0840 740 1580. Borgonones 0847 694 1541. Valones 0939 686 1625.  5500 4500 10000. A battel square of men framed of six nationes and who they shall un confusedlie fall into battell withe grace and brevitie dividinge to each nasion his parte of the vangarde acordinge the number of men they give in relasion as by the figure folowinge are orderly divided to fall into battell of a soddaine withoute any crossinge or cōfusion with the ensignes of each nation in the center of their pikes THe enemy aproachinge and understandinge that they are resolved to give battell the campe Master generall knowinge of the prudent brave conduction and resolute determination of the Spaniard Italian Irishe Englishe Borgonones and Valones comaundeth that there shoulde be chosen oute of thiese nationes to the number of 10000. of chosen men of tried valor and full resolution givenge order that a battell square of mē shoulde be framed of the saied 10000. men and for feare of confusion or contrauersie in tyme of fallinge into squadron he give the order that the Italianes shoulde folowe the Spaniardes the Irishe to folowe the Italianes the Englishe to folowe the Irishe the Borgonones after the Inglishe and the Valones to folowe the Burgonones and that eache natiō shoulde folowe one another as before declared withe the fronte and flanke that toucheth eache nation acordinge to the number of men they give in ralation that withe grace and brevity and withoute any crossinge or confusion eache nation may fall into squadron of a sodaine and that eache nation may have his parte of the vangarde acordinge to the number of men he givethe in relation To wourke the whiche i tought fit to set downe the rules for the divisiones of theese nationes as here foloweth Firste take the full number of pikes given in relation by the saide six Nationes which is 5500. oute of whiche take the square roote whiche is 74. the fronte and flanke of the battell and 24. pikes remaininge whiche shall serve to guarnishe the culoures That done bigin to guarnishe or line the two flankes of the battell of pikes withe short aleowinge five shot under the shelter or defence of eache pike whiche is the moste that can conveniently be defended under the same To finde oute the linenge shott of the righte flanke of the battell of pikes as before ordained multiply 74. the flanke by 5. and the producte will by 370. and say that the linenge shott of the right flanke is 74. rankes of 5 musketes in eache ranke and say that the righte flanke of the battell of pikes is lined withe shott To guarnishe or line the leifte flanke of the battell of pikes also say that it is 74. rankes of 5. musketes in eache ranke whiche makethe 370. musketes and say that youre two flankes of the battell of pikes are lined nowe to knowe the short that shal guarnishe the full fronte of the pikes and of the two lininges of the 2. flankes ad 10. the musketes of the 2. lininges to 74. the fronte of the pikes and it makethe 84. the full fronte then say that the division of shott that shall line or guarnishe the full fronte is to marche withe 84. rankes of five musketes in eache ranke and iuste so many more rankes shall marche in the fourte division of shot that shall guarnish the full fronte of the rerewarde advertisinge that eache division of the two last that lines the fronte and rerwarde conteines 420. musketes in eache so that the full number of shott of the afore saied 4. divisiones that shall line the two flankes fronte and rerwarde dothe a mounte to 1590. musketes comprehended 10. musketes for to guarnish the coloures thiese 1590. musketes deducte oute of the propounded and full number of musketes whiche is 4500. and there shall remaine 2910. musketes whiche i divide into 30. troupes whiche comethe to 97. musketes in eache troupe the whiche 30. troupes is divided in the 4. angles and two flankes of the battel as by the figure and divisiones folowinge youe may better perceive where all is ordered and set downe and withe as greate facility as the divisiones can affourde that there by suche as are not experte in aritmeticke nor in the theorike and practike of this arte may the sooner conceive the same  Pikes Musketes Soilderes Spaniardes 1040 840 1880. Italianes 0888 780 1668. Irishe 0946 760 1706. Englishe 0840 740 1580. Borgonones 0847 694 1541. Valones 0939 686 1625.  5500 4500 10000. THe full number of shott of the saied six nationes monted Oute of whiche is to be deducted the divisiones of the 4. linenges So that after deductinge the linenge shott of the 4. frontes of the battell of pikes resteth 2910. m. Whiche is divided into 30. troupes at 97 m. in eache troupe whiche are divided in the 4 angles and two flankes of the battell of pikes as by the figure and divisiones folowinge ordered and proportionally divided Advertisinge that oute of one of the troupes of musketes of the angles youe are to take 10. musketes to guarnishe the culores The divisiones of the pikes and the order wherewithe each nation shall marche to fall into battell withe grace and brevety BY the divisiones of the pikes before spoken of in dividinge 74. the flanke of youre squadron of pikes be 1040. the number of pikes the Spaniardes gave yove shall finde the number in the quotiente to by 14. and 4. remayninge and say that the Spaniardes are to marche withe 74. rankes of 14. pikes in eache ranke whiche is the order they are to observe when occasion offerethe to fall into squadron withe there coloures in the center of there pikes advertisinge that there restethe 4. pikes oute of there division 14 front 4. The Italianes who gave relation of 888. pikes is divided by the self same rule into 74. rankes of 12 pikes in eache ranke and in offeringe occasion withoute any crossing or confusion shall fall into battell withe this order and close uppon the leifte hande of the Spaniardes withe the culoures in the center and conforme them selves with the Spaniardes in fronte and flanke 12 front The Irish who gave relation of 946. pikes shall be divided into 74. rankes of 12. pikes in eache ranke withe theyr culoures in the center of theyr pikes and restethe 58. pikes oute of there division and they shal fall into battell withe this order and close uppon the lefte hande of the Italianes 12 front 58. The Englishe who gave relation of 847. pikes is divided into 74. rankes of aleaven pikes in eache ranke withe there culoures in the center and restethe 26. pikes 11 front 26. The Borgonones who gave relation of 841. pikes are divided into 74. rankes of 11. pikes in eache ranke and 33. pikes remaininge and withe there culoures in the center shall close uppon the lefte hande of the English when occasion offereth 11 front 33. The Valones who gave relation of 939. pikes is divided
into 74. rankes of 12 pikes in eache ranke and 51. pikes remaininge and in offeringe occasion to fall into squadron shall observe this order and ioyne uppon the leifte hande of the Borgonones withe there coulores in the center 12 front 51. Advertisinge that of the 172. pikes that did remaine in the divisiones of the Spaniardes Irishe English Borgonones and Valones They shall by divided into 74. rankes of two pikes in eache ranke and shall close upp on the leifte hande of the Valones when occasion shall offer to fall into battell and there shall reste 24 pikes 2 front 24.  74 front 24. The firste division of shott that shall guarnishe or line the righte flanke of the squadron of pikes is divided into 74 rankes of five musketes in eache ranke consideringe that a pike can hardely defende under the shelter or defence of the same above five shott at the moste 370 musk The seconde division of shott that shall guarnishe the leifte flanke of the battell of pikes is divided into 74. rankes of five musketes in eache ranke 370 musk The thirde division of shott that is to guarnishe the full fronte of the battell of pikes and the two linenges of the same is divided into 84. rankes of five musketes in each rank 420 m. The fourthe division of shott that is for to guarnishe the rerewarde of the battell of pikes and the two linenge shott of the two flankes is divided into 84. rankes of five musketes in eache ranke 420 m. In the division of the full number of shott there did remaine oute of the division 10. musketes that is to guarnishe the coulores as in the divisiones of the shott is set downe 10 m.  1590 musk After lininge youre squadron of pikes proportionally every way as before declared the 4. guarnitiones of shott montes 1590. musketes whiche are to be substracted oute of the principall some or number of musketes whiche is 4500. there shall remaine 2910. musketes this remainder divide into 30. troupes and youe shall finde by youre division eache troupe to containe 97. musketes ordered and divided in the foure angles and two flankes of the battell of pikes to skirmishe acordinge as tyme occasion and situation shall require as by the figure folowinge youe may see who all thiefe divisiones do fall oute of there marche into aperfect squadron in the forme and maner as before declared and sett downe Advertisinge that oute of the laste troupe of musketes on the liefte angle of the battell muste by taken 10. musketes for the lininge shot of the culoures so that troupe of musketes containes but 87. musketes and all the reste 97. so that 10. muskeths difereth Advertisinge that the culoures of eache division of pikes shall marche in the center of the same so that when occasion shall offer they may with grace and brevity fall into battell array and withoute any crossinge or confusion nor cuttinge of rankes nor order as many do but unconfusedly with grace and brevetie fall into battell as by the figure followinge youe may see the 10. musketes youe take oute of one of the troupes of the angles for to guarnish the culoures are to by reckoned in theire due place as the divisiones of shott sheoweth and youe are not to reken them in the battell by reason they were borowed oute of one of the troupes of musketes And let none by ignorante that when the conveniente number of pikes and shott do not remaine oute of the divisiones to guarnish the culoures then of force order and array muste be broken in cutinge the shott and pikes necessary to guarnish them and so for not to err in the rekeninge the divisiones of the table of the battell are to by observed for beinge infalible and for bienge the producte of the generall rule of all the divisiones of the battell so is it to be under stoode that theire is no better surer nor brifer rule for this purpose By the figure folowinge and by the table and divisiones of the same you may see who eache nation doth march with the fronte and flanke acordinge the number of men they gave in relasion advertisinge that the culoures of each nation are to march in the cinter of theire division of pikes and the 74 rankes of pikes of 2 pikes in ranke that did remaine oute of the divisiones of the saide 6 nationes shall close upp on the leifte flanke of the battell of pikes as be the figure and divisiones followinge youe may plainely see who orderly oute of there march they fall unto battell with grace and brevity FRONT OF THE BATTELL SQUARE OF MEN. TABLE OF THE BATTEL THe Spaniardes are divided into 74. rankes of 14 pikes in each ranke monted 1036 pikes The Italianes into 74. rankes of 12. pikes 0888 pikes The Irish into 74. rankes of 12. pikes 0888 pikes The English into 74. rankes of 11. pikes 0814 pikes The Borgonones 74. rankes of 11. pikes 0814 pikes The Valones into 74. rankes of 12. pikes 0888 pikes The remainder of pikes of the six nasiones divided into 74. rākes of 2. pik in each 0148 pikes Pikes remaininge oute of the divisiones 24 pikes  5500 pikes The lininge shott of the righte flanke of the battell of pikes 0370 musk The lininge shot of the leifte flanke 370 musk The guarnision shot of the fronte monted 420 musk The guarnision of the reregarde 420 musk Shot remaininge oute of the divisiones 020 musk 2900. musketes divided into 30. troupes 2900 musk  4500 musk Advertisinge that oute of one of the troupes of musketes are to be taken 10. musketes with the other 10. that did remaine to guarnish the culoures still observinge the divisiones of the table for beinge infalible The greate battell of 10000. men before spoken of is nowe divided into three battelles square of men as by the figure folowing appeereth OF the then thousande men before spoken of and of whiche were framed abattell square of men and all redused into one boddy as before set downe and the forme of there divisiones Nowe supose that the Campe-master generall woulde have the self same nūber of 10000. men to be divided into three batteles square of men and to observe suche goode order in there divisiones that withe grace and brevity and withoute any crossinge or confusion they may fall oute of there marche into battell as by the divisiones and figure folowinge youe may see Advertisinge that of the Spaniardes and Italianes there shall by framed one squadron and of the Irishe and English another and of the Borgonones and Valones an other  Pikes Musketes Soulderes Spaniardes 1040 840 1880. Italianes 0888 780 1668. Irishe 0946 760 1706. Englishe 0840 740 1580. Borgonones 0847 694 1541. Valones 0939 686 1625.  5500 4500 10000.  Pikes Musketes Soulderes Spaniardes and Italianes 1928 1620 3548. Irish and English 1786 1500 3286. Burgonones and Valones 1786 1380 3176.  5500 4500 10000. NOwe
principally to be experte in well executinge his office to observe goode order in march to prudently finish with expedition his affaires to reprehende and redress disorderes in due time with prudence and auctoritie soe shall he be beloved and respected and moste comonlie have goode successes In the greatest dangeres he is â—oâ—hcowe him selfe with asetled minde and brave couradge animatinge the Souldieres sheowinge him selfe with them in all dangeres and extremities comfortinge and givinge them goode instructiones and examples and in the greateste dangeres that shall happen to presence him self with them with a brave and valerouse determination soe douptles shall he by beloved feared and respected by theÌ„ Let him by no meanes be overcomed by disordered a petites but rather be moderate mylde and faire condisioned aâ— beâ—itinge â—o person of soe greate comaunde Treatinge of severall sortes of Squadrones BIgininge with the rule who to finde oute the square roote of any number the table pitagorique a table â—â— by put in memorie for the framinge of squadrones for suche as are not experte in Arithmeticke the table of the proportiones of unequall numberes and who to frame severall sortes of squadrones of severall sortes of weapones and the industrie used for they re due orderinge and devidinge in proportion acordinge as time occasion and situation shall require and permitt A square roote is a digit or number whiche beinge multiplied in it self bringethe fourth a square number as 2 beinge multiplied in it self make the 4. in sayinge two times two make the 4. and so from the number 1. to the number 9. yove shall understande in the table Pitagorique the raise of 1. can not be but 1. the rayes of 4. is 2. the raise of 9. is 3. the raies of 16. is 4. that of 25. is 5. and soe consequently as in the table folowinge yove may perceive To finde oute the square roote of any number be it square or not square yove muste wourke thus firste havinge set downe the number propounded whiche at the leaste muste consiste of 3. figures Set a prick under the firste digitt of the saied number on the righte hande that donpricke every other digit or number therof towardes the leiftehande Havinge alwayes one voyde space or chifer betwext every 2. prickes as yove see heere don in the number folowinge 946. to finde oute the square roote of this propounded number yove are to pricke the saied number as before taughte havinge so don seeke oute one of the 3. digites whiche beinge multiplied in it self may take a way the chifer 9. that is on the lefte hande or as muche therof as may by in sayinge 3. times 3. maketh 9. soe that 3. is the rays of 9. firste chifer of youre propounded number and restethe nothinge whiche yove shall put right a bove the 9. soe that yove have wholy don withe the 9. that liethe on the lefte hande that don doble the quotient whiche is 3. and it makethe 6. and set the same in the voide place righte under the figure 4. and seeke oute a digit or number whiche beinge multiplied in it self may take a way the 4. and say how many times 6. can yove finde in 4. nullo soe set downe 0. in the quotient right under the 6. that stand the on the righte hande and say that in plasinge nullo in the quotient yove have don and there restethe 46. that remaineth soe say that 30. is the square roote of 946. and there remainethe 46. that is not comprehended in the square roote in sayinge multiply 30. the square roote of 946. by 30. and it will make 900. to whiche 900. aâ— 46. that remaineth and itt shall a monte the full some of youre propounded number of 946. as by the proofe yove plainely see In all suche numberes to knowe whether yove have doÌ„ well or no multipliy the square roote by it self to the producte of which multiplication yove are to ad if there by any remainder and if yove finde the summe therof to be like to youre firste propounded number yove have don well and if it be not like yove have errede But if suche number doe consiste of many numberes or figures in workeÌ„ge wherof yove muste doble the quotieÌ„t once twece or threece acordinge as the number dothe require whiche yove shall more plainly perceive by this example followinge Presupose that 37424 is the number wherof yove woulde knowe the square roote to doe the whiche wourke as before taughte firste prick the 4. that standethe on the righte hande then fall to pricke the other 4. towardes to lefte hande and havinge so don pricke the digit 3. that standethe on the lefte hande of all nowe seeke oute som digit or number whiche beinge multiplied in it self takethe a way the laste chifer on the lefte hande whiche is 3. or the moste therof that can be whiche yove shall finde to by 1. and havinge set downe the saied 1. in the quotieÌ„t say one time one is 1. whiche beinge substracted oute of 3. restethe 2. whiche is to be placed right over the 3. and conzeale the saied 3. that don double the quotient 1. and it makethe 2. whiche yove are to place righte under the 7 of youre propounded numberin the seconde place towardes the lefte hande that don say who many times 2 in 27. yove shall finde it to be 9. in sayinge 9 times 2. is 18. oute of 27 restethe 9. whiche yove shall place righte over and above the 7. in the seconde place on the lefte hande and in the quotient right under the pricke of the chifer 4 in the 3 place towardes the lefte hande yove shall place 9. havinge soe don say 9. times 9. is 81. beinge substracted oute of 94. restethe 13. nowe double the 18 in the quotient and it will be 38. whiche yove shall place under the 9. in the quotient towardes the righte hande havinge soe don say how many times 38. in 132. that standethe right above it yove shall finde it to be 3. whiche yove shall place in the quotient under the firste prike on the right hande under the chifer 4. that don say 3. times 3. maketh 9 oute of 13. resteth 4. then say 3. times 8. makethe 24 oute of 42. restethe 18 that don fall to the 3. in the quotieÌ„t and multiply it in it self and it makethe 9. whiche yove shall substracte oute of the producte of youre laste division whiche was 184. and there shall remaine 175. soe that 193. is the square roote of the firste number given whiche was 37424 whiche square beinge multiplied in it self is 37249. and the remainder is 175. whiche two partitiones beinge putt togither makethe the firste number of 37424. yove are alsoe to understande that if yove finde any number oute of whiche youre quotieÌ„t beinge doubled and can not be substracted yove muste set downe a chifer in the quotieÌ„t as yove do in divisioÌ„ Moste necessary it is for a Sardgent mayor or who soever doth pretende to be curiouse
in the profession of armes that he be expert in Aritmeticke and in knowinge who to finde oute the square roote of any number that he may withe the more facility order devide and ranke his Souldieres eyther of greate or smale numberes yea and of whate soever forme a Sardgent mayor oughte not to be ignorante for some times occasion and situation offerethe that neyther of the 4. formes of squadrones are to be used Wherfore i will set downe the rules firste for the framinge of the foure formes of squadrones moste a customed and moste in use as alsoe the rules to frame squadrones acordinge to the situation and disposition of the place and occasiones to fighte as well of equalities as of inequalities The 4. formes of squadrones moste acustomed and moste in use is the square of men the square of grounde bastarde square and broade square whiche the Spaniarde caule quadra de gente quadra de tereno prolongado y gran frente Gentell Reader understande that the firste thinge to by understoode in framinge of squadrones is that the principall boddies of thē are to be framed of pikes to the whiche are required a certaine quantity of shot which are to be devided as time situation and occasion shal-require touchinge whiche divisiones greate consideration and industry is required in many occurantes of warlike affaires and it is of greate importance for who so ever takethe this chardge in hande to be perfecte in Aritmeticke to facilitate many rare occurrantes of this arte and specially in the office of a Sardgent mayoyr It is to be understoode that the rule whiche is observed in setinge in order or array Souldieres is that from the shoulder of the one to the shoulder of the other is required 3. foote or at the moste three and haulf and from ranke to ranke 7. foote meaninge from the breaste of the one to the backe of the other But when occasion shall offer to fighte 3. foote or 3 ½ is i noghe from ranke to ranke meaninge frō the breste of the owne to the backe of the other and one for his one statiō soe that he ocupies before and behinde and for his person 7. foote To forme a squadron square of men yove shall wourke as before taughte in findinge oute the square roote which shall serve for fronte and flanke as by the example folowinge yove shall more plainely understande Suppose that yove are to frame a squadron square of men of 464. pikes to finde oute the square roote of this nūber firste pricke the laste chifer 4. towardes the righte hande that don pricke the other 4. towardes the lefte hande so that the figure 6. standethe in the midel nowe fall to the 4. that standethe on the lefte hande and say the raise of 4. is 2. in sayinge two times two makethe 4. whiche 4 yove are to substracte oute of the 4 that standethe on the lefte hande then conzeale the 4. and plase azero above it nowe fall to 2. that is in the quotient and say two times two makethe 4. whiche yove shall place right under the 6. whiche liethe in the mideste of the number given and say how many times 4 in 6. whiche can be but one in sayinge 4. times 1. makethe 4. oute of 6. restethe but 2. which 2. yove shall place a bove the 6. and cāzeale the 6. that don fall to 1. that liethe in the quotient under the chifer 4. on the righte hande and say one time one is 1. oute of 4 that layethe on the righte hande there shall reste 3. whiche shall be plased righte over the 4. towardaes the righte hāde then canzeale the 4. and there shall remaine 23. soe that 21. is youre fronte and flanke and 23. remaininge whiche shall serve to guarnish the culoures to se if yove have don well multiply 21. the square roote in it self and the producte will by 441. to whiche producte ad 23. pikes that did remaine and the som therof wil be like unto the firste number given which was 464. as by the figure folowinge yove may see A battel square of men of 464. pikes whose fronte and flancke is 21. Square roote 1 1  50 2500 2 4  51 2600 3 9  52 2704 4 16  53 2809 5 25  54 2916 6 36  55 3025 7 49  56 3136 8 64  57 3249 9 81  58 3364    59 3481 10 100  60 3600 11 121  61 3721 12 144  62 3844 13 169  63 3969 14 196  64 4096 15 225  65 4225 16 256  66 4356 17 289  67 4489 18 324  68 4628 19 361  69 4761 20 400  70 4900 21 441  71 5041 22 484  72 5184 23 529  73 5329 24 576  74 5476 25 625  75 5625 26 676  76 5776 27 729  77 5929 28 784  78 6084 29 841  79 6241 30 900  80 6400 31 961  81 6561 32 1024  82 6724 33 1089  83 6889 34 1156  84 7056 35 1225  85 7225 36 1296  86 7396 37 1369  87 7569 38 1444  88 7744 39 1521  89 7921    90 8100 40 1600  91 8281 41 1681  92 8464 42 1764  93 8649 43 1849  94 8836 44 1936  95 9025 45 2025  96 9216 46 2116  97 9409 47 2209  98 9604 48 2304  99 9801 49 2401  100 10000 For suche as are not expert in Aritmeticke i have set downe the a fore saied Table to finde the square roote of any nūber to then thousande whiche shall healpe muche suche as are not able in Aritmetike but suche as are inclined to be perfecte in this noble arte of warr i woulde wishe them not to wholy truste to this rule for the reasones before declared but rather learne to be perfecte in Arithmetike which is the sureste way A Squadron square of men of 361. Souldiers of the whiche 144. are pikes and 217. musketes Fronte of the battel Square of men 144 Pikes 48 Musk. 36 Musk. 76 Musk. 57 Musk. 361 Supose that yove are to frame a squadron square of men of 361. Souldiers of the whiche 144. are pikes and 217. are musketes and that yove woulde have the squadron proportionally lined every way withe the shott To wourke the whiche firste take the square roote of the 144. pikes whiche yove shal finde to be 12. and say that 12. is the fronte and flanke of the squadron of pikes that don take the whole number of shott and pikes whiche is 361. oute of the whiche alsoe take the square roote whiche yove shall finde to be 19. oute of this 19 substracte 12. the square roote of the pikes and there shall remaine 7. and so yove finde the number that yove demaunde for the girdlinge shott nowe devide the 7. into two partes and say that yove finde 4 in one parte
perceived and specially when it begines to decline oute of his righte course or line and the more darcke the nighte is when it is dischardged oute of a peece of ordenance the better youe may discerne it but in the begininge of the range or line youe can not see it so perfecte as when it begines to decline to the earthe which i have tried at the leager of Breda the nighte a pointed for the triumphe don for the regaininge of that place If for curiositie youe woulde have a ball made with wilde fire to burne within the water let the coate therof firste burne a litle before youe caste it into the water soe that it gives fire to the compositiones there in ordained for his execution whiche beinge fired to wit that parte or partes where in the vente is beinge filled with ayre doth cause the other partes of the same to shume and burne a bove the water with a wonderfull noyce admirable to the behoulderes The balles made for this purpose are lighte and if youe put them into a peece of ordenance beinge loaden with the ordenary pouder required for the executiō of the same in their roaring and wrastlinge of this ball it will burste unto peeces Soe that for to shoute bulletes or balles oute of greate ordenance armed with fire wourcke the cross barres nowe of late invented is the beste the maner of arminge and coatinge thies bulletes and cross barres i have set downe before who and with whate compositiones whiche are of rare executiones by sea and lande beinge well ordered by one of perfecte judgemente in this arte I have alsoe put downe neowe invented cross barres to be shot oute of greate ordenance whiche beinge armed as before taughte are excelente to burne townes and the enemyes quarteres and iam well asured that no comprabell device for that purpose was as yet invented neyther to by shoot in the fronte of a battell i meane those cross barres invented with chaines for beinge dischardged oute of a peece of ordenance in a reasonable neere distance in the fronte of a battell or any order or array y doupte not that it is the beste invention that hase beene divised as yet for that purpose the enemy beinge a reasonable distance of But the enemy beinge very neere at hande the cartadges and bagges filled withe musket bulletes nayles peeces of brocken yron peeces of chaines which beinge shoote oute of greate ordenance are of wonderfull executiones beinge handeled by prudente and curiouse gunneres of perfecte judgemente and longe practice in this arte The draught marked with the letter N. sheoweth howe the saied cross barr shall be put into the peece and the letter O. sheoweth howe the same flieth violently trough the ayre and howe it spreadeth a sonder when it is shott oute of the peece givinge a terrible noyce in his motion and range N. O. The draught marcked with the letter P. sheoweth howe this other cross barr is to be put into the peece and when it is dischardged the letter Q. sheoweth howe it spreadeth a sonder and flieth withe greate violence in his line and range P. Q. THE TENTHE CHAP. Treatinge of the confines of a Kingedome as alsoe of the goode lawes to by observed in the same and of many necessary instructiones thereunto apertaininge and who the same is to by fortified and stronge by arte or by nature or by bothe SUch as are desirouse to be couriose and experte in warlike afaires it importeth that they be of goode judgemente in fortificasiones as well to offende as to defende Notwithstandinge that for this purpose in all kingdomes and states are elected ingineres a luinge them a goode pinsion Yet suche as are of longe practice in warr and do aplie them selves well in hope to by advanced by theire a proved goode partes and suficiencie oughte to exercice them selves in fortificationes bienge very necessarie in owne who profesed to be experte in this arte of warr and knowe howe to intrinch and fortifie him selfe in many ocurrantes in oppen filde howe to cutt a trince to win a towne or any stronge place As also to knowe howe to drawe the plott of townes fortes and castelles and also in knowinge all necessaries for the defence therof and to know howe to prevente the stratagemes to be feared of his enemy Douptless thies thinges are of greate consideration for the strenghte of akingdome consisteth much in beinge well fortified togither with the quantitie and qualitie of his subiectes and in the goode qualitie of his dominion and country Those princes and Reepublikes are judged mighty and stronge whiche in theire kingdomes and states do montaine goode religion goode lawes and goode armes and do exercice the same and do inioy holsom ayre fertill grounde and naturall strenghte with suche other conveniente comodities therunto required To by vnderstoode that all countries are strōge by nature or by arte or by both By nature they are stronge when they are inuiored withe the sea rounde aboute or on parte therof or backed with marrasses or riueres and those to be stronge by arte and in theire frontieres nexte adjoyninge and places moste conveniente to haue townes castelles and fortresses fortified by arte All confines are eyther maritime or mediterraneall or both the one and the other whether they are montanouse places or in plaine campaina or do participate of the one and the other if they by mediterraneall it muste by viewed and considered on whate parte the enemy might come to offende the same and where he mighte moste comodiouse come to atempte And it is alsoe to be considered on whate partes he mighte make his inroades and retire a gaine with safetie and whether their by any situation whiche beinge fortified by the enemy mighte moleste or a noy the country nexte adioyninge If the confines of the kingdom by maritime or on the sea coaste all the coaste and circuide of the same are to by viewed and remarcked that prevention mighte be taken in due time in as muche as may posible to hinder the enemyes imbarcasion in the places moste fitt for the same Yea and in all places whiche mighte by suspected if it be posible for the better securitie of the kingdom or state but in some kingdomes the circuide and places on the sea coaste are so greate that hardly all can be fortified and so the enemy ariuinge with a mightie army and mighte be in a place litle suspected may put the kingdom and country in greate perill and danger as was seene by the spanishe navie at the conqueste of portugall when they landed neere cascales in a place never thoughte vppon by the portugeses so that they founde them selves deceived thinckinge that the disembarcation shoulde have beene betwexte the citti of Lisboa and Sangilians castell where they stoude fortified in theire trinches with determination to hinder the disēbarcation of the spanish navie but he landed in aplace far better for his purpose and of muche lesh danger whiche was