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certain_a mountain_n over_o which_o the_o grecian_n be_v to_o pass_v make_v alte_fw-la some_o 30_o furlong_n before_o he_o come_v to_o the_o enemy_n lest_o encounter_v with_o the_o enemy_n he_o shall_v fight_v with_o his_o army_n be_v lead_v in_o a_o wing_n or_o orthiophalange_n he_o command_v therefore_o the_o captain_n that_o follow_v he_o with_o their_o company_n every_o one_o after_o another_o to_o 〈◊〉_d sleeve_n up_o their_o company_n by_o he_o to_o the_o intent_n to_o cast_v the_o army_n into_o a_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad_a front_a battle_n when_o thereare_a commander_n be_v come_v up_o he_o call_v a_o counsel_n to_o advise_v of_o the_o best_a course_n in_o proceed_v here_o be_v the_o order_n of_o the_o grecian_n march_v express_v to_o be_v in_o a_o hearse_n or_o orthiophalange_n which_o consist_v of_o many_o company_n one_o follow_v another_o and_o likewise_o the_o manner_n of_o transfigure_v the_o hearse_n into_o a_o broad_a front_a phalange_n viz._n the_o captain_n one_o 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darius_n with_o 20000._o horse_n and_o well_o nigh_o as_o many_o foot_n have_v embattel_v themselves_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n to_o hinder_v his_o passage_n the_o river_n be_v full_a of_o depth_n and_o slallowe_n somewhat_o dangerous_a to_o enter_v and_o the_o bank_n on_o the_o further_a side_n high_a rough_a and_o steepy_a beside_o the_o enemy_n be_v ready_a with_o horse_n cast_v into_o a_o long_a or_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n and_o with_o second_o of_o foot_n to_o beat_v he_o back_o that_o shall_v offer_v to_o climb_v the_o bank_n alexander_n be_v resolve_v to_o pass_v over_o first_o order_v his_o troop_n in_o a_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o right_a wing_n he_o command_v himself_o and_o give_v the_o command_n of_o the_o leave_v to_o parmenio_n then_o put_v the_o scout-horse_n with_o the_o paeonian_o into_o the_o river_n and_o after_o they_o a_o phalangarchy_n of_o foot_n lead_v by_o amyntas_n the_o son_n of_o arrabius_n and_o then_o ptolemy_n the_o son_n 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yet_o remain_v the_o file_n file_n as_o they_o be_v before_o and_o be_v not_o alter_v into_o rank_n aelian_n himself_o give_v testimony_n hereto_o affirm_v that_o the_o phalange_n proceed_v not_o by_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n whereas_o if_o the_o file_n hold_v not_o their_o first_o name_n after_o wheel_v to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a flank_n the_o march_n forward_o the_o fileleader_n be_v in_o the_o flank_n shall_v be_v by_o file_n and_o not_o by_o rank_n 4._o for_o the_o phalange_n march_v in_o a_o double_a treble_a or_o quadruple_a side_n a_o doubleside_v 〈…〉_z be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o fileleader_n on_o both_o the_o flank_n the_o rest_n back_o to_o back_o within_o when_o the_o enemy_n give_v on_o for_o otherwise_o when_o they_o march_v forward_o all_o their_o face_n be_v set_v one_o way_n that_o be_v towards_o the_o place_n whether_o the_o march_n be_v intend_v a_o treble-sided_n battle_n be_v when_o three_o side_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v whether_o the_o 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hollowness_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o therefore_o it_o be_v now_o resolve_v aforehand_o who_o shall_v command_v in_o the_o front_n of_o the_o plesium_n and_o take_v charge_n of_o vaunt_v who_o on_o the_o flank_n and_o who_o in_o the_o rear_n we_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o take_v advice_n at_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n but_o put_v in_o execution_n that_o which_o be_v resolve_v before_o and_o a_o little_a after_o and_o my_o opinion_n be_v that_o cherisophus_n be_v the_o fit_a commander_n for_o the_o vaunt_v because_o he_o be_v a_o lacedaemonian_a and_o let_v two_o of_o the_o â—ldest_a colonel_n take_v care_n of_o the_o flank_n the_o young_a namely_o myself_o and_o timasion_n will_v look_v to_o the_o rear_n this_o be_v xenophons_n counsel_n and_o in_o this_o form_n they_o march_v and_o be_v charge_v afterward_o with_o both_o persian_a horse_n and_o foot_n they_o defend_v themselves_o against_o all_o effort_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o quadruple_a battle_n therefore_o be_v use_v when_o the_o enemy_n be_v expect_v to_o give_v on_o all_o side_n and_o he_o that_o can_v frame_v it_o can_v easy_o cast_v his_o troop_n into_o the_o other_o two_o form_n yet_o will_v not_o every_o receive_n the_o enemy_n in_o flank_n prove_v a_o deduction_n for_o in_o case_n of_o necessity_n and_o sudden_a approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n you_o shall_v be_v drive_v to_o facing_n wherein_o you_o only_o turn_v the_o face_n of_o soldier_n to_o the_o flank_n without_o any_o deduction_n see_v the_o figure_n of_o this_o battle_n express_v in_o the_o picture_n 5._o do_v make_v the_o length_n double_a to_o the_o depth_n i_o suspect_v this_o place_n to_o be_v corrupt_v in_o the_o text_n of_o aelian_n the_o rather_o because_o before_o in_o the_o description_n of_o a_o deduction_n he_o say_v that_o deduction_n proceed_v in_o a_o wing_n wherein_o the_o depth_n 〈◊〉_d manifold_o exceed_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n as_o the_o last_o foregoing_a chapter_n do_v show_v beside_o the_o example_n which_o be_v give_v in_o the_o text_n be_v not_o of_o double_a proportion_n but_o of_o treble_a and_o more_o ten_o comprehend_v three_o three_o time_n and_o more_o of_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n chap._n xxxviii_o 1_o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la for_o it_o be_v so_o call_v because_o it_o have_v two_o front_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o battle_n that_o be_v set_v and_o advance_v against_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v a_o front_n see_v then_o in_o this_o form_n the_o middlemost_a be_v order_v back_o to_o back_n and_o those_o in_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v make_v head_n against_o the_o enemy_n the_o one_o be_v commander_n in_o front_n the_o other_o in_o rear_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v amphistomus_fw-la it_o be_v of_o great_a use_n against_o a_o enemy_n strong_a in_o horse_n and_o able_a to_o give_v a_o hot_a and_o dangerous_a charge_n and_o principal_o practise_v against_o cap._n 38_o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la those_o barbarian_n that_o inhabit_v about_o the_o 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to_o charge_v he_o in_o front_n and_o on_o both_o flank_n at_o one_o time_n but_o the_o convexe_n half_a moon_n avoid_v that_o danger_n meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o the_o bear_n out_o of_o the_o half_a circle_n and_o give_v the_o two_o wing_n of_o the_o epicampios_fw-la enough_o to_o do_v be_v not_o to_o be_v annoy_v with_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o hollowness_n which_o remain_v a_o pretty_a distance_n more_o backward_o than_o the_o point_n of_o the_o wing_n so_o that_o this_o form_n be_v fit_a to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la and_o lose_v no_o advantage_n of_o embattail_v and_o it_o avoid_v the_o peril_n of_o the_o hollow_a front_n by_o not_o enter_v and_o yet_o maintain_v the_o fight_n against_o the_o two_o wing_n that_o be_v thruâ—_n out_o to_o encompass_v be_v of_o sufficient_a strength_n to_o encounter_v the_o epicampios_fw-la either_o of_o they_o not_o dissolve_v their_o form_n or_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o epicampios_fw-la retire_v as_o 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first_o be_v order_v in_o a_o small_a depth_n themselves_o transfer_v the_o thickness_n of_o their_o battle_n from_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o midst_n where_o the_o fight_n be_v for_o the_o midst_n and_o the_o wing_n fight_v not_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o midst_n begin_v the_o fight_n first_o because_o the_o celts_n range_v in_o a_o half_a moon_n bear_v much_o more_o forward_o the_o the_o wing_n have_v not_o the_o hollowness_n but_o the_o prominent_a swell_n of_o the_o half-moone_n lie_v out_o towards_o the_o enemy_n so_o the_o roman_n follow_v &_o run_v together_o to_o the_o midst_n where_o the_o enemy_n give_v ground_n enter_v so_o far_o into_o the_o enemy_n battle_n that_o they_o have_v the_o heavy-armed_n lybian_o on_o either_o of_o their_o flank_n of_o who_o those_o of_o the_o right_a wing_n face_v to_o the_o target_n charge_v they_o on_o the_o right_n those_o of_o the_o left_a wing_n face_v to_o the_o pike_n give_v upon_o their_o left_a side_n occasion_n itself_o show_v what_o be_v fit_a to_o be_v do_v so_o that_o it_o chance_v as_o hannibal_n have_v foresee_v that_o after_o the_o defeat_n of_o the_o celts_n the_o roman_n pursue_v the_o victory_n shall_v fall_v out_o to_o be_v enclose_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o lybian_o so_o polybius_n of_o the_o prominent_a half_a moon_n or_o cyrte_n which_o annibal_n use_v to_o which_o of_o purpose_n he_o give_v to_o make_v thinness_n because_o it_o shall_v be_v break_v &_o beat_v and_o the_o enemy_n draw_v into_o the_o snare_n as_o it_o be_v and_o ambush_n of_o the_o second_o that_o be_v of_o the_o lybian_a heavy_a arm_v if_o it_o have_v have_v the_o due_a proportion_n of_o depth_n it_o may_v have_v stand_v a_o long_a time_n against_o the_o effort_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o dispute_v the_o victory_n against_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n against_o which_o if_o it_o may_v be_v oppose_v there_o be_v no_o question_n but_o it_o may_v be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la because_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n have_v all_o her_o force_n unite_v together_o the_o epicampios_fw-la fight_v only_a with_o her_o two_o wing_n the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v far_o from_o join_v unless_o a_o man_n be_v compel_v to_o enter_v into_o the_o hollowness_n of_o the_o front_n in_o which_o case_n both_o the_o front_n and_o the_o wing_n may_v annoy_v he_o word_n of_o direction_n for_o the_o cyrte_n or_o convexe_v half_a moon_n first_o order_z the_o body_n into_o a_o long_a square_a or_o plagiophalange_n 1_o then_o let_v the_o two_o fileleader_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o square_a march_n out_o with_o their_o file_n 2_o the_o next_o two_o on_o either_o hand_n moveright_o forward_o one_o foot_n short_a of_o the_o first_o keep_v distance_n in_o flank_n as_o before_o 3_o so_o the_o next_o four_o two_o oâ—_n each_o side_n the_o two_o next_o one_o foot_n short_a of_o the_o last_o the_o other_o two_o one_o foot_n short_a of_o they_o 4_o then_o the_o next_o four_o two_o on_o each_o side_n each_o two_o foot_n short_a of_o other_o 5_o then_o the_o four_o last_o two_o on_o each_o side_n each_o three_o foot_n short_a of_o the_o other_o of_o the_o tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n and_o of_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xlviii_o 1_o the_o tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n be_v square_a in_o figure_n but_o not_o in_o number_n of_o man_n for_o in_o square_n the_o number_n be_v not_o always_o the_o same_o and_o the_o general_n for_o his_o advantage_n may_v double_v the_o length_n to_o the_o depth_n the_o persian_n sicilian_n and_o most_o of_o the_o 〈…〉_z s_o do_v affect_v this_o form_n and_o take_v it_o to_o be_v easy_a in_o frame_v and_o better_a in_o use_n 2_o against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o phalange_n call_v embolos_fw-la or_o wedge_n of_o foot_n all_o the_o side_n consist_v of_o arm_a man_n this_o kind_n be_v borrow_v of_o the_o horseman_n wedge_n and_o yet_o in_o the_o wedge_n of_o horse_n one_o suffice_v to_o lead_v in_o front_n where_o the_o foot-wedge_n must_v have_v three_o one_o be_v unable_a to_o bear_v the_o sway_n of_o the_o encounter_n 3_o so_o epaminondas_n the_o theban_a fight_v with_o the_o lacedaemonian_n at_o mantinaea_n overthrow_v a_o mighty_a power_n of_o they_o by_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o wedge_n 4_o it_o be_v fashion_v when_o the_o antistomus_n diphalangy_n cap._n 48._o the_o horsbattaile_n square_a in_o figure_n not_o in_o horse_n the_o foot_n wedge_n the_o front_n in_o march_v join_v the_o front_n of_o the_o wing_n together_o hold_v they_o behind_o like_a unto_o the_o letter_n a._n notes_n 1_o this_o chapter_n contain_v the_o description_n of_o two_o battle_n one_o of_o horse_n the_o other_o of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v in_o fight_n one_o against_o another_o namely_o the_o square_n of_o horse_n and_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n of_o which_o the_o tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n square_a in_o figure_n or_o ground_n for_o all_o be_v one_o be_v describe_v in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 18._o chapter_n of_o aelian_n as_o also_o the_o wedge_n of_o horse_n from_o which_o this_o wedge_n of_o foot_n as_o aelian_n say_v be_v derive_v it_o will_v be_v therefore_o needless_a to_o repeat_v what_o be_v there_o write_v about_o the_o form_n and_o diversity_n of_o they_o or_o to_o make_v comparison_n of_o their_o use_n and_o advantage_n against_o the_o rhombe_n of_o horse_n if_o they_o come_v to_o charge_v foot_n he_o have_v set_v down_o two_o form_n of_o foot_n to_o receive_v they_o the_o crescent_n and_o the_o hollow-fronted_n battle_n call_v epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_fw-la which_o upon_o this_o â—eason_n because_o they_o be_v hollow_a in_o front_n both_o and_o the_o rhombe_n shoot_v forth_o and_o charge_v in_o a_o point_n must_v of_o necessity_n by_o receive_v that_o point_n into_o their_o hollowness_n and_o ply_v it_o with_o