cured 287. Which incurable ibid. Anger the effects thereof 39 Angina see squinancie Anima how many wayes taken 7. See soule Animall parts which 83. Their division 84 Anodyne medicines 1047. For the eyes 379 in paines of the teeth 401 Antidots must be given in great quantities 785 No one against all poysons 809. To be used in the cure of the plague 843 844 Antipathy see sympathy Antipathy betweene some Men and a Cat 804. Of poysons with poysons 823 Ants. 59. Their care 60 Apes their immitation of mens actions 69 Apium risus the poysonous quallity thereof with the cure 805 Apologie concerning wounds made by Gun-shot 432. That such wounds are not poysonea 436. Concerning binding of vessells c. 1133 Apophlegmatismes what and their use 1069 Apophyses clinoides 172 174 Aphorismes concerning Chirurgery selected out of Hippocrates 1116. 1117. Of the Author 1119 Apostumes see impostumes Apothecaries choise of such as shall have care of those sicke of the Plague 830 Appendices glandulosae 122 Aqua fortis the poysonous quality and the cure thereof
of the cavities or fissures of thâ— Throttle What the necke is What to be considered in the vertebrae of the necke Which be the right processes of the vertebrae Which the transverse Which the transverse The connexions of the vertebrae of the necke The processe called the tooth By what articulation the head is bended backwards and forewards The Vertebrae of the Holy bone The manifold uses of the backebone What a Ligament is Why it is without sense What parts may be called Ligaments in a generall signification The differences of Ligaments properly so called Their number Which may be truly called the proper muscle of the necke The two motions of the head The Transversaâ—… The Spinatus The Lâ—… The Scalenus In what the Vertebrae of the necke and loines agree and disagree How the tenth Vertebrae of the backe may be said to be the middle of the spine The number of the muscles of the Chest The muscles dilating the Chest The muscles contracting the Chest The Subclavius is the first of the muscles dilating the chest Serratuâ— major Serratus posterior and superior The oblique ascendent of the lower belly The eleaven Intercostales externi 6. Intercartilaginei The Sacro-lumbus the first of those which contract the chest The oblique descendent the right and transverse of the Epigastrium Triangulus musculâ—s Intercostalcâ— incerni Intercartilaginei interni Muscles alwayes receive their nerves in their heads The midriffe The muscles of the loines They are three pairâ—… Trianguluâ— Semispinatu Sacer The description of the blade-bone or shoulder-blade The basis of the bladâ— The head of the shoulder-blade The spine of the blade The processes Acromion and Coracoides The muscles of the shoulder blade Rhomboides Levator Trapezius Latissimus Pectoralis What is meant by the hand in generaâ—l The differences of the hand from the site thereof Why the hand is devided into so many fingers Why the nailes are added to the soft flesh of the fingers Why the nailes grow continunally The Cephalicke vaine The median veine Howby opening the median veine you may draw more or lesse bloud from the head or liver The axillary is devided into The deepe axillary and outward axillary The Selvatella and Splenitica An Aontomicall Axiome The 7 paire of nerves of the necke The first paire The second paire The third paire The fourth paire The fift paire The sixt paire The seventh paire The 12. pairâ— of Nerves of the Chest The first paiâ—â— The second paire The otheâ— paires The Nerves vvhich are carryed to thâ— Armes The greatnesse and figure The Appendix of the Arme. The processes of the Arme The figure of the Arme. The originall and insertion of the pectorall muscle The Deltoides The Epomis or Scapularis What is ment by the Cubit What the Olecranum is The 2 bones of the Cubit The two Appendices of the wande The figure and fite of the wande The 2 Appendices of the bone of the Cubit The figure of the Cubit bone or Ell. The muscles moving the Cubite The Biceps or 〈◊〉 headed muscle The Brachiaus The Longus The Brevis What the Hand properly so called is What the Annulus oâ— Ring is The bones of the Aftervvrest The bones of the fingers When at the mailes are generated The ossa Sesamoid or Seed-bones Their use The museles of the Cubite The Supinatores The Carpitensores The Digitum-tensores The Obliquator externus The first of the Supinatores The second The upper of the Carpitensores The lower The greater of the Digitumtensores The lesser The Obliquator or Abductor externus The muscles of the inner part of the Cubit The Palmaris The Pronatores The Carpiflexores The Digitum-flexores The Sublimis Digitumflexor The profundus Digitum-flexor The number of the muscles of the inside of the hand The Thenar The Hypothenar The externall Abductor of the thumbe The Lumbrici The Interosses The number of the muscles of the whole taken in generall The diverse acception of the Legge The thigh The legge or shanke The foote The division of the foote The Instep The top of the foote The toes The beginning of the Crurall veine The two branches thereof By what veines the matter causing those tumors called Bubones flows downe Where and in what diseases the Sapheia must be opened To what places and by how manifold devisions the internall branch of the crurall veine goes Ischiadica Vena Muscâ—la 〈◊〉 Poplitea 〈◊〉 Suralis venaâ— Ischiadica maior muscula The five conjugations of the nerves of the loines Where the testicles have their nerves The conjugations of the nerves proceeding through the holybone An Anatomis call axiome Of how many bones the Ossa Ilium consist What the Os Ilium strictly taken is What theline lippe brow and rib of the Os Ilium are The Os Ischium or huckle-bone The Os pubis or share-bone The descript of the thigh-bone The two appendices of the thigh-bone The two processes of the thigh-bone make the two Trochanters Whence the marrow becomes partaker of sense Their number The two flexores The three Tensores Three Intromoventes The movers of the buttocks The two Obturatores What the Paiella or whirle bone of the knee is The use thereof What and how many bones the legge hath The legge-bone What Diaphysis is The Perone fibula or shinne-bone Their number The Longus The Membranosus The Rectus The two Vasti The Crurcus The three Internall The Biceps or two-headed muscle The Popliteus or ham muscle Their number The bones of the Instep The Astragalus it s three connexions and their use It s three processes The description of the Calcaneum or Câ—… Why a fracture of the heele is so dangerous Hippocrates Sect. 3. lib. de fracturis The Os Scaphoidos or boate-like-bone The Os Cuboides or Die-bone The Ossa innominata or namelesse bones The bones of the foote or Pedium The bones of the toes The Seed-bones of the foote The twofold use of the feete Their number Musculus Peronaus Tibiaeus anticus The Toestretcher is two-fold The 6 hinde muscles The 2 Gemeli or Twins muscles Yn what place the kibes breed The Plantaris The Soleus The Tibiaeus Posticus The Digitum-flexor two-fold Their number The Abductor of the Toes or Pediosus The Flexor superior The muscle equivalent to the Thenar The 4 Lumbrics The descripâ—â—on of the upper and loâ—… Interosses The bones of the face 15. The teeth 32. The bone Hyoides The bones of the spine 34. 2 Coller-bones The Ribs 24. The bones of the Sternon 3. The bones of the whole arme 62. The bones of the whole leg 66. What the Sceletos is The bones are composed two manner of wayes 2 Sorts of Articulation What Diarthosis and Synarthrosis are 3. Sorts of Diarthrosis What Enarthrosis is What Arthrodia What Cephale is What Corone is What Cotyle is What Glene is What Ginglymos 3 Kinds of Synarthrosis What a Suture is What Gomphosis is What Harmonia is What Symphyasis is Synchondrosis Syneurosis The things signified by word Nerve Synsarcosis The â—8 of the
his jawes wherefore let him feed upon liquid meats as ponado barly cream cullisses gellyes reare egs and other meates of the like nature At the end of eight dayes the ligature that binds up his eyes shall be loosed and his eyes washed with rose water and putting on spectacles or some taffaty the patient shall by little and little accustome himselfe to the light lest hee should bee offended by the sudden meeting with light But if the suffusion after some short while after lift it selfe up againe it must bee couched againe but through a new hole for the eye is pained and tender in the former place It sometimes happens by the touch of the needle that the Cataract is not couched whole but is broken into many peeces then therefore each of them must be followed and couched severally if there be any very small particle which scapes the needle it must bee let alone for there is no doubt but that in processe of time it may be dissolved by the force of the native heat There are also some Cataracts which at the first touch of the needle are diffused turne into a substance like to milke or troubled water for that they are not throughly ripe yet these put us in good hope of recovery and it bee but for this that they can never afterwards concrete into one body as before Wherefore at the length they are also discussed by the strength of the native heat and then the eye recovers its former splendor If that any other symptomes come unlooked for they shall be helped by new counsels and their appropriate remedies CHAP. XXIII Of the stopping of the passage of the eares and the falling of things thereinto IT sometimes happeneth that children are born without any holes in their eares a certaine fleshy or membranous substance growing in their bottome or first entrance The same may also happen afterwards by accident they being ulcerated by some impostume or wound and the eare shut up by some fleshy excrescence or scar When as the stopping is in the bottome of the cavity the cure is more difficult than if it were in the first entrance But there is a double way of cure for this substance whatsoever it be must either be cut out or else eaten away and consumed by acrid and catheriticke medicines in performance of which there is need of great moderation of the mind and hand For it is a part endued with most exquisite sence and neare the braine wherefore by handling it too roughly there is feare of distension of the nerves and consequently of death Sometimes also the preternaturall falling of strange bodies into this passage maketh a stopping of the eares such as are fragments of stones gold silver iron and the like mettals pearles cherry-stones or kernels peafe and other such like pulse Now solid and bonie bodies still retaine the same magnitude but pease seeds and kernels by drawing the moisture there implanted into them swell up and cause vehement pain by the distension of the neighbouring parts wherefore the sooner they are drawne forth the better it is for the patient This shall be done with small pincers and instruments made in the shape of earepicks But if you profit nothing thus then must you use such gymblets as are made for the drawing forth of bullets shot deep into the body Little stones and bodies of the like stony hardnesse shall bee forced forth by the brain provoked to concussion by sneesing by dropping some oyle of almonds first into the passage of the eare that the way may be the more slippery for it will come to passe by this sneesing or violence of the internall aire forcibly seeking passage out that at length they may bee cast forth the mouth and nostrils being stopped with the hand But if wee cannot thus prevaile it remaines that we cut open the passage with an incision knife so much as shall be sufficient for the putting in and using of an instrument for to extract them If any creeping things of little creatures as fleas ticks pismires gnats and the like which sometimes happeneth shall get therein you may kill them by dropping in a little oyle and vineger There is a certaine little creeping thing which for piercing and getting into the eares the French call Perse-oreille wee an Eare-wigge This if it chance to get into the eare may be killed by the foresaid meanes you may also catch it or draw it forth by laying halfe an apple to your eare as a bait for it CHAP. XXIV Of getting of little bones and such like things out of the jawes and throate SOmetimes little bones and such like things in eating greedily use to sticke or as it were fasten themselves in the jawes or throate Such bodies if you can come to the sight of them shall bee taken out with long slender and croked mallets made like a Cranes beake If they do not appear nor there be no means to take them forth they shal be cast forth by causing vomit or with swallowing a crust of bread or a dry fig gently chawed and so swallowed or else they shall be thrust downe into the stomacke or plucked back with a leeke or some other such like long and stiffe crooked body annoynted with oile and thrust downe the throate If any such like thing shall get into the Weazon you must cause coughing by taking sharpe things or else sneesing so to cast forth whatsoever is there troublesome CHAP. XXV Of the Tooth-ache OF all paines there is none which more cruelly tormenteth the patients than the Tooth-ache For wee see them oft-times after the manner of other bones to suffer inflammation which will quickly suppurate and they become rotten and at length fall away piecemeale for wee see them by daily experience to be eaten and hollowed and to breed wormes some portion of them putrefying The cause of such paine is either internall or externall and primitive The internall is a hot or cold defluxion of humours upon them filling their sockets thence consequently driving out the teeth which is the reason that they stand sometimes so farre forth that the patient neither dares nor can make use of them to chaw for feare of paine for that they are loose in their sockets by the relaxation of the gums caused by the falling downe of the defluxion When as they are rotten and perforated even to the roots if any portion of the liquor in drinking fall into them they are pained as if you thrust in a pin or bodkin the bitternesse of the paine is such The signes of a hot defluxion are sharpe and pricking paine as if needles were thrust into them a great pulsation in the roote of the pained tooth and the temples and some ease by the use of cold things Now the signes of a cold defluxion are a great heavinesse of the head much and frequent spitting some mitigation by the use of hot remedies In the bitternesse
of paine we must not presently run to Tooth-drawers or cause them presently to goe in hand to plucke them out First consult a Physician who may prescribe remedies according to the variety of the causes Now here are three intensions of cureing The first is concerning diet the other for the evacuation of the defluxion or antecedent cause the third for the application of proper remedies for the asswaging of paine The two former scopes to wit of diet and diverting the defluxion by purging phlebotomie application of cupping glasses to the necke and shoulders and fcarification doe absolutely belong to the Phisitian Now for proper and to picke medicines they shall be chosen contrary to the cause Wherefore in a hot cause it is good washing the mouth with the juice of Pomgranats plantaine water a little vineger wherein roses balaustiae and sumach have beene boyled But such things as shall be applyed for the mitigating of the paine of the teeth ought to bee things of very subtle parts for that the teeth are parts of dense consistence Therefore the ancients have alwaies mixed vineger in such kind of remedies ℞ rosar rub sumach hordei an m. ss conquassatiʒii santalorum an ʒi lactucae summitatum rubi solani plantaginis an m. ss bulliant omnia in aquae lib. iiii pauco aceto ad hordei crepaturam Wash the mouth with such a decoction being warme You may also make Trochisces for the same purpose after this manner ℞ sem hyoscyami sandarachae coriandri opii an ʒss terantur cum aceto incorporentur formentur que trochisci apponendi dentibus dolentibus Or else ℞ seminis portulacae hyoscyami coriandri lentium corticis santali citrini rosar rub pyrethri camphorae an ʒss Let them all bee beaten together with strong vineger and made into trochisces with which being dissolved in rose water let the gums and whole mouth bee washed when need requireth But if the paine bee not asswaged with these you shall come to narcoticks which may stupefie the nerve as ℞ seminis hyoscyami albi opii camphorae papaveris albi an quantum sufficit coquantur cum sapa et denti applicentur Besides you must also put this following medicine into the eare of the pained side ℞ opii castorei an ℈ i. misceantur cum oleo rosato It hath sometimes availed in swolne and distended gums being first lightly scarified to have applied leaches for the evacuation of the conjunct matter as also to have opened the veines under the tongue or these which are behind the eares For I remember that I by these three kindes of remedies asswaged great paines of the teeth Yet there bee some who in this affect open not these veines which are behind the eares but those which are conspicuous in the hole of the eare in the upper part thereof Paine of the teeth arising from a cold cause and defluxion may be helped by these remedies boyle rosemary sage and pellitory of Spaine in wine and vinegar and adde therto a little aqua vitae in this liquor dissolve a little treacle and wash your teeth therewith Others mingle Gum ammoniacum dissolved in aqua vitae with a little sandar acha and myrrhe and lay it to the pained tooth after Vigoes counsaile Mesue thinkes that beaten garlicke carryed in the right or left hand asswages the paine as the teeth ake upon the right or left side But I being once troubled with grievous paine in this kinde followed the counsaile of a certaine old woman and laid garlicke rosted under the embers to my pained tooth and the paine forthwith ceased The same remedy used to others troubled with the like affect had like successe Moreover some thinke it availeable if it bee put into the auditory passage Others drop into the eares oile of castoreum or of cloves or some such other chemicall oile It is good also to wash the teeth with the following decoction ℞ pyrethriʒss menthe et rutae an p. i. bulliant in aceto and with this decoction being warme wash the teeth Some like fumes better they make them of the seeds of Coloquintida and mustard and other like they take the smoake by holding their mouths over a funnell Other some boile pellitory of Spaine ginger cinamon alume common salt nut megs cipresse nuts anise and mustard seeds and euphorbium in oxycrate and in the end of the decoction adde a little aqua vitae and receive the vapour thereof through a funnell as also they wash their teeth with the decoction and put cotton dipped therein into the eare first dropping in a little thereof Some there are which affirm that to wash the teeth with a decoction of Spurge is a very good and anodyne medicine in the tooth-ach I have oft times asswaged intolerable paines of the teeth by applying vesicatories under the eare to wit in that cavity whereas the lower jaw is articulated with the upper for the veine artery and sinew which are distributed to the roots of the teeth lye thereunder Wherfore the blisters being opened a thinne liquor runnes out which doth not onely cause but also nourish or feed the disease But if the tooth be hollowed and that the patient will not have it puld out there is no speedier remedy than to put in caustick medicines as oile of vitrioll aqua fortis and also a hot iron for thus the nerve is burnt insunder and loseth its sense Yet some affirm that the milky juice that flowes from Spurge made into a paste with Olibanum and amylum and put into the hollowed tooth will make it presently to fall away in peeces When the Gums and Cheekes are swollen with a manifest tumour then the patient begins to be somewhat better and more at ease For so by the strength of nature the tumor causing the paine is carryed from within outwards But of what nature soever the matter which causeth the paine be it is convenient to intercept the course thereof with Empl. contra rupturam made with pitch and mastick and applyed to the temple on that side where the tooth aketh CHAP. XXVI Of other affects of the teeth THe teeth are also troubled with other preternaturall affects For sometimes they shake by relaxation of the gums or else become corrupt and rotten or have wormes in them or else are set on edge For the first the gummes are relaxed either by an externall or primitive cause as a fall or blow or else by an internall or antecedent as by the defluxion of acrid or waterish humours from the braine or through want of nourishment in old bodies If the teeth grow loose by the meanes of the decaying gums the disease is then incurable but you may withstand the other causes by the use of such things as fasten the teeth shunning on the contrary such as may loosen them Therefore the patient must not speake too earnestly neither chaw hard things If they become loose by a fall or
Clisters and with opening the Cephalicke veine in the arme the arteries of the temples must be opened taking so much bloud out of them as the greatnesse of the Symptomes and the strength of the patient shall require and permit Truly the incision that is made in opening of an arterie will close and joyne together as readily and with as little difficulty as the incision of a veine And of such an incision of an artery commeth present helpe by reason that the tensive and sharpe vapours do plentifully breath out together with the arterious bloud It were also very good to provoke a fluxe of bloud at the nose if nature be apt to exoneâ—ate herselfe that way For as Hippocrates saith when the head is grieved or generally aketh if matter water or bloud flow out at the nostrils mouth or eares it presently cures the disease Such bleeding is to be provoked by strong blowing or striving to cleanse the nose by scratching or picking of the inner sides of the nostrils by pricking with an horse haire and long holding downe of the head The Lord of Fontains a Knight of the Order when we were at Bayon had a bleeding at the nose which came naturally for the space of two dayes and thereby hee was freed of a pestilent Feaver which he had before a great sweat rising therewithall and shortly after his Carbuncles came to suppuration and by Gods grace he recovered his health being under my cure If the bloud doe flow out and cannot be stopped when it ought the hands armes and legges must be tyed with bands and sponges wet in Oxycrate must be put under the arme-holes cupping-glasses must be applyed unto the dugges the region of the liver and spleen and you must put into the nostrils the doune of the willow tree or any other astringent medicine incorporated with the haires pluckt from the flanke belly or throat of a Hare bole Armenicke Terra Sigillata the juice of Plantain and Knot-grasse mixed together and furthermore the patient must be placed or laied in a coole place But if the pain bee nothing mitigated not withstanding all these fluxes of bloud we must come to medicines that procure sleep whose formes are these Take of green Lettuce one handfull flowers of water Lillies and Violets of each two pugils one head of white Poppy bruised of the foure cold seeds of each two drams of Liquorice and Raisons of each one dram make thereof a decoction and in the straining dissolve one ounce and an halfe of Diacodion make thereof a large potion to be given when they goe to rest Also a Barly-creame may be prepared in the water of water-Lillies and of Sorrell of each two ounces adding thereto sixe or eight graines of Opium of the foure cold seeds and of white Poppy seeds of each halfe an ounce and let the same be boyled in broths with Lettuce and Purslaine also the Pils de Cynoglosso id est Hounds tongue may be given Clisters that provoke sleep must be used which may be thus prepared Take of Barly-water halfe a pinte oyle of Violets and water-Lillies of each two ounces of the water of Plantaine and Purslaine or rather of their juices three ounces of Camphire seven graines and the whites of three egges make thereof a Clister The head must be fomented with Rose-vinegar the haire being first shaven away leaving a double cloth wet therein on the same and often renewed Sheepes lungs taken warme out of the bodies may be applyed to the head as long as they are warme Cupping-glasses with and without scarification may be applyed to the neck and shoulder-blades The armes and legs must be strongly bound being first wel rubbed to divert the sharpe vapours and humours from the head Frontals may also bee made on this manner Take of the oyle of Roses and water-Lillies of each two ounces of the oyle of Poppy halfe an ounce of Opium one dram of Rose-vinegar one ounce of Camphire halfe a dram mixe them together Also Nodules may bee made of the flowers of Poppies Henbane water-Lillies Mandrakes beaten in Rose-water with a little Vinegar and a little Camphire and let them be often applyed to the nostrils for this purpose Cataplasmes also may be laid to the forehead As Take of the mucilage of the seeds of Psilium id est Flea-wort and Quince seeds extracted in Rose-water three ounces of Barly-meale foure ounces of the powder of Rose-leaves the flowers of water-Lillies and Violets of each halfe an ounce of the seeds of Poppies and Purslaine of each two ounces of the water and vinegar of Roses of each three ounces make thereof a Cataplasme and apply it warme unto the head Or take of the juice of Lettuce water-Lillies Henbane Purslaine of each half a pint of Rose-leaves in powder the seeds of Poppy of each halfe an ounce oyle of Roses three ounces of Vinegar two ounces of Barly-meale as much as shall suffice make thereof a Cataplasme in the forme of a liquid Pultis When the heate of the head is mitigated by these medicines and the inflammation of the braine asswaged wee must come unto digesting and resolving fomentations which may disperse the matter of the vapours But commonly in paine of the head they doe use to bind the forehead and hinder part of the head very strongly which in this case must bee avoyded CHAP. XXVII Of the heat of the Kidnies THe heat of the kidnies is tempered by anointing with unguent refrigerans Galen newly made adding therto the whites of egs wel beaten that so the ointment may keep moyst the longer let this liniment bee renewed every quarter of an houre wiping away the reliques of the old Or â„ž aq ros lb. ss sucti plant â„¥ iv alb ovorum iv olei rosacei nenuph. an â„¥ ii aceti ros â„¥ iii. misce ad usum When you have anointed the part lay thereon the leaves of water-Lillies or the like cold herbs then presently thereupon a double linnen cloth dipped in oxycrate wrung out againe and often changed the patient shall not lye upon a feather bed but on a quilt stuffed with the chaffe of oates or upon a matte with many doubled clothes or Chamelet spread thereon To the region of the heart may in the meane time bee applyed a refrigerating and alexiteriall medicine as this which followeth â„ž ung rosat â„¥ iii. olei nenupharini â„¥ ii aceti ros aquaerosar an â„¥ i. theriacae Ê’i croci Ê’ ss Of these melted and mixed together make a soft ointment which spred upon a scarlet cloth may be applyed to the region of the heart Or â„ž theriacae opt Ê’i ss succi citri acidi limonis an â„¥ ss coral rub sem rosar rub an Ê’ ss caphurae croci an gra iiii let them bee all mixed together and make an ointment or liniment At the head of the patient as he lies in his bed shall be set an Ewre or cocke with
a bason under it to receive the water which by dropping may resemble raine Let the soles of the feet and palmes of the hands be gently scratched and the patient lye far from noise and so at length he may fall to some rest CHAP. XXVIII Of the Eruptions and Spots which commonly are called by the name of Purples and Tokens THE skinne in pestilent feavers is marked and variegated in divers places with spots like unto the bitings of Fleas or Gnats which are not alwaies simple but many times arise in forme like unto a graine of millet The more spots appeare the better it is for the patient they are of divers colours according to the virulency of the malignity and condition of the matter as red yellow browne violet or purple blew and blacke And because for the most part they are of a purple colour therefore wee call them Purples Others call them Lenticulae because they have the colour and forme of Lentiles They are also called Papiliones i Butterflies because they doe suddenly seaze or fall upon divers regions of the body like unto winged Butterflyes sometimes the face sometimes the armes and legges and sometimes all the whole body often times they doe not onely affect the upper part of the skin but goe deeper into the flesh specially when they proceed of matter that is grosse and adust They doe sometimes appeare great and broad affecting the whole arme legge or face like unto an Erysipelas to conclude they are divers according to the variety of the humour that offends in quality or quantity If they are of a purple or black colour with often swouning and sinke in suddenly without any manifest cause they foreshew death The cause of the breaking out of those spots is the working or heat of the blood by reason of the cruelty of the venome received or admitted They often arise at the beginning of a pestilent feaver many times before the breaking out of the Sore or Botch or Carbuncle and many times after but then they shew so great a corruption of the humours in the body that neither the Sores nor Carbuncles will suffice to receive them and therefore they appear as forerunners of death Sometimes they breake out alone without a Botch or Carbuncle which if they bee red and have no evill symptomes joyned with them they are not wont to prove deadly they appeare for the most part on the third or fourth day of the disease and sometimes later and sometimes they appeare not before the patient be dead because the working or heat of the humours being the off-spring of putrefaction is not as yet restrained and ceased Wherefore then principally the putride heat which is greatest a little before the death of the patient drives the excremental humors which are the matter of the spots unto the skin or else because nature in the last conflict hath contended with some greater endeavour than before which is common to all things that are ready to dye a little before the instant time of death the pestilent humour being presently driven unto the skinne and nature thus weakened by this extreme conflict falleth downe prostrate and is quite overthrowne by the remnant of the matter CHAP. XXIX Of the Cure of Eruptions and Spots YOU must first of all take heed lest you drive in the humour that is comming outwards with repercussives therfore beware of cold all purging things Phlebotomy and drowsie or sound sleeping For all such things doe draw the humours inwardly and work contrary to nature But it is better to provoke the motion of nature outwardly by applying of drawing medicines outwardly and ministring medicines to provoke sweat inwardly for otherwise by repelling stopping the matter of the eruptions there will bee great danger lest the heart be oppressed with the abundance of the venome flowing back or else by turning into the belly it inferres a mortall bloody fluxe which discommodities that they may bee avoided I have thought good to set downe this remedy whose efficacy I have knowne and proved many times and on divers persons when by reason of the weaknesse of the expulsive faculty and the thicknesse of the skinne the matter of the spots cannot breake forth but is constrained to lurke under the skin lifting it up into bunches and knobs I was brought unto the invention of this remedy by comparison of the like For when I understood that the essence of the French pockes and likewise of the pestilence consisted in a certain hidden virulency and venemous quality I soon descended unto that opinion that even as by the anointing of the body with the unguent compounded of Quick-silver the grosse and clammy humors which are fixed in the bones and unmoveable are dissolved relaxed and drawne from the center into the superficiall parts of the body by strengthening and stirring up the expulsive faculty and evacuated by sweating and fluxing at the mouth that so it should come to passe in pestilent Feavers that nature being strengthened with the same kinde of unction might unloade her selfe of some portion of the venemous and pestilent humour by opening the pores and passages and letting it breake forth into spots and pustles and into all kind of eruptions Therefore I have anointed many in whom nature seemed to make passage for the venemous matter very slowly first loosing their belly with a Clister and then giving them Treacle water to drinke which might defend the vitall faculty of the heart but yet not distend the stomack as though they had had the French pockes and I obtained my expected purpose in stead of the Treacle water you may use the decoction of Guajacum which doth heat dry provoke sweat and repell putrefaction adding thereto also vinegar that by the subtlety thereof it may pierce the better and withstand the putrefaction This is the description of the unguent Take of Hogs-greace one pound boyle it a little with the leaves of Sage Time Rosemary of each halfe an handfull straine it and in the straining extinguish five ounces of Quick-silver which hath bin first boyled in vinegar with the forementioned herbs of Sal Nitrum three drammes the yelks of three egges boyled untill they be hard of Treacle and Mithridate of each halfe an ounce of Venice Turpentine oyle of Scorpions and Bayes of each three ounces incorporate them altogether in a morter and make thereof an unguent wherewith annoint the patients arme-holes and groines avoyding the parts that belong to the head breast and back-bone then let him bee laid in his bed and covered warme and let him sweat there for the space of two houres and then let his body bee wiped and cleansed and if it may be let him be laid in another bed and there let him be refreshed with the broth of the decoction of a Capon rear egges and with such like meats of good juice that are easie to be concocted and digested let him be anointed the second and third