Selected quad for the lemma: hand_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
hand_n	foot_n	pike_n	right_a	13,065	5	9.1061	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A13173	The practice, proceedings, and lawes of armes described out of the doings of most valiant and expert captaines, and confirmed both by ancient, and moderne examples, and præcedents, by Matthevv Sutcliffe.	Sutcliffe, Matthew, 1550?-1629.	1593 (1593)	STC 23468; ESTC S117986	348,032	372

number and the ground where they stand As the front is diuided so likewise is the supply and last hope in like sort The supply would be neere so many as the front but it is sufficient if the last hope be halfe so many The distances of the supply would be greater then of the battaillions in front which charging the enemy are to ioyne close together and being wearied may retire within the distances of the supply which two partes ioyned together do then make one front if both be foiled then are they to be receiued within the distances of the last hope which are largest and all the partes to vnite their whole forces together If any doubt of the confusion that may arise in the retiring of the first and second battell backe to the third then may the supply and last hope be drawen vp vpon the sides which will worke the very same effects In the midst of euery battaillion or square somewhat toward the first rankes would the ensignes be placed with their garders well armed and furnished with short weapons Euery battaillion would haue his seuerall leader which would be the first man of the right hand in the first ranke of the square for that the inferior leaders in a maine battell should stand out of ranke is contrary to practise of warres If in euery battaillion there were some part targetters contrary to the moderne vse there might be good vse made of them when the armies come to ioyne both against shot and pikes a Ante signa modico interuallo velites eunt Liu. 38. Before the front of the battell are certeine troupes of shot to take their standing which may not onely defend the head of our army but also anoy whosoeuer offereth himselfe to the charge If they be pressed with horsemen or targetters their retreit is within the distances of the battaillions if the ground affoord them no other defence From thence they are to be drawen eftsoone againe and employed where theyr leaders shall perceiue they may doe most seruice A ranke of mosquetiers vnder the first ranke of pikes may doe good seruice if they be drawen into the distances when the enemy commeth to the charge The horsemen if they be not strong enough to encounter the enemies horse would be seconded with certeine troupes of shot and halfe pikes but diligently are they to take heed that they goe not directly before the front of their owne footmen lest retiring thence they fall vpon their owne pikes The great ordonance if there be any hill in the place either on the right hand or left hand of the army is there best placed both for seeing of the enemy and for feare of disordering our men either going to the charge or retiring backe If the ground be euen it is placed in the head of our army a little before our troupes of shot which after the same is discharged auance themselues while that is drawen within the distances either of the battaillions or of the midbattell and corners For defence of the artillery there are good gardes to be appointed wheresoeuer it standeth If this order cannot be obserued yet this rule is generally to be respected that euery weapon and souldier is there to be placed where he may most anoy the enemy and best defend himselfe The partes are so to be placed that one may succour another and one retire to another Horsemen may not come within the ground of the footmen nor shot within the rankes of pikes but both either on the sides or behinde the battaillions He is most iudicious that can bring most men to fight and stop the way to the enemy that he can not extend his men to hurt him There is no company to be sent forth to ioyne with the enemy but with some to relieue them againe and againe and to receiue them retiring and stop the enemies pursute Horsemen may not charge pikes nor come in ground where they cannot fetch their carriere Other rules in their speciall places shall be prescribed Shot in marching and standing obserue order The distances before I haue shewed In fighting they obserue no order but euery man marking his enemy right before him and shooting at him taketh his best aduantage yet if they obserue not a certeine course where the shot are many they soone fall in disorder Archers for that they shoot and fight standing in ranke obserue better aray their distance from shoulder to shoulder is one foot from ranke to ranke foure foot Some now a dayes doe little esteeme this weapon yet if our archers were armed with plated iackes as in time past neither shotte could abide them in euen ground nor pikes without shotte Against horsemen where they may finde defence of hedges or ditches or stakes or rough ground they do very good seruice Pikemen against a charge of horsemen ought to stand close with the blunt end of the pike in the ground the poynt bent vpon the horse brest Ranke from ranke standeth not more then three foot asunder that many endes of pikes may garde the first ranke That the pikes may be commodiously bent and crossed the first rankes are to bow theyr bodies that they may the better breake the charge of the enemies horse before them they are to haue a ranke of mosquetiers as hath bene said already Where the pikemen go to charge other pikes betweene shoulder and shoulder there would be a foot distance betwixt ranke and ranke so much as charging with the pikes aboue hand and breaking the same they may vse theyr swordes and daggers and either in striking auance forward theyr right legges or els receiuing the enemies blowes draw backe the same Sixe foot I thinke for that purpose to be sufficient The halberdieres bilmen and targetters would haue likewise betwixt shoulder and shoulder one foot betwixt ranke and ranke fiue foot In pikes and short weapons this is generally to be obserued that they stand as close together as may be so they may haue roome to manage themselues and their weapons the lesse roome may serue considering that I would haue all souldiers to strike with the point of their weapon and euery man to succour his fellowes before him and on the sides The horsemen go to the shocke with equall front so neere as they can and runne so close side by side as they may without hurt ech to other If horse be distant from horse two foot and ranke from ranke seuen foot when horsemen goe trotting to the charge the proportion is good The aray of the Frenchmen that charge with single rankes is of no strength neither the orders of the Reiters that goe to the charge in a ring for so soone as they are inuested with lances they are broken and therefore I thinke the former aray better as vsed both by antiquity and the Italian and English caualery which giueth ground at this day to no other The ancient leaders of time past which for their skill in armes are famous to

cowards and disorderly persons 21 In the last Chapter for that our souldiers are for the most part raw and ignorant and would haue things expressed and taught them plainely I haue gathered together certaine militarie orders some concerning religion manners others concerning especially tending to the common safetie of the state armie or garrison or els concerning the speciall dueties of captains or common souldiers others respecting the campe or towne of garrison others specially belonging to sea causes and aduentures at sea others to the Officers of the army or fleete others concerning booties spoyles and prisoners and some concerning the execution of lawes and administration of iustice out of which I would haue so many as are fitting for the seruice in hand to be chosen out and put in writing and proclaymed openly and deliuered vnto euery captaine or colonell that euery man may vnderstand some part of his duetie and what punishment is due for his offences These things I haue for thy sake not without great labour brought together and layde foorth in this forme which I haue declared Reade them therefore with indifferencie and weigh them with iudgement and say not this can not be so for I neuer sawe it the authoritie is drawen from those which haue seene more then thy selfe and standeth vpon better reason then without experience thou canst imagine if thou allowest and likest my reasons followe them and vse them if not yet proceede not against reason my only desire was to profit my countrey and to content and profit thee other boone or reward I craue none but that I doe not receiue at thy hands disgrace for my diligence nor reproofe or scorne for my good will which because common humanitie forbiddeth me to feare I will bid thee a dieu and begin to addresse me to my purpose ¶ The right practice proceedings and lawes of Armes CHAP. I. What causes make warres iust or vniust and what are the effectes of lawfull warres and what solemnities or circumstances are to be considered in defiance of our enemies and first attempts of warres IT is needelesse as I suppose to dispute whether it be lawfull either for Christian Princes to make warres or for christians to serue in warres Those that thinke it vnlawfull as men deuoyd of iudgement in religion and state are declared long since to be both heretical and phrenetical persons The lawfulnes there of is apparent for that most godly and religious princes as Iosuah Dauid Iehosaphat Iudas Macabeus were great warriers their warres so allowed that the spirit of God calleth them the warres or battels of the Lord neither was the same altered by Christes comming as the Anabaptists dreame The holy a Rom. 13. Apostle sheweth that the Magistrate carrieth not the sword in vaine But he should carry it in vaine if hee might not as lawfully repell publike force as he may punish therewith priuate wrongs Iohn Baptist when the souldiers came vnto him he exhorted them not to giue ouer their manner of liuing but to content themselues with their wages to do wrong to no mau b Act. 9. Cornelius the Centurion notwithstanding his souldiers profession hath a notable testimony of the holie Ghost to be a man that feared God and if he had not beene such hee had not receiued the holie Ghost The true seruants of God sayth S. c Ad Bonifac. Augustine make warres that the wicked may be restrained and goodmen be relieued Beside this what state in this notable corruption malice of mens nature could endure any time if warres against violent persons were vnlawfull without warres who can warrant vs against spoyle and iniury it is the law of nature and nations that putteth weapons in our hands for our defence without warres ciuill lawes against rebellious subiects cannot be executed and so should remaine without edge S. a Ambr. de offic Ambrose saith that it is the office and parte of iustice by warre to defend our country from the enemy our confederates and such as by reason of their weakenes neede our aide from spoylers and oppressors Wherefore taking this as granted that some warres are lawfull let vs proceede to examine what those things are that giue vs iust cause of warres which is a matter much to be regarded vnlesse we will be accompted among those tyrants that rage and vexe men without cause If the cause of him that warreth be good the issue cannot be euill saith b Bern. de nou mil. Bernard the c Frangit attollit vires in milite causa Ouid. cause as it is good or euill so either abateth and breaketh or whetteth the souldiors courage d causa iubet superos melior sperare secundos Lucan and good and iust causes make men hope ro receiue fauour of God in the issue and triall e Euentus belli velut aequus iudex vnde ius stabat ei victoriam dabat Liui. 21. the euent oftentimes is according to the iustice and qualitie of the cause and f 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Eurip Electr. seldome do they returne in safety that go forth to draw their swordes in euill quarrels Dionysius of g Lib. 2. antiq Halicarnassus sayth that the Romanes therefore preuayled for the most part for that they enterprised no warres without iust causes contrariwise the h Ius in armis ferebant Liu. 5. Gaules which accompted that iustly gotten which they could winne with their sworde though otherwise very valiant receiued many great foiles for this cause as sayth Philip of i Phil. Com. li. 4. Commines Princes when they list to quarrel with their neighbors pretend honest causes although oft times vntrue The French that with some colour they might receiue such as in Gascoigne or Guienne rebelled against the kings of this realme suborned certaine Gascoignes and Poicteuins to complaine of vniust taxations made by the English in the dayes of Edward the third and Richard the second And Lewis the eleueuth of France instigated certaine rebelles to complaine of k Philip of Commines Charles duke of Burgundie that vnder colour of doing iustice he might with more reason inuade his territories These pretenses shewes make great disputes betwixt princes and states while euery man will seeme to make his cause good and to do nothing without iust causes Let vs therefore now consider what causes are sufficient to iustifie the taking of armes what are counterfeit and insufficient First it is lawfull to vse ●orce and take armes in defence of our country true religion our goodes or liberty a Hoc ratiodoctis mos gentibus feris natura ipsa praescripsit vt omnem semper vim a corpore a capite a vita iua propulsarent Cic. pro Mil. Reason teacheth the learned and custome instructeth all nations thus much which euen the instinct of nature printeth in wilde and sauage beastes that it is lawfull to repell force offered to our life to our person and the

hard to bee forced whereunto eyther for height or for water or other inconuenience the souldier canne hardly come A Towne situate vpon a rocke which is well walled and flanked can hardly be assaulted For such grounde can neither bee mined nor trenched Other Townes that are placed in eauen ground and good soyle although they be strongly fortified yet either by breache or scale or mine may be entred especially where the souldiers are neither many nor skilfull nor resolute Of such Townes that are neither well flanked nor well manned there is no doubt to be made but that by a resolute charge they may be wonne The course that is commonly and best to be vsed in assaulting of Townes is this after that the Generall commeth in viewe of the Town that he determineth to assault let him send his campe-master or some other speciall mea of iudgement before with his horsemen seconded with shot and targets to viewe the walles of the Towne and the ground without the Towne where the batterie may most commodiously be made by reason of the weakenes of the walles or eauennes of the ground If he cannot approche with his horse he may then vse his shot and targets to beate those that wil offer themselues to hinder the discouery That he faile not in iudgement he is to vnderstand that where the walles are hie or weake or destitute of bulworkes or flankers and the ditche is narrowe and drie and the ground within and without plaine and eauen there is a good place to make a batterie Yea albeit the wall be strong and well flanked yet if there be no weaker place I would not haue him doubt to chuse that place to plant his artillery in If by espials we vnderstād where the ground and the defenses of the Towne giue vs best commoditie to make a breache then there needeth no great viewe but onely to see whether it be as is reported The quality of the ground would also be considered whether it be hard or soft plaine or hilly dry or miry and such like that after the batterie once begunne we be not driuen to remoue our pieces This being reported to the General he is to cause the great ordonance to be drawen toward the place so that about the shutting of the euening the same may be within mosquet shot yet couered from the Townesmens viewe if it may be With the same are two strong squadrons of shot to march seconded with halberds and targets and supplied with some horsemen The rest of the army diuided into foure partes are to take their lodgings in foure partes rounde about the Towne Somewhat farre from the walles vnlesse they may couer themselues with some hill from their shotte or that there be Suburbes about the Towne That night euery part is to fortifie their lodgings with trenches palissadaes barriquades or such meanes as they haue When the day is gone let all the souldiers that may bee spared and for default of them let pioners carry baskets and earth to the place chosen to plant the artillery in that may not be aboue sixtie or seuentie pases from the wall There diuiding their baskets into so many partes as the master of the Ordonance purposeth to diuide his piecies into let them beginne to fill their baskets ranged in order as fast as they can That they bee not molested in their worke the squadrons of shotte sliding along by their sides and shooting against such as shewe themselues from the walles are to prouide against sallyes the targetters and halberdes are to defende them When the baskettes are filled then they may range their pieces behinde them But if the baskets bee not defence sufficient as seldome they are against great shotte then vnder couer of the baskets they are to beginne a trenche casting the earth inwarde towarde the pieces to serue for a banke The same trench would bee made along the curteine of the wall the endes of the banke bending inwarde that there the artillery may bee placed that shooteth on slope to the curteine and direct against the bulworkes or flankers For defence of the artillery and those that are placed there to garde it on both sides reason requireth that the banke bee made with diuers corners and that the whole compasse of grounde where the artillerie standeth bee intrenched but so that there bee issues left for those within to goe within the trenches and without them Vpon the banke there woulde a sufficient parapet bee made all alongst where the canon is ranged fifteene or sixteene foote in newe earth is little ynough in that the holes for the canons are to be left In other places if the parapet bee three or foure foote thicke it is sufficient All along this banke and along the trenche are mosquetiers and other shotte to bee ranged The broader the trenche is the better it will serue to couer our men To effect this speedily many handes are to bee employed If there be conuenient speede vsed the ordonance woulde bee ready to speake the next morning But for that it is not possible that men shoulde worke all the night neither conueniently watche all night therefore both shotte and targetters and such as worke the first part of the night would be relieued at midnight and others sent in their places both to worke and to watch The artillerie is to be ranged in three places Two fourth partes woulde bee placed direct before the cortine of the wall of the other two partes one woulde be ranged some pretie distance off with the noses of the pieces pointed towarde the flankers if any be of the one hand the other toward the bulwarks or flankers on the other hand Yet sometimes they may hit slope wise in the cortine of the wall and those that are pointed against the cortine nay be discharged against the shoulders of the flankers If with thy pieces thou canst not see the foote of the wall then before thou beginnest the batterie thou must cause the counterscarpe or grounde betwixt thee and the wall to bee opened and the earth cast into the ditche of the Towne That is to be done both before the cortine and before the flankers If thou doest not hitte within two foote of the bottome of the wall thou doest but waste time and powder That the canon may bee managed with more ease if the soyle bee soft thou art to make a sole of plankes somewhat encliuing toward the wall for the same to runne vpon This being done which is principall wee are to dresse a mount or caualier as they call it some hundred paces from the wall or neerer directly looking along the wall where the breach is to bee made there placing foure or fiue pieces of artillerie wee may beate those that present them selues to the breache to defend it or repaire it By the same we may discouer those that are vpon the bulwarkes or goe in the streetes or within worke about the breache And therefore where the grounde afoordeth vs