Army consisting of 8000 Footmen set in close Array in the time of Alexander the Great made use of a Salade or Head-piece made of the raw Hide of an Ox and had their Body cover'd with a Jacket or Coat of Mail made of Flax or Hemp twisted into Cords and 3 times doubled which were called Thoraces trilices from the number of Cords fix'd one upon another Homer in the 3d. Book of his Iliads arms thus the famous Paris He first put on his Greaves or the Armour of his Legs then he clothed himself with the Coat of Mail tied his Sword by his Side took his Shield and armed himself with a Helmet adorn'd with Feathers of divers Colours Now follow the Arms of the Roman Cavalry A Horseman carried a Lance in his right Hand and a Shield on his left which was an ancient kind of offensive Weapon made in the form of a light Buckler which the Horse of the Houshold who fought with a Lance in former times carried on their Arm his Body was cover'd with a Coat of Mail which is a piece of Armour made in the Form of a Shirt and wrought over with many rings or little marks of Iron which came down as low as his Knees His Hands were cover'd with Gantlets which were large Gloves of Iron for arming the Hard of a Horseman and his Fingers covered with thin Plates of Iron join'd together in the Fashion of Scales and his Arms with Bracelets a Piece of defensive Armour which cover'd the Arms as also his Knees with Greaves a kind of Boots or Armour for the Legs on his Head he wore a Morion with a Crest adorn'd with Plumes of Feathers and various Figures of Beasts-upon it Their Horse were arm'd with a Coat of Mail and Plates of Iron The light Horsemen carried a Javelin or half-Half-Pike in their right Hand which Javelin was 5 Foot and a half long and had a Head of Iron with three edges which was sharp-pointed and in their left Hand they held a great Shield and wore a Casque upon their Head There were also some Throwers of Darts which were light arm'd They carried on their Back a Quiver full of Arrows and had a Bow out of which they were to shoot them They wore a Sword on their left Side and some of them had a Dagger on the right side their Head was arm'd with a Casquet and their Legs with Greaves The ancient Names of the Greek and Roman Arms and Weapons with their Explication A Slinger was one who threw Stones with a Sling The Slingers were a part of the Roman Militia 1. A Sling is an Instrument made up of two Strings having a little Pouch like a Net in the middle for holding the Stones that are thrown out of it 2. A Dart is a missive Weapon made of Wood that is arm'd with a sharp pointed Iron at the end which is thrown with the Hand 3. A little Shield or a kind of a round Buckler wherewith the Infantry in former times was arm'd 4. Pilum The ancients called any Shaft of Wood armed with Iron by this Name and so all sorts of Arrows and Darts which they let fly were called Pila 5. A Dagger is a large Ponyard which anciently they us'd in fighting 6. A Salade is a slight covering for the Head which the light Horsemen wore It differs from a Helmet in this that it has no Crest and is hardly any thing but a Weapon 7. A Morion is the Armour of a Souldier being a Pot which he wore upon his Head to defend it It was used by Foot Souldiers 8. A Curiass is a defensive Armour made of a Plate of Iron very well beaten which covers the Body from the Neck down to the Wast both before and behind 9. Greaves a kind of Boots or Armour for the Legs 10. A Bracelet a piece of defensive Armour which covers the Arm. 11. A Pavice is a Piece of defensive Armour which the ancients wore in the Wars it was the largest sort of Bucklers whose two sides bended inwards like the Roof of a House or a shed of Boards for Souldiers and so it differ'd from a Target 12. A Target in Latin Pelta is a Buckler us'd by the Romans which was bended in the Form of a half Moon and of an oblong Figure 13. A Coat of Mail was a piece of Armour made in the Form of a Shirt and wrought over with many little Rings of Iron 14. A Jacket is a short Coat which the Cavalry in ancient times wore over their Armour and Curiasses it was made of Cotton or Silk stitch'd between two light Stuffs and sometimes also of Cloth of Gold 15. A Head-Piece is a Piece of defensive Armour for covering the Head and Neck of a Cavalier which is otherwise called a Helmet The offensive Arms or Engines which the Romans made use of in attacking Places 1. A Rhalestra a great Engine for throwing of Darts the Invention of it is attributed to the Phaenicians Vegetius says that in his time Scorpiones which M. Perrault has translated Arbalestres were called Manubalista to distinguish them from their great Balistae or Catapultae which were not portable after the same manner as our Harquebusses and Pistols are distinguished from Cannon 2. Balista an Engine which the Ancients made use of for throwing Stones it differ'd from the Catapulta in this that the latter threw Darts but both of them let fly after the same manner 3. Aries the Ram was a vast long Beam strengthned at one end with a Head of Iron which was hung on two Chains wherewith they us'd anciently to batter the Walls of Cities There were 3 sorts of them one was hang'd upon Ropes another run upon Wheels and a 3d. Sort was sustain'd by the Arms of those who plaid it When the Carthaginians besieg'd Gades they judg'd it expedient suddenly to demolish a Castle which had been taken but wanting proper Instruments for that purpose they made use of a Beam which several Men bore up with their Hands who thrust forward the end of it with so great Violence against the top of the Wall that by their redoubled Blows they beat down the uppermost Lays of Stone and so descending from one Lay to another they at last demolish'd the whole Fortification After this a Carpenter of the City of Tyre called Pephasâ—â—â—nos taking the hint from this first Experiment hang'd one Beam to another like a Balance and by the force of the many great blows which the Beam gave while it was play'd he batter'd down the Wall of the City of Gades Cetras the Chalcedonian was the first who made a Car of Wood which was driven upon Wheels and upon this Car he rear'd up many Posts standing upright and Beams lying a-cross whereof he made a Hut and having hang'd a Ram in it he cover'd it over with Ox Hides to secure those who play'd the Engine for battering down the Wall Since that time this Hut was call'd a Tortoise to the Ram
Scepter in his right hand crown'd with a Diadem and an Eagle by him There were eleven Images of Women round about Homer representing the nine Muses and his Illiads and Odysses set in the rank of the nine Muses Behind him are the Figures of Time and Harmony setting a Crown on his head Not far off is an Altar and near it on one side is represented the Fable and on the other the History and further off are set in order Poesie Tragedy Comedy Vertue Memory Faith and Wisdom The Singers who formerly sung the Poems of Homer were dress'd in red cloaths when they sung the Illiads and in blue Cloaths when they sung the Odysses and some wrapp'd up the Illiads in a red Parchment and the Odysses in a blue one Tully l. 3. de Orat. says that Pisistratus Tyrant of Athens was the first who set the Illiads and Odysses in the order we now have them Apollinarius wrote a Poem in imitation of the Illiads of Homer containing the whole History of the Old Testament to the Reign of Saul and divided also his work in four and twenty Books according to the four and twenty Greek Letters Besides this Poem he wrote Comedies like those of Menander Tragedies in imitation of Euripides and Lyrick as Verses fine as those of Pindar Pythagoras being come down into Hell saw the Soul of Hesiod tied with chains to a Brass Pillar and that of Homer hung to a Tree both expos'd to the biting of Serpents in punishment of what they had writ of the Gods Strabo tells us that of all the editions of Homer that which is call'd è Narthecio is the most correct and most esteem'd being the work of Calisthenes and Anaxarchus Aristotle gave this Edition to Alexander and it was called after that name because Alexander kept it in the rich and precious Box of Darius HONOR Honour a Divinity always represented with Vertue wherefore no man could get into the Temple of Honour but by passing first through the Temple of Vertue whereby the Ancients represented to us that Honour proceeds from Vertue and to that purpose M. Marcellus built two square Temples join'd together one to Vertue and the other to Honour because true Honour arises from solid Vertue These two Divinities are represented on the Medals of Vitellius by two engraven figures one of them stands on the right side half naked holding an half-Half-pike with one hand and a Horn of Plenty with the other and a Helmet under her right foot the other figure is on the left side and has a Helmet on holding a Scepter with her right hand and a Dart with the left treading with its right foot upon a Tortoise with this Inscription Honos Virtutes HORAE The Hours Poets tell us that they are the Daughters of Jupiter and Themis and Homer calls them the Door-keepers of Heaven that 's the Fable the Truth is The Hours that divide the Day in four and twenty parts were during five hundred years unknown to the Romans For till the first Punick War they reckon'd the day by the rising and setting of the Sun then they added Noon and in fine they found out the division of the civil day into four and twenty hours However there are two kinds of hours for some are equal and others unequal Equal hours are those that are always in the same state as the hours we make use of each of them making the twenty fourth part of the natural day They are to the number of four and twenty whereof twelve are for the day and twelve for the night Unequal hours are longer in Summer and shorter in Winter in regard to the day or on the contrary as to the night When I speak of unequal hours one must not think that one of these hours are longer than the other but only in respect to the several Seasons those of the Summer being longer than those of the Winter in regard to the day and as for the night those of the Winter are longer than those of the Summer And dividing this way the artificial day in twelve equal parts the sixth hour will fall at noon and the third will be the middle of the foregoing time from the rising of the Sun to noon as the ninth hour is the middle of the following time from noon to Sun-setting and thus of the others The Romans divided the hours of the day in to four viz. Prima Tertia Sexta Nona Prima began at six a Clock Tertia at nine Sexta at twelve and Nona at three of the Clock in the Afternoon Wherefore the Canonical hours were called Prima Tertia Sexta Nona us'd by the Church to honour the sacred Mysteries perform'd at these Hours Likewise the Romans divided the twelve hours of the night into four Watches call'd Vigiliae a Latin word taken from Military Discipline wherefore Pliny calls them Castreases Vegetius tells us why there are four Vigiliae in the night and why each Watch was of three hours It was not possible says he that a Soldier should keep Centry a whole night wherefore it was divided into four Vigiliae and at each of these Vigiliae they reliev'd the Centries and set fresh ones in their rooms Now we must consider how the Romans reckon'd their hours Prima began at six a Clock and comprehended three hours And if one ask'd how they reckon'd the seventh and the eighth hours we answer that they were distinguish'd amongst themselves and had their peculiar name viz. prima secunda tertia quarta quinta sexta septima octava nona decima as Martial tells us Prima salutantes atque altera continet hora Exercet raucos tertia causidicos In quintam varios extendit Roma labores Sexta quies lassis septima finis erit Sufficit in nonam nitidis octava palaestris Imperat extructos frangere nona toros Hora Libellorum decima est Eupheme meorum Temperat ambrosias cùm tua cura dapes The twelve hours of the day in the Equinox are here set down according to their order The first hour of the day was from six to seven the second from seven to eight the third called Tertia happen'd at nine a Clock And by these words Inquintam extendit was comprehended the fourth and the fifth hour viz. eleven a Clock in the morning Sexta befel always at noon the seventh hour was from noon to one a Clock the eighth from one to two the ninth was from two to three and the tenth was from theee to four and the rest was extended to the first Watch of the Night which began at five and six of the Clock in the Evening inclusively The hours of the night were reckon'd in the like manner as those of the day at the sixth hour was mid-night The Romans explain'd also the several times of the night in other undetermin'd terms For when the Sun was setting they call'd that time Solis occasus from the Sun-setting to dark night Vesper or Vespera from the
by his Litter and killed one of his Servants who carried a Torch whereupon the Emperor vowed a Temple to Jupiter Tonans for having preserved him in so great a danger Jovi Tonanti says Suetonius edem consecravit liberatus periculo cum expeditione Cantabrica pur nocturnum iter lecticam ejus fulgor perstrinxisset servumque praelucentem exanimasset JUPITER ULTOR Jupiter the Revenger of Crimes had a Temple dedicated to him by M Agrippa JUPITER HERCEUS from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Jupiter of private houses where an Altar was erected This privilege was only allowed to the Citizens of Rome says Arnobius Quicunque Herceum Jovem habebant jus civitatis etiam habebant JUPITER AMMON or Hammon had a Temple in Libya and a Statue under the Figure of a Ram from whence he was called Corniger Hammon This Temple was very famous on the account of his Oracles Jupiter is represented on several Medals sometimes carrying Victory in his right hand and a Spear instead of a Scepter in the left sometimes riding on a Kam or a She Goat with this Inscription JOVI CRESCENTI because he had been Nursed up with her Milk sometimes sitting in the midst of the Four Elements holding a Dart with one hand and laying the other upon the Head of his Eagle with two Figures that lay along under his Feet which represent the Two Elements of Water and Earth having the Zodiack round about him where the Twelve Signs are represented JUPITER OLYMPIUS sirnamed Eleus famous for his Oracle and the publick Games performed in Elis called Olympick Games On the Silver Medals of Lucius Lentulus and Caius Marcellus both Consuls is represented the Head of Jupiter holding his Thunder Bolt with his right hand and his Eagle with his left having before him a little Altar and the Star of Jupiter This Medal was stamp'd to pacifie Jupiter after the Thunder was fallen upon the Capitol Jupiter Conservator was also represented holding his Thunder-bolt with one hand and a Dart with the other and the Figure of the Emperour under his Thunder to shew that he was under Jupiter's protection or else his Figure was Ingraven laying upon a Globe and holding Victory which he endeavours to Crown and the Eagle at his Feet with these words JOVI CONSERVATORI AUGUSTORUM NOSTRORUM On the Medals of Nero and Vespasian Jupiter was named Custos and represented sitting on a Throne holding his Thunder in his right hand with this Inscription JUPITER CUSTOS or JOVIS CUSTOS JUPITER was sirnamed Anxurus in Italy and is represented like a young Boy without a Beard Crowned with Branches of Olive and holding a Goblet or Patera in his right hand and his Scepter in the other JURAMENTUM An Oath taken to confirm a thing The solemnal Oath of the Gods was by the Waters of the River Styx The Fable says that Victory the Daughter of Styx having assisted Jupiter against the Giants he order'd for a Reward of her Service that the Gods should Swear by the Waters of that River and in case they forswore themselves they should be deprived of Life and Feeling during Nine thousand Years as Servius reports and gives this reason for this Fable that the Gods being Immortal and happy swear by the Styx which is a River of sorrow and grief which is very contrary to their temper and that Oath was a kind of Execration in lib. 6. Aeneid Hesiod in his Theogonia relates that when any of these Gods had told a lye Jupiter sent Iris to fetch some Water out of Styx in a Golden Vessel whereupon the Lyer takes the Oath and if he forswears himself he is a whole year without life and motion but a very long one including many Millions of Years Diodorus Siculus l. 11. Pag. 67. tell us that the Temple of the Gods called Palici famous in Sicily was there much respctred and very ancient and that two very deep Basons were kept therein full of boyling Water mix'd with Brimstone always full and never flowing over In this Temple solemn Oaths were taken and Perjuries were immediately punished very severely some of them being condemned to have their Eyes put out Silius Italicus has expressed in Verse what Diodorus has here reported Et qui praesenti domitant perjura Palici Pectora Supplicio To this purpose Virgil speaks thus Lib. 9. Aeneid v. 584. .......... Symethia circum Flumina pinguis ubi placabilis ara Palici The two Basons where the Oaths were taken and the Divine vengeance broke out upon the Purjured were called Delli Macrobius after Callias makes mention of them saying Nec longe inde lacus breves sunt quos incolae Crateres vocant nomine Dellos appellant featres que eos Palicorum aestimant Aristotle assures us that the Person who took the Oath wrote it upon a Ticket which he threw into the Water The Ticket floated over if the Oath was true if it was false the Ticket appeared no more Appollonius Tyaneus l. 1. c. 4. in his Life written by Philostratus mentions a Spring of Water at Tyana in Cappadocia which was very like this above-mentioned This my Story of taking the Oath and punishing Perjuries was doubtless an imitation of what is written in the Book of Numbers concerning the trial of Waters which Women impeached of Adultery were obliged to drink The Rom ans swore by their Gods and Heroes ranked in the number of Gods as by Quirinus Hercules Castor and Pollux c. Suetonius relates that under the Empire of Julius Caesar the Romans began to swear by the health of the Emperours and by their Genius However Tiberius did not allow it but Caligula ordered that all those who should refuse to do it should be put to Death and came to such an excess of folly and madness that he commanded that the People should swear by the Health and Fortune of a fine Horse which he intended to take for his Colleague in his Consulat as Dion tells us lib. 59. They also Swore by one anothers Genius as appears by a place of Seneca Jurat per Genium meum JUS The Law There are three kinds of Laws the Law of Nature the Law of Nations and the Civil Law The Law of Nature is what Nature teaches all living Creatures and is in a manner common to Men and Beasts as Marriage Procreation and Education of Children The Law of Nations is what natural Reason has inspired and dedicated to all Men and is practised by all Nations as Religion towards God Piety towards Parents and Love of our Country From thence comes the difference and division of Nations settlement of Kingdoms share of Demesn Trade and most sort of Obligations From hence also arises the right of War to take Prisoners to accept of their ransom to set them at liberty or to detain them in slavery The Civil Law is what each City or State has established or enacted for a Law For natural reason having taught Men to live together and for that purpose
flew into Heaven they shave their Heads as the Egyptians do at the death of their Ox Apis. The Women who will not be shav'd are forc'd to prostitute themselves a whole day to Strangers and the Money they get by that Debauch is consecrated to the Goddess There is also another wonderful thing in this Country a River which goes by the Name of Adonis and descends from Libanus into the Sea changes its colour at certain times and dyes the Sea as red as Blood which is look'd upon as a Miracle this being the time which is dedicated to the Celebration of the Mysteries of Adonis because 't is believ'd that then he was wounded in the Forest of Libamus ADOPTARE to Adopt to take a Stranger and incorporate him into your Family to take him for your Son to design him for your Heir He who was adopted was enter'd under the Paternal Power of the Adopter and was taken from that of his own Father 'T was a Custom to put the Children who were adopted under a Mantle or Gown says Furetiere in his Dictionary as if they would thereby represent that they were the proper Children of those who had adopted them And from thence came the Custom of putting Natural Children under an Umbrella when they are legitimated at a Marriage ADOPTIO Adoption an act by which any one is adopted The Custom of Adopting was very common among the Romans yet it was not practis'd but for certain Causes express'd in the Laws and with certain Formalities usual in such Cases He that would adopt any Person was to have no Children of his own or to be past the Age of getting any In the Infancy of the Republick he was to address himself to the Pontifices that he might have leave according to Law This Right of the High-Priests lasted but a little while and after that application made to the People to obtain it in the presence of his Father who was to be adopted to whom the Question was put Whether he would abandon his Son together with the full extent of his paternal Authority and surrender up the power of Life and Death over him which Question was call'd Adrogatio The usual Form upon such occasions was this Velitis jubeatis uti L. Valerius Licio Titio tam lege jureque filius sibi siet quam si ex eo patre matreque familiar ejus natus esset utique ei vitae necisque in eum potestas siet uti pariundo filio est Hoc ita ut dixi ita vos quirites rego In the last Age of the Republick when it was just expiring Adoptions were made by the Sovereign Authority of the Emperors who granted that Privilege even to Women who had no Children by their Letters of Concession the words whereof were these Quoniam in solatium amissorum tuorum filiorum cupis privignum tuum vicem legitimae sobolis obtiuere annuimus votis tuis eum perinde atque ex te progenitum ad vicem naturalis legitimique filii habere permittimus Imper. Dioclesianus Maximianus A. A. Since for your comfort under the Loss of your Children you desire to adopt your Son-in-Law we grant your Request and permit you to take him for your natural and lawful Son Adoptions also were practis'd in their last Wills either as for Name or Goods In imâ cerâ C. Octavium etiam in familiam nomenque adoptavit He adopted into his Family and to bear his Name C. Octavius in the last page of his Will Titus Livius tells us that Caecilius adopted Atticus when he was dying by his last Will Gaecilius moriens testamento Atticum adoptavit Those who were adopted assum'd the Name and Sir-Name of him who adopted them and to denote their Family and Birth they added only at the end the Name of the Family from which they were descended or the Sirname of their private Family with this difference nevertheless says Lipsius that if they us'd this Sirname they made an Adjective of it As for instance M. Junius Brutus being adopted by Q. Servilius Caepio Agalo he assum'd all these Names and retain'd only the Sirname of his own Family calling himself Q. Servilius Caepio Agalo Brutus Octavius on the contrary retain'd the Name of his House and chang'd it into an Adjective calling himself C. Julius Caesar Octavianus which yet did not hinder but they might retain the Sirname which they had assum'd as Atticus did who being adopted by Q. Caecilius was Sirnam'd Q. Caecilius Pomponianus Atticus or acquire a new one by their brave Exploits as Octavius did who was afterwards sirnam'd Augustus 'T is with reference to this Rule of Adoption that we must understand what Suetonius says of Tiberius That be being adopted by M. Gallius a Senator took possession of his Goods but would not assume his Name because he was a contrary Party to Augustus Tacitus Lib. XV. Cap. 8. of his Annals tells us of the feign'd Adoptions which were condemn'd by the Senate A pernicious Custom says he was introduc'd of making many feign'd Adoptions when the time drew near of chusing Magistrates and dividing the Provinces among them by Lot for when they had obtain'd their Offices and Employments they emancipated those whom they had adopted Whereupon the Persons aggriev'd came and made their complaint to the Senate alledging the Law of Nature and the trouble of Education against these short and fraudulent Adoptions And therefore it was ordain'd That for the future no regard should be had to these Adoptions either in Offices or in Successions to an Inheritance ADOR or ADUS a kind of Corn which was usually offer'd to the Gods at their Sacrifices The word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 arista changing the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes Deus or from the word edo whence it came to pass that they said formerly Edor for Ador according to Festus or lastly from aduro because it was roasted ADOREA the Goods of this World in Plautus and Varro Glory Honour and Riches in Solinus and Apuleius a Present which was made to Soldiers when they were victorious according to Pliny and Victory it self and Triumph according to this Verse of Horace Lib. 4. Od. 4. Ille dies qui primus alma risit Adorea a Day celebrated upon the account of the first Victory obtain'd by the Romans over Hannibal ADORARE to adore a kind of Worship which the Romans gave to their Deities by putting their Hand to their Mouth and kissing it as we learn from Pliny Adorare manum ad os admovere The Romans ador'd their Gods both standing and kneeling with their Heads cover'd and after they had turn'd to the right hand and gone round about their Statues and Altars they prostrated themselves before them and lifted up their Hand to their Mouth and kiss'd it Saturn was the only God whom they ador'd with an uncover'd Head that being a Custom which they learned from the
whom all Evil entred into the World Sed Mulier manibus magnum operculum cum dimovisset dispersit hominibus autem immisit curas v. 92. This is the Description he gives of Pandora who was the first Woman made by the hand of God This was that Pandora who open'd the Fatal Box of Evils which over-spread the Earth in which Hesiod is follow'd by the other Poets as Pausanias observes The Life of every Man is likewise divided into Four Ages or Four different Times of which 't is made up viz. Infancy which continues till the Fourteenth Year Youth to Twenty Four Manhood to Sixty and Old Age to the end of our Life The Age or Term of Life at which a Man was qualified for Offices war differently appointed in the Common-wealth of Rome and under the Emperors A Man ought to be at least Seventeen years old to be Soldier None could obtain a Quaestorship till the Age of Twenty Seven They would not allow any to be Tribunur Plebis till Thirty Years old None could be an Aedile before he was Thirty seven Years old Nor a Praetor or Consul till Forty These fix'd Times could not be dispens'd with especially under the Emperors Tacitus teaches us that at first they had no respect to Age even in bestowing their greatest Dignities and he mentions young Men who were Dictators and Consuls It does not appear that those Ages were settled till the Year 373. under the Consulship of Posthumius Albinus and C. Calpurnius Piso when Julius the Tribune made a Law as Titus Livius relates which ascertain'd the Age for all Offices AETERNITAS Eternity was reckoned among the Gods worshiped at Rome It is differently represented to us upon Medals her Statue was sometimes drawn in the Habit of a Roman Lady holding a Javelin in her Right-hand and a Cornu-copia in her Left setting her left-Left-foot upon a Globe The Emperor Adrian caus'd her to be graven holding two Heads in her Hands Upon some Medals of Philip Eternity is also represented sitting upon an Elephant on a Chariot drawn by two Elephants or two Lyons with this Motto ETERNITAS AETHER Jupiter or the more fine part of the Air which is easily inflam'd and where the Thunder and Lightning is formed out of the subtle Matter which is set on fire there Hence it is that the Poets say that Jupiter causes the Thunder and darts Lightning upon the Earth This word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to burn and 't is likely that Jupiter is also nam'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ferveo to be hot AETHIOPIA a very large Country of Africk It was first call'd Aetheria after that Atlantia and since Aethiopia from Aethiops the Son of Vulcan according to Pliny or rather from the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 uro to burn The Hebrews call it Chus that is to say Black Geographers place Ethiopia under the Torrid Zone between Arabia and Egypt The excessive Heat of that Climate hath given Birth to many monstrous Men and Beasts of which the Historians Pliny Strabo and others speak AETHIOPES The Ethiopians or People of Ethiopia Hesiod calls them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Black Men. Homer gives 'em the Epithet of Blameless They go to fight dancing as Lucian says and before they draw out their Arrows which are set round their Heads in form of Rays they leap and dance to affright their Enemies They were the first who found out Astrology for 't is a subtile Nation which excels all others in Ingenuity and Knowledg Homer calls them Thrice happy They treated Jupiter with all his Train of Gods Twelve whole Days at their Sacrifices as we learn from the same Lucian AETHON the Name of one of the Four Horses of the Sun the First is call'd Pyrois i. e. Red because the Sun when it ascends above our Horizon being overspread with Vapors from the Earth appears red the Second is Eous i. e. Shining or Bright because the Sun being mounted up and having dispers'd the Vapors appears clear and bright Aethon is the Third which signifies Burning as the Sun is at Noon when it is in the middle of its course and when it scorches us with its Heat and Fire the Fourth is call'd Phlegon Russet-colour'd as the Sun is when it sets AETHRA the Daughter of Oceanus and Thetis and Wife of Atlas by whom she had a Son named Hyas and Seven Daughters who so lamented the Death of their Brother Hyas who was torn in pieces by a Lyon that they dyed of Grief Jupiter chang'd 'em into so many Stars which the Astronomers called Hyades or Rainy AETION the Father of Andromache the Wife of Hector who was slain at Thebes by the Greeks with his Seven Sons He was particularly honoured at the Olympick-Games says Lucian AETION Aetion a famous antient Painter who has left us a famous Piece of the Ameurs of Roxana and Alexander which he shewed to the Publick at the Olympick-Games he drew a magnificent Chamber where Roxana sate upon her Bed shining in glorious Apparel but more glorious yet by her Beauty although she lookt down for shame at the presence of Alexander who stood before her A Thousand little Cupids flew about her of whom some lifted up her Veil behind to shew her to the Prince others undrest her others pull'd Alexander by the Robe as a young Bridegroom full of Modesty and presented him to his Mistris He throws his Crown at her Feet accompanied by Ephestion who holds a Torch in his Hand and learning upon a beautiful Boy which represents Hymenaeus On his side are other little Cupids which wantonly play with his Arms. Some carry his Lance bowing under so heavy a burden others his Buckler upon which there is one sitting whom they carry in Triumph while another lies in ambush in his Breast-plate who attends 'em in the passage to affright ' em This Piece gain'd Aetion so great Reputation that he who presided over the Games gave him his Daughter in Marriage AETNA Aetna a burning Mountain in Sicily which was also call'd by some Mount Gibel which sends forth from time to time Whirlwinds of Fire and Smoke and Clouds of Ashes This Fire is fed by Veins of Brimstone and Bitumen kindled by the Winds which are inclosed in these subterraneous Caverns Fabulous Antiquity would make us believe that Jupiter having slain the rebellious Gyants with Thunder shut them up in this Mountain that the Bellowings which are heard to come out of it are the Groans of those Gyants who are overwhelm'd with the excessive weight of that Mountain and that these Fires that issue out of it are the Breath and Wind of these miserable Creatures This Virgil describes in these Verses of Lib. 3. of his Aeneids v. 578. seq Fama est Enceladi semustum fulmine corpus Urgeri mole hâc ingentemque insuper Aetnam Impositam ruptis flammam expirare caminis Et fessum quoties motat latus
the God himself That now his Temple was slighted which had been highly esteem'd in former times when they burnt upon his Altars the Thighs of Bulls and Goats He had also a Temple at Claros a little City in the Territory of Colophona where there was also a Mountain and a Grove dedicated to the Clarian Apollo This is represented to us in a Greek Medal of the Emperour Trebonian in which there is the Picture of the Emperour on one side and on the Reverse a Temple standing upon four Pillars over the fore-part of the Gate Apollo sits holding a Harp in his hand and under the Stairs of the Temple these Letters are to be read TO KOINON 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Corporation of the Ionians Under these Letters is an Ox to be seen at the foot of an Altar and round about it there are thirteen Persons placed in a Semicircle who lift up their hands on high with this Inscription under the sides of the Medal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Under Claudius Aristion a Priest of the Ionian Colephonians This last Word discovers to us that the Colophonians stamp'd this Medal for their City was one of the most famous in all Ionia and that which chiefly render'd it famous was the Temple of Clarian Apollo which next to that of Ephesus was the most considerable in all Ionia altho it was never finished as we learn from Pausanias in his Achaica yet it was very famous for the Oracles which Apollo gave there It was not built in Colophon it self but in Claros a little City belonging to the Territory of Colophon The most celebrated and the richest of all the Temples which Greece erected to this God was that at Delphos all the Nations of the Earth vy'd with one another in sending rich Presents thither and People came from all parts to consult this God there Croesus sent thither Ingots of Gold to build an Altar in that Temple and Phalaris the Tyrant of Agrigentum made a Present to it of a brazen Bull which was a Masterpiece of Art and a Testimony of his Piety The Romans likewise made many Altars and built many Temples to him at Rome and in other Cities of the Empire but the most famous of them all was that which Augustus built upon Mount Palatine after the Victory of Actium which he obtain'd over Anthony and Cleopatra Queen of Egypt from whence Apollo was called by the Names of Apollo Palatinus Actiacus and Navalis for this Prince could not satisfie himself with building to this God to whom he had address'd himself before the Fight a Chappel upon the Promontory of Actium with Games and Sacrifices in honour to him but he had a mind to give yet more signal and remarkable demonstrations of his Piety by erecting stately Temples to him in the Capital City of the Empire whose Structure and Magnificence is almost incredible It was built of the Marble of Claros with divers Ornaments within and without of richer Materials There you might see a spatious Portico for the holding a Library of Greek and Latin Authors Upon the Walls of this Temple was painted the History of Danaus's fifty Daughters on one side and on the other Equestrian Statues of the Children of Egypt In the place before the Temple there were four Cows of Brass done by the hand of Myron and therefore called Armenta Mironis which represented the Daughters of Pretus the King of Argos who were chang'd into Cows because they were counted more beautiful than Juno or rather because this Change of 'em was made in their own imagination by a black Melancholy whereof Melampus cur'd 'em with one Dose of Hellebore according to the Relation of Pliny In the same place grew a Laurel-Tree which was of the same Age with Augustus and had been planted before the Palace of that Prince The Gates of this Temple were of Ivory enrich'd with many Basso-relievo's which represented the Gaules when they threw themselves head-long from the top of the Capitol and the Fourteen Daughters of Niobe the Daughter of Tantalus who perish'd miserably through the Pride of their Mother who had provok'd the Wrath of Apollo and Latona against her In the Frontispiece there appear'd a Chariot of the Sun of massie Gold whose Figure was crown'd with Rays which darted so much Fire and so vigorous a Light that they were taken for the true Rays of that Star Within the Temple was plac'd the Statue of the God made of Marble done by the hand of Scopas an excellent Statuary together with another Giant-like Statue made of Brass being Fifty foot high There also was to be seen a Candlestick in the shape of a Tree on whose Branches the Fruit hang'd which were like so many sparkling Lamps and on these Branches the Poets hung their Poems which they offer'd up to Apollo as Horace tells us Ep. 3. l. 1. Et tangere vitet Scripta Palatinus quaecunque recepit Apollo The same Poet in Compliment to Augustus invites him to examin these Poems and consider whether they were worthy of Apollo Si minus Apolline dignum Vis complere libris vatibus addere calcar Horat. lib. 2. ep 1. Augustus caus'd also an Image of the same God to be made of Silver which wore Sandals upon its Feet and for this reason he was call'd Apollo Sandapilarius or rather because this Statue was plac'd at Rome in Sandapilario vico The Greeks represented Apollo as young and beardless having Hair dishevel'd and flying up as it were with a blast of Wind carrying upon his Back a Quiver furnish'd with Arrows and holding a Bow in his Hand as we see in the Medals of Nero where he is drawn crown'd with Laurel having his Quiver upon his Shoulder and the Star of Phoebus by his side with these Greek words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Apollo the Saviour We have also other Medals whereon he is represented sometimes holding a Harp in one Hand and a Branch of Laurel in the other and sometimes clothed with a long Robe having a Harp in one Hand and in the other a Cup which is the Emblem of his Divinity There is yet remaining an antient Figure of Jasper on which the Tripod of Apollo is to be seen and the Crow which was consecrated to him having at his Feet a Harp on one side and on the other a Branch of Laurel The Emperor Gallienus after his Expedition in the East caus'd him to be represented in the shape of a Centaur holding in one Hand his Harp and in the other a Globe with this Device Apollini comiti Probus made him appear like a Charioteer mounted upon a Chariot crown'd with Rays who holds the Reins of his Four Horses with these words Soli invicto The other Emperor as Constantius Aurelian and Crispus stamp'd an Image of him upon their Money which shew'd the Figure of a clear Sun crown'd with Rays holding in the Right Hand a Globe and in the Left a Whip with this Device Soli
to Ten Years and at last reduced to one This Republick was govern'd by Nine Archontes or chief Magistrates Six whereof were call'd Thesmothetae i. e. Lagislators the other Three were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the King 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the General and the Archon by way of eminence so call'd as being superior to all the rest They decided with sovereign Authority all religious causes and matters of State They were chosen by lot and afterwards examin'd and approv'd by the People in their Assemblies This Name was also given to the Chief President call'd Prytanis who presided in the Courts of the Fifty Judges taken out of the Five Hundred who judg'd by turns every Month the Affairs of private Persons ARCTOPHYLAX a Constellation which is properly nam'd the director of the Bear but is otherwise call'd Bootes ARCTOS the Biar a Constellation call'd by the Greeks Arctos and Helice which is situated in the North having its directors near it which is not far from Virgo ARCTURUS is a Star of that Constellation which is properly call'd Arctophylax This Word signifies the Tail of the Bear because it is very near it It rises on the first day of September and sets on the 13 th day of May and never appears but when it brings some Hail or Storm The Poets feign'd that it resides amongst Men in the Day-time as a spy upon their Actions and afterwards gives an Account to Jupiter of their persidious and unjust dealings in Trade or in Courts of Justice This is the meaning of Plautus in these Verses of the Prologus to his Rudens c. Nomen Arcturo est mihi Noctu fum in caelo clarus atque inter deos Inter mortales ambuloque intardius Hominum qui facta mores piatatem fidem Noscamus Qui falsas lites falses testimoniis Petunt quique in Jure abjurant pâ—â—uniâ—m Eotum referimus Nomina exsoripta ad Jovem The Poets made him the Son of Jupiter and Calisto and others said he was the Son Lycaon Arculae aves Birds which gave bad emens either by their flying or their manner of eating Because they hindred Men from undertaking any Business they were thus nam'd Aroulae aves quia arcebant ne quid fioret ARCUS a Bow The Bow and Arrows were the first Arms which Men made use of as may appear from the 21th Chapt. of Conesis where it is said of Ismael that he was an expert Archor and from the 27th Chap. where Isaac commanded his Son Esau to take his Arms i. e. his Bow and Arrows and go a hunting Pliny in B. 7. Chap. 56. attributes the Invention of Bow and Arrows to Soythes the Son of Jupiter from whom the Scythians who are now the Tartars took their Name who were very dextrous in drawing the Bow Plutarch also in his Banquet of the Seven Wise Men ascribes to them the Bow and to the Greeks the Invention of stringed and wind Musick But the Authority of Pliny is of no value wherein he differs from the holy Scripture which doubtless he never had any knowledge of Arcus Calestis the Rainbow which appears in the Clouds a natural Meteor but after the Deluge it was appointed to be a Sign of the Covenant which God made with Noah and of the Promise he gave that he would never again drown the World The Poets feign'd that the Rainbow or Iris attended Juno and carried her Orders from all parts as Mercury did those of Jupiter See this Fable more at large under the Word Iris. Arcus a Triumphal Arch which was erected to the Emperors and other great Men in ancient times in honour of them for their brave Actions several of them were erected at Rome but the most ancient was that of Titus which was very ingeniously and magnificently built On one side of it there was the Triumphal Chariot of a Prince with a Statue of Victory behind him which seem'd to hold out a Crown to him the Ark of the Old Testament and the bundles of Rods were carried before him On the other side was the rest of the Triumphal Pomp as the Two Tables of the Decalogue the Tables of Gold the Vessels of Solomon's Temple and the golden Candlestick which had Seven Branches The Senate and People of Rome erected likewise a Triumphal Arch to Septimius Severus at the foot of the Capitol after the Victory he obtain'd over the Parthians Armenians and Arabians Victories were there represented with great Wings holding in their hands Trophies and Crowns with this Inscription Imp. Cas Lucio Septimio M. Fil. Severo Pio pertinaci Aug. Patri Patriae Parthico Arabico Et Parthico Adiabenico Pontif. Maximo Tribunic potest XI Imp. XI Coss III. Procoss Et Imp. Caes M. Aurelio L. Fil. Antonino Aug. Pio. Felici Tribunic potest VI. Cos Procos P. P. optimis fortissimisque Principibus Ob Rempublicam restitutam Imperiumque Populi Romani propagatum insignibus virtutibus Eorum Domi. Florisque S. P. Q. R. There are still many other Triumphal Arches to be seen at Rome as that of Titus and Vesâ—asian that of Septimius Severus that of Galienus which was built after a very rude manner being of the Doric Order with one Arch only which has this Inscription upon the Frize Galieno Clementissimo Principi Cujus invicta Virtus solâ pietare Superata est M. Aurelius Victor dedicatissimus Numini Majestatique ejus There is also an Arch of Marcus Aureltus and of Verus and of Gordianus junior and lastly one of Constantine which the Senate erected to him for the Victory he obtain'd against Maxentius at the Pons Milvius in the Suburbs of Rome This last was all of Marble and of the Corinthian Order and had Eight great Columns and Three Avenues On one of its sides there is this Inscription Imp. Caes Pl. Constantino Maximo P. F. Augusto S. P. Q. R. Quod instinctu divinitatis mentis magnitudine cum exercitu suo tam de tyranno quam de omni factione uno tenpore justis Rempublicam ultus est armis Arcum triumphis insignem dicabit On the other side near the Rising Sun were Written these words Votis X and on the left hand Votis XX. On the Roof of the Arch about the middle on one side were these words Liberatori Vrbis and on the other Fundatori quietis Above the Capitals of each Column were represented in emboss'd work the most eminent Captives whose Bodies were of changeable Marble and their Hands and Feet of white Marble of the Isle of Paros In the Frize of the little Arches was the Statue of Constantine holding in his Hand a Scrowl which he seems to throw among the People for a Largess Suctonius calls these Scrowls Tessera Missillia and also Tessera Nummaria For these Scrowls contain'd certain Summs of Money and those who catch'd them were to demand them at the Exchequer or the Lot wherewith they were mark'd as is done in other Lotteries AREMULUS or Remus Sylvius the Son of Agrippa Sylvius XII
the command of Pisistratus the Tyrant of Athens and took the Liberty of rejecting some of them as did not please him From hence came the Custom of calling any one by the name of Aristarchus who is a critical and severe Censurer of other Men's Works Aelian says that he wrote more than a 100 Commentaries He flourish'd in the time of Ptolemaeus Philometor to whose Son he was Praeceptor ARISTIDES surnamed the Just who was the Son of Lysimachus He restor'd Aristocracy or the Government of the Grandees in Athens and upon that account by the perswasion of Themistocles who maintain'd the Popular State he was banish'd by Ostracism He maintain'd always an even and unimitable Temper of Mind in Prosperity as well as Adversity The evil Treatment which he received from his Enemies never made him in the least depart from the Rules of Justice and he neither govern'd himself by Passion nor by Prejudice He had so great a Love for Poverty that when he died the Publick was obliged to Inter him leaving nothing behind him Lucian in his Description of Calumny says that as just as he was yet he conspir'd against Themistocles being Jealous of his Glory for the best Men have their Faults and their Passions ARISTIPPUS a famous Debauchee who led an effeminate idle Life in sensual Pleasures and Feasting He was very ingenious in the Art of Luxury and was always maintain'd at Athens or the Court of the Kings of Siciâ—y who esteem'd him highly because he understood good eating would dance after drinking and knew exactly how to make the best Sauces and Ragoo's He shew'd himself so excellent in this Art that the Princes Cooks would come to take Orders from him and he would not receive them unless he was in the humour says Lucian ARITHMETICA Arithmetick a Science which teaches the Art of accompting and all the Powers and Properties of Numbers The 4 first Rules of Arithmetick are Addition Subtraction Multiplication and Division There was a Digital Arithmetick which is more ancient as well as more Natural for this way of reckoning by the Fingers seems to have been instituted by Nature which has given us this Expedient as more easy than any of the rest The Fingers are limited to 10. which is a mysterious Number and represents any thing that is most perfect and compleat Thus we plight our Truth to one another by joining our two right Hands together Ten is also compos'd of the 4 first Numbers 1 2 3 4. Which Plato commends at the beginning of his Timaeus for these Numbers being join'd together make the Number 10. And when we arrive at that we begin again at one for 10 and 1 make 11. 10 and 2 make 12 and so forwards Pliny tells us that the Ancients reckon'd no further than to 100000. Those who in Progress of Time invented the Cypher and the Arithmetical Figures which we now make use of have given us no more than 10 of them And the Pythagoreans after the Jewish Cabbalists maintain that all Tens are full of Divine Mysteries which gave occasion to the Institution of Tenths as due to God by which we pay him Allegiance and Homage for all the Fruits which the Ground produces by his Benediction Besides this digital Arithmetick is very ancient Nicarchus in a Greek Epigram tells us of an old Man who begun again to reckon his Years upon his left Hand St. Jerom informs us as to this matter that the number of a 100 was carried on from the left Hand to the right and was reckon'd upon the same Fingers but not on the same hand upon which account Juvenal speaking of the happy old Age of Nestor tells us that he reckon'd hitherto the number of his Years upon his right Hand Numa erected a Statue to Janus according to the Relation of Pliny whose Fingers of its right Hand were so dispos'd as to signifie the number 300 the Thumb and Fore-finger standing out at the full length while the other Three were bended towards the Palm of the Hand and the Fingers of the left Hand signified 55. the Thumb and middle Finger being bended inwards while the 3 other stood streight Beda treats of the same thing in the 1st Book Of the Nature of things but after a different manner It will not be impertinent to our present Subject to relate a Discourse which Francis the 1st had one Day at Dinner as it is set down in Vigenere A Discourse was begun in Praise of Augustus whose custom it was to keep always in his Chamber two great Registers one in which were entred the Receipts and the other in which were the Expences of so vast an Empire As to my self said the King I have likewise 2 Registers which I never part with Night nor Day viz. my 2 Hands whereof the Left represents to me my Receipts for the Thumb which is the strongest of all the Fingers signifies my Demains which is also the most solid and lawful Revenue that a good Prince can have the Fore-finger signifies my Aids and Subsidies the middle Finger which is the Iongest denotes the Taxes the Finger next to it the casual Forfeitures and lastly the little Finger the Salt and Excise The right Hand represents to me my Expence in general the Thumb signifies the Maintenance of my House the Salaries of my Menial Servants the great and little Equeries and the Treasury the fore Finger signifies the Fund reserved for the Necessities of the State the middle Finger a Fund for the Armies by Land the Ring Finger or the 4th the Payment of all the Officers of the Kingdom and particularly of the Judges in the Courts of Justice which bought to administer Gratis to my Subjects and the little Finger a Fund for the Armies by Sea The Romans mark'd their numbers by Letters which they disposed after this manner 1 I One 5 V Five 10 X Ten â—0 L Fifty 100 C a Hundred 500 D Five Hundred 1000 M a Thousand 5000 ↠Five Thousand 10000 ↂ Ten Thousand 500000 ↇ Fifty Thousand 100000 ↈ a Hundred Thousand These are the Figures of the Roman Numbers together with their signification and value for as Pliny observes the Ancients had no Number above a 100000 but when they reckon'd higher they set down this Number twice or thrice from whence also comes the Custom of counting by these Phrases Bis ter quater quinquies decies centena millia For the better understanding the Roman Numbers we must consider 1st That there are but 5 different Figures which are the 5 first and that all the rest are compos'd of the I. and the C yet so that the C is always turn'd toward the I whether it be before or after as is easy to be seen 2dly That when ever there is a Figure of less value before another which is of greater value the former signifies that you must take so much off from the latter As IV. Four XL. Forty XC Ninety From hence it appears that there is no Number which may
not be express'd by the Five first Figures 3dly That in all these Numbers the Figures encrease gradually 1st By a quintuple Proportion and then next by a double of the last before it Thus the 2d is 5 times as many as the 1st and the 3d. is twice as many as the 2d the 4th is 5 times as much as the 3d. and the 5th twice as much as the 4th and so of all the rest 4thly That the Figures begin always to multiply on the right side after such a manner that all the Ↄs which are put on that way are counted by Fives as those which are on the other side are counted by Tens And so we may easily find out all sorts of Numbers how great soever they are Thus when an Author of the last Age in a List of the Roman Empire had set down the names of its Citizens in the following Figures contrary to the Custom of the Ancients CCCCCCCIↃↃↃↃↃↃↃ -- IↃↃↃↃↃↃↃ CCCIↃↃↃ CCↃↃ taking the C next to the I on the left Hand for a 1000. or the first Ↄ which is on the right Hand for 500. and so going on to the end by a decuple Progression in each Figure on one or on the other side I perceive quickly that there are here in all one Million Five Hundred Millions a Hundred and Ten Thousand Citizens Which may be thus express'd in the Arabic Figures 1500110000. Now if we reflect upon this way of accompting we may easily understand that it had its original only from hence that Men having begun at 1st to reckon upon the Fingers they counted till it came to five upon one Hand and then having added the other to that Number they made of them both Ten which is the double of the former And this is the true Reason why the Progression in these Numbers is always from one to five and then from Five to Ten. All the Roman Figures themselves are also owing to the same original For what can be more natural than to say that the I is the same thing as if a Man shew one by holding forth one Finger only andthat the Figure V. is the same thing as if a Man catching the 3 middle Fingers should hold forth only the little Finger and the Thumb as containing the whole Hand and that if you add to these the same two Fingers of the other Hand join'd to either at the top they will make as it were two V's whereof one will run across under the other and so make an X which signifies Tin Manutius shews also that all the other figures are deriv'd from the first because an V is nothing else but two 1's join'd at the bottom so an L is nothing but two I's whereof the one is perpendicular and the other horizontal and if to these you add a third at the top then they signifie an Hundred by that Figure in Lieu of which the Transcribers for the greater ease made use of a C. If a fourth I be join'd to the other three so as to make a square thus â–¡ this Figure signified five Hundred in lieu of which they us'd afterwards 1st the IↃ and then the D. At last by doubling this Square â–¡ â–¡ they made their Thousand instead of which the Copiers either for Ornament or better Convenience began first to round the Figure and make it with one stroke of their Pen thus ∞ and after that thus ω from whence it comes to pass that we often meet with an Eight made horizontal or a Greek Omega to signifie a 1000. But afterwards they mark'd it thus CIↃ and then thus CD and at last because this has a great Affinity with the Gothic M. they us'd a simple M. to denote a. Thousand as the C. a Hundred and the D. for Five Hundred And from hence it comes to pass that there are just Seven Letters which are us'd for these sort of Numbers viz. C. D. I. L. M. V. X. unless you will add to them the Q. also which some have us'd for five Hundred according to Vossius We must also observe there are some who maintain that when there is a line above the Figures this makes them stand for so many Thousands as V. is Five Thousand X. is Ten Thousand I know not whether any examples of this can be found among the ancients but as it is certain that the way of accompting maintain'd by Priscian who thought that for signifying the Tens of Thousands we must place an X between C thus CXↃ is altogether false and contrary to Antiquity and that his Error proceeds only from his Ignorance of the true original of this way of reckoning which he had a mind to accommodate to our present way which encreases always by a decuple Progression But if at any time there be found an L between two C's thus CLↃ or the like 't is only a Fault of the Transcribers who finding in these Cases the I to be commonly bigger than the C mistook it for an L. A GENERAL TABLE Of Characters for Numbers The ARABICK GREEK ROMAN 1 One αʹ or Ι 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 I Unum 2 two βʹ ΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 II duo 3 three γʹ ΙΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 III tria 4 foure δʹ ΙΙΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 IV quatuor 5 five εʹ Π〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 V quinque 6 six ϛʹ ΠΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 VI sex 7 seven ζʹ ΠΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 VII septem 8 eight ηʹ ΠΙΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 VIII octo 9 nine θʹ ΠΙΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 IX novem 10 ten ιʹ Δ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 X decem 11 eleven ιαʹ ΔΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XI undecem 12 twelve ιβʹ ΔΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XII duodecem 13 thirteen ιγʹ ΔΙΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XIII tredecim 14 fourteen ιδʹ ΔΙΙΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XIV quatuordecim 15 fifteen ιεʹ ΔΠ〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XV quindecim 16 sixteen ιϛʹ ΔΠΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XVI sexdecim 17 seventeen ιζʹ ΔΠΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XVII septemdecim 18 eighteen ιηʹ ΔΠΙΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XVIII octodecim 19 nineteen ιθʹ ΔΠΙΙΙ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XIX novemdecim 20 twenty κʹ ΔΔ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XX viginti 30 thirty λʹ ΔΔΔ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XXX triginta 40 forty μʹ ΔΔΔΔ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XL quadraginta 50 fifty νʹ Δ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 L quinquaginta 60 sixty ξʹ Δ Δ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 LX sexaginta 70 seventy οʹ Δ ΔΔ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 LXX septuaginta 80 eighty .. πʹ Δ ΔΔΔ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 LXXX octoginta 90 ninety ϟʹ Δ ΔΔΔΔ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 XC nonaginta 100 a hundred Ïʹ Η 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 C centum 200 two hundred σʹ ΗΗ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 CC ducenta 300 three hundred τʹ ΗΗΗ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 CCC trecenta 400 four hundred υʹ ΗΗΗΗ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 CCCC quadringenta 500 five hundred
ruled by turns 50 at a time and after by Nine Magistrates of whom the Chief was called ARCHON This Government did not continue above 460 Years and their Commonwealth or somewhat like it being often interrupted by Tyrants who assumed an absolute Authority This City anciently so great is now reduced to a small Castle and a few Fishermens Huts but the Ruins of it gives us a sufficient Proof of its Antiquity Varro gives this Account of the Original of the word Athens An Olive Tree says he growing up out of the Earth on a sudden in a certain Place and a Spring of Water rising in another these Prodigies astonished the King who sent to Apollo at Delphos to know the Signification of them and what he should do The Oracle answered that the Olive Tree signifyed Minerva and the Water Neptune and it belonged to them to see from which of those two Gods they would name their City Hereupon Cecrops assembled all his Citizens as well Men as Women for the Women at that time had a Voice in their Councils When then they came to vote all the Men were for Neptune and all the Women for Minerva and because there was one Woman more Minerva carried it and the City was named Athens which is taken from that of Minerva whom the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Neptune being incensed at it depopulated the Country of the Athenians with his Waves and to appease him says the same Author the Women suffered 3 sore Punishments First that from that time they should never have a Voice in their Councils the 2d that none of their Children should bear their Name and lastly that they should not be called Athenians but Atticks Varro gives us also an historical and not fabulous Reason of the Name of Athens and tells us that there happened so great a Difference between Neptune and Minerva about it that Apollo durst not be an Arbitrator between them but left the Decision of it to Men as Jupiter did that of the three Goddesses to Paris and adds that Minerva carried it by the number of Votes ATHENIENSES the Athenians a People of Attica whose chief City was Athens very civilized and polited by Learning and being brought up in the Poverty of Philosophy were such Enemies to Luxury that they reformed even Strangers who came among them so far were they from suffering themselves to be corrupted by them They particularly honoured the Goddess Minerva to whom they built a Temple where certain Virgins kept Celestial Fire near the Image of the Goddess and their Money as also their Banners bore her Image They also gave a special Worship to Ceres appointing a Feast to her during which time the Women were not allowed to marry and abstained from eating lying upon the Ground Nine whole Days They put Malefactors to Death by making them drink the juice of Hemlock We read in the Discourse of Philostratus Of the Nativity of Minerva That the Rhodians wanting fire for the Sacrifices the Goddess left them and went to the City of Athens to which she gave her Name The Inhabitants having a fine and polished Mind gave her a particular Worship building her a Temple in their Castle under the name of Parthenos which signifies a Virgin where they set her Image of Gold and Ivory made by the Hands of Phidias 39 Foot high who engraved on her Shield or Buckler the Battel of the Amazons with the Athenians as also that of the Giants with the Gods and upon her Slippers the Fight between the Centaurs and Lapithae The Athenians says Elian wore Purple Garments having their Hairs tyed with Ribbons of Gold and Silver adorned with golden Grashoppers Thucydides in the beginning of his History calls the Athenians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Wearers of Grashoppers and the reason he gives for it is this He says 't was to distinguish Free-men from Slaves Lucian tells us the same thing Tretzes teaches us that the Grashoppers which the Athenians wore were to shew that they were great Speakers and very prolix in their Discourse ATHLETAE Wrestlers or Combatants courageous and strong Men who addicted themselves to bodily Exercises as running fighting and others of like Natures among the Greeks and Romans and for whom the Ancients appointed Prizes These Athletae were in great esteem among the Greeks but were infamous at Rome for some time Ulpian the Lawyer freed them from the Marks of Infamy This is the way by which they were matched in the Plays of the Cirque They took an Earthen Pot into which they put certain Balls about the bigness of a Bean on which was set an A or a B or some other Letter and always two Letters alike Then the Champions come forth one after another and made their Prayer to Jupiter before they drew and then put their Hands into the Pot but the Herald of the Plays stretching out of his Rod hindered them from reading their Tickets till they were all drawn Presently one of the Judges or some other Person took every ones Ball and joined them together who had the same Letters If the Number of the Athletae were odd he that had the single Letter was to fight with the Conqueror which was no small Advantage because he came fresh to the Combate with him who was weary Their Food was Barly Bread which was the Reason they were called Hordearii i. e. Barly-eaters and also another sort of Bread called Coliphia of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Robusta because it made their Bodies strong and robust Some fed them with soft Cheese and Dromeus was the first who fed them with Meat according to the Testimony of Pausanias in his Eliaca who gives us the History of Four famous Athletae of extraordinary Strength of whom the first was POLYDAMAS the Thessalian who in his Youth encountred and slew a Lion of a vast Bigness which harboured in Mount Olympus and infested the whole Country round about Another time he took a fierce Bull by the hinder part and pulled off both his Feet and with one hand he stopped a Chariot in its full Course The 2d was Milo of Crotona who knocked down a Bull with a Blow of his Fist after he had carried him a long way upon his Back The third was THEAGENES the Thasian who took a Brazen Image off its pedestal and carried it a great way The 4th was EUTHIMUS a Native of Locris in Italy who fought against an evil Spirit which very much disturbed the Inhabitants of Themessa and conquered him insomuch that he married the Damosel who was carrying to be sacrificed to it and freed the Country from that mischievous Daemon ATHOS Mount Athos situate between Macedonia and Thrace Xerxes cut a way through it to make a Passage for his Army when he went into Greece Lucian relates that the Architect Dinocrates who was in the Army of Alexander offered him to cut Mount Athos into the Shape of a
Man who should hold in his left Hand a great City and in his right Hand a Cistern which should receive the Waters of all the Rivers which fell from that Mountain and to convey them into the Sea Alexander commended his curious Design but did not allow of the Place because there were no Fields about the City to furnish the Inhabitants with Corn for their Subsistance ATIS a Young Man of Phrygia of extraordinary Beauty who was passionately loved by Cybele the Mother of the Gods The Poets make her run in a Fury to Mount Ida being transported with Love and searching the Forests and Rocks for him riding in a Chariot drawn by Lions and followed by the Corybantes who make the Mountain resound her Cries and Revellings she made him Overseer of her Sacrifices upon condition that he should preserve his Virginity but having violated it Cybele to punish him for it made him so mad that he wounded and would have slain himself if that Goddess had not changed him into a Pine-tree There is a Temple in Syria saith Lucian dedicated to Rhea or Cybele by Atis who first taught Men her Mysteries for all that the Lydians Phrygians and Samothracians knew of them came from him who was a Lydian After Rhea had made him an Eunuch he lived like a Woman and assumed that Habit and in this Garb he went over the World and divulged her Ceremonies and Mysteries When he came into Syria and saw that the Temple on this side of Euphrates would not entertain him he stayed there and built a Temple to the Goddess as is to be observed from many things for her Statue stands upon a Chariot drawn by Lions she holding a Drum in her Hand being adorn'd with Towers as the Lydians paint her By the Fable of Atis the Favourite of Cybele who was afterwards made an Eunuch died and was raised again Julius Finicus understands Corn and the other Fruits of the Earth which are cut with an Hook or Sickle die in the Granary and rise again by the Seed which is sown in the Earth ATIS or CAPETUS SYLVIUS or AEGYPTUS Dionysius named him Capetus Eusebius and Livy call him only Atis and Cassiodorus terms him Aegyptus a King of the Latins over whom he reigned 39 Years ATLAS King of Mauritania who because he was much addicted to Astronomical Observations gave occasion to the Fables which will have Atlas hold up the Heaven and that Hercules took his Place for a Day to ease him because Atlas being the first who taught the Course of the Sun and Moon the setting and rising of the Stars and all the Motion of the Heavens which he had discover'd with much Ingenuity and Labour The Painters and Carvers in Memory of it have represented him as holding up the Heavens upon his Shoulders Ovid tells us that Atlas was changed into a Mountain by Perseus at his Return from his Expedition against the Gorgens for refusing to entertain him but Hyginus says that Atlas having sided with the Giants in the War against Jupiter when he had overcome them the God constrained Atlas for favouring them to bear the Heavens upon his Shoulders Indeed there were 3 Atlas's the 1st King of Italy the Father of Electra the Wife of Corytus The 2d was of Arcadia the Father of Maia of whom Mercury was born The 3d. of Mauritania Brother of Prometheus of whom we have already spoken Herodotus knew no other Atlas but a Mountain in Africa which seemed to touch the Heavens by its heighth so that the neighbouring People called it the Pillar of Heaven and derived their Name from it But Diodorus Siculus tell us that in the furthermost Parts of Africk Hesperus and Atlas two Brothers had Flocks of Sheep with red Wooll from whom the Poets took occasion to make these red Sheep to pass for golden Apples because the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies Sheep and Apples Hesperides gave his Daughter Hasperis in Marriage to Atlas who had 7 Daughters by her who were called Hesperides or Atlantiades who Busiris King of Aegypt stole but Hercules travelling through Africk conquered Busiris recovered Atlas's Daughters and restored them to their Father Atlas to require this Favour taught Hercules Astrology in which he grew famous and gave him a Celestial Globe Hercules carried this Science and Knowledge into Greece and the Greeks feigned that Atlas supported the Heavens and was released from it by Hercules ATLANTIDES the Daughters of Atlas whom the Greeks call'd Pleiades and the Latines Vergiâ—â—ae were plac'd among the Stars They shew the convenient time for putting to Sea and are a sign of the Spring ATREUS the Son of Pelops King of Mycenae and Argos He made his Brother Toyestes eat two of his Children at a Feast viz. Tantalus and Plisthenes to be avenged of him Tayestes made an escape fearing the Cruelty of his Brother Aireus The Poets tell us that the Sun abhorring so great a Wickedness hid himself and retreated back into the East Aegysthaeus the natural Son of Thyestes revenged the Death of his Brother upon Atreus whom he slew with his Son Agamemnon at his Return from the Siege of Troy by a correspondence with Clytemnestra his Wife ATRIUM is generally taken for all the inward parts of the House Virgil uses this Word in the same Signification as Vitruviâ—s when he writes Porticibus longis fugit vacua atria lustrat Aeneid lib. II. v. 528. Apparet Domus nitus atria long a patescunt Ibid. v. 483. For 't is easy to see that Virgil in that Place understands by Atria all that can be seen within the House through the Gate when it is open as the Courts and Porches Vitruvius applies to all the kinds of Atriums two Ranks of Pillars which make two Wings that is to say three Walks one large One in the middle and two narrow Ones on each side ATROPOS one of the three Destinies which cut the Thread of Mans Life See PARCAE ATTALUS King of Pergamus who at his Death made the People of Rome Heirs of his Kingdom and of all his Wealth by Will which raised a great Disturbance at Rome and caused a war in Asia for Tiberius Gracchus Tribune of the People demanded that the Goods of Attalus might be distributed among the People The Senate opposed this Demand and ordered the Consul to put Gracchus to Death which he refused to execute but Scipio Nassica Chief Priest of Jupiter throwing his Garment upon his Head said they that love the Good and Preservation of the Common-wealth let them follow me and going immediatly up to the Capitol he was followed by the Senators who slew Gracchus and all his Parties in their Seats in the Capitol Aristonicus who affirmed himself to be the Son of Attalus and in that Quality thought to enjoy the Estare which the Romans claimed as Legatees of the King was an occasion of a 2d war in Asia ATTELLANAE See ATELLAAe ATTILIUS REGULUS a Roman Consul who won many Victories against
Memallelar i. e. Praters and Talkative-Persons These raving Women were clothed with Tygers and Panthers Skins with their Hair all loose throwing their Head backward They were crowned with Ivy carrying in their left Hand a Thyrse which was a Pine Staff Tacitus speaking of one of these Bacchae says Ipsa orine fluxo thyrsum quatiens and Sidonius Apollinaris describing the Troops of Bacchus makes mention of the Thyrse Tiger-skins and Drums They went through the Mountains in the Company of Bacchus crying out like mad Persons and often repeating Evohe Bacchae that is to say let Bacchus live happily An Epithet which was given him by Jupiter when in the War with the Giants Bacchus being transformed into a Lion vented his Fury on them and tore them in pieces BACCHUS the Son of Jupiter and Semele Apollodorus in his third Book of the Original of the Gods gives us this Relation of the Nativity of Bacchus Cadmus says he had Four Daughters Antinoe Ino Semele and Agave with a Son named Polydorus Ino married Athamas Antinoe Aristaeus and Agave Eehion As for Semele Jupiter was in Love with her and withdrawing himself from the Embraces of Juno he gained the Favour of his Mistress Juno envying the Happiness of her Rival disguised her self to cheat her and taking the Shape of Beroc Semele's Nurse she informed her that to be assured of the Love of Jupiter she ought to pray him to shew himself to her in all his Glory Jupiter having consented to it Semele was not able to endure his Splendor and Majesty but the Fire of his Lightning laid hold on the Roof of the Chamber and consumed it All that could be done in this Surprize was to save the Child for she had been big some Months and to put him very hot into Jupiters Thigh where he fulfilled his time at the end of which he came out and was put into the Hands of Mercury the Messenger of the Gods and the Confident of their Love who carried him first to Ino his Aunt and to her Husband Athamas to take care to nurse him and bring him up but Morose Juno resolving to shew her Displeasure to them caused Athamas to slay his eldest Son Learchus as he was a hunting taking him for a Deer whereupon Ino cast her self into the Sea with her Son Melicerta Then Jupiter to free little Bacchus from the Fury and Persecutions of Juno changed him into an Hee-Goat for a certain time When he recover'd his first Form Mercury carried him to the neighbouring Nymphs of the City Nysa in asia to compleat his Education who named him Dionysius from the Name of his Father and of his Country Lucian says that Bacchus assumed the Shape of an Hee-Goat to surprize Penelope the Daughter of Icarus whom he forced in Arcadia and had Pan by her The Theology of the Aegyptians and ancient Greeks teaches us that Bacchus or Dionysius is an Emanation or divine Power and confounds him with Phaebus Apollo Pluto Apis Anabis and Osyris It also confounds him with Janus and Noah and represents him by a Triangle which is a Figure of the Divinity according to the Ancients and Plutarch undertakes to prove that Bacchus is the God of the Hebrews and that all the Observations of the Jews are nothing else but the Ceremonies of Bacchus Homer as well as all the rest of the Greek Poets makes Bacchus the Son of Jupiter and Semele but Pausanias delivers the rest of his Story after a different manner The Inhabitants saith he of the City of Brasias hold that Semele having brought forth Bacchus Cadmus her Father being angry at it shut up both the Mother and the Child into a Chest and threw them into the Sea which cast them upon the Coast of the Brasians who taking it out of the Water opened it and found that the Mother was already dead but the Infant being alive they caused it to be nourished and brought up They add that Ino wandring at that time was his Nurse and they shew a Cave where she nursed him which to this Day is called Bacchus's Cave Uâ—pian in Athenaeus's Dipnosophistes after Euhemerus of the â—sle of Coos in Book 30. of his History relates that Cadmus the Grandfather of Bacchus was Cook to the King of the Sidonians and having debauched a dancing Maid of that Kings named Harmonia he had by her Semele the Mother of Bacchus Lucian in his Dialogue between Jupiter and Juno makes them speak thus Juno I am ashamed O Jupiter to have such a drunken and effeminate Son as this of thine is who is always in the Company of certain mad Women and who are more masculine than he Jupiter But this effeminate Man has conquered Thrace and Lydia and subjected the Indies to himself having made the King Prisoner with all his Elephants and which is most strange he did all this with his leaping and dancing among the Women at the sound of the Drum and Flute and for the most part drunk If any One dare speak of his Mysteries he will take them in his Chains and Agave herself has torn in Pieces her Son Penthius Is not this Great and Worthy of Jupiter What will he not do when he is sober since he does so great things when he is drunk The same Lucian in Bacchus relates his Expedition to the Indies thus Bacchus says he attempted the Indies notwithstanding the Raillery of some and Compassion of others who believed that he would be crushed by the Elephants if he escaped the Fury of their Arms for his Army was only made up of Women moved with divine Fury who instead of Bucklers carried Drums and Cymbols for Javelins Staves twisted about with Ivy for Arms Garlands of the same Tree and for Armour Skins of Hinds and Panthers They were attended with a Troop of Satyrs who did nothing but leap and skip like Kids whose Tails and Horns they have Bacchus also had Horns and was without a Beard cloathed with Purple and gilded Buskins and having Vine Branches loaden with Grapes woven between his Locks of Hair He rode in a Chariot drawn by Tygers which was all he had terrible his Two Lieutenants were the One a little old Man with a flat Nose trembling all over cloathed in Yellow with large upright Ears and a great Belly riding for the most part of his time upon an Ass and for want of that supported by a Staff but in all things else a great Captain the other a Satyr with Horns his Thighs hairy with the Beard and Feet of an Hee-Goat holding in his left Hand a Flute and in the other a crooked Staff and runs through all the Plain leaping and dancing and much terrifying the Women for he was hasty and passionate and when he came near them they ran with their Hair flying about their Shoulders crying Evohe as acknowledging him for their Master Nevertheless these mad Women among their other exploits tore Flocks in pieces and eat their Flesh raw The Indians seeing such a ridiculous
Crew more fit for a Ball than for a Warlike Encounter disdained at first to take Arms and thought to send their Women to fight them for fear they should disgrace their Valour by such an unworthy Victory but when they understood that that Army though ridiculous kindled a Fire every where for Fire is the Dart of Bacchus which he hath borrowed from the Thunder of his Father they armed themselves in hast and mounting upon their Elephants came full of Rage and Anger to encounter these Incendiaries When they came in sight of them they put themselves in order for Battel covering the Front of their Troops with their Elephants Bacchus also mustered his Army and set Silene on his right Hand which is that great flat Nos'd Captain above mention'd and Pan on his left and plac'd himself in the middle after he had dispersed the Satyrs every where as many Officers and Captains and given them for their word Evohe Immediately the Bacchae sounded a Signal with their little Drums and Trumpets and a Satyr having blown his Horn the Ass of Silene began to bray so terribly that being joyned with the howling of the Bacchae who then discovered the Iron of their Thyrses and the Serpents they were girded withal the Indians and their Elephants sied before they were within reach of their Spears and so they were defeated and subdued Diodorus in his second Book of his Antiquities gives an historical Relation of Bacchus and tells us that the most wise of the Indians say that Bacchus invaded their Country with a great Army from the Western Parts and that he over ran all the Indies not finding any City that dare oppose him but the great Heats of the Country much incommoding his Army he left the Plains and retired with his Army into the hollow of the Mountains which he called the Thigh which gave an occasion to the Greeks to feign that Jupiter put him into his Thigh He taught them afterward how to plant and dress a Vineyard caused several Cities to be built among them and furnished them with Laws and died after he had reigned over them 52 Years Antiquity has given Bacchus several Names He is called BIMATER that is to say One who had Two Mothers viz. Semele and Jupiter in whose Thigh he fulfilled his Time after he was taken out of the Belly of his Mother He was named Dionysius from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Jupiter his Father and the City Nysa where he was nursed Diodorus places this City in Arabia or in Aegypt on the Confines of Arabia Arrian and Quintus Curtius say 't is in the Indies of whose Opinion is Pomponius Mâ—la thus speaking of it The fairest and largest of all the Cities in the Indies is Nysa where Bacchus was nursed which gave occasion to the Greeks to feign that he was shuâ— up in Jupiter's Thigh Pliny speaks of another City called Nysa which is in Caria Stephanus reckons Ten of the same Name in several Kingdoms Some give him the name of Liber either because he rejoices and frees the Mind from the Troubles of Life or because he obtained Liberty for the Country of Baeotia He is also surnamed BROMIUS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Fear or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Thunder being born of a Mother who was consumed by Jupiter's Thunder He is called LYAEUS from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to drive away or because Wine excels Grief Lastly some give him the Epithet of Evan which in the Indian Tongue signifies Ivy which is consecrated to him We see him sometimes represented to us in the Shape of a Child holding in his Arm a Bunch of Grapes and sometimes in the Form of a Man carrying a Pine-branch We have a reverse of a Medal of Severus and Julia where is the Figure of a Chariot drawn by Two Panthers in which is set a Young Man holding a Pot in his left Hand and in the other a Tygers Skin to shew us that Bacchus was the Conqueror of the Indies and other Eastern Countries because he is pictured in a Triumphal Chariot with a Dart in his Hand and his Enemy prostrate at his Feet The Philosopher Albricus tells us that some have painted Bacchus with the Face of a Woman with naked Breasts and Horns on his Head crowned with Vine-leaves and riding upon a Tyger carrying a Pot in his left Hand and a Bunch of Grapes in his right Some picture Bacchus both Male and Female as is visible on the Consular Medals of the Cassian Family which shew us the Figures of Liber and Libera i. e. Bacchus both Male and Female Orpheus in his Hymn against Masae has positively asserted that Bacchus was ever thought to be of both Sexes as the greatest part of the Gods are He had a Magnificent Temple at Rome in which they sacrificed to him Hee-Goats because they destroy the Vine-branches and eat the Grapes as Virgil teaches us Baccho Caper omnibus aris Caeditur Georg. II. v. 380. BACCHUS the Son of Jupiter and Semele otherwise called Dionysius from the Island Dia now Naxus after he had over-run all the East with his Army subdued the greatest part of the Indies and taught Men the use of Wine was put by them into the Number of the Immortal Gods but when the Thebans disputed his Dignity publishing that he was not the Son of Jupiter but of some Man who had left his Mother he filled their Women with a divine Fury so that they ran with their Hair flying about their Shoulders loose into Mount Cytheron crying Evohe Tiresias and Cadmus were by this Action convinced of his Divinity and none but Pentheus opposed it discoursing of the Superstition of the Orgiae and labouring entirely to abolish them at which the God being provoked made him mad also and drove him into Mount Cytheron where he was torn in pieces by the Theban Women who were before turned Furies and took him for a Lion and his Mother Agave was the Woman that cut off his Head not knowing who he was The Tyrrhenians famous Pirates in the Mediterranean Sea as they were robbing upon the Coasts of the Aegaean Sea met with Bacchus upon the Shore and having taken him Captive thought they had got a considerable Prize whereupon they began to insult over him and to offer him some Indignities but the God seeing their ill Designs changed them into Dolphins to punish them as we learn from Philostratus in his Character of the Tyrrhenians Tzetzes thinks that Noab lived at the same time with the Bacchus of the Indians and Osiris of the Aegyptians and that he had for his Servant Mercurius Trismegistus who was the first Inventer of Learning and Arts from the Instructions which he had received from Noah who had preserved Arts Learning and Sciences which had been invented and exercised during the 16 or 17 Ages which preceded the Deluge The same Author says elsewhere that near the Mountains of India are to be seen the Pillars of
seniorem quidem Jovem Bacchum Juniorem We have proved that Noah was the first to whom the Assyrians or Babilonians applyed the History or Fable of Bacchus Cicero mentions five several Bacchus's Dionysios maltos habemus primum à Jove Proserpinâ Natum secundum Nilo qui Nysam dicitur interemisse tertium Caprio patre eumque Regem Asiae praefuisse dicunt cui Sabazia sunt instituta quartum Jove Lunâ cut sacra Orphica putantur confici quintum Niso natum Thione à quo Trieterides constitutae putantur De Natur. Deor. lib. III. 'T is not easy to distinguish all these Bacchus's Diodorus Siculus makes but one of the first and third of Cicero saying that Sabazius was the Son of Jupiter and Proserpina the Fourth is the same with that of the Greeks He that reigned in Asia may well be that of the Assâ—rians Cicero had no Knowledge of the Bacchus of the Arabians which they call UROTAL Diodorus Siculus distinguishes between several Bacchus's but allows the greatest Antiquity to him of the Indies where Wine was first found out Nonnulli tres diversis temporibus extitisse asserunt sua cuique facinora attribuunt inter quos omnium vetustissimus natione Indus sit Hic quod sponte ob benigni tatem Aeris solis temperiem regio illa vitium fertilus est primus racemos torcularibus pressit emolumenta vini observavit Hic ille Bacchus aiunt arma per universum orbem circumtulit vineas conserendi rationem edocuit 'T is hard not to acknowledge that this is the History of Noah who planted a Vineyard in Armenia which may pass for one part of the Indies for some give the Name of Indies to all the Eastern Provinces Diodorus says that Bacchus is said to be born twice because the Vine was before the Deluge of Deucalion and grew again after the Deluge when all thought it was dead Philostratus assures us that the Indians held that their Bacchus came to them out of Assyria wherefore the first Bacchus was the Assyrian and so can be no other than Noah The Lybians according to Diodorus had also their Bacchus the Son of Jupiter Ammon and Amalthea whom they also paint with Horns They maintain that he was much more ancient than the Aegyptian or Graecian although Diodorus owns that the Graecian though the last swallowed up all the rest so that their Antiquity was then almost forgotten The Romans never knew any but the Bacchus of Greece the Memory of all the rest being quite lost through their very great Antiquity Posthumius the Dictator vowed and built a Temple to Liber and Libera Nonnus thinks that the several Names of Bacchus are for the most part the Names of the true God which the Impiety of Idolaters attributed to their false Gods Dionysius may come from Jehova Nissi that is to say Dominus veaeillum mâ—â—m IACCHUS may come likewise from Jehova or Jao for so the Greeks sometime pronounce Jehova ADONEUS plainly comes from Adonas ELELEUS comes from El Elohim that is to say Deus Deorum HYES comes from hu es i. e. ipse ignis ATTES comes from atta cs i. e. tu ignis for Bacchus was born according to the Fable among the Fires of the Thunder of his Father Jupiter Bacchus is often represented by the Poets under the Form of a Bull because God is often called in Scripture Abbir which signifies the Strong and a Bull. EVOHE is a Term which the Scripture uses in speaking of Drunkards Cui vae tui evohe iis qui vino immorantur BASSAREUS comes from Batsar which signifies to gather the Vintage DITHYRAMBUS comes from the Syriack dithert abban which is the same with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. who hath Two Fathers IACCHUS come from the Syriack Janko or Jacco which is the same with Puer Lactens and such is Bacchus often represented 'T is feigned that he was born of Jupiter's Thigh because 't is a Phrase used among the Hebrews to express ordinary Generation Nasci de faemore Patris If some say he was born upon the Mountain Merus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 't is because the word signifies a Thigh or rather because the Hebrew Tongue calls those parts of Mountains Jâ—â—â—â— Jarkete Thighs which we call the Sides If Bacchus has been called BRISAEUS and BRESSAEUS it comes from the Syriack bres â—cubsa that is to say lacus mellis for all the Ancients have made Bacchus the Inventor of Honey As to the name LIBER Bochart beiieves that it is an Imitation of the Hebrew Word Her hurim which signifies Noble and Free Persons as in Ecclesiastes Filius Hurim is the same with Filius Heroum BAETYLIA rough and shapeless Stones which were the first Statues which Men began to adore This Name comes evidently from Bethel which was the Name which Jacob gave a Stone upon which he laid his Head to sleep and which he dedicated in the Morning to God pouring out Oyl upon it in Memory of the Vision he had been of a Mysterious Ladder BALISTA a Sling a Warlike Engine which the Ancients used to cast Stones with Slings says Vitruvius were made after diverse manners though all used to the same Purpose One sort was framed with Levers and Bars another with Pullies another with a Crane and others with a toothed Wheel This Engine was made much like a Cross-Bow which cast Bullets BALNEAE or BALINEAE Baths to bath and wash in very common among the Greeks and Romans Two things are understood by this word the Buildings in which these Baths were inclosed called Balnearia and the Tubs wherein they bathed 'T is not certainly known who brought in this Custom of Bathing but 't is plain that the Greeks used it before the Romans We also find that the Carthaginians had some Baths for Persons of Quality and others for their common People The Romans at first used Baths very seldom contenting themselves to wash their Feet Arms and Hands every Day after Travel unless on Feasts when they washed their whole Body In these early times when Luxury had not disordered their Manners they did not aim at any Magnificence or Pleasure in building Baths but afterwards things came to such an excess that in the time of Sylla a certain Man named Sergius Orata built a Bath hanging in the Air at great expence Hic est Sergius Orata qui primus Baineas pensiles habuit M. Agrippa to gain the good esteem and favour of the People of Rome caused an 170 publick Baths to be built in that City with all the Ornaments and Magnificence imaginable But the most extravagant Expences in building Baths was in the time of the Emperor Augustus when they appeared as so many Cities for their vast extent and for the Variety of Apartments which they contained the one being for Summer and the other for Winter The most famous Baths were those of M. Agrippa Nero Domitian Alexander Severus Vesoasian Titus Gordian Aurelian and Trajan but
at Table his Wife Clyâ—emnestra clave his Skull with the Blow of an Ax having first entangled him in a Shirt without a Bosom and afterwards falling upon Cassandra she killed her after the same manner But Orestes the Son of Agamemnon coming in by Stealth killed his own Mother and her adulterous Lover as also the Murderer of his Father CASSIDARIUS He who had the Care and Oversight of the Salades and the Armour for the Head which were kept in the Arsenals at Rome CASSIOPEA the Wise of Cepheus King of Ethiopia who incurred the Indignation of the Nereides for being accounted more beautiful which was the Cause why her Daughter Andromeda was exposed to a Sea-monster that so the Mother might be punished in the Daughter But Perseus at his Return from Libya rescued her from the Jaws of this Monster when it was just ready to devour her and in Acknowledgment of this Kindness Cepheus gave her to him in Marriage Cassiope was taken up into Heaven by the Favour of her Son-in-law where the Astronomers represent her to us as sitting upon a Chair in the Milky-way between Cepheus and Andromeda who touches our Summer Tropick with her Head and Hand Vitruvius has given us the following Description of these Constellations Perseus leans with his Right-hand upon Cassiope holding with the Left which is over Auriga the Waggoner the Head of Gorgon by the Crown and placing it under the Feet of Andromeda The Right-hand of Andromeda is over the Constellation of Cassiope and the Left over the Northern Pisces Cassiope is in the Middle and Capricorn has the Eagle and Dolphin above it which are dedicated to them CASTALIUS FONS the Castalian Fountain in Phocis scituate at the Foot of Mount Parnassus which the Poets feign'd to be dedicated to Apollo and the Muses which from thence were surnamed Castalides CASTITAS Chastity which the Romans made a Goddess of and which they represented in the Habit of a Roman Lady holding a Scepter in her Hand and having Two white Doves at her Feet CASTOR the Son of Tyndarus King of Laconia and of Leda the Daughter of Thestius The Fable gives us an Account that Jupiter being smitten with the Beauty of Leda transformed himself into a Swan to enjoy her Embraces who growing big with Child was at length brought to Bed of Two Eggs in each of which there were Two Twin-Children In the first Pollux and Helena were included of Jupiter's getting and in the other Castor and Clytemnestra of Tindarus's All these Children though gotten by different Fathers were nevertheless called from the Name of one of them Tyndarides Castor and Pollux were brave and of great Courage for they cleared the Seats of Pirates carried off their Sister Helena by Force when she was ravished by Theseus and they went with Jason to the Conquest of the Golden Fleece Castor being descended of a Mortal Father was killed by Lynceus but Pollux his Brother being descended of Jupiter was Immortal They were placed in the Number of the Dil Indigetes or Genitales by the Greeks and Romans because they descended originally from the Country Diodorus Siculus relates that the Argonauts being destressed with a great Tempest Orpheus made a Vow to the Gods of Samothracia whereupon the Storm immediately ceased and Two Coelestial Fires appeared over the Heads of Castor and Pollux who were amongst the Argonauts from whence comes the Custom of invoking the Gods of Samothracia in a Tempest and or giving the Names of Castor and Pollux to those Two Coelestial Fires Lucian in the Dialogue of Apollo and Mercury bring in Apollo speaking thus upon the Occasion of these Two Brethren Apoll. Can you learn to know Castor from Pollux for I am always deceiv'd upon the accont of their Likeness Merc. He who was Yesterday with us is Castor Apoll. How can you discern them they being so like one another Merc. Pollux has a Face black and blew by a Blow he received in fighting and particularly at Bebryx in his Voyage with the Argonauts Apol. You 'll oblige me to tell me of Things particularly for when I see their Eggs-shell white Horse Spear and Stars I always confound them together but tell me why these Two Brothers never appear in the Heaven at the same Time Merc. Because it being decreed that these Two Sons of Leda should one be Mortal and the other Immortal they divided their good and bad Fortune like good Brethren and so live and die by Turns Apoll. This is a great Impediment to their Love for so they can never see or discourse one with another But what Art or Trade do they profess For every one of us hath his Business I am a Prophet my Son is a Physician my Sister a Midwife and thou art a Wrestler Do they do nothing but eat and drink Mer. They succour Mariners in a Tempest Apol. That 's a necessary Employment provided they perform it well Arrian says that Alexander while he was carrying on his Victories in Persia sacrificed one Day to Castor and Pollux instead of Hercules to whom that Day was dedicated by the Macedonians and that while the Feast lasted after the Sacrifice was over he talked sometimes of the great Actions of Castor and Pollux and at other times of Hercules Cicero relates a wonderful Judgment which befel Scopas because he had spoken contemptibly of these two Brethren Dioscorides being crushed to Death by the Fall of his Chamber whereas Simonides who wrote their Encomium was called out of them by two unknown Persons Phoedrus recites this History more at large in the 4th Book of his Fables Fab. 22. The Greek and Roman History is filled with the miraculous Appearances of these two Brethren either to obtain a Victory or publish it when it was gained for they were seen fighting upon two white Horses at the Battle which the Romans fought against the Latins near the Lake Regillus But Cicero tells how we must credit these Relations He says that Homer who lived a little after these two Brethren assures us that they were buried in Macedonia and consequently could not come to declare a Victory obtain'd by Vatienus The Romans did not omit building them a magnificent Temple where they sacrificed to them white Lambs and appointed a Feast to be kept in Honour of them at which a Man sitting upon one Horse and leading another runs full speed and at the End of the Race leaps nimbly upon the Horse which is in his Hand having a bright Star upon his Hat to shew that only one of the Brothers was alive because indeed the Stars of Castor and Pollux are to be seen above our Horizon and sometimes not CATA PULTA a Warlike Engine so called with which the Ancients used to throw Javelins twelve or fiftten Foot long The Description of a Catapulta says M. Perrault in his Notes upon Vitruvius is understood by no Body tho' many great Persons have applied themselves to it very carefully as Justus Lipsius has observed The
challenge to themselves the Glory of having been the Places of the Birth-place of Ceres which was the Inventor of Corn. Herodotus confesses that the Rites of Ceres whom he calls the Law-giver were brought out of Aegypt into Greece The Cities of Greece as Pausanias says but chiefly Athens and Argos disputed together as the Aegyptians and Phrygians did about the Beginning and Antiquity of the Rites of Ceres and the Gift of Corn. He tells us that the Mysteries of Ceres and Isis were so secret that it was not permitted to any to see her Statue except her Priests and he adds elsewhere that it was not allowed to any who were not admitted to those Religious Rites to inquire into them much less to be present and Spectators at them He speaks also of another Temple of Ceres into which only Women might enter assuring us that the Mysteries and Sacrifices of Ceres Eleusina were the most sacred that Greece had Some distinguish the great Mysteries which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the lesser which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The great Ones were observ'd every Year in Argos and the lesser once in Five Years at Eleusis the former in the Spring and the latter in Autumn as if they had a Respect to the Approaches or Departure of the Sun The lesser lasted Nine Days and after it they celebrated several sorts of Combats Cicero tells us that at Catanea in Sicily Ceres was honoured as she was at Rome and in other Parts of the World where she had a Statue which no Man ever knew more of than if there never had been any Men never went into her Temple but only Women and those Virgins who performed all the Offices of Priests Sacrarium Cereris est apud Catanenses eâdem religione quâ Romae quâ in caeteris locis quâ propè in toto orbe terrarum In eo sacrario intimo fuit signum Cereris per-antiquum quod viri non solùm cujusmodi esset sed ne esse quidem sciebant Aditus enim in i◠sacrarium non est viris sacra per mulieres virgines consici solent If we will find out the Original of the Mysteries of Ceres Eleusina we must remember that the Invention of Plowing is attributed by some to Ceres who taught it Triptolemus by others to Bacchus For the great Mystery of Bacchus instituted by Isis or Ceres who came in after-times out of Aegypt into Greece was the Worship of a Phallus or the Privy-member of Osiris which could not be found by Isis after Typhon had put him to Death and to which Ceres or Isis gave those infamous Honours St. Augustine in his Seventh Book de Civitate Dei speaks thus of Ceres Amongst the Mysteries of Ceres the most famous are those of Ceres Eleusina which the Athenians celebrated with much Pomp. All that Varro says respects the Invention of Corn which he attributes to her and the Stealing of Proserpina by Pluto fignifies only the Fruitfulness of the Earth This Fruitfulness adds he failing for some time and the Earth becoming barren gave Occasion to this Opinion that Pluto had stolen the Daughter of Ceres and kept her in Hell i. e. Fruitfulness it self but after this Calamity which had caused publick Grief when Fruitfulness returned Pluto was thought to restore Proserpina and so publick Feasts were appointed to Ceres We have several Medals upon which Ceres is represented to us That of Memmius Edilis Curulis shews her to us sitting holding Three Ears of Corn in her Right-hand and a light Torch in her Left Another of C. Volteius represents her in a Chariot drawn by Two Serpents having Torches in her Hands and setting her Foot upon a Sow which is ordinarily offered in Sacrifice to her because that Beast destroys the Corn. Her Statue also is carved in the Habit of a Roman Matron with a Crown of Garlands and Ears of Corn holding in her Hand a Crown of Poppies and riding in a Chariot drawn with Two flying Dragons CERTES a People of Italy inhabiting the City Caere who entertain'd the Vestal Virgins when they fled from Rome in the Invasion of the Gauls The Romans acknowledged this Benefit and granted the Freedom of the City of Rome to these People yet without any License to vote in their Assemblies or to execute any Office in their Commonwealth and from hence arises the Proverb In Ceritum tabulas referre aliquem to deprive a Citizen of his Right of Voting CEROMA a Mixture of Oyl and Wax a Sear-cloth with which the Wrestlers rubbed themselves It not only made their Limbs more sleek and less capable of being laid hold of but more pliable and fit for Exercise CEROSTROTA In-laying Salmasius thinks it should be read Cestrota as coming from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies an Iron-Spit because the Divisions in the Wood are burnt with an Iron-Spit which is still done in our In-laying when by the Help of Fire the little Pieces of Wood which make up the Figures are made black to represent the Shadows This Author is yet of Opinion that we might still retain the Word Cerostrata because for the more easie burning of the Wood it is rubbed with Wax Philander derives this Word from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies an Horn which is much used in In-laying being died of several Colours CHALCIDICA Banqueting-houses some are very cautious says Mr. Perrault to know what this Word signifies Philander thinks that this Greek Word signifies the Places where Money-matters were decided or the Office for the Mint supposing that Word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Brass and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Justice Some will have it read Causidica as much as to say an Hall for pleading Festus informs us that Chalcidica was a sort of Building first found out in the City of Chalcis Arnobus calls Chalcidica the fine Halls where the Poets feigned that the Pagan Gods supped Barbaro and Baldus think it a proper Name for that sort of Buildings which Dion says was erected by Julius Casar in Honour of his Father Palladio follows Barbaro in his Design and draws this Building in the Fashion of the Judgment-seat described by Vitruvius in the Temple of Augustus which was joined to the great Church of Fano But Ausonius interpreting a Verse in Homer where he speaks of an old Woman who went up into an high Place makes use of Chalcidicam to express 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies in Greek an upper Room Cisaranus and Caporali think also that Chalcidica is a Noun Adjective and say that in longitudine Chalcidica implies that a Palace built in a spacious Place ought to have the same Proportion with the great Churches of the City of Chalcis but the true Construction of the Text will not bear that Interpretation Let us then take the Opinion of M. Perrault upon these Words Being assured by the Testimony of Ausonius that Chalcidica was a lofty Place which we call the first Story
Lawrels referred to those that were planted at the Emperor's Gate the first Day of the Year or when they had obtained some Victory Dio speaking of the Honours which the Senate bestowed upon Augustus says that they ordered Lawrels to be planted before his Palace to shew that he was always victorious over his Enemies whence it is that Pliny very properly calls a Lawrel Caesar's Porter the only Ornament and faithful Guardian of their Palaces Gratissima dominibus janitrix Caesarum quae sola domos exornat ante limina excubat There remains still another sacred Buckler on which is represented that victorious Action which Scipio Africanus did at the taking of New Carthage in Spain it is related at large in Livy But says he Scipio calling the Spanish Hostages whom he had taken Prisoners comforted them in their ill Fortune and told them that they were come into the Power of the People of Rome who took more Delight in gaining Hearts by Kindness than in making them Subjects through Fear and who loved more to have Foreign Nations for their Allies and Friends than to lay upon them an heavy Bondage Then having taken the Names of all their Cities he caused a List to be made of all the Prisoners inquiring of them their Name and Country and sent out Posts all Ways that every Family concerned should come and receive his own surrendring up to the Governours of the Cities that were present their Citizens and advising Caius Flaminius the Treasurer to treat the rest with all imaginable Civility At the same time a very aged Matron crowded through the Throng of Hostages to cast her self at his Feet she was the Wife of Man donius the Brother of Indibilis King of the Illergetae Her Petition mixed with Tears and Sobs was that Scipio would please to recommend the Care of the Ladies to his Guards and when Scipio answered they should want nothing convenient for their Subsistance she replied 't is not that that I am concerned for for in this Disgrace we ought to be contented with any thing but that which disturbs me is the Youth of these my Daughters for as for my self Age secures me from all the Insolences which they may justly fear They were the Daughters of Indibilis young and fair Then Scipio answered her I cannot but follow the Custom of the People of Rome and the exact Discipline which is observed in my Troops that does not suffer any Man in the least manner to violate the Respect which is due to your Sex but your Vertue and Constancy which even ill Fortune cannot triumph over oblige me to take a more particular Care of your Persons Then he committed them to the Keeping of a Man whose Fidelity was well known and gave him a Command to shew as much Respect and Favour to them as if they were the Wives of his best Friends A little after there came to him a young Woman from among the Prisoners of such a perfect Beauty that she drew Respect from all the Spectators Scipio being informed of her Country and Family found that she was betrothed to a young Prince among the Celtiberi named Allucius with whom she was passionately in Love At the same time he called her Parents and the Husband designed for this beautiful Virgin with whom he had this Discourse Young Man my Soldiers having discovered your Espousals to me and having learned that you love her affectionately which her Beauty easily perswades me to believe I am willing to favour your Passion although to speak freely to you if I were permitted to enjoy the Pleasures of Youth especially in a lawful Love and the Cares of the Commonwealth were not wholly Masters of my Heart I should desire your Spouse who so very well deserves the Affections of a fine Gentleman but you know that she has been treated by me with the same Respect as if she were with her Father in Law or her own Parents I have kept her carefully for you that I might return her to you a Present worthy both of you and me all the Requital I desire of you is that you will be Friends to the Commonwealth and if you have as much Esteem for me as the People of your Nation had for my Father and Uncle satisfie your selves that all the Romans equal us in Vertue and that as there is no People in all the World whom you ought to fear more for an Enemy so there is none that you can wish more for a Friend This young Prince being astonished at this exceeding Bounty and transported with Joy took Scipio by the Hand and pray'd all the Gods to reward this Action whose Merit he could never sufficiently acknowledge In the mean time the Parents of this fair Lady seeing that he would free them without Ransom brought him a considerable Sum and offering it to him pray'd him to accept of it as a Testimony of their Gratitude assuring him that it would be as great a Favour to them to accept it as it was to release his Prisoner to them without using the Right of insisting upon Conquest Scipio pretending that he was overcome with their urgent Intreaties ordered the Money to be laid at his Feet and turning himself to Allucius said unto him I give you this over and above the Portion which your Father in Law will give you take it from my Hand as a second Portion with which I present you So he ordered the Sum which had been presented him to be carried to him and him to lead away his Mistress In fine This young Prince being loaded with the Presents and Honours he laid upon him returned home and there extolled the Merits of Scipio who was more like a God than a Man and knew not only how to conquer by Arms but by Kindness and Favours Polybius who lived in the Time of this famous Roman and was particularly acquainted with him relates this Action in a fewer Words He adds these remarkable Ones which he spake to those Soldiers who presented this fair Lady to him If my Fortune were limited to that of a private Person you could not offer me a more acceptable Present but being as I now am the General of an Army you could not bring me one more disagreeable CLYTFMNESIRA the Daughter of Tyndarus and Wife of Agamemnon having heard from her Brother Palamedes that her Husband had brought a Concubine with him which was Cassandra she conspired immediately with Aegysthus the Son of Thyestes who was her Gallant to put them both to Death and so while he was sacrificing to the Gods for his Return Câ—â—temnestra slew her Husband Agamemnon and Cassandra with an Ax but her Son Orestes revenged the Death of his Father Agamemnon by slaying the Debaucher of his Family and Murderer of his Father CLYTIA a Nymph and the Daughter of Oceanus who was loved by Apollo and afterward forsaken by him because through Jealousie to Orcania she discovered the Love of that God with his Daughter This Desertion was
cross ways both of the Town and Country they offered Sacrifices to the Gods Lares which were certain Daemons or Domestick Gods protectors or keepers of the families Macrobius tells us in his Saturnalia that they Sacrificed formerly young children to these Lares and Mania their mother for the conservation of the whole family But Brutus having expelled the Kings out of Rome interpreted otherwise this Oracle of Apollo ordering that instead of the heads demanded by the Oracle they should take Poppy's heads and in this sense he would have the Oracle to be interpreted And the same Author tells us that instead of children that were before immolated to these Gods they made effigies of men and women with straw which they did offer in Sacrifice with some round woollen balls for so many slaves as there was in the family as Festus reports Quibus tot pilae quot capita servorum tot effgies quot essent liberi ponebantur ut vivis parterent essent his pilis simulacris contenti they offered them as many Balls as there was Slaves and as many Effigies as there were free Persons in the Families that they might not hurt the Living and be contented with these Offerings Dionysius Halicarnasseus tells us in his Antiquities that this Feast was celebrated after the Saturnalia viz. at the beginning of January and that it was proclaimed in these words Die nono post Kalend. Jan. Quiritibus Compitalia erunt This Peast was kept by the Slaves according to the Institution of Servins in remembrance of his Fortune that being born a Slave yet he became King of the Romans And Tully says in the 7th Book of his Epistles to Atticus that he would not go into the House of Albus lest he should be troublesom to his Slaves who were about Solemnizing the Compitalia Ego quoniam Compitalitius dies est nolo eo die in Albanum venire molestus Familiae COMUS the God of rejoycing and feasting and President at Dances and Debaucheries Philostratus in the third Book of his Pictures represents him young and fair with a red face by too much drinking a lighted Flamboy in his hand which he holds down to the very ground and seems to burn his Legs with it He is crowned with Garlands of Flowers among Feastings and Pleasures CONCORDIA Concord a Divinity much respected among the Romans Tiberius dedicated her a Temple in Rome which he built by order of Livia his Mother On the Coin or the Medals of the Emperors there is the figure of Concord holding up a Cup with one hand and the Cornucopia or Horn of Plenty with the other to shew that plenty of all things attends a State where the People live in good correspondency and concord She is also represented by two Images holding one another by the right hand On the Medals of Marc-Anthony we see Concord under the Emblem of two Serpents ty'd below and raising up in the figure of a Bow to compass an Altar on which lies the head of Augustus to represent the concord of the Triumvire On the Medals of Caesar Augustus Concord holds with one hand the Horn of Plenty and with the other she presents some Fruits to Lepidus Anthony and young Caesar Trium-vits with this Motto Salus Generls Humani The Crow was particularly consecrated to Concord as Aelianus relates for he tells us that it was the custom among the ancient Romans when they married to call upon the Crow that is to say the Concord that should be between married People Policianus in his Miscellaneous Works confirms this opinion and tell us that he has a Medal of the young Faustina Marcus Aurelius's Daughter on the reverse whereof was represented a Crow the Symbol of Concord with the word Concordia CONFARREATIO the Ceremony of the Confarreation was observed in certain Marriages by eating together a Cake of Wheat Tacitus tells us It was the custom to Name three Persons of a Patrician Family whose Fathers had observed in their Marriages the ceremony of the Confarreation but that cannot be practiced now because this Ceremony was neglected or is too hard to be practised or rather out of the little care they took of things belonging to Religion or in fine because Priests and their Wives had a right to be emancipated from the Paternal Authority in consequence of that Dignity CONGIARIUM a certain Sum of Money which the Roman Emperors distributed from time to time among the People and this Liberality was called among the Latins Congiarium but the largesses that the Emperors bestowed among the Soldiers were called Donativum Tacitus speaking of young Caesar tells us that he gave the Congiarium to the People and the Donativum to the Soldiers Congiarium populo Donativum Militibus dedit During his Reign he bestowed often this Liberality upon the People and gave them thirty little Sesterces to each of them sometimes 40 and sometimes 150 as 't is recorded by Suetonius Children were not excluded of this Liberality in the Reign of Augustus though before that time Children that were not above twelve Years old had no share in it CONGIUS a kind of Measure containing six Sextaries the Sextary two Hemines and the Hemine nine Ounces and was about our Gallon CONISTERIUM 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Dust There was some dust kept in this place for the Wrestlers who were used to spread some upon one another that they might take a better hold upon the anointed Bodies of their fellow-wrestlers CONSECRATIO a Consecration of the Roman Emperors by the Senate and the People after the Emperor was dead These are the Ceremonies observed at this Consecration or Deification as they are related by Herodianus The Emperour being dead the whole City sad and mornful was complaining of her loss They set a waxen Statue of the Emperor upon a Bed of State at the entry of the Imperial Palace The Senators were at the left hand dress'd in Mourning Cloaths and on the Right stood the Roman Ladies dress'd in white Cloaths keeping all a sad and mournful silence for seven Day together During that time the Physicians came from time to time to feel the Pulse of the Patient saying that his Illness was worse and worse The seventh day being expired they published his Death and all things being prepared for his Obsequies the chief among the Knights and Senators carried the Bed upon their shoulders along the Holy Street as far as the Old Market-place where Magistrates us'd to resign their Offices attended with mournful Songs and the noise of Instruments Afterwards they carried him out of the Town into the Field of Mars where was a Funeral Pile dress'd and prepared with sweet Perfumes The outside of the Funeral Pile was adorn'd with Joiners Work and rich Stuffs embroidered with Gold with Ivory Statues and several Pictures This sumptuous Monument was divided in three Stories and the Corps was laid in the middle one then they began the Horse-Race and the Fights of the Gladiators
own Son to the severity of military Discipline from whence came this Proverb Manliana imperia to express an extream severity in point of observation of Orders They engaged the Enemy the Fight was very bloody and the event uncertain for a long time but Decius seeing that his Forces grew weak and that their courage failed 'em sent for M. Valerius the Pontiff and being dress'd in his Gown of State cover'd his Head and put both his Feet upon a Dart then lifting up his right hand to the height of his Chin he devoted himself to the Infernal Gods pronouncing aloud these words which the Pontiff dictated him word by word Janus Jupiter and you Fathers Mars Quirinus Bellona Lares Domestick Gods Gods Novencilles Gods Indigites Gods who have power over us and our Enemies and you Infernal Gods I do invoke you I adore you and beg your pardon vouchsafe to bless the endeavours of the Roman People and grant them the Victory and afflict with fear and death their Enemies And so I devote my self to the Infernal Gods and to the Earth the Iegions of the Enemies and their helpers with my self Thus having spoken he sent word to Manlius that he had devoted himself then spurring on his Horse into the midst of the Enemies he revived the Souldiers courage and got the victory by his death Manlius pursued the Enemies possessed himself of their Camp plunder'd the rich Fields of Capua and made his Triumphal entry into Rome A. M. 3716. R. 415. L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS QUINTUS PUBLIUS PHILO The Consuls always had the best of their Enemies Q. Publius Philo one of the Consuls was named Dictator He signaliz'd himself in his Office by several publick Orders to the great mortification of the Patricians for he caus'd a Law to be enacted by which the Senate was to encute the Orders of the people and that the People should first declare their opinion concerning the Laws that should be proposed He got also enacted that one of the Censors should be taken out of the body of the People A. M. 3717. R. 416. L. FURIUS CAMILLUS C. MENENIUS NEPOS The Two Consuls took the Town of Pedum which Aemilius had only invested Afterwards they marched through all the Country of the Latin and seized upon a great many of their Town whereupon a Statue on Horseback was erected to each of them in the Market place at Rome which never had been yet done for any person By the Advice of Camillus the freedom of Citizens was granted to several of the Latins yet with this limitation that they should have no vote in the Assemblies Camillus took Antium from the Volsci and brought to Rome all the stems of their Gallies and set them upon places designed for Orations called Rostra or pro Rostris A. M. 3718. R. 417. C. CALPURNIUS or SULPITIUS LONGUS L. AELIUS PETICUS The Senate forced the Consuls to name a Dictator to go to the relief of the Arâ—â—cians because they had been remiss therein they named C. Claudius Regillensis Minutia was convicted of having transgressed the Vessal's rules in point of Chastity Q. Publius Philo was the first Plebeian that was raised to the Dignity of Praetor A. M. 3719. R. 418. L. PAPYRIUS CRASSUS CAESO DUELLIUS The Tuscans now called Calvi in Terra Laboris joyned the Seditiams to make War against Rome but they were easily defeated at the first encounter A. M. 3720. R. 419. M. VALERIUS CORVINUS M. ATTILIUS REGULUS Valerius besieged Calles and took it by storm L. Aemilius Mamercus was made Dictator to preside in the Assemblies A. M. 3721. R. 420. T. VETURIUS SPURIUS or P. POSTHUMIUS ALBUS A Colony was sent to Calles P. Cornelius Rufur was created Dictator The Plague raged in the City A. M. 3722. R. 421. L. or AULUS CORNELIUS CN DOMITIUS CALVUS A Report was spread abroad that the Gauls were about making an irruption into Italy whereupon the Romans made M. Papyrius Crassus Dictator Alexander King of Epirus made a Confederacy with the people of Rome Two Tribes were added to the former viz. the Metianna and Scaptianna A. M. 3723. R. 422. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS T. or C. VALERIUS POTITUS PLACCUS There was a great Mortality in Rome and it was observed that it carried away none but men The cause of this particularity was for a long time unknown till a Slave declared to the Senate that most part of the Roman women had plotted to destroy all the men and for that purpose made use of a poysoned drink Twenty of these women were seized who bring asked about the quality of the drink that was found by them they answer'd impudently that it was good they were commanded to try it themselves and as soon as they had drank it some indubitable marks of poison appeared and soon after they died One hundred and seventy others were apprehended and publickly put to death A Dictator was created to drive in the nail to appease the Gods by this Ceremony Two Consuls were poysoned by their Wives of which they died This is the first instance of publick Poysoning Cn. Quintius was chosen Dictator A. M. 3724. R. 423. P. PAPYRIUS CRASSUS L. PLAUTIUS VENNO Peace was granted to the Samnites the Volsci and the little Commonwealth of Fundi A. M. 3725. R. 424. L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS CN PLAUTIUS The Consul besieged the Town of Priverna and took it He ordered the Governours Head to be cut off and interceded for the rest of the people by his means the Inhabitants of Priverna obtained a Peace and the freedom of Roman Citizens A. M. 3726. R. 425. C. or P. PLAUTIUS PROCULUS P. CORNELIUS SCAPULA A Colony was sent to Fregellae A. M. 3727. R. 426. CORNELIUS LENTULUS Q. PUBL PHILO Claudius Marcellus was chosen Dictator to oppose the Samnites Naulans The Senate disputed his Election but the people maintained it A. M. 3728. R. 427. C. PETILIUS L. PAPYRIUS MALUGINENSIS or CURSOR Alexander King of Epirus was killed in Lucania now called Basilicates The fifth Lectisternium or Banquet was celebrated because of the great affairs the Romans had upon their hands A. M. 3729. R. 428. L. FURIUS CAMILLUS DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS SCAEVA A War was proclaimed against the Marsi and Camillus marched against the Samnites but he fell sick and named L. Papyrius Cursor Dictator who being obliged to go to Rome to offer there some sacrifices left the command of the Army to Favius expressly forbidding him to attack the Enemy let the opportunity be ever so fair Fabius seeing that the absence of the Dictator made the Samnites grow careless chose rather to hazard his life than neglect so fair an opportunity of defeating the enemies He attacked them in their Camp obtained a great victory and got a rich booty The Dictator being return'd to the Camp design'd to put Fabius to death but the whole Army and the Senate itself used all their interest to get his pardon but the Dictator remained inflexible yet was at last prevailed upon by the prayers
aside the tenth part of their Revenues for Sacrifices publick Wants and the Charges of War Plutarch proposes this Question Why at Rome many rich Persons consecrated to Hercules the tenth part of their Estate and he answers that it might be because Hercules himself consecrated to Rome the tenth part of the Oxen of Geryon which he was carrying away or because he made the Romans free of the Tythes they paid before to the Tuscans or because they thought that Hercules who lived very soberly was pleased that rich men would retrench some part of their superfluities DECIUS MUS A Roman Consul who fought a Battle against the Latins and devoted himself to death to save the Roman Army This great Man seeing his Soldiers cowed and the Roman Legions lost ground sent for M. Valerius the High Priest who being cloathed with his Gown edged with purple colour called Praetexta he put both his Feet upon a Dart. his Head covered and holding up his Right Hand pronounced his Vow aloud the High Priest uttering the words which he repeated after him Janus Jupiter and Fathers Mars and Quirinus Bellona Larés Domestick Gods Gods Indigeti whose power is extended over us and over our Enemies and ye Infernal Gods I call upon you I adore you vouchsafe to bless the endeavours of the Romans and give them the victory Strike their Enemies with fear and death wherefore I devote my self to the Gods of Hell and to the Earth and with me the Enemies Legions and their Confederates Having thus spoken he got on Horseback and spurr'd on his Horse through the thickest Battallions of the Enemy This Action raised the courage of the Legions and gave an opportunity to the other Consul Manlius to defeat the Enemy and obtain a full victory DECUMANA PORTA The back Gate in the Camp of the Romans DECUMATES AGRI Lands called Serves manured by the meanest sort of the Gauls now called the Dukedom of Wirtemberg DECURIO An Officer in the Roman Army who commanded ten Troopers for Romulus having at first divided the Roman people into three Tribes he appointed at the head of each Tribe a Collonel to Command it and afterwards divided each Tribe in ten Curia or Companies and appointed a Centurion or Captain to Command a hundred men and a Decurion to command ten men DECURIONES MUNICIPALES A Court of Judges or Councellours who representing the Senate of Rome in the free Towns They were called Decuriones because in the times they sent Roman Colonies into the conquered Towns they chose ten men to make up a Senate and a Court of Councellors called Civitatum Patres Curiales Flâ—â—orati Municipiorum Senatores and their Court was called Curia Decurimum and Minor Senatus They were chosen almost with the same ceremonies as the Senators And were to be five and twenty years old with a Revenue of two hundred and twenty five pounds Sterling per Annum This Election was made at the Kalends of March Then the Duum-viri assembled for that purpose the Court of the Decurions with the Judge of the Province and were elected by the majority of Votes The Decurion then chosen paid his welcom to the whole Body in Money or a Present which was more or less according to the custom of the place as we learn by the Emperor Trajanas to the young Pliny who had consulted him about that Duty of Entry The Emperor answers him that there was no general rule establish'd upon that account and that every one must follow the custom of the place Vlpianus tells us that the Money was equally divided among the Decurions Their office was to take care of all that was for the benefit of the Town and the Revenues of the Commonwealth Some of this Revenue was bestowed for the re-building of the Walls and other publick Edifices and the rest for maintenance of learned men They pronounced Sentences called Decreta Decurionum with two D. D. at the top of them DEDICATIO Templi and DEDICARE Templa The Dedication of Temples we shall here inform you by whom it was made and with what ceremonies When a Temple was built it was to be dedicated to some Divinity and the Dedication thereof belonged to some great Magistrate at Consuls Praetors Censors Decem-viri Duum-viri Vestal Virgins and the High Priests in the time of the Common-wealth or the Emperors during the Monarchick Government The Temple built by Tarquinius in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus was dedicated by the Consul M. Horatius Pulvillus An. 247 some time after the Romans had expelled the Kings The Temple of Mars consecrated in the War against the Gauls was dedicated in the year 365 by the Duum-viri appointed for the keeping of the Book of the Sybills The Dedication was to be authorized by the Senate and the people according to the Law Papyria made by Pupyrius Tribune of the people and the College of the Pontiffs was to give their consent to it as Livy and Tully tells us These things being exactly observed early in the morning the College of the Pontiffs and other Orders met with a great Crowd of People and many persons of note at the appointed place They surrounded the Temple with Garlands of Flowers the Vestal Virgins holding in their hands branches of Olive-tree sprinkled the outside of the Temple with Lustral or Holy-water then the person who consecrated the Temple drew near the Gate with a Pontiff at his side to shew him the ceremonies and tell him the Prayers that he was to make holding with one hand the side-post of the Gate and then said thus Ades Ades for example Luculle Dum dedico Templum hoc ut mihi praeeatis postemque teneatis This ceremony was expressed with these words Postem tenere or apprehendere Then the Pontiff holding the Ceremonial in his hand pronounced aloud the form of the consecration which the consecratind person repeated after him and the ceremony was expressed by these words Solemnia verba praeeunte Pontifice effari Afterwards they consecrated the Court of the Temple by sacrificing a Beast the inwards whereof were laid on an Altar of Green Turf lustrabatur area exta super cespitem reddebantur Then the consecrating person came into the Temple with the Pontiffs and took the Statue of the God and Goddess to whom the Temple was consecrated and anointed it with Oyl and laid it on a Pillow rubbed with Oyl in temple ipsum quoque prius unctions dedicatum ana cum ara pulvinari collocabatur After all the ceremonies were over the Temple was called Augustum i. e. Augurio Sacratum and the person who had consecrated it might have an Inscription containing his name his qualities and the year of the consecration set upon the Temple as we may see in the following Inscription Nunc. R. Et Minervae Sal. Ceno Cohort III. Brittann Aram Et Fl. Felix Praefect Ex voto Pesuit L. M. Dedicavit Kalend. Decemb. Gentiano Basso Coss Tatitus relates the Dedication of the Capitol that was made
the Fields and sacrificed no Victims lest they should shed Blood upon the Stones for the Bounds must be set by a mutual agreement See Terminalia Some Writers tell us that on this day was celebrated the Feast of new Wine called Vinalia priora and was different from that which was kept in August See Vinalia The 24th a Feast called Regifugium or the King's Flight was solemnized in remembrance of Tarquinius Superbus's Flight out of Rome See Regifugium The 27th was a Feast called Equiria in the Field solemnized with a Horse-Race The 28th the Games of the Bulls were represented in remembrance of the defeat of Tarquinius by the Romans FECIALES A College of twenty Persons of Quality skill'd in Affairs of State instituted by Numa Pompilius as Plutarch says or by Tullus Hostilius or Ancus Martius as some others tell us the Duty of their Office was to make Peace or proclaim War The Greeks called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Keepers of Peace Feciales says Festus a faciendo quod belli pacisque faciendae penes eos jus esset They did not suffer them to take up arms till there was no hope of Agreement and Peace Primum de pace experiebantur Wherefore they went themselves to the Nations who had done the wrong and injury to the Romans and endeavoured to perswade them by Arguments to submit to Reason and make amends for what they had wrongfully done If they were not prevailed upon by their Arguments they called the Gods to witness their just demands and declared War throwing a Dart half burnt upon their ground and some Grass in the presence of three Antient Men uttering withal many Imprecations against them The Romans durst not undertake a War contrary to the opinion of these Men for Livy tells us that the Consul Sulpitius consulted them about the War that he intended to declare against King Philip Consulti Feciales à Consule Sulpitio quod bellum indiceretur Regi Philippo But if the Enemy yielded to their demands they granted them peace which they ratified by the sacrificing a Hog which they struck with a Stone repeating a certain form of Prayers related by Livy in the Treaty of Peace concluded between the Albani and Romans The Patratus the chief of this College spoke thus Audi Jupiter Audi Pater Patrats populi Albani Audi tu populus Albanus ut illa palam prima postrema ex illis tabulis cerâve recitat sunt sine dolo malo utique ea hic hodie rectissime intellecta sunt illis legibus Populus Romanus prior non deficiet si prior defexit publico consilio dolo malo in illo die Jupiter populum Romanum sic ferito ut hunc ego porcum hic hodie feriam tantoque magis ferito quanto magis potes pollesque Having pronounced these words he struck the Hog with a Stone and the Albani did the like on their side FELICITAS Felicity a Heathen Divinity She was the Daughter of Hercules as Euripides and Pausanias say and deserved Divine Honours because she sacrificed her self for the Athenians against the Lacedemonians according to the answer of the Oracle Publick Felicity had many Altars and Temples at Rome as it appears by Roman Historians and was called Faustitas especially in relation to private Felicity In this sense Horace speaks of her when he says Tutus bos etiam rur a perambulat Nutrit rura Ceres almaque Faustitas St Austin speaks of this Goddess in the 4th Book de Civitate Dei c. 18. and shews that Felicity is the same with good Fortune and that the Romans acknowledged themselves that Felicity Virtue and Victory were neither Gods nor Goddesses but only Gifts of God seeing that they demanded them of Jupiter Wherefore if we consider what they meant by adoring Felicity Virtue and Victory like Divinities it is nothing else but the adoring the supream Divinity as the dispenser of these great favours Felicity was represented like a Divinity sitting on a Throne holding with her right Hand Mercury's Wand and with the left a Horn of Plenty with this Motto Felicitas Publica as we see in a Medal of the Empress Julia Mammea Lucullus built her a Temple at Rome and Julius Caesar began another which Lepidus finished The Ancients represented Felicity holding a Cup in her right Hand and a Scepter in the left as appears by the Medals of Adrian and Alexander Mammeus But Moderns represent her under the Figure of a blindfold Lady holding up a Sword with one hand and a pair of even Scales with the other FERALIA The Feast of the dead noted in the Calendar on the 21st of February viz. on the 9th of the Calends of March tho' Ovid puts it on the 17th of February or the 13th of the Calends of March This Feast was instituted to render the last Honours to the Dead and pacify their Ghosts called Manes Aeneas is accounted the first Author of this Feast and Numa the Inventer of all the Ceremonies performed therein This Feast was kept during eleven days in this manner The Kinsmen and Acquaintance of the Dead went to their Graves and turned round about them making their Prayers then they prepared an Entertainment upon a great Stone called Silicernium and this Feast was commonly served with Honey Wine and Milk they spread Flowers and burnt Frankincense and other Perfumes according to the Quality of the deceased Silicernium says Donatus coena quae infertur Diis Manibus quòd eam silentes cernant or quòd epula says Servius ponerenter super nudam silicem The Antients were perswaded that the Souls of the dead suffered no pains in Hell during the eleven days that the subterranean Gods were invoked upon their account but were allowed to walk about their Graves and feed upon the Feast prepared for them During this time Marriages were forbidden and the Temples of other Divinities shut up because they fancied that the Ghosts were walking and that all was then profane This Ovid meant by these Verses Dum tamen haec fiunt viduae cessate puellae Expectet puros pinea taeda dies ..... Dî quoque templorum foribus celentur opertis Thure vacent arae stentque sine igne soci Nunc animae tenues corpora sancta sepulchris Errant nunc posito pascitur Umbra cibo This Feast having been neglected for some years all the Graves were seen on fire and the Souls were heard both in the Town and the Country complaining in the night of being forsaken Whereupon it was ordered to keep this Feast for the future with more devotion and exactness and immediately the Prodigies ceased FERETRIUS An Epithet given to Jupiter from the Latin word ferre because the Spoils taken from the Enemy were brought to his Temple or from the word ferire because before they went to War they prayed to that God to enable them to beat the Enemies of the Roman People Romulus instituted this Ceremony after the defeat of the Sabins and dedicated a
of Clio there was a spring of water that made those mad who drank of it Wherefore an Epigram was set on it to give warning that the water thereof was very pleasant to drink but made the minds of Men as hard as Stone At Suza the Capital City of the Kingdom of Persia another small spring of water makes the Teeth fall out And an Epigram is there written to give notice to the people that the water of that Fountain is very proper for bathing but makes the Teeth of those who drink of it shed These two Fountains Arethusa and Hippocrene were often rehearsed by the Poets The name of this last Fountain signifies the Horse Fountain This Horse was also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Fountain 'T is well known that the Vapours of the waters under-ground ascend to the highest top of the Mountains by a continual transpiration and there thicken into small drops of water which meeting together make Springs Vossius tells us that this motion of ascending waters compared to a Horse gave occasion to the Fable of Pegasus Arethusa is a Fountain in Greece which was beloved by the River Alpheus who follows her running under ground as far as Sicilia where Diana receives her in the small Island of Ortygia See Alpheus FONTINALIA SACRA The Feast of Fountains which was solemniz'd at Rome by crowning the Fountains with Garlands of Flowers and Lamps among the Sacrifices FONTINALIS PORTA A Gate at Rome called Capena where Fountains and Conduits were built FORDICIDIA or FORDICALIA A Festival observ'd the 15th of April through all the Curiae on which they offered in sacrifice a Cow with a Calf called Forda FORNACALIA The Feast of Ovens which was commonly celebrated the 18th in remembrance of the ancient Ovens wherein Wheat was roasted before the way of grinding Corn and making Bread was found out Upon that day they sacrificed to the Goddess Fornax to give her thanks for the good use of Ovens invented by her FORTUNA Fortune a Goddess which the Heathens esteem'd the Ruler of all Events both good and bad For they distinguish'd two kinds of Fortune one good and the other bad The Greeks had many Temples dedicated to Fortune recorded by Pausanias in several places of his Books called the Fortune of the Gods 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and observes that Homer has spoken well of Fortune or Tyche and has placed her among the Nymphs the Daughters of the Ocean but never allowed her a great power over humane things tho' he has in other places of his works described the Functions proper to every particular Goddess Pausanias has also observed that the imaginary omnipotency ascribed to Fortune and so much extoll'd by vain Men in following Ages did not prevail over the mind of Men at least of the Greeks before the Age of Homer Pausanias observes still in many places that Pindarus hath often spoke of Fortune and ranked her at the head of the Parca Facilè enim mihi Pindarus in suis Canticis persuadet tum alia multa tum vero unam esse Parcarum Fortunam eam quidem potestate sororibus antecellere The common Idea of a blind and inconstant Fortune can't be represented by making her one of the Parcae and yet this representation comes near to the truth for it gives to understand that all things are govern'd by a wise and absolute power whose actions seem sometimes casual to Men because they can't find out the secret and invisible ways of his proceedings Pindar prays to Fortune as the Daughter of Jupiter who has at her command the ordering motions and success in War both by Sea and Land and presides at publick deliberations Horace places the management of all things in the hands of Jupiter whose secret and just designs are unknown to Men and in general all things that the vulgar ascribe to Fortune is performed by Providence Od. 34. l. 1. Valet ima summis Mutare insignem attenuat Deus Obscura pâ—omens Hinc apicem rapax Fortuna cum stridore acuto Sustulit hic posuisse gaudet 'T is plain by these Verses that God and Fortune are two names that signifie the same thing for commonly Men ascribe to Fortune the Events that don't depend upon them and are perform'd by a superior cause unknown to them The following Ode is dedicated to Fortune and 't is most certain that under that name he understands the supream Dignity not only because of the infinite power he ascribes her but also because he confounds Fortune with Necessity and Fate which is quite opposite to the Idea of Fortune Horace had doubtless read what Homer said that at the entry of Jupiter's Palace there are two great Vessels out of one runs upon us all good and of the other all evil to shew us that God is the dispenser of all good and evil favouring men with his good things and punishing them when he sends or permits evil Ancus Martius the fourth King of the Romans was the first Man who built a Temple at Rome to Fortune with this Title Fortune virili To the Viril and couragious Fortune because Courage is not less required than good Fortune to obtain Victories Servius Tulliâ—s built her a Temple at the Capitol under the Title of Primogenia There was a Statue of Fortune at Athens holding betwixt her arms Plutus the God of Riches She is represented in Medals like a Goddess holding with one hand a Horn of Plenty with the other the Helm or Rudder of a Ship set upon a Globe to shew that she governs the World Fortune is still represented lying or sitting and holds under her left Arm her Horn of Plenty and lays her right hand upon a wheel to denote her instability and inconstancy with these words Fortunae Reduci Apeller drew her in that posture and when he was asked the reason why he had drawn her sitting he answered because she had never been at rest We have still other Emblems of Fortune in some whereof she is represented with a Beard Fortunae Barbata and in others carrying a Branch of Laurel with her Horn of Plenty We read in Histories that the Fortune of Gold commonly attended the Beds of the Caesars and that when the Emperor was dying she was carried to his Successors There was a brazen Statue of Fortune in a Temple built to her by Sylla at Praeneste so well gilt over that to express any thing that was well gilt 't is said that it had been gilt at Praeneste The Ancients represented Fortune of both Sexes Male and Female as several other Divinities The Pagans says St Austin esteem'd so much the Goddess Fortune that they have left in Writing that the Statue that Women had consecrated by the name of feminine Fortune had spoken and said more than one time that they had done well to render her that Honour There was a Temple built upon Mount Esquilinus consecrated to Fortune St Austin speaks of it in raillery in the 4th
Asia and that Country was called Galatia or Gallo-Graecia as Diodorus Siculus and Berosus tell us GALATIA A Country of Asia Minor which took its Name from the Gauls who joined with the Greeks came to inhabit this part of the World under the command of their King Galates in the time of Pyrrhus King of Epirus The chiefest Cities of that Country are Ancyra and Synope The Inhabitants thereof were accounted to be Cowards and Effeminate like all the rest of the Nations of Asia It was a custom among them to throw Letters into the Wood-pile where the Corps were burnt and they fancied that they should read them in Hell GALBA SERVIUS SULPITIUS was chosen Emperor in the room of Nero by the Army commanded by him being then seventy years old He attributed his Origine to Jupiter and Pasiphae the Wife of Minos King of Crete He was of a brawny Countenance a wrinkled Forehead a bald Head and a Hawk-nose His Debaucheries made him Gouty the Joints of his Feet and Hands were knotty to that degree that he was not able to hold a Book or to put off a Shoe His Hawk-nose gave him the Countenance of an Eagle the King of Birds Augustus observing that mark while he was sitting at Table with him foretold that he should one time or another enjoy the Soveraign Command but that he should but in a manner taste of the Empire That will come to pass said he when Mules shall not be barren A long time after this Discouse this prodigy was fulfill'd The Historians tax him with a sordid covetousness and a slavish submission to three Favourites who governed and made hast to make their Fortune under an old Prince However some Writers relate that he was only covetous before his coming to the Imperial Government and that as soon as he was Emperor he was a liberal Prince bestowing Largesses upon his Subjects and granting them Priviledges He was the first Emperor chosen by the Soldiers tho he was not of the Family of the Caesars and adopted Piso a young Man of great hopes and having brought him to the Camp he declared the choice he had made to the Army but spoke not a word of bestowing Largesses upon the Soldiers whereupon Otho caballed and got both Galba and his Successor murthered after he had reigned seven Months the tenth day of January in the year 69 being then 73 years of Age. GALEA A Helmet a Head-piece which covered the whole Face like a Mask GALERUS A Cap made of skin in the form of a Helmet This Cap was for the use of Mercury and the Priests of Jupiter called Flamenidalis who wore a white Cap made of the skin of a white Sheep sacrificed to Jupiter called Albogalerus GALIENUS Gallen born at Pergamus Physician to M. Aurelius and Lucius Verus He was very famous in Physick and brought it to a method now followed by the greatest part of Physicians yet many Men who are not carried away by the multitude and prejudice of opinions condemn and reject his Method as being unfit to cure extraordinary Distempers He was an Enemy both to Jews and Christians blaming them for believing very hard things without any demonstration Certainly he was a very great Man and so excellent in his Art that having conveyed away a very dangerous defluction by letting of Blood and cured the Falling-sickness by tying the Root of Piony about the neck he was taxed of Magick and forced to quit Rome and died at Pergamus the place where he was born Some Writers tell us that he was then seventy years old and others a hundred and four It appears by two Commentaries of his own Books that he had writ two hundred Volumes which were burnt in the Fire of the Temple of Peace GALLIA See after Gallienus afterwards GALLICAE A kind of Shoes that the ancient Gauls were used to wear like Wood or Cork Galoches worn by the Country people of Gaul in rainy weather the upper part of these Galoches was made of Leather or Leather Straps to keep them fast to the Feet like the Sandals of Begging Friars GALLIENUS PUBLIUS LICINIUS IGNATIUS The Son of Valerianus associated by him to the Empire They reigned together about seven or eight years till Valerianus was taken by Sapor King of Persia During his reign the Empire was oppressed with several Calamities which he ascribed to the persecution of the Christians wherefore he recall'd the Edicts made against them This Prince was given to all kinds of Crimes Claudius who commanded the Army against the Nation call'd Daci not being able to bear any longer with his infamous Debaucheries caus'd him to be murthered at Milan together with his Brothers and Children and seiz'd upon the Empire GALLIA The Gauls By the name of Gallia Caesar means only the Gauls which comprehends three kinds of People viz. Belgi Celti or Galli and Aquitani This Gaul is called by Writers who lived a little after the time of Caesar Gallia Comata Here we must consider all that might be understood by the name of Gaul and observe its chiefest divisions and distinctions that conduce to the understanding the Commentaries of Caesar The name of Gaul was extended on both sides of the Alps. The Country which is between the Alps and Mount Appenninus on both sides of the River Po is called Gallia Cis-Alpina and sometimes Gallia Togata because in regard to the Romans it is within the Alps Togata because the Inhabitants thereof tho' they were Colonies of the Gauls beyond the Alps did wear the Roman Habit called Toga Romana The Lands which are beyond the Alps in regard to the Romans and between the Alps and the Pyrennean Mountains the Mediterranean Sea the Ocean and the River Rhine are properly Gaul called by Caesar and other Writers Transalpina because it is beyond the Alps in regard to the City of Rome This Gaul thus called is still divided in two parts the nearest part to Italy is called by Caesar Provincia and sometimes Provincia Romanorum or Provincia Ulterior in respect to the Gauls within the Alps call'd Provincia Citerior The other part of the Transalpine Gaul is called plainly by Caesar Gallia which he subdued to the Roman Empire and has divided himself in three parts one inhabited by the Nation called Belgi the other by the Aquitani and the third by the Celti whom the Romans called Galli All the Writers since Caesar call this Gaul Gallia Comata the hairy Gaul because the Inhabitants thereof wore long Hair and the other part which is nearer to Italy and Spain was called Gallia Braccata because the Inhabitants thereof wore Trowses Gaul is divided in three parts that which is on the side of Italy is called Gallia Togata the second which is between Italy and Spain is called Gallia Braccata and the third which is between the River Rhine and Spain and from the Alps to the Ocean is called Gallia Comata Caesar divides likewise Gallia Comata into three parts viz. Gallia Celtica
opinion of some Writers was the same as Osiris the Father of Harpocrates Others represent him with a glittering head some have dress'd him in a Gown which hangs down to the heels carrying on his Head a branch of a Peach-tree which was a Tree consecrated to Harpocrates because the Fruit thereof resembles the Heart and its Leaves are like the Tongue as Plutarch has observed whereby old Writers signified the perfect correspondency that should be between the Tongue and the Heart Some others figure him with a particular Ornament on his Head having the badges of Harpocrates Cupid and Esculapius for he holds his Finger on his Mouth he carries Wings and a Quiver with Arrows and a Serpent twisted about a stick The union of Harpocrates with Cupid shews that Love must be secret and the union of Harpocrates with Aesculapius gives us to understand that a Physician must be discreet and not discover the secrets of his Patient The Pythagoreans made a Virtue of silence and the Romans a Goddess called Tacita as 't is related by Plutarch HARPIAE The Harpyes fabulous Birds only mentioned by Poets who describe them with the face of a Virgin and the rest of the body a Bird with crooked feet and hands Virgil's description of them runs thus in the third Book of his Aeneid v. 213. Quas dira Celaeno Harpyae colunt aliae ....... Tristius haud illis monstrum nec saevior ulla Pestis ira Deûm Stygüs sese extulit undis Virginei volucrum vultus foedissima ventris Proluvies uncaeque manus pallida semper Ora fame The truth of the Story is that Phineus King of Paeonia having lost his sight and his Sons being dead the Harpyes his Daughters were spending his Estate till Zethes and Calais his Neighbours Sons of Bordas drove these Ladies out of the City and re-establish'd Phineus in possession of his Estate HASTA signifies all kind of offensive Arms that have a long staff or handle as Pike Spear Javelin c. 'T was said in the Roman Law Hastae subjicere to signify thereby to confiscate or to sell by publick sale and sub hastâ venire to be sold by Auction for Romulus had order'd that this Pole should be set before the place where the confiscated Goods were sold HASTA PURA A Half-pike without Iron at the end us'd for a Scepter and a badge of Authority and not a Pike armed with Iron used in the war HEBDOMADA A Week the numof seven days Four Weeks make up a Month because of the four chief and more apparent Phasis of the changes of the Moon And as these four changes of the Moon are in a manner the space of seven days one from another 't is very likely that from thence the first Egyptians and Assyrians have taken occasion to divide time by intervals of seven days which therefore were called Weeks As for the Hebrews their way of reckoning the time by weeks has a most august Origine and the Law commanded them to forbear from all kind of work the seventh day to imprint in their memory the great Mystery of the Creation of the World in which God had wrought during six days and rested the seventh whereupon it was called the Sabbath-day which in their Language signifies a day of rest The other days took their name from that day for the following day was called by the Jews prima Sabbati the first day of the Sabbath the next day the second of the Sabbath then the third and fourth c. till the sixth called otherwise Parasceve which signifies the day of preparation for the Sabbath This way of reckoning by Weeks was properly speaking used only by the Eastern Nations for the Greeks reckoned their days from ten to ten or by decads dividing each month in three parts the first part was reckoned from the beginning of the Month the second was the middle of the Month and the third was the rest of the Month from the middle to the end thereof And thus the Romans besides the division of the Month by Kalends Nones and Ides made use also of a political distribution of a series of eight days distributed from the beginning of the year to the end thereof The names of the days of the week used by the Primitive Christians were founded on a more holy principle viz. the resurrection of our Lord which has given the name of Dominica or the Lord's-day to the day called the Sabbath by the Jews And because they to shew their joy in the celebration of the Feast of Easter i. e. of the Resurrection were used to keep the whole week holy resting from all servile work which is called in Latin Periani therefore they called the day following immediately after the Holy Sunday Prima Feria and the second day Secunda Feria the third day Tertia Feria and so forth and from thence the days of all the weeks were afterwards improperly called Foriae in practice of the Church The Origine of the names commonly given to the days of the week being names of Divinities ador'd by superstitious Antiquity comes from a more remote principle for 't is likely that these names passed from the Assyrians to the Greeks and from the Greeks to the Christians And we may reasonably presume that the Chaldeans who were esteemed the first Men who addicted themselves to study Astronomy have also given the name of their Gods to the Planets or at least the same names which they have afterwards ascribed to the Gods whom they ador'd and that they might give more authority to that art which they profess and by which they foretold things to come by the observation of the Stars They attempted to ascribe them an absolute Empire over the nature of Men allowing to each of them several Offices and Employments to dispense good and evil and that lest that dreadful power which they ascribed to them should be kept in the only extent of their spheres they had very much enlarg'd the bounds of their Dominions submitting to them not only the several parts of the Earth and the Elements not only the Fortunes Inclination and Secrets of the most close Men overthrow of States Plagues Deluges and a thousand other things of that nature but endeavoured also to set them up for the absolute Masters of time allowing a Planet to preside over each year another to each month to each week each day each hour and perhaps to each moment From thence each day of the week has took the name of the Planet ruling over it and Monday which is in Latin dies Luna i. e. the day of the Moon was so called because the Moon presides that day dies Martis i. e. the day of Mars which was under the direction of Mars dies Mercurii ruled by Mercury dies Jovis under the conduct of Jupiter dies Veneris under the direction of Venus dies Saturni under that of Saturn dies Solis ruled by the Sun 'T is true that the order that the Planets
made him spin and beat him with her Distaff and after all his great Atchievements he put an end to his Life on Mouut Oeta for having put on the Garment of Nessus the Centaur which Dejanira his Wife had sent him by Lycas the malignity of Nessus's blood which was a strong Poyson put him into so violent a rage that he cast himself into a burning pile of wood and there was consumed HERCULES the LIBYAN or HORUS Several Illustrious Men went by the name of Hercules yet amongst them there were three very famous two whereof signaliz'd themselves in Italy viz. Hercules the Libyan and Hercules of Greece the Son of Alomena and Jupiter whom we have lately mention'd Horus or Hercules the Libyan the Son of Osiris and Isis as Berusus and Natalis Comes tells us applied himself to deliver Men from oppression and injustice To that purpose he went into Libya where he put Antaeus to death from Lybia he passed over into Spain where he killed Geryon the Tyrant and from Spain he came into Italy where he reigned thirty years Herodotus reports that he was the last of the Gods and says that he reigned twelve hundred years wherefore Diodorus Siculus tells us that the Egyptians reckon'd their years by the course of the Moon and that their years are like our months HERCULES GALLICUS or OGMIUS The Gauls draw him with a white Beard bald wrinkled and tawny like old Marriners or rather like Charon himself or Japetus who is reckon'd the most ancient of Men. In short to see him you would take him for any thing rather than Hercules tho he wears the same Ensign viz. a Lion's skin a Massy-Club with a Bow bent in his left hand and a Quiver at his back I thought at first says Lucian they did it out of mockery or out of revenge for the incursions he made into their Country in his Expedition of Spain But I have not yet told you of the greatest mystery of the Picture which is that he held enchain'd by the ears an infinite number of People who are ty'd to his Tongue by small twists or wires of Gold as by so many chains and follow him willingly without struggling or hanging back insomuch that a Man would say they delighted in Captivity As I was wondering with some Indignation at this spectacle a Doctor of that Country who spoke very good Greek told me he would unriddle me the mystery that was contained under that Aenigma and begun in the manner following We do not with the Greeks believe that Mercury is the Symbol or rather the God of Eloquence as he is stil'd but rather Hercules who is much more powerful and our opinion is that he affected all that we admire not by the strength of his Arm but by that of his Reason Wherefore we paint him under the figure of an old Man because Reason is not accomplish'd until that Age. This God holds all Mankind tied by the Ears which is the effects of Ratiocination and his Tongue to which they are fasten'd is the Instrument of their Captivity His Darts are the force of his Reasons being feather'd because that words are wing'd as Homer calls them Many Temples and Altars were erected to Hercules the Gaulish at Tyrus in Spain and at Rome and one of these Altars was called Aramaxima because of the great quantity of Stones employed in the building thereof whereon they took solemn Oaths and offered the tenth part of the Booty And a Merchant whom Hercules had rescued from the Hands of Pirates built him a Temple of a round figure under the Title of Deo Herculi Invicto 'T is reported that neither Flies nor Dogs entered into this Temple because he had driven away Myagros the God of Flies and had left his Massy-Club at the entrance of this Temple Hercules was represented stark naked except the Lion's skin which cover'd his Body or twisted about his Arm and holding with one hand his Massy-Club He is yet expressed by a figure holding three Golden Apples in his right hand and his Club in the left And a great brass Figure of Hercules holding an Apple in his hand was lately found at Rome in the Market for Oxen. The Poplar-tree was dedicated to him as Virgil says Populus Alcidae gratissima and Phaedrus populus Herculi wherefore his Figure is yet visible on a Greek Medal crowned with Branches of Poplar-tree and a Lion's skin about his neck The Emperor Commodus slighted the sirname of his Family and instead of Commodus Son to Marcus Aurelius took the name of Hercules the Son of Jupiter and leaving off the Imperial Badges he put on a Lion's skin and wore a Massy-Club the badges of Hercules and appeared publickly in this dress And yet not contented with it he order'd that Coins of Gold Silver and Brass should be stamp'd with his Effigies on one side crown'd with a Lion's skin and on the other side a Massy-Club a Bow a Quiver and Arrows with this Inscription Herculi Romano Invicto and when he wrote to the Senate he stiled himself Romanus Hercules and had the Massy-Club and the Lion's skin carried before him in his Travels HERE 's An Heir one who succeeds to Lands or Estate either by right of Family or by a last Will. The Roman Laws established three kinds of Heirs The necessary Heirs were the Slaves made Heirs by their Masters who freed them and are called necessary because being appointed by their Masters they were forced to accept of his Will and were not allowed to quit the Inheritance tho' it was very much incumber'd with Debts and subject to great charges The other kind of Heirs called Sui and Necessarij were the Children who were in the power of the deceased Person in the time of his death and were called necessarij because willing or unwilling they are Heirs and Sui because they are the Testator's own and proper Domesticks and the owners of the Lands and Estates of their Parents The third kind of Heirs were Strangers viz. those who were neither Children nor Slaves to the deceased person and these were voluntary Heirs for they were free to accept or quit what was left them As for the former who were the Slaves of the Testator they are freed and Heirs by the only benefit of the law without any other act of acceptation and are not admitted to refuse the Will On the contrary they are bound to pay all the Debts even out of the Estate or Goods that they had purchas'd since they had obtain'd their freedom unless the Praetor granted them a benefit of separation And the Children who were under the deceased person's authority in the time of his death they were like Slaves as to the necessity of accepting the Inheritance being necessary Heirs to their Parents and after the death of their Father the Inheritance was rather a continuation of Patrimony than a new purchase The third kind of Heirs called Strangers who were neither Slaves nor Children to the dead
Person were free to accept or quit the Inheritance which was performed by a deed in law In the text of the Roman Law there was three several ways of purchasing or accepting of an Inheritance viz. Aditio Hereditatis which was a solemn Deed performed before the Magistrate Gestio pro Herede Deeds of owners as to fell Estates receive Rents and Debts and gather Fruits This manner of accepting an Inheritance is severally express'd in the Roman Law for in the person of strange Heirs 't is called gestio pro herede but in the person of Children 't is called immixtio and the third way is a single and plain will of accepting or refusing There were also three contrary ways to quit an Inheritance viz. Repudiatio which is a Deed in Law performed in the presence of the Magistrate Abstentio which was for the Children and the last was only a single Will when a man declared that he was unwilling to be Heir Formerly they allowed an hundred days for claiming an Inheritance HERE 's Ex asse an Heir or sole Legate See As. HERMAPHRODITUS An Hermaphrodite one that is both Man and Woman called by the Greeks Androgyne Poets tell us that Hermaphroditus was the Son of Mercury and Venus and that meeting in a Fountain with the Goddess Salmacis she fell in love with him and while she was embracing him she found herself fastned to him by an indissolvable tye both Bodies making but one with both sexes This word comes from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mercurius and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Venus i. e. composed of Mercury and Venus both Male and Female Monsieur Spon in his curious inquiries after Antiquity has shewn us two precious stones whereon the Fable of Hermaphroditus is engraven The first is a Cornelian where he is represented in the Bath ready to embrace his dear Nymph Salmacis and becoming but one body with her that yet keeps both Sexes On the second he is already turned in the like manner that he is represented at Rome by Marble and Brass Statues By this Figure the Ancients represented a mix'd Deity composed of Mercury and Venus called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to join Eloquence with Pleasure or to shew that Venus was of both Sexes for Calvus a Poet calls Venus a God Polentemque Deum venerem And Virgil in the second Book of his Aenids Discedo ac ducente Deo flammam inter hostes Expedior Levinus speaking of this Divinity ascribes her both Sexes Aristophanes calls her 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Neuter Gender and Hesychius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Masculine And in the Isle of Cyprus near Amathus she is represented by a Statue with a Beard like a Man HERMES A Sir-name given to Mercury The Hermae were Statues of Mercury commonly made of Marble and yet sometimes of brass without either Arms or Feet set up by the Greeks and the Romans in cross ways Servius in his Commentary on the eighth Book of the Aeneids of Virgil tells us the Origine of the word Hermes and says that Shepherds found Mercury called Hermes asleep on a Mountain and cut off his hands whereupon he was afterwards called Cyllenius as well as the Mountain where this Act was perform'd because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies that which has no Arm or which is maiâ—ed of some Member and from hence says he some Statues which have no Arms are called Hermae But this Etymology says Mr. Spon taken from the Epithet Cyllenius given to Mercury is contrary to what ancient Writers report for they derive this word from the place were he was born called Cyllene a Town in Arcadia or a Mountain of the same name Wherefore Pausanias in the Description of Greece l. 8. says that Mount Cyllene is the most famous of Arcadia and that on the top thereof a Temple was built to Mercury Cyllenius and that the name of the Mountain and the Sirname of Cyllenius given to Mercury comes from Cyllenus the Son of Elatus a Hero of that Country And this Etymology comes nearer to the truth than that related by Servius Suidas morally explains this manner of making Statues of Mercury without Arms. The Hermae says he were Statues of Stone erected by the Athenians at the Porches of their Temples or entrance of their Houses For Mercury being esteemed the God of Speech and Truth was represented with square and cubical Statues because square Figures can't be set but upright like Truth that never changes The Hermae were first found out and used at Athens wherefore Suidas tells us that they were peculiar to that City Aeschines in his Oration against Ctesiphon mentions the porch of the Hermae which was in his Time at Athens where among others there were three very remarkable Hermae set up in honour to the Athenians who had routed the Persians near the River Stymon The Inscriptions of these Hermae were Encomiums of the Athenians valour nevertheless out of a wise policy the names of the Athenian Generals were not mention'd in these Inscriptions lest this Nation jealous of their liberty should raise the ambition of these Great Men and give them occasion to aspire to the Soveraign Power The chiefest Hermae of Athens were the Hipparchians which Hipparchus the Son of Pisistratas Tyrant of Athens had erected in the City the Suburbs and the Villages of Attica with ingraven moral Instructions and Sentences to incourage Men to vertue as 't is related by several Authors Cornelius Nepos in the life of Alcibiades tells us that one night the Hermae then at Athens were all cast to the ground only one excepted that stood at the door of the Orator Andocides who says in his speech of the Mysteries that it was dedicated by the Tribe Egeida The Hermae were also set up in cross ways and great Roads because Mercury the messenger of the Gods presided over the high ways Wherefore he was sirnamed both Trivius from the word trivium i. e. a cross way and Viacus from the word via i. e. way in an Inscription of Gruter Tully a great loâ—er of Antiquity being inform'd by the Letters of his Friend Atticus then an Athens that he had found some Hermae writes thus to him in the seventh Letter of the first Book Your Hermae of Marble of Mount Rentilicus with their head of brass rejoyce me before hand wherefore you will oblige me very much to send them to me with the Statues and other curiosities that you can find at Athens of your own liking and approbation The Women honour'd much the Hermae and adorned them with Flowers that they might obtain of them a happy fecundity as we see in a basso relievo of Boissard's Antiquities HERM-ATHENAE Were Statues set upon square feet like the Hermae but represented Mercury and Minerva this word being compounded of Hermae and Athenae which signifies these two Divinities Pomponius Atticus having found at Athens one of these rare Statues writes to his Friend
to discover there his Father There was then in that Country a Monster called Sphinx who had a Face and Voice like a Maiden the Body like a Dog the Tail like a Dragon the Claws like a Lyon and Wings like a Bird and devoured all Passengers who were not able to expound the Riddles she propos'd to them which was very troublesome to Thracia But OEdipus clear'd the Country of that Monster and forc'd her to kill herself having expounded her Riddle viz. What Creature is that that in the Morning goeth with four Feet at Noon with two and at Evening with three OEdipus answered it was a Man who in his Infancy went on all four to wit his Hands and Feet in his middle Age on two Legs and when he is old on three that is he us'd a Staff OEdipus was unknowingly advanced to his Mother's Bed for having delivered Thebes of that Monster And thus Laius King of Thebes and Jocasta his Wife endeavouring to prevent the prediction of the Oracle saying their Son should kill his Father and Marry his Mother were themselves the Instruments and Ministers of the fulfilling of the Oracle For OEdipus unknowingly kill'd Laius his Father and married his Mother Jocasta Laius's Widow whom Creon had promis'd to the Man who should expound the Riddle abovementioned IPHIGENIA The Grecian Fleet being bound at Aulis by contrary winds the Southsayer Calehas declared that Diana would hinder favourable winds till Iphigenia Agamemnon's Daughter should be sacrificed to her Agamemnon obey'd the Orders of Heaven and sent for Iphigenia under pretence of marrying her to Achilles Clytemnestra brought her Daughter Iphigenia and having notice of Agamemnon's design she oppos'd him vigorously as also Achilles who resented his name being made use of to cover an untruth In fine Iphigenia determined the Controversy by the great desire she had to be sacrificed for the Service of Greece All the preparations being made for the Sacrifice Diana substituted a Hind in her room and carried her away to Tauros where she was made Priestess to Diana and sacrificed to her all the Foreigners who landed upon that Country The Sacrifice that Agamemnon offer'd of his Daughter Iphigenia has so great conformity with that of the Daughter of Jeptha that 't is plain that Agamemnon's sacrifice was but a copy of the other The name it self of Iphigenia seems to imitate that she is the Daughter of Jephta as if she was called Jephtigenia But we must confess that Poets have taken to themselves a soveraign Authority to disguise History into Fables and have confounded the Sacrifice of Jephta's Daughter with the Sacrifice of Isaac and as God himself saved Isaac whom he had order'd to be offered to him in sacrifice and that a Ram was substituted in Isaac's room so the Fable says that the Virgin Iphigenia being ready to be sacrificed to Diana this Goddess took her away and substituted a Hind to be sacrificed in her room as Ovid reports The Vow of Agamemnon and the Sacrifice of Iphigenia as they are related by Tully have yet a greater conformity with the History of Jephta For he says that Agamemnon vowed to offer in sacrifice to Diana the finest Creature that should be born that year wherefore he was obliged to sacrifice his own Daughter Tully assures us that Iphigenia was really sacrificed like the Daughter of Jepht and that Poets being wiser than Agamemnon have substituted a Hind to be sacrificed in her room IRIS The Rain-bow one of the most wonderful Meteors of the Air. Plutarch reports that Plato writes that she was esteemed the Daughter of Thaumas because of her wonderful beauty And Hesiod in his Theogonia has made Iris the Daughter of Thaumas and Electra Tully agrees with Plato's opinion Cur autem Arcûs species non in Deorum numero reponatur Est enim pulcher ob eam causam quia speciem habet admirabilem Thaumante dicitur esse nata Poets call her Nuncia Junonis the Messenger of Juno because she gives us notice of the disposition of the air represented by the name of Juno And God himself in Genesis has given the Rainbow for a token that there never shall be any more Flood And altho' the Rainbow might have appear'd before the Flood yet it was not seen at all in the time of the Deluge all the Sky being then covered with very thick Clouds where the Rainbow was not able to appear because its fair Colours shine only upon a thin Cloud Wherefore it was a token naturally proper to signifie that living Creatures should never any more be destroyed by a Flood Servius observes that Mercury and Iris being both Messengers of the Gods the Errands of Mercury are always tending to Concord and the Messages of Iris to War and Discord from whence she was called Iris. And this Grammarian wisely observes that Iris doth not always raise Discords for her first institution was to declare the Treatise of Pacification between God and Man As for the Etymology of the word Iris Plato is rather to be believ'd than Servius when he says that it comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dicere annunoiare because it predicts fair weather What Vossius says is not to be omitted viz. that the name of Iris may be derived from the Hebrew word Ir or Hir which signifies an Angel or Messenger for this name is given to the Angels in the Holy Scripture because of their watchfulness For the proper meaning of the word Hir is Vigil However it must be granted that Servius has grounded his opinion upon Hesiod's report when he derived the word Iris from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and said that her Errands were tending to discord And this Poet tells us still that when any of the Gods has told a lye Jupiter sends Iris to fetch water from the River Styx in a golden Vessel whereupon the Lyer must take the Oath and if he forswears himself he remains a whole year without life and motion but a long year which contains many thousand of years Therefore the Errand of Iris supposes indeed some discord but yet conduces to pacify it Statius seems to give another reason why Iris is the Messenger of the Gods viz. her situation one part of her touching Heaven and the other Earth ISIS Queen of Egypt 'T is certain by the testimony of many Writers that the Goddess called by the Greeks Io and the Egyptians Isis is the same whom the Romans honoured by the name of Cybele viz. the Earth or Nature herself married by the Egyptians to Osiris who was the Sun to make her fruitful and Mother of all productions which are formed in her bosom 'T is both Plutarch and Apuleius's opinion who introduces Isis speaking thus Rerum natura parens sum omnium elementorum Macrobius says also that Osiris is nothing else but the Sun and Isis the Earth and Nature And truly there is such likeness between the Pictures and Representations that the Ancients have given of these two Divinities
viz. Isis among the Egyptians and Cybele among the Romans that 't is easily to be perceived that both were the same Cybele as we see by the reverse of many Medals Cybele wore a Turret on her head and was attended by Lions holding in her hand a musical Instrument like a Tabor with this Title Mater Magna the Great Mother viz. Nature Isis had also a Turret on her head as it appears by a great many of her Statues and particularly in that which was found at Rome in the time of Leo the tenth She is also accompanied with many Lions as we may observe in that famous piece of Cardinal Bembo representing Isis which Kircher caus'd to be engraven She holds a Sistrum in her hand which is a musical Instrument and in fine she is called Earth and Nature herself Wherefore she is often represented with many Breasts Apuleius reports that this Goddess was had in veneration all over the World but under several names and representations for she is named Diana Ceres Venus and Proserpina And it must be observ'd that Isis was a Queen of Egypt who reigned there with King Osiris her Husband in the time of the first Israelites for Tacitus tells us that during the reign of Isis the multitude of Jews being extraordinarily augmented they went to settle themselves in the neighbouring Country under the command of Jerusalem and Juda. And as Isis was a woman of great wit and courage to undertake the most difficult things she ordered a Ship to be built and fitted out for her to travel and went into the most remote and barbarous Countries such as Gaul and Germany and Tacitus assures us that she penetrated into the Country of Suabia and having met there but very gross and wild Nations she taught them to honour the Deities to till the Ground and sow Corn. And thereby she was in so great esteem among these Nations that they took her for the Goddess of the Earth to whom they were much obliged for having taught them Agriculture and Religion which were at that time unknown to them Tacitus observes also in this place that the Germans of Suabia ador'd her under the figure of a Ship in commemoration doubtless of the Ship that had brought this Queen into their Country to do them so good an Office We have some Egyptian Medals of Julian the Apostate wherein he is represented in a Ship and there are some of her Figures found in Kircher and others wherein she carries a Ship in her hand Diodorus and Apuleiâ—â—â— assures us that she govern'd over the Sea and the last ascribes these words to her Navigabili jam pelage facto rudem dedicantes carinam primitias commeatûs libant mei Sacerdotes as if she had been the first who found the Art of Navigation or at least the use of Sails Some Authors not being able to discover from whence the Arms of the City of Paris are derived which is a Ship ascend as far as Isis to find the origine thereof and the name of that City For many were of opinion that the name of Paris was a Greek word and came from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 near the famous Temple of Isis since we must suppose that a Temple was dedicated to this Goddess in the compass of the ground that belongs now to the Abbey of St Germain in the Fields and this Temple remained till the establishment of Christianity in France And when it was demolished they kept out of curiosity the Idol Isis who was there ador'd and laid it in a corner of the Church of St Germain in the Field when it was built by Childebert and dedicated to St Vincent This Idol was kept there till the year 1514 that Cardinal Briconnet who was then Abbot of that Church being inform'd that some good old Woman out of simplicity and superstition had offered some Candles to the Idol caused it to be removed from that place and broke in pieces This Temple so famous was served by a Chapter of Priests who lived according to the common opinion at the Village of Issy in a Castle the Ruins whereof were yet seen at the beginning of this Age. Plutarch speaks of these Priests of Isis they observed says he Chastity their Head was shaved and they went about bare foot and cloathed with a linnen Habit Wherefore Juvenal calls them Linigeri Nunc Dea Linigerâ colitur celeberrima turbâ Qui grege Linigero circundatus grege calvo Isis had many Temples at Rome one near the Baths of Caracalla at the end of the new Street with this Title upon an old Marble Saeculo Felici Isias Sacerdos Isidi Salutaris Consecratio Another at the Garden of St Mary the new with this Title Templum Isidis Exoratae P. Victor and Sextus Rufus mentions another by the name of Patrician Isis near Mount Esquilinus and Lampridius in the Life of Alexander Severus tells us that this Emperor has adorned the Temple of Isis and Seraphis Isim Saraphim decenter Ornavit Josephus writes that the Emperor Tiberius ordered that the Temple of this Goddess should be levelled to the Ground her Statues cast into the Triber and her Priests hang'd foâ— having been too favourable to the amours of a young Gentleman with a Lady called Paulina The Emperor Commodus had a singular veneration for Isis as Lampridius has observ'd in his Life Sacra Isis coluit ut caput raderet Anubin portaret because of the Debaucheries committed in her Sacrifices Here is an Encomium of Isis related by Diodorus as it is ingraven on a Column I am Isis the Queen of Egypt instructed by Mercury No body can abolish what I have established by my Ordinances I am the Wife of Osiris I have first invented the use of Corn. I am the Mother of King Horus I shine in the Dog-star By me the City of Bubasti was founded Wherefore rejoyce thou Egypt reioyce thou thou hast brought me up and fed me The Egyptians ascribed the overflowings of the Nile to the tears that she shed for the death of her Husband Osiris We have a statue of Isis habited like a Roman Matron having a Half Moon on the top of her Head her right Hand turned towards Heaven and her left towards the Earth to inform us that she receives the influences of Heaven We have also a Medal of the Emperor Commodus where Isis is represented with a Half Moon holding a Sphere with her right hand and a Vessel full of Fruits with her left The Sphere denotes Astrology wherein the Egyptians excelled and the Fruits the fecundity of Egypt For the Egyptians were the first who made Gods of the Sun and Moon calling the Sun Osiris and the Moon Isis holding a Sphere in her Hand as the Mother of Arts and Sciences and an Amphora full of ears of Corn to represent the fertility of the Country The Egyptians adored the Earth by the name of the Goddess Isis Servius and Isidorus after him speak thus of her Isis liuguâ
a Bull sometimes into a Swan or an Eagle or into Gold to enjoy his Amours wherefore Lucian introduces Momus rallying thus Your fine Metamorphoses made me sometimes affraid left you should be brought to the Shambles or put to the Plough when thou wert a Bull or that a Goldsmith should melt thee down when thou wert Gold and when a Swan lest they should have put thee upon the Spit and roasted thee 'T is also reported that he brought forth Minerva out of his Brain which Vulcan opened with an Axe as Lucian relates in the Dialogue of the Gods where Vulcan and Jupiter speak thus Vulcan Here is a very sharp Axe I bring you what am I to do with it Jup. Prythee strike hard and cleave my head asunder Vul. You have a mind to see whether I am mad or no I warrant but tell me in good earnest what will you imploy it about Jup. To divide my Skull I say I am not in jest and if you refuse I will plague you Strike with all thy might for my Head is ready to split with pain and I suffer such torments as if I was in labour with a Child Vul. 'T is against my will but I must obey Great Gods No wonder your head-ach was so great having such an Amazon with a Sphear and a Shield lodged in it 'T is still recorded that Bacchus came out of his thigh where he had been lodged to perfect his time after he was taken out of his Mother Semele's Womb being yet but half form'd Wherefore an incision was made in his Thigh when the pains of labour seiz'd him to give a free Passage to little Bacchus And this is yet reported by the same Lucian in the Dialogue of the Gods The Nations of the World built him a great many Temples and honoured him like a God under several names according to his several performances He is called Jupiter Inventor an Epithet that Hercules bestowed upon him because by his means he had found again the Cows which Cacus had stole away from him and erected him an Altar whereupon he offered him sacrifices Romulus called him Jupiter Feretrius because he had strengthned him to overcome his Enemies and get the spoils which he consecrated to him in a Temple built at the top of the Capitol under the Title of Jupiter Feretrius Livy gives us the words of this dedication Jupiter Feretri haec tibi victor Romulus Rex regia arma fero templumque his regionibus quas modo animo metatus sum dedico sedemque opâ—mis spolâ—â—s quae Regibus Ducibusque hostium caesis me auctorem sequentes posteri ferent This was the first Temple that was consecrated to Jupiter in Rome whither the spoils taken from Kings or Commanders of the Enemies Forces were brought JUPITER STATOR a Sistendo i. e. to stop because upon the day of the engagement between the Romans and the Sabins Romulus perceiving that his Soldiers lost ground and were upon the point of running away begged earnestly of Jupiter to stop them and raise their Courage promising him withal to build another Temple to his honour which being granted to him he built a Temple at the foot of Mount Palatinus under the Title of Jovi Statori JUPITER ELICIUS Numa gave him this title upon this occasion For in his time Mount Aventinus being not yet inhabited nor inclosed into Rome and that Hill being covered with Springs of Water and thick Groves frequented by Picus and Faunus two Satyrs who cured most desperate Distempers by Inchantments Numa having heard of them desired to see them and learn their secrets wherefore by the advice of the Nymph Egeria he ordered that Wine should be poured into the Fountain and men should lye in wait to seize upon the Satyrs at their coming to it Both Satyrs according to their custom came thither but being got drunk with the Wine of the Fountain they fell asleep and were easily seized upon and brought to Numa who learned of them the secrets how to bring down Jupiter upon the Earth Elicere Jovem And Numa having immediately tried it Jupiter came down whereupon he commanded that a Temple should be built to his honour by the title of Jupiter Elicius JUPITER CAPITOLINUS Thus called because of the Temple vowed by Tarquinius Priscus in the War against the Sabius he laid only the foundations of it and it was finished by Tarquinius Superbus The Temple was of a square Figure having 220 Foot every way and eight Acres of ground in compass There were three Chapels in it the Chapel of Jupiter in the middle thereof that of Minerva at the Right hand near the place where the Nail was driven in every year to reckon the number of years and that of Juno which was on the Left hand The admirable Building and the rich Ornaments of this Temple made it the most famous in Rome and all the Provinces subdued to the Roman Empire and the Confederate Kings in emulation one of another sent Presents thither JUPITER LATIALIS had a Temple on Mount Albanus which Tarquinius Superbus caused to be built to his honour after the defeat of Turnus This Temple was common to all the Confederates and a Sacrifice was therein offered every year in common to the Feriae Latinae JUPITER SPONSOR The Temple built to him by this Title was consecrated to his honour by Tarquinius in the Wood of Bellona and dedicated by Sp. Posthumus Consul in pursuance of a decree of the Senate in the year cclxxxvii JUPITER PISTOR Thus called because the Gauls having besieged the Capitol and the Romans being very much streightned by the enemy and pressed with hunger Jupiter inspired them to make Bread with the remainder of their Corn and throw it into the Camp of the enemy Which having performed the enemy lost all hopes to starve them wherefore they raised the Siege and retired and in acknowledgement of this good advice the Romans erected him an Altar under the title of Jupiter the Baker Jovi Pisteri There was also in the Capitol a Figure of Jupiter Imperator which Titus Quintius Dictator brought from the Town of Praeneste and placed there with a Table whereupon were ingraven his great Atchievements JUPITER VICTOR Jupiter the Conquerour to wom L. Papyrius Cursor built a Temple by this title because he had overcome the Samnites and the Gauls VE-JUPITER or VE-JOVIS had a Temple between the Tarpeian Rock and the Capitol near the Asylum His statue was made of Cyprus Wood holding a Dart in his hand ready to be flung JUPITER TONANS Jupiter thundering an Epithet that Augustus gave him for having built a Temple to him upon the Capitol he dedicated it to him under that name and erected therein three statues one done by the hand of Buthyraus Disciple to Miron the other by Locras and the third was made of Brass Augustus caused this Temple to be built in honour of Jupiter Tonans because going once by night against the Inhabitants of Biscay the Thunder fell
who was beloved by Jupiter from whence she took her name as if one said Joviturna The truth of the History is that it was a Fountain in Italy the waters whereof were very fine and wholesom from whence it took also its name as Servius informs us in lib. 12. Aeneid Jaturna fons est in Italia saluberrimus cui nomen a juvando est inditum Varro on the contrary seems to say that the waters of that Fountain were sought after because of its name out of a superstitious and common simplicity Nympha Juturna quae juvaret itaque multi propter id nomen hinc aquam petere solent JUVENTAS called by the Greeks Hebe the Goddess of Youth Juno's Daughter See Hebe IXION The Son of Phlegias or Aetion Lucian in his Dialogue of the Gods introduces Juno and Jupiter talking thus of Ixion Jun. Who do you think was Ixion Jup. A very gallant man and good Company or else I would not have admitted him to my Table Jun. He is an insolent fellow who doth not deserve that honour Jup. What has he done I would fain know Jun. I am ashamed to tell it such is his impudence Jup. Has he made an attempt upon some Goddesses honour for you seem to intimate as much Jun. He has made his addresses to myself At first I took no notice of his love but afterwards he had always his eyes fasten'd upon me and that from time to time he sighed and let some tears drop that he affected to drink after me and lookt on me while he was drinking and then kissed the Glass I perceived his folly and I was ashamed to acquaint thee with it and thought it would soon be over But at last he grew so insolent as to tell me of it then presently stopping my ear lest I should hear him I came running as fast as I could to give thee notice of it that thou mightest make an example of him Jup. That is a bold Rogue to attempt to plant Horns on Jupiter's Head He was certainly drunk with Nectar but 't is my fault to love mortals so well as to admit them to my Table For 't is no wonder if feeding upon the same meat as I do they are transported with the same desires and fall in love with immortal Beauties Thou know'st thy self what a Tyrant Love is Jun. 'T is true that he is thy master and that as they say he leads thee by the Nose However I do well perceive why thou pityst Ixion He doth nothing but what thou hast deserved for thou hast formerly lain with his Wife and begot Perithous by her Jup. Dost thou remember it still Shall I tell thee my opinion in this matter It would be too great a punishment to banish him for ever out of our Company but seeing that he cries and sighs my opinion is ...... Jun. What! That I lay with him Jup. No some other Phantom like thee somewhat to satisfy his passion Jun. This would be to reward him instead of a punishment Jup. But what harm would that do thee Jun. He would think to embrace me and the disgrace would redound to me Jup. But he should be deceived for if we should form a Cloud like thee it should not be Juno herself Jun. As men have commonly more vanity than love he would brag of it and say that he had lain with me and I should lose my reputation Jup. If it thus falls out I will throw him headlong into Hell where being tied to a Wheel he shall turn for ever without enjoying any rest Jun. This wont be too great a punishment for his crime In short Ixion being perswaded he had imbraced Juno because he hugged a Cloud like her bragged of it whereupon Jupiter precipitated him into Hell where he turns a Wheel without Intermission Isaac Tzetzes relates That Ixion having killed his Father in law and being wandering and vagrant as a punishment of his crime was entertained by a King named Jupiter who kindly received him in his Palace and admitted him to his Table but Ixion having forgot this kindness imbolden'd himself to discover his love to the Queen which being reported to the King to inform himself of the truth of the matter ordered that one of the Queens Maids of Honour called Nephele or Cloud should be dressed with the Queens Apparel and brought to Ixion who enjoy'd her thinking it was the Queen her self K. K A double Consonant and the tenth Letter of the Alphabet taken from the Latin and comes from the Greek Kappa It was accounted useless by Priscian Claudius Dausquius says from Salust that the inventer of the Letter K was named Salvius and that it was unknown to the ancient Romans K is also a Numeral Letter which signifies amongst the Ancients two hundred and fifty and with a stroke above it it stands for an Hundred and fifty thousand KALENDE The Calends or the first day of every Month amonst the Romans See Calendae c. L. L Or Ell the name of the eleventh Letter of the Alphabet L is also a numeral Letter amongst the Ancients which stands for Fifty and signifies the same in the Roman Arithmetical Figures And when a stroke is added to it it stands for fifty thousand LABARUM The Standard of the Roman Emperours carried before them in the Wars and adored by the Soldiers It was a long Spear with a Staff set cross-way at the upper end thereof and from that Staff hung down a rich Standard of Purple colour edged with a Fringe and beset with precious Stones The Roman Emperors carried in their Colours or Labarum an Eagle Painted or Embroidered with Gold as we may observe in the reverse of a Medal of Maxentius wherein this Tyrant is represented armed with his Breast Plate holding with one hand the Labarum wherein an Eagle is drawn But Constantine the Great in the War against Maxentius where he vanquished him by the sign of the Cross which he saw in the Clouds Crowned the Labarum with a rich Crown beset with precious Stones and ordered that this Cypher P iâ—e Christ with these two Letters A and Ω to signifie that Jesus Christ is the beginning and the end should be wrought in Gold upon the Purple Standard We have a Medal of Constance wherein the Emperour is represented with his Coat of Armour on with his right hand holding up Victory which Crowns his head with Laurels and with the left hand he carries the Labarum Those who did bear the Labarum in the Armies were called Labariferi LABRUM A great Tub standing at the entrance of the Temple of the Jews and the Pagans in imitation of them where the Priests wash'd their Feet and Hands before they offered Sacrifices Labrum signifies also a Bathing Tub used in the Baths of the Ancients LABYRINTHUS A Labyrinth a place full of turnings and windiags so contrived that 't is very hard to get out again Pliny mentions four Labyrinths that of Egypt which was the greatest of all described by
by the Heathens to their Gods when they went upon any enterprizes The Deputies which were sent to Achilles to invite him to come to the relief of his Country-men began to wash their hands before their departure to fill their Crowned Cups with Wine and to pour it down upon the ground in honour of the Gods these Libations were commonly performed before they went to sleep Ulysses after he had got some little advantage over his Enemies washed himself in the Sea Water and went to make his Libations to Minerva LIBER This is one of the Epithets of Bacchus either because he procured unto the Baeotians their Liberty or that being esteemed the God of Wine he doth by Drinking give Ease unto disturb'd Minds The Consulary Medals of the Family of Cassia represent unto us the Pictures of Liber and Libera as they are called in Ancient Inscriptions that is of Male and Female Bacchus St. Augustine Lib. 7. de Civ Dei Cap. 21. speaks thus of Liber As for the Mysteries of Liber whom they have made to preside over the Seminal Powers of Liquids I mean not only over the Juices of Fruits amongst which Wine has the Preheminence but also over Seeds of Animals I am loth to take notice of that Excess of Infamy they arrived to therein but yet I must say in order to confound the arrogant Stupidity of our Adversaries among other Things which I am obliged to omit upon this Occasion because they are too tedious that according to the Testimony of Varro the Feasts of Liber were celebrated with so much Licentiousness in some Places in Italy that in Honour of him they gave Adoration to the Privy Parts of Man and that not in Secret to cover their Shame but publickly to make Wickedness appear triumphant For they placed him after an honourable Manner in a Chariot which was brought into the City after they had first drawn it through the Fields But at Lavinium they spent a whole Month in celebrating the Feasts of Liber only during which time there was all the Impurity of Speech imaginable encourag'd until the said Chariot had traversed the Market-place and was brought whither the People design'd to deposite what they carried after which the most vertuous Ladies in the City must go and crown this infamous Thing before the Multitude In this Manner it was that they made God Liber favourable to Seeds and expelled Charms and Witchcraft out of the Earth LIBERALIA the Feasts of Bacchus See Bacchanaelia LIBER a Book The Way used by the Ancients in Binding of their Books was not like unto ours Books of a Square Form were hardly ever in use either amongst the Greeks or Romans till a long time after Catulus Indeed King Attalus seeing the Art was found out to make Parchment so well as to be fit to be writ upon on both sides made some of his Books Square-wise yet the ancient Way which was to roll their Books in such a Manner as to give them the Form of a small Column prevailed so long that even all their Libraries in the Time of Cicero and long after were composed of these Rolls The Dearness of Parchment and Cheapness of the Paper whereof they made their rolled Books was the Reason there was hardly any other to be seen As to the Matter of Binding there was no other Fashion in use but to paste or glew several Leaves of Paper at full length to the Ends of one another in proportion to the Bigness of each Book When one side was filled up the Work was at end for they did not write on both sides they rolled all together beginning with the last which they called Vmbilicus whereunto they fixed a Piece of Wood Ebony or some such Thing to keep the Roll tight and to the other End they glewed a Piece of Parchment which covered the whole Volume and was of use not only to save the Paper but also to be an Ornament to the Book because it was painted of a Purple or Crimson Colour The Title of the Book was written in Gold Characters on the outside of the Parchment but the Epistle Dedicatory they wrote on the inside When the Roll was made they cut it at both Ends and upon every Leaf which was well polished with a Pumice-stone they laid pieces of Gold Silver or Ivory which they fastned to the Stick placed in the Vmbilicus LIBERALITAS Liberality a Goddess worshipped by the Romans and a Vertue often put in practise by good Emperors above all by Augustus Caesar according to Suetonius and Tacitus Congiarium populo Donativum militibus dedit He gave a Largess to the People which consisted of small Sesterces and a Donative to the Soldiers which was a like Sum of Denarii Marcus Aurelius caused Medals to be coined whereon the Picture of Liberality was engraven like a Roman Lady clad in a long Robe holding a Tessera in her Right Hand and round it Liberalitas Augusti By the Medals of Adrian and Alexander Severus the Emperor is to be seen mounted upon a little Ascent and in a sitting Posture making Signs to a Man that is at his Feet to give him the Money that was set upon the Brink of the Ascent with Liberality on the Sides thereof and a Tessera in her Hand LIBERTAS Liberty a Goddess worshipped by the Romans and Greeks by the Name of Eleutheria the Romans had divers Places and several Temples consecrated to the publick Liberty Ovid makes mention of these Places and of a Day that was dedicated to Jupiter the Victorious and to Liberty Occupat Apriles Idus cognomine Victor Jupiter hac illi Sunt data Templa die Hac quoque ni fallor populo dignissima nostro Atria Libertas caepit habere sua The Places were surrounded with Portico's and it did appear that the People met there It was a kind of Temple open at top like unto that at Jerusalem where stood the Altar for Burnt-Offerings but besides these Places the Roman Historians make mention of several Temples at Rome dedicated to the Goddess Liberty among others that built by Claudius in the Place where Cicero's House stood after it had been ruined and that erected in Honour of Julius Caesar after his Death Dion Cassius mentions both in Lib. 43. It was to the publick Liberty that the Romans dedicated these Temples Her Picture represented her clad like a Roman Lady holding a Javelin in one Hand and a Cap or Bonnet in the other By the Medals that were coined in Honour of Brutus and by those of C. Caesar surnamed Caligula you may observe that the Bonnet or Cap was an Ensign of Liberty thus when the Romans were about to grant their Slaves their Freedom they gave them a Bonnet or Cap From whence comes the Latin Phrase Dare Pileum to give one his Liberty and Vocare ad Pileum to call a Slave to his Freedom LIBETHRA a certain Fountain consecrated to the Muses and for this Reason they have been called Libethrides
Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to chase away because Wine of which he was the God dissipates the Vexations of Men's Minds LYCAEUS a Mountain in Arcadia consecrated to Jupiter and Pan the God of Shepherds from whence it is that they have given him the additional Epithet of Lycaean they solemnized some Festivals there in Honour of Pan which Evander carried into Italy and were called Lupercalia LYCAON was a Tyrant of Arcadia who was thunder-struck by Jupiter and changed into a Wolf because he had sacrificed a young Child upon his Altar according to the Testimony of Pausanias in his Arcadicks Ovid gives another Account thereof L. 1. Metamorphosis he relates that Jupiter being not able any longer to bear with the horrible Cruelties exercised by Lycaon towards his Guests took upon him Humane Shape and went into the Palace of this Tyrant who being desirous to make Trial whether he were a God or no laid Humane Flesh before him at Table with which Jupiter being incensed he transformed him into a Wolf LYCEUM a famous Place near Athens where Aristotle read Philosophy to his Disciples as Plato did in his Academy His Disciples were called Peripateticks because he taught them walking LYCIUS a Surname of Apollo who was worshipped in the City of Patara the Capital of Lycia where he had a Temple famous for the Oracles delivered there by him Et Lyciae sortes Virg. 4. Aeneid LYCURGUS the great Legislator of the Lacedaemonians formed his Republick according to the Model of the Stars says Lucian and forbad his Citizens to go forth to Battle before the Full Moon because then their Bodies were in greater Vigour That his Laws might obtain the greatest Authority he pretended to have had them from Apollo at Delphos he died when he was Fourscore and Five Years old LYNCEUS was one of the Argonauts who went with Jason to the Conquest of the Golden-fleece the Poets made him to be so quick-sighted that he could see through Trees and Walls and that because he had found out Mines in the Bowels of the Earth LYNCUS a very cruel King of Scythia who would have put Triptolemus whom Ceres had sent to teach Men the Use of Corn to Death but the Goddess abominating so much Cruelty changed him into a Lynx which is an Animal spotted with divers Colours LYRA a Lyre or Harp an old musical Instrument which we find painted in the Hands of Apollo 't is almost of a circular Form and has a small Number of Strings which are touched with the Fingers some have thought the Grecian Lyre to have been the same with our Cüitarre others say it was an Instrument made of a Tortoise-shell which Hercules excavated and bored Moles in and then strung it as Horace bears witness and so they came to call it Testudo You may see it bears several different Forms on the Monuments and Medals of the Ancients Some attribute the Invention of this Instrument to Orpheus others to Linus some to Amphion others again to Mercury and Apollo as may appear by those Dialogues of Lucian concerning the Gods where he brings in Apollo to speak thus He hath made an Instrument of a Tortoise-shell whereon he plays to that Perfection as to make me Jealous even me who am the God of Harmony The Harp is also a Coelestial Sign composed of Ten Stars that rise at the Sign of Libra the Scituation whereof makes as it were a kind of Harp The Fables of the old Astronomers would have the same to be Orpheus his Harp which he received from Apollo to whom Mercury had made a present thereof and that the Muses placed it among the Stars LYSIMACHUS was one of the Successors of Alexander the Great by a Medal of his was to be seen on one side the Form of his Head with his Crown on and two Horns at both ends and this he bare faith Appian because he held a mad Bull by the Horns that had forced himself loose out of the Hands of the Sacrificers and had killed them and in Testimony of his Conquering of him he bore the said Horns Upon the Reverse of the Medal sits Victory holding a Victim in her Right Hand M. M Is a Consonant and the Twelfth Letter of the Alphabet that has a very dull Sound and is pronounced with the outermost Part of the Lips whence it comes to pass that 't is called Mugiens Littera It 's sunk often times in Prose as 't is also in Verse Restitutu iri you meet with in the Law Saltu for Saltum in Vet. Gloss Quintilian says That the M often ended Latin Words but never Greek ones and that in such Case the Greeks changed it into an N because the N had a more pleasing Sound tho' it was rare in the Latin Tongue to meet with any Words ending with this Letter M alone stands for Manius Marcus Manes Manibus M being a Numeral Letter stood for a Thousand among the Ancients and when a Stroak was drawn above it it made a Million MACHINA a Machine or Engine being no other than the Setting together of several Pieces by Mechanical Art so as to serve for the Increasing of the Force of moving Powers The Name of Machine has been given in general to every Thing that hath no other Motion but what comes by the Art of Men the Ancients had a Multitude of Warlike Machines consisting of Rams Slings Scorpions Cross-bows Catapultes c. for the Beating down Town-walls Shooting of Arrows Flinging of great Pieces of Stone and the like MACHINAE VERSATILES They are strange Inventions to Change Scenes make Flights in the Air to move Animals and for other Artifices that both surprize and prove an agreeable Diversion to the Spectators Clocks Pumps Mills Organs and the like Things which operate by the Help of Wind and Water are Water or Aery Machines otherwise called Hydraulick or Pneumatick ones MACTUS HOC VINO INFERIO ESTO 'T was a Form of Speech used at the Sacrifices offered by Pagans to their Gods being as much as to say Magis auctus may your Glory be increased by the powring out of this Wine and the following Expression also has the same Derivation Macte nova Virtute Puer Pretty Boy increase in Vertue MAGIA Magick the Scripture it self gives us an Account of the Antiquity of Magick in Egypt when it speaks of the Magicians used by Pharaoh in Opposition to Moses who also by their Enchantment performed some of the Miracles which God wrought by his own Divine Power But that is not the first Place perhaps wherein the Magick of the Egyptians is spoken of 'T is most certain that as Egypt was the Mother of Fables so was she also the Mistress of Magick Among those Magicians who withstood Moses there were Two who signalized themselves above the rest to wit Jamnes and Mambres of whom St. Paul makes mention according to the Tradition of the Jews Pliny had Knowledge of these Two Egyptian Magicians but he puts
Measure has often introduced Confusion into Authors as may be justified by Galen who speaking of the Contest there was in his Time concerning Measures noted by Authors that were not fully explained informs us that some thought they ought to take the Term Cotyla according to the Measure of the Atheneans and others according to the Italian which was more There were Two Sorts of Measures one flat or long and the other round and hollow for dry Things and Liquids Long-Measure is a Barley-Corn which in Geometry makes the 12th part of an Inch otherwise called a Line The Inch contains 12 Lines or Barley-Corns the Romans called it Vncia It s the 12th part of a Foot and contains 3 Fingers each of which takes up the Breadth of 4 Barley-Corns or Lines The Foot is 12 Inches a Geometrical Pace 5 Foot a Geometrical Perch 10 Feet and in some Places 22 a Spar 8 Inches a Cubit a Jewish Measure a Foot and an half a Furlong 125 Paces the Funiculus an Egyptian Measure 40 Furlongs a Mile 8 Furlongs a Parasange a Persian Measure 30 Furlongs and more the Egyptian Schoenas 30 40 and 120 Furlongs a League 3 Miles more or less according to the Places or Countries you are in Measure in respect to Coelestial Distances is half the Diameter of the Earth being 15000 Leagues or thereabouts The Ell is a Measure for Stuffs The Reed called Kenech by the Hebrews contained 6 Cubits i. e. 8 Feet a Digit and an half A Rod Fathom c. differ according to different Places As for Surfaces an Acre consists of an 160 Perches Square a Day's-work is as much as one can plough in a Day The Cubical Foot is a Measure for solid Bodies Round and hollow Measures are such as serve to measure Corn and Liquids with Those used for dry Things are the Litra Bushel Minot Sestier and Muid For Liquids a Tun Muid Pipe Calens Amphora and Barrel And for Retail Hemina or the Half Sestier Sestier Quart Pottle Pot Congius Cotyla Cyathus and Acetabulum And for the Measure of Herbs in Physick that 's done by Bundles Handfuls and Pugils most of these Terms shall be explained in their proper Places MERCATORUM FESTUM the Feast of Merchantile People which fell out May 15 or the Ides of the said Month and were kept in Honour of Mercury for on that Day a Temple was dedicated to him in the great Circus when Appius Claudius and P. Servilius were Consuls They sacrificed to that Deity a whole Sow and went to sprinkle themselves with the Water of a Fountain named Aqua Mercurii which stood near unto the Gate Capena praying unto Mercury that he would prosper their Trade and forgive their Cheating Thus Ovid describes it L. 5. Fast Sive Deum prudens alium Divamve fefelli Abstulerint celeres improba dicta Noti Et pateant veniente die perijuria nobis Nec curent ent Superi si qua locutus ero Da modò lucra mibi da facto gaudia lucro Et face ut emtori verba dedisse juvet MERCURY according to the Fable was Son to Jupiter and Maia the Daughter of Atlas who Lay in of him upon Mount Cyllene near Tegaea in Arcadia they also called him the Tegean Cyllenian and Grandson of Atlas as Horace calls him Mercuri facunde nepos Atlantis Lucian informs us of his Qualities and Offices in the Dialogues of the Gods where he brings in Vulcan and Apollo speaking in this Manner Vulc. Apollo Have you seen little Mercury What a fine Fellow he is and how he laughs at all the World He discovers plainly what he will be one Day tho'he be but a Child Apoll. Do you call him a Child He who in Malice is older than Japetus Vul. What Harm could he do He is yet but new born Apoll. Ask Neptune from whom he has taken away his Trident and Mars whose Sword he has got to say nothing of my self whom he has robbed of my Bow and Arrows Vul. What! An Infant do this who is yet in Swadling-Clouts Apoll. Thou will see what he can do if he comes near thee Vul. He has been at my House already Apoll. And has he taken nothing away Vul. Not that I know off Apoll. See every-where Vul. I cannot see my Pinchers Apoll. I 'll warrant you thou wilt find it in his Clouts Vul. How Is this little Thief already so expert I believe he hath learnt to steal in his Mother 's Womb. Apoll. He has a great many other Qualities and you 'll see them when there is occasion He will in time be a great Orator and also a good Musician if I mistake not for he hath already foiled Cupid And as the Gods laughed at it and that Venus took him to kiss him he stole away her Girdle and would have deprived Jupiter of his Thunderbolt if he had not been too hot and eager but he took his Scepter from him Vul. He is a bold little Spark Apoll. He is also a Musician Vul. How so Apoll. He hath made an Instrument of a Tortoise-shell whereon he plays to great Perfection insomuch that he makes jealous of him who am the God of Harmony His Mother says he does not sleep a Nights and that he goes as far as Hell to get any Booty for he has a Rod endued with great Vertue wherewith he brings the Dead to Life again and conducts the Living to their Graves His Offices are also described in another Dialogue where he brings him in talking with his Mother Mer. Is there ever a God in Heaven more unhappy than I Maia Ah! My Son talk not at this rate Mer. Why not Since I have alone as much Business upon me as all the rest of the Gods besides In the first place I must get up at break of Day to clean the Hall where they Feast and the Place of their Assembly Then I must be at Jupiter's Levy to receive his Orders and to carry them backward and forward At my return I wait upon the Master of the Houshold and sometimes the Cup-bearer At leastwise I did this Office before the Coming of Ganymede But what disturbs me most is that in the very Night when every Body is at rest I must go and convoy the Dead to Hell and there assist at their Condemnation as if all the Day were not long enough for me to act the Offices of a Sergeant Champion Orator and many more c. He has been taken for the God of Traders and that he presided over Trade He was called Mercurius à Mercibus or à Mercium curâ and this makes Plautus in the Prologue of Amphytrion bring him in speaking Vt vos in vostris voltis mercimoniis Emundis vendundisque me laetum lucris Afficere He is usually painted with Wings at his Sides and Feet a Caduceus or Rod twisted round with Two Serpents in his Hand wherewith he performs many Wonders and a great Cap called Petasus on his Head whence he was named Mercurius
give Name to Coecropia which was afterwards called Athens from Minerva Being engaged in a Conspiracy against his Brother Jupiter he was forced to fly with Apollo to Laomedon where he helped to build the Walls of Troy tho' he was so unhappy as not to be paid for his Labour They make Neptune to be the Creator of the Horse for thus Virgil speaks of it Tuque ô cui prima frementem Fudit equum Tellus magno percussa tridenti Neptune Georg. L. 1. Servius says that Neptune was also called Equester because he made a Horie come out of the Earth that he might have the Honour to give Name to the City of Athens tho' Minerva prevailed by making an Olive-tree suddenly to grow up out of the Ground It 's probable this Horse was nothing but a Ship the Swiftness whereof a Horse does imitate and which is under the Protection of Neptune The Fable also signifies perhaps nothing else but the two Things wherein the City of Athens excelled viz. Ships and Olive-trees Pausanias gives other Reasons why the Invention of the Use of Horses is attributed to Neptune The Medals represented him naked holding sometimes a Dolphin in his Left-hand or under his Feet and his Trident in his Right as may be seen by the Reverse of the Medalls of Marcus Agrippa He was represented at other Times with his Trident in one Hand and in the other an Arostolia or Ornament which was fastned to the Prow of Ships and this is made out to us by the Reverse of the Silver Medalls of Augustus and Vespatian on which there are these abbreviated Words Nept. Red. Neptuno reduci these two Emperors intimating hereby their rendring Thanks to Neptune for their Expeditions by Sea and safe Return He was represented also lying upon the Sea holding his Trident in one Hand and leaning with the other Arm upon such a Vessel as the Gods of the Rivers were wont to do He is to be seen likewise mounted in a Chariot drawn by two Horses as he is also sitting upon a Dolphin holding Victory in his Right-hand which puts two Crowns upon his Head and his Trident in the Left When the Romans and Greeks gave Neptune Thanks for the Victories they obtained by Sea they represented him on the one Side with his Trident and on the other stood Victory upon the Stern of a Ship The Romans built a Temple to Neptunue Equester as Dionysius of Hallicarnassus says and appointed a Festival for him called Consualia wherein they crowned some Horses with Garlands of Flowers which in this manner were led through the City The Arcadians gave this Festival the Name of Hippocratia The History of Japhet agrees very much with what the Fable relates concerning Neptune Japhet's Share according to Scripture was Europe with all the Isles of the Sea and the Peninsula's whereof it consists Euhemerus the Historian as interpreted by Ennius and related by Lanctantius bears the same Testimony concerning Neptune that the Seas and the Islands fell to his Lot Neptuno maritima omnia cum insulis obvenerunt Plutarch says the Egyptians called the Promontories and the utmost Parts of the Earth Nephthyn which Term has doubtless a great deal of Resemblance to that of Neptune As for Neptune's other Name called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bochartus thinks it is derived from the Punick Word Pesat Herodotus says also there were none but the Libyans that gave Neptune the Name of Posidon so Posidon will be the same Name as Neptune Lactantius does not doubt but that Neptune was Superintendant General of the Seas All Nations had also a Neptune of their own and all these Neptunes had in like manner something that was very manifestly like and unlike to one another Diodorus Siculus speaks of an Altar in Arabia dedicated to Neptune standing upon the Sea-side Sanchuniathon says that Vsoüs was the first who hollowed the Body of a Tree and in Phoenicia durst adventure to trust himself with the Waves of the Sea The Neptune of the Phoenicians is ancienter than him of the Greeks and Latins as they were Navigators before the others and him they made to be the Son of Pontus The Egyptians had also their Neptune and Plutarch assures us that even the Name of Neptune was taken from the Egyptian Tongue and signified Promontories and Sea-Coasts But Plutarch perhaps confounds the Egyptians with the Libyans for Herodotus witnesses that the Word Neptune was proper only to the Language of the Libyans who were the oldest Worshippers of this Deity None says he assumed the Name of Neptune at the Beginning but the Libyans who always worshipped this God The same Author says elsewhere that the Scythians had also a Respect for Neptune and that they called him Thamimasades Appian relates that Mithridates threw the Chariots drawn by Four Horses in Honour of Neptune into the Sea NEREUS is one of the Gods of the Seas his Name being derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fluid according to Hescychius But yet 't is more probably deduced from Nâhar an Hebrew Term signifying fluere fluvius Some make him to be the Son of Neptune others of Pontus Pontus and Neptune being the same but Neptune is more often looked upon as the Genius of the Seas and Oceanus and Pontus as the Body thereof They make Nereus to have 50 Daughters called from him Nereides which are so many particular Seas being Parts of the main Sea it self Nereus married Doris by whom he had Thetis NEREIDES are Sea-Nymphs and the Daughters of Nereus NERO the 6th Emperor of Rome was the Son of Domitius Aeneobarbus and Agrippina and adopted by the Emperor Claudius his Predecessor to the Empire The Medals which we have of him shew his natural Inclinations by the Features of his Face For his Eyes were small and beetle-browed his Throat and Chin met together his Neck was thick his Belly big and Legs small Take him altogether he perfectly resembled a Hog which he did not illy imitate in his sordid Pleasures his Chin was a little turn'd up which was a Sign of Cruelty his Hair light and Legs small as Suetonius observes and his Face rather Fair than Majestick which made him easily to be adjudged an effeminate Person So that if in the Beginning of his Reign he shewed much Moderation and Clemency even so far as to say he wished he could not write that he might not sign the Sentence of a Criminal which was brought to him it was no more than an affected Modesty which Policy and the Respect that he bore unto his Preceptors inspired him with Seneca in his Satyr against Claudius with a sort of Flattery unbecoming a Philosopher brings in Apollo speaking of Nero as being like unto himself both in Beauty and Majesty Ille mihi fimilis vultu fimilisque decore Nec cantu nec voce minor c. And this doubtless is the Reason why Nero is often seen represented like unto Apollo To speak the Truth he had no bad Face but he
imitate every thing so admirably well that he feemed to be the very Thing which he imitated which was the Occasion of the Fable Herodotus does not doubt but that Proteus was an Egyptian King and Deity He says 't was he that received Paris and Helen with their Treasures and who kept Helen during the Seige of Troy and restored her to Menelaus when after the Destruction of that City the Greeks came to know that Helen had never been there Diodorus Siculus agrees with him as to the Reign of Proteus in Egypt during the Siege of Troy but he says that the Greek Fable concerning the Transformations of Proteus took its Origin from the different Habits which the said King affected to wear above other Kings of Egypt he one while putting on a Lion's Skin another while he drest himself like a Bull or Dragon and carried Trees sometimes by way of Ornaments sometimes Fire or Perfume which made the Greeks say they were so many different Shapes which he was metamorphosed into and as this King was much addicted to Astrology they feigned also that he foretold Things to come Lucian in his Dialogue of the Sea-Gods makes Proteus and Menelaus speak thus Menel I do not admire Proteus that a Sea-God as you are should transform your self into Water or even into a Plant but to become Fire that I cannot understand to be turned into a Lion may be better allowed of Prot. Menelaus 't is true Men. I know it very well for I am a Witness of it my self But to be plain with you I believe there is a Cheat in it and that you are only a meer Juggler Prot. What Cheat can there be in such things as are so manifest and certain St. Augustine by the â—xample of Proteus his Fable shews that the Poets ought not to be rejected by the Lovers of true Philosophy for the Proteus of the Poets was an excellent Representation of Truth which escapes from us and disguises her self after a thousand different ways by being concealed under false Appearances from which it cannot be separated without great Difficulty But at length after these Obstructions she discovers unto us her Beauty and Solidity that we may afterwards relish the Sweetness of her Orpheus called him the Principle of all Things and the Ancientest of all the Gods and says he keeps the Keys of Nature The Romans named him Vertumnus because of the Variety of Shapes which he assumed He was beloved by the Goddess Pomona PROTESILAUS the Son of Iphiclus and Laodamia's Husband a Grecian Prince who wakilled by Hector at the Siege of Troy as he was coming out of his Ship Lucian in his Dialogues of the Dead makes Protesilaus Pluto and Proserpina talk after this manner Prot. Ah! Pluto and you the Daughter of Ceres do not reject the Prayers of a Lover Pluto Who are you that talk thus Prot. The Chief of the Grecians that died at the Siege of Troy Pluto And what would you have Prot. Leave to go upon Earth a little while Pluto They are the same Requests as all the Dead make but not one obtains them Prot. 'T is not a Desire of Life that makes me speak but the Passion I have to see my Mistress whom I left in her Nuptial Chamber and hasted away to go along with the Greeians and was so unhappy as to be killed by Hector as I was coming ashoar The Love which I have for that fair Creature gives me no rest and I would desire leave once more to spend a Moment with her Pluto Have not you drunk of the Waters of Lethe as others have done Prot. I have but the Disease was too strong for the Remedy Pluto She will not be long before she comes and so spare you the Pains of going to seek her Prot. I have not Patience to tarry Pluto you know the Impatience of Lovers for your self has formerly been in Love Plut. What good will it do you to see her again for a Moment and then lose her for ever Prot. Perhaps I may perswade her to come along with me and so I shall thereby increase thine Empire with one Ghost more Pluto That 's not just Protesilaus and 't is never granted Prot. 'T is because you do not recollect your self better for you did restore his Euridice to Orpheus and Alcesta to Hercules who was my Relation Pluto Would you appear before her in this Condition which will make her die for very fear And do you think that she will mind you or be able to know you Proserpina Let us do him this Favour Pluto and command Mercury to carry him up and when he comes upon the Earth to strike him with his Rod that he may assume his former Shape and become such an one as he was when he went out of her â—uptial Chamber Pluto Since Proserpina will have it I give my Consent Mercury take him and conduct him thither but let him remember that there is but one Day allowed him to tarry They sacrificed to him in Chersonesus according to the Testimony of Lucian himself in his Dialogue of the Assembly of the Gods PROVIDENTIA Providence which the Ancients made to be a Deity as Cicero says 〈◊〉 Nat. Deor. They pictured her like a Roman Lady holding a Scepter in one Hand and with the o her seemed to point at a Globe that was at her Feet intimating that she governed all the World like the good Mother of a Family The Emperor Titus caused her to be graven with the Helm of a Ship and a Globe in her Hands Maximianus represented her by Two Ladies holding Ears of Corn in their Hands with this Inscription Providentia Deorum Quies Augustorum Alexander Severus describes her under the Form of a Goddess holding an Horn of Plenty and having a Vessel full of Ears of Corn at her Feet The Symbol of Providence was an Ant holding Three Ear of Corn in her Mouth PRYTANEUM was a Place in Athens where the Magistrates administred Justice and where those who had done some signal Services for the Commonwealth were maintained at the Publick Charges PSECADES Chamber Maids who perfomed their Mistresses Heads with some Liquid Perfumes which they poured Drop by Drop upon them For the Word Psecas comes from the Greek Verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to drop PSYCHE The Amours of Cupid and Psyche are known to every Body Apuleius and Fulgentius give very pleasant Descriptions of them We have a Picture wherein this Marriage is represented and where Cupid walks on Psyche's Right Hand with his Head vailed his Face uncovered and in his Hand a Turtle-Dove which was the usual Symbol of Conjugal Love and Psyche who was by his Side is vailed from Head to Foot this being the Custom among the Ancients for People that went to be married and especially for those of the Female Sex These Two Lovers are fastned together with a strong Chain to in timate there is no stronger nor more durable Union than that of Marriage
's Pavillion SILENTIUM the God of Silence who was represented with his Finger in his Mouth Ammianus Marcellinus says they also worshipped this God of Silence Silentii quoque colitur numen The Egyptians called him Harpocrates and made him to be the Son of Osiris and Isis Ausonius calls him Sigaleon An tua Sigaleon Aegyptius oscula signet The Name comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 silere The Angerona of the Romans was also a Goddess of Silence and her Mouth was sealed up SILENUS a Phrygian living in the Reign of Midas who as Tertuliian says gave him his great Ears Silenum Phrygem cui a pastoribus perducto ingentes aures suas tradidit It 's also likely he might have been one of the Princes of Caria who was famous for his Wisdom and Learning Diodorus Siculus speaks of him in this manner Primum enim omnium Nysae aiunt imperasse Silenum cujus genus ignoratur ob temporis longinquitatem The Fable of Midas his lending him his long Ears only denoted the great Knowledge he had in all Things Cicero in his Quaestiones Tusculanae says that Midas having seized upon the Person of Silenus he paid his Ransom and bought his Liberty with this excellent Sentence That it was best not to be born but the second Degree of Happiness to die betimes And now we may believe that the Drunkenness in which Midas surprized Silenus was a mysterious Drunkenness of superabounding Wisdom So Bochart following the Steps of Justin Martyr thinks that the Name and Fable of Silenus imported the Prophecy of Jacob under a Disguise when he promised the Messias to Judah Bochart will have the Name of Silenus to come from Silo which is the Messias Name in the said Prophesy And whereas Diodorus Siculus makes Silenus to be the Director of Bacchus his Studies and his Guide this is because the Doctrine of the Messias in the same Prophecy ought to be admired and attended to by all Nations again the Poets making Silenus to ride upon an Ass to be tied to Bacchus with their seeming to drown him in Wine tend only to express these Words of the Prophecy concerning the Messias Ligans ad vinam pullum suum ad vitem asinam suam Lavabit in vino stolam suam in sanguine uvae pallium suum pulchriores sunt oculi ejus vino Diodorus Siculus made Silenus to be Bacchus his Master in respect to the Whole of his Education and Exercises Virgil makes Silenus make a very serious and learned Discourse concerning the Creation of the World when he was scarce recovered out of his Drunkenness Pausanias says they shew'd the Stone in Attica where Silenus rested when he accompanied Bacchus thither that in short they gave Silenus his Name to all the Satyrs when they began to grow a little-old They used to represent Silenus with a bald Pate large Forehead and flat Nose which denoted the Physiognomy of a Man given to Wine and insolent as Silenus was said to be He was also known by a Pot which he carried in one Hand and a Basket of Fruits in the other Pausanias says Silenus had Temples built him wherein Drunkenness presented him with a Cup full of Wine SILVANUS the God of Fields and Cattle whom they were wont to represent with his Right Hand stretched out and holding a Cypress branch in his Left or that of some other Tree he was crowned with the Leaves of Trees because he was more especially worshipped in the Country Horace calls him the God of Bounds as well as Mercury Et te pater Silvane tutor finium See Sylvanus SIMPULUM a Vessel with a long Handle and made like a Cruet In some Editions of Juvenal we read Simpuvium SIMONIDES a Lyrick Poet of the Isle of Ceos Being at Supper with Scopas the Statuary he was told there were Two young Men who were Castor and Pollux that wanted to speak with him and as soon as he was gone out of Doors the House fell and crushed the Guests to pieces Phed. L. 4. Fab. 22. SIRENES Syrens the Pagans feigned they were Sea-monsters with Womens Faces and Fishes Tails They were thought to be the Three Daughters of the River Acheloüs whose Names were Parthenope Ligea and Leucosia dwelling upon the Shoar of Sicily they sung admirably well and threw themselves into the Sea for having been slighted by Vlysses or Grief for the Loss of Proserpina their Companion but the Gods transformed them into those Monsters who drew Passengers to the Rocks where they lost their Lives and were devoured by them The Syrens of whom Homer in his Odysses makes so long a Discourse had in all appearance no other Foundation than the Likeness there is between She Tritons and Women People have experienced in their Course of Sailing that there are some Sea-shoars and Promontories where the Winds by the various Reverberations they make there cause a kind of Harmony that surprizes and stops Passengers This perhaps was the Ground of the Syrens Song and was the Cause of giving the Name of Syrens to these Rocks The Syrens are undoubtedly an Invention of the Phoenicians they were Three Female Musicians half Birds and half Virgins of whom Servius gives this Description Sirenes secundùm fabulam tres in parte virgines fuerunt in parte volucres Acheloi fluminis Calliopes Musae filiae Harum una voce altera tibiis altera lyrâ canebat primò juxta Pelorum post in Capreis insulâ habitarunt Aen. L. 5. Near unto the Isle of Caprea stood the Isles called Sirenussae the City and Promontory of Sorento where there was a Temple dedicated to the Syrens according to Strabo lastly the City of Naples where stood the Funeral Monument of Parthenope one of the Syrens Tho' the Syrens by these Authorities and divers Testimonies of the Poets seem to be confined either to Sicily or the Coasts of Italy yet 't is very certain their Name is Hebrew Sir Sirum Canticum Cantica and that they were the Phoenicians who peopled these Islands and Sea-Coasts that left there some Footsteps of their Language as they did also of their History and Religion SISTRUM an Instrument of the Goddess Isis adored by a particular sort of Worship in Egypt The Form of it was Oval like a Racket with three Sticks which crossed the Breadth thereof and moved freely that so they might thereby make a Sound which the Ancients found very melodious One of these Sistra made all of Copper is to be seen in the Library of Genevieve at Paris it was the usual Mettal they were made of as Apuleius informs us who gives a Description of it Several Authors have spoke of this Sistrum and Jerom Bosius among others who has writ a Treatise on Purpose entituled Isiacus de Sistro SISYPHUS the Son of Aeolus a famous Robber slain by Theseus The Poets feigned that he rolled up a great Mill-stone in Hell to the Top of a Mountain from whence it presently fell down again and oblieg'd him
They reckoned there were 424 Streets in Rome in all the Divitions of the City whereof there were but 31 that were considerable which all began at a gilt Pillar for that reason called Milliarium auream that was set up at the Entrance into the great Place below the Temple of Saturn and lead to as many Gates and to made the like Number of great Roads that passed through all Italy These great Streets were called Viae regiae militares publicae of which the three most famous were Appia the Road of Appius which was made and paâ—ed by him Flaminia that of Flaminius made by a Consul of that Name and reach'd from Porta Flamentana near Campus Martius as far as Rimini upon the Adriatick Sea and Via Aemilia Aemilius his Road. VICTORIA Victory a Deity adored by the Ancients and made by Varro to be the Daughter of Coelum and Terra for whom the Romans built a Temple during their War with the Samnites in the Consulship of L. Posthumius and M. Attilius Regulus and dedicated to her a Temple of Jupiter Optimus after the Overthrow at Cannae according to Livy L. Sylla instituted Games in Honour of her The Athenians also built her Statue without Wings that so she might not fly away from their City in the same manner as the Lacedaemonians represented Mars with Chains that so he might continue with them according to Pausanias She was usually represented like a young Goddess winged and standing upon a Globe with a Lawrel Crown in one Hand and a Palm in the other Domitian represented her with a Horn of Plenty to intimate that Victory brought Plenty of all Things with it On the Reverse of the Silver Medal of L. Hostilius Victory is represented with a Caduceus which was Mercurie's Rod of Peace in one Hand and a Trophy of the Enemies Spoils in the other Victory is represented upon the Reverse of a Gold Medal of Augustus with her Feet upon a Globe and extended Wings as if she flew a Lawrel Crown in her right-Right-Hand and a Labarum or Emperor's Banner in the Left She is also represented sitting upon the Spoils of the Enemy with a Trophy set before her and carrying a Crown with these Words Victoria Augusti VINDICTA the Rod or Switch wherewith the Praetor touched a Slave's Head when he was affranchised VIRBIUS surnamed Hippolytus the Son of Theseus whom Aesculapius at Diana's Request raised from the Dead and was surnamed so as being born twice VIRGA the Rod of Moses which according to the Rabins God made between the two Vespers of the Sabbath that is on the Evening of the sixth Day of the Creation of the World and on which the Holy Great and Glorious Name of God called Tetragrammaton was inscribed after a wonderful Manner and therefore 't is said in the Zoar upon Exodus that the Miracles were graven and the most holy Name of God inscribed upon it Galatinus writ a great deal concerning this Rod and he relates some Things remarkable out of a Jewish Book entituled Gale resaia i. e. Revelans arcana It 's to be observed according to the Sentiments of the Jews that this Rod by reason of the particular and divine Vertue it had to work Miracles was never given to any other but Moses that Josuah himself though his Disciple and most worthy Successor never made use of it but only of a Lance and Javelin It 's true when other sacred Things as Aaron's Rod the Pot of Manna and Vessel of sacred Incense were laid up in the Ark by Josuah we could never learn what became of Moses his Rod and we do not find either in the holy Scriptures or Books of the Rabbins any mention made of it And Abarbinel inferrs from Moses his going up to the Mount Abarim to die there that he took Gods Rod in his Hand and that it was buried with the Body of that Prophet in the same Grave God being unwilling that any other Man should make use of it after him for as there never was a Man in Israel like unto Moses either in respect to the Heighth of Prophesie or Signs and Wonders done by him so no other but himself made use of that Rod for working all those Miracles As Moses was the Conductor of the People of God into the promised Land the Pagans also ascribe unto Mercury the Charge of conducting Souls into Hell They likewise endue him with a Rod twisted round with Serpents called Caduceus in Imitation of Moses his Rod that was changed into a Serpent and was so famous amongst them that whatever miraculous and strange Thing was performed by him it was attributed to that Rod. Virgil describes the Vertue of that Rod in his Aeneids Tum virgam capit hac animas ille evocat orca Pallentes alias sub tristia tartara mittit Dat somnos adimitque lumina morte resignat Illâ fretus agit ventos turbida tranat Nubila He therefore used his Rod as well when he fetch'd Souls from Hell as when he carried them thither By the Help of this Rod he made the one sleep and awaked the other and made whom he would to die He expelled the Winds and passed through the Clouds VIRGILIUS Virgil the Prince of the Latin Poets born at Andes near the City of Mantua and named Publius Maro The Romans admired him for the Excellency of his Works and honoured him as much as the Emperor himself and his Modesty acquired him the Name of Parthenius He has left us his Bucolicks Four-Books of Georgicks and Twelve of the Aeneids wherein he has imitated the Iliads and Odysses of Homer The Emperor Augustus hindered this last Piece to be burnt as Virgil had ordered it by his Will VIRTUS Vertue a Goddess among the Romans whose Temple was joined to that of Honour so that you must first pass through the Temple of Honour to it VISCERATIONES a Gift consisting of the Entrails of Animals conferred upon the People at the burying of great Men in Rome VITA Life Homer seems to allude to the long Lives of Men in the first Ages of the World when he says that Nestor was cotemporary with the Men of the Two preceding Ages and having survived them did also then live with those of the third Age and he told them that the former People with whom he had conversed were a great deal stronger than those born afterwards so that they were not afraid to encounter wild Beasts Hesiod gives us a compleat Description of the Terrestrial Happiness of those People that lived in the first Age but he has not given an Account of the Duration of their Lives which he makes to end in a sweet Sleep Moriebantur ceu somno obruti but he clearly intimates that this Life must have been very long when he says that those of the succeeding Age who came far short of the other were a Hundred Years in a State of Infancy We cannot truly determine how many Years an Age consisted of by