Army consisting of 8000 Footmen set in close Array in the time of Alexander the Great made use of a Salade or Head-piece made of the raw Hide of an Ox and had their Body cover'd with a Jacket or Coat of Mail made of Flax or Hemp twisted into Cords and 3 times doubled which were called Thoraces trilices from the number of Cords fix'd one upon another Homer in the 3d. Book of his Iliads arms thus the famous Paris He first put on his Greaves or the Armour of his Legs then he clothed himself with the Coat of Mail tied his Sword by his Side took his Shield and armed himself with a Helmet adorn'd with Feathers of divers Colours Now follow the Arms of the Roman Cavalry A Horseman carried a Lance in his right Hand and a Shield on his left which was an ancient kind of offensive Weapon made in the form of a light Buckler which the Horse of the Houshold who fought with a Lance in former times carried on their Arm his Body was cover'd with a Coat of Mail which is a piece of Armour made in the Form of a Shirt and wrought over with many rings or little marks of Iron which came down as low as his Knees His Hands were cover'd with Gantlets which were large Gloves of Iron for arming the Hard of a Horseman and his Fingers covered with thin Plates of Iron join'd together in the Fashion of Scales and his Arms with Bracelets a Piece of defensive Armour which cover'd the Arms as also his Knees with Greaves a kind of Boots or Armour for the Legs on his Head he wore a Morion with a Crest adorn'd with Plumes of Feathers and various Figures of Beasts-upon it Their Horse were arm'd with a Coat of Mail and Plates of Iron The light Horsemen carried a Javelin or half-Half-Pike in their right Hand which Javelin was 5 Foot and a half long and had a Head of Iron with three edges which was sharp-pointed and in their left Hand they held a great Shield and wore a Casque upon their Head There were also some Throwers of Darts which were light arm'd They carried on their Back a Quiver full of Arrows and had a Bow out of which they were to shoot them They wore a Sword on their left Side and some of them had a Dagger on the right side their Head was arm'd with a Casquet and their Legs with Greaves The ancient Names of the Greek and Roman Arms and Weapons with their Explication A Slinger was one who threw Stones with a Sling The Slingers were a part of the Roman Militia 1. A Sling is an Instrument made up of two Strings having a little Pouch like a Net in the middle for holding the Stones that are thrown out of it 2. A Dart is a missive Weapon made of Wood that is arm'd with a sharp pointed Iron at the end which is thrown with the Hand 3. A little Shield or a kind of a round Buckler wherewith the Infantry in former times was arm'd 4. Pilum The ancients called any Shaft of Wood armed with Iron by this Name and so all sorts of Arrows and Darts which they let fly were called Pila 5. A Dagger is a large Ponyard which anciently they us'd in fighting 6. A Salade is a slight covering for the Head which the light Horsemen wore It differs from a Helmet in this that it has no Crest and is hardly any thing but a Weapon 7. A Morion is the Armour of a Souldier being a Pot which he wore upon his Head to defend it It was used by Foot Souldiers 8. A Curiass is a defensive Armour made of a Plate of Iron very well beaten which covers the Body from the Neck down to the Wast both before and behind 9. Greaves a kind of Boots or Armour for the Legs 10. A Bracelet a piece of defensive Armour which covers the Arm. 11. A Pavice is a Piece of defensive Armour which the ancients wore in the Wars it was the largest sort of Bucklers whose two sides bended inwards like the Roof of a House or a shed of Boards for Souldiers and so it differ'd from a Target 12. A Target in Latin Pelta is a Buckler us'd by the Romans which was bended in the Form of a half Moon and of an oblong Figure 13. A Coat of Mail was a piece of Armour made in the Form of a Shirt and wrought over with many little Rings of Iron 14. A Jacket is a short Coat which the Cavalry in ancient times wore over their Armour and Curiasses it was made of Cotton or Silk stitch'd between two light Stuffs and sometimes also of Cloth of Gold 15. A Head-Piece is a Piece of defensive Armour for covering the Head and Neck of a Cavalier which is otherwise called a Helmet The offensive Arms or Engines which the Romans made use of in attacking Places 1. A Rhalestra a great Engine for throwing of Darts the Invention of it is attributed to the Phaenicians Vegetius says that in his time Scorpiones which M. Perrault has translated Arbalestres were called Manubalista to distinguish them from their great Balistae or Catapultae which were not portable after the same manner as our Harquebusses and Pistols are distinguished from Cannon 2. Balista an Engine which the Ancients made use of for throwing Stones it differ'd from the Catapulta in this that the latter threw Darts but both of them let fly after the same manner 3. Aries the Ram was a vast long Beam strengthned at one end with a Head of Iron which was hung on two Chains wherewith they us'd anciently to batter the Walls of Cities There were 3 sorts of them one was hang'd upon Ropes another run upon Wheels and a 3d. Sort was sustain'd by the Arms of those who plaid it When the Carthaginians besieg'd Gades they judg'd it expedient suddenly to demolish a Castle which had been taken but wanting proper Instruments for that purpose they made use of a Beam which several Men bore up with their Hands who thrust forward the end of it with so great Violence against the top of the Wall that by their redoubled Blows they beat down the uppermost Lays of Stone and so descending from one Lay to another they at last demolish'd the whole Fortification After this a Carpenter of the City of Tyre called Pephasâ—â—â—nos taking the hint from this first Experiment hang'd one Beam to another like a Balance and by the force of the many great blows which the Beam gave while it was play'd he batter'd down the Wall of the City of Gades Cetras the Chalcedonian was the first who made a Car of Wood which was driven upon Wheels and upon this Car he rear'd up many Posts standing upright and Beams lying a-cross whereof he made a Hut and having hang'd a Ram in it he cover'd it over with Ox Hides to secure those who play'd the Engine for battering down the Wall Since that time this Hut was call'd a Tortoise to the Ram
Scepter in his right hand crown'd with a Diadem and an Eagle by him There were eleven Images of Women round about Homer representing the nine Muses and his Illiads and Odysses set in the rank of the nine Muses Behind him are the Figures of Time and Harmony setting a Crown on his head Not far off is an Altar and near it on one side is represented the Fable and on the other the History and further off are set in order Poesie Tragedy Comedy Vertue Memory Faith and Wisdom The Singers who formerly sung the Poems of Homer were dress'd in red cloaths when they sung the Illiads and in blue Cloaths when they sung the Odysses and some wrapp'd up the Illiads in a red Parchment and the Odysses in a blue one Tully l. 3. de Orat. says that Pisistratus Tyrant of Athens was the first who set the Illiads and Odysses in the order we now have them Apollinarius wrote a Poem in imitation of the Illiads of Homer containing the whole History of the Old Testament to the Reign of Saul and divided also his work in four and twenty Books according to the four and twenty Greek Letters Besides this Poem he wrote Comedies like those of Menander Tragedies in imitation of Euripides and Lyrick as Verses fine as those of Pindar Pythagoras being come down into Hell saw the Soul of Hesiod tied with chains to a Brass Pillar and that of Homer hung to a Tree both expos'd to the biting of Serpents in punishment of what they had writ of the Gods Strabo tells us that of all the editions of Homer that which is call'd è Narthecio is the most correct and most esteem'd being the work of Calisthenes and Anaxarchus Aristotle gave this Edition to Alexander and it was called after that name because Alexander kept it in the rich and precious Box of Darius HONOR Honour a Divinity always represented with Vertue wherefore no man could get into the Temple of Honour but by passing first through the Temple of Vertue whereby the Ancients represented to us that Honour proceeds from Vertue and to that purpose M. Marcellus built two square Temples join'd together one to Vertue and the other to Honour because true Honour arises from solid Vertue These two Divinities are represented on the Medals of Vitellius by two engraven figures one of them stands on the right side half naked holding an half-Half-pike with one hand and a Horn of Plenty with the other and a Helmet under her right foot the other figure is on the left side and has a Helmet on holding a Scepter with her right hand and a Dart with the left treading with its right foot upon a Tortoise with this Inscription Honos Virtutes HORAE The Hours Poets tell us that they are the Daughters of Jupiter and Themis and Homer calls them the Door-keepers of Heaven that 's the Fable the Truth is The Hours that divide the Day in four and twenty parts were during five hundred years unknown to the Romans For till the first Punick War they reckon'd the day by the rising and setting of the Sun then they added Noon and in fine they found out the division of the civil day into four and twenty hours However there are two kinds of hours for some are equal and others unequal Equal hours are those that are always in the same state as the hours we make use of each of them making the twenty fourth part of the natural day They are to the number of four and twenty whereof twelve are for the day and twelve for the night Unequal hours are longer in Summer and shorter in Winter in regard to the day or on the contrary as to the night When I speak of unequal hours one must not think that one of these hours are longer than the other but only in respect to the several Seasons those of the Summer being longer than those of the Winter in regard to the day and as for the night those of the Winter are longer than those of the Summer And dividing this way the artificial day in twelve equal parts the sixth hour will fall at noon and the third will be the middle of the foregoing time from the rising of the Sun to noon as the ninth hour is the middle of the following time from noon to Sun-setting and thus of the others The Romans divided the hours of the day in to four viz. Prima Tertia Sexta Nona Prima began at six a Clock Tertia at nine Sexta at twelve and Nona at three of the Clock in the Afternoon Wherefore the Canonical hours were called Prima Tertia Sexta Nona us'd by the Church to honour the sacred Mysteries perform'd at these Hours Likewise the Romans divided the twelve hours of the night into four Watches call'd Vigiliae a Latin word taken from Military Discipline wherefore Pliny calls them Castreases Vegetius tells us why there are four Vigiliae in the night and why each Watch was of three hours It was not possible says he that a Soldier should keep Centry a whole night wherefore it was divided into four Vigiliae and at each of these Vigiliae they reliev'd the Centries and set fresh ones in their rooms Now we must consider how the Romans reckon'd their hours Prima began at six a Clock and comprehended three hours And if one ask'd how they reckon'd the seventh and the eighth hours we answer that they were distinguish'd amongst themselves and had their peculiar name viz. prima secunda tertia quarta quinta sexta septima octava nona decima as Martial tells us Prima salutantes atque altera continet hora Exercet raucos tertia causidicos In quintam varios extendit Roma labores Sexta quies lassis septima finis erit Sufficit in nonam nitidis octava palaestris Imperat extructos frangere nona toros Hora Libellorum decima est Eupheme meorum Temperat ambrosias cùm tua cura dapes The twelve hours of the day in the Equinox are here set down according to their order The first hour of the day was from six to seven the second from seven to eight the third called Tertia happen'd at nine a Clock And by these words Inquintam extendit was comprehended the fourth and the fifth hour viz. eleven a Clock in the morning Sexta befel always at noon the seventh hour was from noon to one a Clock the eighth from one to two the ninth was from two to three and the tenth was from theee to four and the rest was extended to the first Watch of the Night which began at five and six of the Clock in the Evening inclusively The hours of the night were reckon'd in the like manner as those of the day at the sixth hour was mid-night The Romans explain'd also the several times of the night in other undetermin'd terms For when the Sun was setting they call'd that time Solis occasus from the Sun-setting to dark night Vesper or Vespera from the
whom all Evil entred into the World Sed Mulier manibus magnum operculum cum dimovisset dispersit hominibus autem immisit curas v. 92. This is the Description he gives of Pandora who was the first Woman made by the hand of God This was that Pandora who open'd the Fatal Box of Evils which over-spread the Earth in which Hesiod is follow'd by the other Poets as Pausanias observes The Life of every Man is likewise divided into Four Ages or Four different Times of which 't is made up viz. Infancy which continues till the Fourteenth Year Youth to Twenty Four Manhood to Sixty and Old Age to the end of our Life The Age or Term of Life at which a Man was qualified for Offices war differently appointed in the Common-wealth of Rome and under the Emperors A Man ought to be at least Seventeen years old to be Soldier None could obtain a Quaestorship till the Age of Twenty Seven They would not allow any to be Tribunur Plebis till Thirty Years old None could be an Aedile before he was Thirty seven Years old Nor a Praetor or Consul till Forty These fix'd Times could not be dispens'd with especially under the Emperors Tacitus teaches us that at first they had no respect to Age even in bestowing their greatest Dignities and he mentions young Men who were Dictators and Consuls It does not appear that those Ages were settled till the Year 373. under the Consulship of Posthumius Albinus and C. Calpurnius Piso when Julius the Tribune made a Law as Titus Livius relates which ascertain'd the Age for all Offices AETERNITAS Eternity was reckoned among the Gods worshiped at Rome It is differently represented to us upon Medals her Statue was sometimes drawn in the Habit of a Roman Lady holding a Javelin in her Right-hand and a Cornu-copia in her Left setting her left-Left-foot upon a Globe The Emperor Adrian caus'd her to be graven holding two Heads in her Hands Upon some Medals of Philip Eternity is also represented sitting upon an Elephant on a Chariot drawn by two Elephants or two Lyons with this Motto ETERNITAS AETHER Jupiter or the more fine part of the Air which is easily inflam'd and where the Thunder and Lightning is formed out of the subtle Matter which is set on fire there Hence it is that the Poets say that Jupiter causes the Thunder and darts Lightning upon the Earth This word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to burn and 't is likely that Jupiter is also nam'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ferveo to be hot AETHIOPIA a very large Country of Africk It was first call'd Aetheria after that Atlantia and since Aethiopia from Aethiops the Son of Vulcan according to Pliny or rather from the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 uro to burn The Hebrews call it Chus that is to say Black Geographers place Ethiopia under the Torrid Zone between Arabia and Egypt The excessive Heat of that Climate hath given Birth to many monstrous Men and Beasts of which the Historians Pliny Strabo and others speak AETHIOPES The Ethiopians or People of Ethiopia Hesiod calls them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Black Men. Homer gives 'em the Epithet of Blameless They go to fight dancing as Lucian says and before they draw out their Arrows which are set round their Heads in form of Rays they leap and dance to affright their Enemies They were the first who found out Astrology for 't is a subtile Nation which excels all others in Ingenuity and Knowledg Homer calls them Thrice happy They treated Jupiter with all his Train of Gods Twelve whole Days at their Sacrifices as we learn from the same Lucian AETHON the Name of one of the Four Horses of the Sun the First is call'd Pyrois i. e. Red because the Sun when it ascends above our Horizon being overspread with Vapors from the Earth appears red the Second is Eous i. e. Shining or Bright because the Sun being mounted up and having dispers'd the Vapors appears clear and bright Aethon is the Third which signifies Burning as the Sun is at Noon when it is in the middle of its course and when it scorches us with its Heat and Fire the Fourth is call'd Phlegon Russet-colour'd as the Sun is when it sets AETHRA the Daughter of Oceanus and Thetis and Wife of Atlas by whom she had a Son named Hyas and Seven Daughters who so lamented the Death of their Brother Hyas who was torn in pieces by a Lyon that they dyed of Grief Jupiter chang'd 'em into so many Stars which the Astronomers called Hyades or Rainy AETION the Father of Andromache the Wife of Hector who was slain at Thebes by the Greeks with his Seven Sons He was particularly honoured at the Olympick-Games says Lucian AETION Aetion a famous antient Painter who has left us a famous Piece of the Ameurs of Roxana and Alexander which he shewed to the Publick at the Olympick-Games he drew a magnificent Chamber where Roxana sate upon her Bed shining in glorious Apparel but more glorious yet by her Beauty although she lookt down for shame at the presence of Alexander who stood before her A Thousand little Cupids flew about her of whom some lifted up her Veil behind to shew her to the Prince others undrest her others pull'd Alexander by the Robe as a young Bridegroom full of Modesty and presented him to his Mistris He throws his Crown at her Feet accompanied by Ephestion who holds a Torch in his Hand and learning upon a beautiful Boy which represents Hymenaeus On his side are other little Cupids which wantonly play with his Arms. Some carry his Lance bowing under so heavy a burden others his Buckler upon which there is one sitting whom they carry in Triumph while another lies in ambush in his Breast-plate who attends 'em in the passage to affright ' em This Piece gain'd Aetion so great Reputation that he who presided over the Games gave him his Daughter in Marriage AETNA Aetna a burning Mountain in Sicily which was also call'd by some Mount Gibel which sends forth from time to time Whirlwinds of Fire and Smoke and Clouds of Ashes This Fire is fed by Veins of Brimstone and Bitumen kindled by the Winds which are inclosed in these subterraneous Caverns Fabulous Antiquity would make us believe that Jupiter having slain the rebellious Gyants with Thunder shut them up in this Mountain that the Bellowings which are heard to come out of it are the Groans of those Gyants who are overwhelm'd with the excessive weight of that Mountain and that these Fires that issue out of it are the Breath and Wind of these miserable Creatures This Virgil describes in these Verses of Lib. 3. of his Aeneids v. 578. seq Fama est Enceladi semustum fulmine corpus Urgeri mole hâc ingentemque insuper Aetnam Impositam ruptis flammam expirare caminis Et fessum quoties motat latus
Memallelar i. e. Praters and Talkative-Persons These raving Women were clothed with Tygers and Panthers Skins with their Hair all loose throwing their Head backward They were crowned with Ivy carrying in their left Hand a Thyrse which was a Pine Staff Tacitus speaking of one of these Bacchae says Ipsa orine fluxo thyrsum quatiens and Sidonius Apollinaris describing the Troops of Bacchus makes mention of the Thyrse Tiger-skins and Drums They went through the Mountains in the Company of Bacchus crying out like mad Persons and often repeating Evohe Bacchae that is to say let Bacchus live happily An Epithet which was given him by Jupiter when in the War with the Giants Bacchus being transformed into a Lion vented his Fury on them and tore them in pieces BACCHUS the Son of Jupiter and Semele Apollodorus in his third Book of the Original of the Gods gives us this Relation of the Nativity of Bacchus Cadmus says he had Four Daughters Antinoe Ino Semele and Agave with a Son named Polydorus Ino married Athamas Antinoe Aristaeus and Agave Eehion As for Semele Jupiter was in Love with her and withdrawing himself from the Embraces of Juno he gained the Favour of his Mistress Juno envying the Happiness of her Rival disguised her self to cheat her and taking the Shape of Beroc Semele's Nurse she informed her that to be assured of the Love of Jupiter she ought to pray him to shew himself to her in all his Glory Jupiter having consented to it Semele was not able to endure his Splendor and Majesty but the Fire of his Lightning laid hold on the Roof of the Chamber and consumed it All that could be done in this Surprize was to save the Child for she had been big some Months and to put him very hot into Jupiters Thigh where he fulfilled his time at the end of which he came out and was put into the Hands of Mercury the Messenger of the Gods and the Confident of their Love who carried him first to Ino his Aunt and to her Husband Athamas to take care to nurse him and bring him up but Morose Juno resolving to shew her Displeasure to them caused Athamas to slay his eldest Son Learchus as he was a hunting taking him for a Deer whereupon Ino cast her self into the Sea with her Son Melicerta Then Jupiter to free little Bacchus from the Fury and Persecutions of Juno changed him into an Hee-Goat for a certain time When he recover'd his first Form Mercury carried him to the neighbouring Nymphs of the City Nysa in asia to compleat his Education who named him Dionysius from the Name of his Father and of his Country Lucian says that Bacchus assumed the Shape of an Hee-Goat to surprize Penelope the Daughter of Icarus whom he forced in Arcadia and had Pan by her The Theology of the Aegyptians and ancient Greeks teaches us that Bacchus or Dionysius is an Emanation or divine Power and confounds him with Phaebus Apollo Pluto Apis Anabis and Osyris It also confounds him with Janus and Noah and represents him by a Triangle which is a Figure of the Divinity according to the Ancients and Plutarch undertakes to prove that Bacchus is the God of the Hebrews and that all the Observations of the Jews are nothing else but the Ceremonies of Bacchus Homer as well as all the rest of the Greek Poets makes Bacchus the Son of Jupiter and Semele but Pausanias delivers the rest of his Story after a different manner The Inhabitants saith he of the City of Brasias hold that Semele having brought forth Bacchus Cadmus her Father being angry at it shut up both the Mother and the Child into a Chest and threw them into the Sea which cast them upon the Coast of the Brasians who taking it out of the Water opened it and found that the Mother was already dead but the Infant being alive they caused it to be nourished and brought up They add that Ino wandring at that time was his Nurse and they shew a Cave where she nursed him which to this Day is called Bacchus's Cave Uâ—pian in Athenaeus's Dipnosophistes after Euhemerus of the â—sle of Coos in Book 30. of his History relates that Cadmus the Grandfather of Bacchus was Cook to the King of the Sidonians and having debauched a dancing Maid of that Kings named Harmonia he had by her Semele the Mother of Bacchus Lucian in his Dialogue between Jupiter and Juno makes them speak thus Juno I am ashamed O Jupiter to have such a drunken and effeminate Son as this of thine is who is always in the Company of certain mad Women and who are more masculine than he Jupiter But this effeminate Man has conquered Thrace and Lydia and subjected the Indies to himself having made the King Prisoner with all his Elephants and which is most strange he did all this with his leaping and dancing among the Women at the sound of the Drum and Flute and for the most part drunk If any One dare speak of his Mysteries he will take them in his Chains and Agave herself has torn in Pieces her Son Penthius Is not this Great and Worthy of Jupiter What will he not do when he is sober since he does so great things when he is drunk The same Lucian in Bacchus relates his Expedition to the Indies thus Bacchus says he attempted the Indies notwithstanding the Raillery of some and Compassion of others who believed that he would be crushed by the Elephants if he escaped the Fury of their Arms for his Army was only made up of Women moved with divine Fury who instead of Bucklers carried Drums and Cymbols for Javelins Staves twisted about with Ivy for Arms Garlands of the same Tree and for Armour Skins of Hinds and Panthers They were attended with a Troop of Satyrs who did nothing but leap and skip like Kids whose Tails and Horns they have Bacchus also had Horns and was without a Beard cloathed with Purple and gilded Buskins and having Vine Branches loaden with Grapes woven between his Locks of Hair He rode in a Chariot drawn by Tygers which was all he had terrible his Two Lieutenants were the One a little old Man with a flat Nose trembling all over cloathed in Yellow with large upright Ears and a great Belly riding for the most part of his time upon an Ass and for want of that supported by a Staff but in all things else a great Captain the other a Satyr with Horns his Thighs hairy with the Beard and Feet of an Hee-Goat holding in his left Hand a Flute and in the other a crooked Staff and runs through all the Plain leaping and dancing and much terrifying the Women for he was hasty and passionate and when he came near them they ran with their Hair flying about their Shoulders crying Evohe as acknowledging him for their Master Nevertheless these mad Women among their other exploits tore Flocks in pieces and eat their Flesh raw The Indians seeing such a ridiculous
Crew more fit for a Ball than for a Warlike Encounter disdained at first to take Arms and thought to send their Women to fight them for fear they should disgrace their Valour by such an unworthy Victory but when they understood that that Army though ridiculous kindled a Fire every where for Fire is the Dart of Bacchus which he hath borrowed from the Thunder of his Father they armed themselves in hast and mounting upon their Elephants came full of Rage and Anger to encounter these Incendiaries When they came in sight of them they put themselves in order for Battel covering the Front of their Troops with their Elephants Bacchus also mustered his Army and set Silene on his right Hand which is that great flat Nos'd Captain above mention'd and Pan on his left and plac'd himself in the middle after he had dispersed the Satyrs every where as many Officers and Captains and given them for their word Evohe Immediately the Bacchae sounded a Signal with their little Drums and Trumpets and a Satyr having blown his Horn the Ass of Silene began to bray so terribly that being joyned with the howling of the Bacchae who then discovered the Iron of their Thyrses and the Serpents they were girded withal the Indians and their Elephants sied before they were within reach of their Spears and so they were defeated and subdued Diodorus in his second Book of his Antiquities gives an historical Relation of Bacchus and tells us that the most wise of the Indians say that Bacchus invaded their Country with a great Army from the Western Parts and that he over ran all the Indies not finding any City that dare oppose him but the great Heats of the Country much incommoding his Army he left the Plains and retired with his Army into the hollow of the Mountains which he called the Thigh which gave an occasion to the Greeks to feign that Jupiter put him into his Thigh He taught them afterward how to plant and dress a Vineyard caused several Cities to be built among them and furnished them with Laws and died after he had reigned over them 52 Years Antiquity has given Bacchus several Names He is called BIMATER that is to say One who had Two Mothers viz. Semele and Jupiter in whose Thigh he fulfilled his Time after he was taken out of the Belly of his Mother He was named Dionysius from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Jupiter his Father and the City Nysa where he was nursed Diodorus places this City in Arabia or in Aegypt on the Confines of Arabia Arrian and Quintus Curtius say 't is in the Indies of whose Opinion is Pomponius Mâ—la thus speaking of it The fairest and largest of all the Cities in the Indies is Nysa where Bacchus was nursed which gave occasion to the Greeks to feign that he was shuâ— up in Jupiter's Thigh Pliny speaks of another City called Nysa which is in Caria Stephanus reckons Ten of the same Name in several Kingdoms Some give him the name of Liber either because he rejoices and frees the Mind from the Troubles of Life or because he obtained Liberty for the Country of Baeotia He is also surnamed BROMIUS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Fear or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Thunder being born of a Mother who was consumed by Jupiter's Thunder He is called LYAEUS from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to drive away or because Wine excels Grief Lastly some give him the Epithet of Evan which in the Indian Tongue signifies Ivy which is consecrated to him We see him sometimes represented to us in the Shape of a Child holding in his Arm a Bunch of Grapes and sometimes in the Form of a Man carrying a Pine-branch We have a reverse of a Medal of Severus and Julia where is the Figure of a Chariot drawn by Two Panthers in which is set a Young Man holding a Pot in his left Hand and in the other a Tygers Skin to shew us that Bacchus was the Conqueror of the Indies and other Eastern Countries because he is pictured in a Triumphal Chariot with a Dart in his Hand and his Enemy prostrate at his Feet The Philosopher Albricus tells us that some have painted Bacchus with the Face of a Woman with naked Breasts and Horns on his Head crowned with Vine-leaves and riding upon a Tyger carrying a Pot in his left Hand and a Bunch of Grapes in his right Some picture Bacchus both Male and Female as is visible on the Consular Medals of the Cassian Family which shew us the Figures of Liber and Libera i. e. Bacchus both Male and Female Orpheus in his Hymn against Masae has positively asserted that Bacchus was ever thought to be of both Sexes as the greatest part of the Gods are He had a Magnificent Temple at Rome in which they sacrificed to him Hee-Goats because they destroy the Vine-branches and eat the Grapes as Virgil teaches us Baccho Caper omnibus aris Caeditur Georg. II. v. 380. BACCHUS the Son of Jupiter and Semele otherwise called Dionysius from the Island Dia now Naxus after he had over-run all the East with his Army subdued the greatest part of the Indies and taught Men the use of Wine was put by them into the Number of the Immortal Gods but when the Thebans disputed his Dignity publishing that he was not the Son of Jupiter but of some Man who had left his Mother he filled their Women with a divine Fury so that they ran with their Hair flying about their Shoulders loose into Mount Cytheron crying Evohe Tiresias and Cadmus were by this Action convinced of his Divinity and none but Pentheus opposed it discoursing of the Superstition of the Orgiae and labouring entirely to abolish them at which the God being provoked made him mad also and drove him into Mount Cytheron where he was torn in pieces by the Theban Women who were before turned Furies and took him for a Lion and his Mother Agave was the Woman that cut off his Head not knowing who he was The Tyrrhenians famous Pirates in the Mediterranean Sea as they were robbing upon the Coasts of the Aegaean Sea met with Bacchus upon the Shore and having taken him Captive thought they had got a considerable Prize whereupon they began to insult over him and to offer him some Indignities but the God seeing their ill Designs changed them into Dolphins to punish them as we learn from Philostratus in his Character of the Tyrrhenians Tzetzes thinks that Noab lived at the same time with the Bacchus of the Indians and Osiris of the Aegyptians and that he had for his Servant Mercurius Trismegistus who was the first Inventer of Learning and Arts from the Instructions which he had received from Noah who had preserved Arts Learning and Sciences which had been invented and exercised during the 16 or 17 Ages which preceded the Deluge The same Author says elsewhere that near the Mountains of India are to be seen the Pillars of
who was beloved by Jupiter from whence she took her name as if one said Joviturna The truth of the History is that it was a Fountain in Italy the waters whereof were very fine and wholesom from whence it took also its name as Servius informs us in lib. 12. Aeneid Jaturna fons est in Italia saluberrimus cui nomen a juvando est inditum Varro on the contrary seems to say that the waters of that Fountain were sought after because of its name out of a superstitious and common simplicity Nympha Juturna quae juvaret itaque multi propter id nomen hinc aquam petere solent JUVENTAS called by the Greeks Hebe the Goddess of Youth Juno's Daughter See Hebe IXION The Son of Phlegias or Aetion Lucian in his Dialogue of the Gods introduces Juno and Jupiter talking thus of Ixion Jun. Who do you think was Ixion Jup. A very gallant man and good Company or else I would not have admitted him to my Table Jun. He is an insolent fellow who doth not deserve that honour Jup. What has he done I would fain know Jun. I am ashamed to tell it such is his impudence Jup. Has he made an attempt upon some Goddesses honour for you seem to intimate as much Jun. He has made his addresses to myself At first I took no notice of his love but afterwards he had always his eyes fasten'd upon me and that from time to time he sighed and let some tears drop that he affected to drink after me and lookt on me while he was drinking and then kissed the Glass I perceived his folly and I was ashamed to acquaint thee with it and thought it would soon be over But at last he grew so insolent as to tell me of it then presently stopping my ear lest I should hear him I came running as fast as I could to give thee notice of it that thou mightest make an example of him Jup. That is a bold Rogue to attempt to plant Horns on Jupiter's Head He was certainly drunk with Nectar but 't is my fault to love mortals so well as to admit them to my Table For 't is no wonder if feeding upon the same meat as I do they are transported with the same desires and fall in love with immortal Beauties Thou know'st thy self what a Tyrant Love is Jun. 'T is true that he is thy master and that as they say he leads thee by the Nose However I do well perceive why thou pityst Ixion He doth nothing but what thou hast deserved for thou hast formerly lain with his Wife and begot Perithous by her Jup. Dost thou remember it still Shall I tell thee my opinion in this matter It would be too great a punishment to banish him for ever out of our Company but seeing that he cries and sighs my opinion is ...... Jun. What! That I lay with him Jup. No some other Phantom like thee somewhat to satisfy his passion Jun. This would be to reward him instead of a punishment Jup. But what harm would that do thee Jun. He would think to embrace me and the disgrace would redound to me Jup. But he should be deceived for if we should form a Cloud like thee it should not be Juno herself Jun. As men have commonly more vanity than love he would brag of it and say that he had lain with me and I should lose my reputation Jup. If it thus falls out I will throw him headlong into Hell where being tied to a Wheel he shall turn for ever without enjoying any rest Jun. This wont be too great a punishment for his crime In short Ixion being perswaded he had imbraced Juno because he hugged a Cloud like her bragged of it whereupon Jupiter precipitated him into Hell where he turns a Wheel without Intermission Isaac Tzetzes relates That Ixion having killed his Father in law and being wandering and vagrant as a punishment of his crime was entertained by a King named Jupiter who kindly received him in his Palace and admitted him to his Table but Ixion having forgot this kindness imbolden'd himself to discover his love to the Queen which being reported to the King to inform himself of the truth of the matter ordered that one of the Queens Maids of Honour called Nephele or Cloud should be dressed with the Queens Apparel and brought to Ixion who enjoy'd her thinking it was the Queen her self K. K A double Consonant and the tenth Letter of the Alphabet taken from the Latin and comes from the Greek Kappa It was accounted useless by Priscian Claudius Dausquius says from Salust that the inventer of the Letter K was named Salvius and that it was unknown to the ancient Romans K is also a Numeral Letter which signifies amongst the Ancients two hundred and fifty and with a stroke above it it stands for an Hundred and fifty thousand KALENDE The Calends or the first day of every Month amonst the Romans See Calendae c. L. L Or Ell the name of the eleventh Letter of the Alphabet L is also a numeral Letter amongst the Ancients which stands for Fifty and signifies the same in the Roman Arithmetical Figures And when a stroke is added to it it stands for fifty thousand LABARUM The Standard of the Roman Emperours carried before them in the Wars and adored by the Soldiers It was a long Spear with a Staff set cross-way at the upper end thereof and from that Staff hung down a rich Standard of Purple colour edged with a Fringe and beset with precious Stones The Roman Emperors carried in their Colours or Labarum an Eagle Painted or Embroidered with Gold as we may observe in the reverse of a Medal of Maxentius wherein this Tyrant is represented armed with his Breast Plate holding with one hand the Labarum wherein an Eagle is drawn But Constantine the Great in the War against Maxentius where he vanquished him by the sign of the Cross which he saw in the Clouds Crowned the Labarum with a rich Crown beset with precious Stones and ordered that this Cypher P iâ—e Christ with these two Letters A and Ω to signifie that Jesus Christ is the beginning and the end should be wrought in Gold upon the Purple Standard We have a Medal of Constance wherein the Emperour is represented with his Coat of Armour on with his right hand holding up Victory which Crowns his head with Laurels and with the left hand he carries the Labarum Those who did bear the Labarum in the Armies were called Labariferi LABRUM A great Tub standing at the entrance of the Temple of the Jews and the Pagans in imitation of them where the Priests wash'd their Feet and Hands before they offered Sacrifices Labrum signifies also a Bathing Tub used in the Baths of the Ancients LABYRINTHUS A Labyrinth a place full of turnings and windiags so contrived that 't is very hard to get out again Pliny mentions four Labyrinths that of Egypt which was the greatest of all described by
the God himself That now his Temple was slighted which had been highly esteem'd in former times when they burnt upon his Altars the Thighs of Bulls and Goats He had also a Temple at Claros a little City in the Territory of Colophona where there was also a Mountain and a Grove dedicated to the Clarian Apollo This is represented to us in a Greek Medal of the Emperour Trebonian in which there is the Picture of the Emperour on one side and on the Reverse a Temple standing upon four Pillars over the fore-part of the Gate Apollo sits holding a Harp in his hand and under the Stairs of the Temple these Letters are to be read TO KOINON 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Corporation of the Ionians Under these Letters is an Ox to be seen at the foot of an Altar and round about it there are thirteen Persons placed in a Semicircle who lift up their hands on high with this Inscription under the sides of the Medal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Under Claudius Aristion a Priest of the Ionian Colephonians This last Word discovers to us that the Colophonians stamp'd this Medal for their City was one of the most famous in all Ionia and that which chiefly render'd it famous was the Temple of Clarian Apollo which next to that of Ephesus was the most considerable in all Ionia altho it was never finished as we learn from Pausanias in his Achaica yet it was very famous for the Oracles which Apollo gave there It was not built in Colophon it self but in Claros a little City belonging to the Territory of Colophon The most celebrated and the richest of all the Temples which Greece erected to this God was that at Delphos all the Nations of the Earth vy'd with one another in sending rich Presents thither and People came from all parts to consult this God there Croesus sent thither Ingots of Gold to build an Altar in that Temple and Phalaris the Tyrant of Agrigentum made a Present to it of a brazen Bull which was a Masterpiece of Art and a Testimony of his Piety The Romans likewise made many Altars and built many Temples to him at Rome and in other Cities of the Empire but the most famous of them all was that which Augustus built upon Mount Palatine after the Victory of Actium which he obtain'd over Anthony and Cleopatra Queen of Egypt from whence Apollo was called by the Names of Apollo Palatinus Actiacus and Navalis for this Prince could not satisfie himself with building to this God to whom he had address'd himself before the Fight a Chappel upon the Promontory of Actium with Games and Sacrifices in honour to him but he had a mind to give yet more signal and remarkable demonstrations of his Piety by erecting stately Temples to him in the Capital City of the Empire whose Structure and Magnificence is almost incredible It was built of the Marble of Claros with divers Ornaments within and without of richer Materials There you might see a spatious Portico for the holding a Library of Greek and Latin Authors Upon the Walls of this Temple was painted the History of Danaus's fifty Daughters on one side and on the other Equestrian Statues of the Children of Egypt In the place before the Temple there were four Cows of Brass done by the hand of Myron and therefore called Armenta Mironis which represented the Daughters of Pretus the King of Argos who were chang'd into Cows because they were counted more beautiful than Juno or rather because this Change of 'em was made in their own imagination by a black Melancholy whereof Melampus cur'd 'em with one Dose of Hellebore according to the Relation of Pliny In the same place grew a Laurel-Tree which was of the same Age with Augustus and had been planted before the Palace of that Prince The Gates of this Temple were of Ivory enrich'd with many Basso-relievo's which represented the Gaules when they threw themselves head-long from the top of the Capitol and the Fourteen Daughters of Niobe the Daughter of Tantalus who perish'd miserably through the Pride of their Mother who had provok'd the Wrath of Apollo and Latona against her In the Frontispiece there appear'd a Chariot of the Sun of massie Gold whose Figure was crown'd with Rays which darted so much Fire and so vigorous a Light that they were taken for the true Rays of that Star Within the Temple was plac'd the Statue of the God made of Marble done by the hand of Scopas an excellent Statuary together with another Giant-like Statue made of Brass being Fifty foot high There also was to be seen a Candlestick in the shape of a Tree on whose Branches the Fruit hang'd which were like so many sparkling Lamps and on these Branches the Poets hung their Poems which they offer'd up to Apollo as Horace tells us Ep. 3. l. 1. Et tangere vitet Scripta Palatinus quaecunque recepit Apollo The same Poet in Compliment to Augustus invites him to examin these Poems and consider whether they were worthy of Apollo Si minus Apolline dignum Vis complere libris vatibus addere calcar Horat. lib. 2. ep 1. Augustus caus'd also an Image of the same God to be made of Silver which wore Sandals upon its Feet and for this reason he was call'd Apollo Sandapilarius or rather because this Statue was plac'd at Rome in Sandapilario vico The Greeks represented Apollo as young and beardless having Hair dishevel'd and flying up as it were with a blast of Wind carrying upon his Back a Quiver furnish'd with Arrows and holding a Bow in his Hand as we see in the Medals of Nero where he is drawn crown'd with Laurel having his Quiver upon his Shoulder and the Star of Phoebus by his side with these Greek words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Apollo the Saviour We have also other Medals whereon he is represented sometimes holding a Harp in one Hand and a Branch of Laurel in the other and sometimes clothed with a long Robe having a Harp in one Hand and in the other a Cup which is the Emblem of his Divinity There is yet remaining an antient Figure of Jasper on which the Tripod of Apollo is to be seen and the Crow which was consecrated to him having at his Feet a Harp on one side and on the other a Branch of Laurel The Emperor Gallienus after his Expedition in the East caus'd him to be represented in the shape of a Centaur holding in one Hand his Harp and in the other a Globe with this Device Apollini comiti Probus made him appear like a Charioteer mounted upon a Chariot crown'd with Rays who holds the Reins of his Four Horses with these words Soli invicto The other Emperor as Constantius Aurelian and Crispus stamp'd an Image of him upon their Money which shew'd the Figure of a clear Sun crown'd with Rays holding in the Right Hand a Globe and in the Left a Whip with this Device Soli
to Ten Years and at last reduced to one This Republick was govern'd by Nine Archontes or chief Magistrates Six whereof were call'd Thesmothetae i. e. Lagislators the other Three were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the King 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the General and the Archon by way of eminence so call'd as being superior to all the rest They decided with sovereign Authority all religious causes and matters of State They were chosen by lot and afterwards examin'd and approv'd by the People in their Assemblies This Name was also given to the Chief President call'd Prytanis who presided in the Courts of the Fifty Judges taken out of the Five Hundred who judg'd by turns every Month the Affairs of private Persons ARCTOPHYLAX a Constellation which is properly nam'd the director of the Bear but is otherwise call'd Bootes ARCTOS the Biar a Constellation call'd by the Greeks Arctos and Helice which is situated in the North having its directors near it which is not far from Virgo ARCTURUS is a Star of that Constellation which is properly call'd Arctophylax This Word signifies the Tail of the Bear because it is very near it It rises on the first day of September and sets on the 13 th day of May and never appears but when it brings some Hail or Storm The Poets feign'd that it resides amongst Men in the Day-time as a spy upon their Actions and afterwards gives an Account to Jupiter of their persidious and unjust dealings in Trade or in Courts of Justice This is the meaning of Plautus in these Verses of the Prologus to his Rudens c. Nomen Arcturo est mihi Noctu fum in caelo clarus atque inter deos Inter mortales ambuloque intardius Hominum qui facta mores piatatem fidem Noscamus Qui falsas lites falses testimoniis Petunt quique in Jure abjurant pâ—â—uniâ—m Eotum referimus Nomina exsoripta ad Jovem The Poets made him the Son of Jupiter and Calisto and others said he was the Son Lycaon Arculae aves Birds which gave bad emens either by their flying or their manner of eating Because they hindred Men from undertaking any Business they were thus nam'd Aroulae aves quia arcebant ne quid fioret ARCUS a Bow The Bow and Arrows were the first Arms which Men made use of as may appear from the 21th Chapt. of Conesis where it is said of Ismael that he was an expert Archor and from the 27th Chap. where Isaac commanded his Son Esau to take his Arms i. e. his Bow and Arrows and go a hunting Pliny in B. 7. Chap. 56. attributes the Invention of Bow and Arrows to Soythes the Son of Jupiter from whom the Scythians who are now the Tartars took their Name who were very dextrous in drawing the Bow Plutarch also in his Banquet of the Seven Wise Men ascribes to them the Bow and to the Greeks the Invention of stringed and wind Musick But the Authority of Pliny is of no value wherein he differs from the holy Scripture which doubtless he never had any knowledge of Arcus Calestis the Rainbow which appears in the Clouds a natural Meteor but after the Deluge it was appointed to be a Sign of the Covenant which God made with Noah and of the Promise he gave that he would never again drown the World The Poets feign'd that the Rainbow or Iris attended Juno and carried her Orders from all parts as Mercury did those of Jupiter See this Fable more at large under the Word Iris. Arcus a Triumphal Arch which was erected to the Emperors and other great Men in ancient times in honour of them for their brave Actions several of them were erected at Rome but the most ancient was that of Titus which was very ingeniously and magnificently built On one side of it there was the Triumphal Chariot of a Prince with a Statue of Victory behind him which seem'd to hold out a Crown to him the Ark of the Old Testament and the bundles of Rods were carried before him On the other side was the rest of the Triumphal Pomp as the Two Tables of the Decalogue the Tables of Gold the Vessels of Solomon's Temple and the golden Candlestick which had Seven Branches The Senate and People of Rome erected likewise a Triumphal Arch to Septimius Severus at the foot of the Capitol after the Victory he obtain'd over the Parthians Armenians and Arabians Victories were there represented with great Wings holding in their hands Trophies and Crowns with this Inscription Imp. Cas Lucio Septimio M. Fil. Severo Pio pertinaci Aug. Patri Patriae Parthico Arabico Et Parthico Adiabenico Pontif. Maximo Tribunic potest XI Imp. XI Coss III. Procoss Et Imp. Caes M. Aurelio L. Fil. Antonino Aug. Pio. Felici Tribunic potest VI. Cos Procos P. P. optimis fortissimisque Principibus Ob Rempublicam restitutam Imperiumque Populi Romani propagatum insignibus virtutibus Eorum Domi. Florisque S. P. Q. R. There are still many other Triumphal Arches to be seen at Rome as that of Titus and Vesâ—asian that of Septimius Severus that of Galienus which was built after a very rude manner being of the Doric Order with one Arch only which has this Inscription upon the Frize Galieno Clementissimo Principi Cujus invicta Virtus solâ pietare Superata est M. Aurelius Victor dedicatissimus Numini Majestatique ejus There is also an Arch of Marcus Aureltus and of Verus and of Gordianus junior and lastly one of Constantine which the Senate erected to him for the Victory he obtain'd against Maxentius at the Pons Milvius in the Suburbs of Rome This last was all of Marble and of the Corinthian Order and had Eight great Columns and Three Avenues On one of its sides there is this Inscription Imp. Caes Pl. Constantino Maximo P. F. Augusto S. P. Q. R. Quod instinctu divinitatis mentis magnitudine cum exercitu suo tam de tyranno quam de omni factione uno tenpore justis Rempublicam ultus est armis Arcum triumphis insignem dicabit On the other side near the Rising Sun were Written these words Votis X and on the left hand Votis XX. On the Roof of the Arch about the middle on one side were these words Liberatori Vrbis and on the other Fundatori quietis Above the Capitals of each Column were represented in emboss'd work the most eminent Captives whose Bodies were of changeable Marble and their Hands and Feet of white Marble of the Isle of Paros In the Frize of the little Arches was the Statue of Constantine holding in his Hand a Scrowl which he seems to throw among the People for a Largess Suctonius calls these Scrowls Tessera Missillia and also Tessera Nummaria For these Scrowls contain'd certain Summs of Money and those who catch'd them were to demand them at the Exchequer or the Lot wherewith they were mark'd as is done in other Lotteries AREMULUS or Remus Sylvius the Son of Agrippa Sylvius XII
ruled by turns 50 at a time and after by Nine Magistrates of whom the Chief was called ARCHON This Government did not continue above 460 Years and their Commonwealth or somewhat like it being often interrupted by Tyrants who assumed an absolute Authority This City anciently so great is now reduced to a small Castle and a few Fishermens Huts but the Ruins of it gives us a sufficient Proof of its Antiquity Varro gives this Account of the Original of the word Athens An Olive Tree says he growing up out of the Earth on a sudden in a certain Place and a Spring of Water rising in another these Prodigies astonished the King who sent to Apollo at Delphos to know the Signification of them and what he should do The Oracle answered that the Olive Tree signifyed Minerva and the Water Neptune and it belonged to them to see from which of those two Gods they would name their City Hereupon Cecrops assembled all his Citizens as well Men as Women for the Women at that time had a Voice in their Councils When then they came to vote all the Men were for Neptune and all the Women for Minerva and because there was one Woman more Minerva carried it and the City was named Athens which is taken from that of Minerva whom the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Neptune being incensed at it depopulated the Country of the Athenians with his Waves and to appease him says the same Author the Women suffered 3 sore Punishments First that from that time they should never have a Voice in their Councils the 2d that none of their Children should bear their Name and lastly that they should not be called Athenians but Atticks Varro gives us also an historical and not fabulous Reason of the Name of Athens and tells us that there happened so great a Difference between Neptune and Minerva about it that Apollo durst not be an Arbitrator between them but left the Decision of it to Men as Jupiter did that of the three Goddesses to Paris and adds that Minerva carried it by the number of Votes ATHENIENSES the Athenians a People of Attica whose chief City was Athens very civilized and polited by Learning and being brought up in the Poverty of Philosophy were such Enemies to Luxury that they reformed even Strangers who came among them so far were they from suffering themselves to be corrupted by them They particularly honoured the Goddess Minerva to whom they built a Temple where certain Virgins kept Celestial Fire near the Image of the Goddess and their Money as also their Banners bore her Image They also gave a special Worship to Ceres appointing a Feast to her during which time the Women were not allowed to marry and abstained from eating lying upon the Ground Nine whole Days They put Malefactors to Death by making them drink the juice of Hemlock We read in the Discourse of Philostratus Of the Nativity of Minerva That the Rhodians wanting fire for the Sacrifices the Goddess left them and went to the City of Athens to which she gave her Name The Inhabitants having a fine and polished Mind gave her a particular Worship building her a Temple in their Castle under the name of Parthenos which signifies a Virgin where they set her Image of Gold and Ivory made by the Hands of Phidias 39 Foot high who engraved on her Shield or Buckler the Battel of the Amazons with the Athenians as also that of the Giants with the Gods and upon her Slippers the Fight between the Centaurs and Lapithae The Athenians says Elian wore Purple Garments having their Hairs tyed with Ribbons of Gold and Silver adorned with golden Grashoppers Thucydides in the beginning of his History calls the Athenians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Wearers of Grashoppers and the reason he gives for it is this He says 't was to distinguish Free-men from Slaves Lucian tells us the same thing Tretzes teaches us that the Grashoppers which the Athenians wore were to shew that they were great Speakers and very prolix in their Discourse ATHLETAE Wrestlers or Combatants courageous and strong Men who addicted themselves to bodily Exercises as running fighting and others of like Natures among the Greeks and Romans and for whom the Ancients appointed Prizes These Athletae were in great esteem among the Greeks but were infamous at Rome for some time Ulpian the Lawyer freed them from the Marks of Infamy This is the way by which they were matched in the Plays of the Cirque They took an Earthen Pot into which they put certain Balls about the bigness of a Bean on which was set an A or a B or some other Letter and always two Letters alike Then the Champions come forth one after another and made their Prayer to Jupiter before they drew and then put their Hands into the Pot but the Herald of the Plays stretching out of his Rod hindered them from reading their Tickets till they were all drawn Presently one of the Judges or some other Person took every ones Ball and joined them together who had the same Letters If the Number of the Athletae were odd he that had the single Letter was to fight with the Conqueror which was no small Advantage because he came fresh to the Combate with him who was weary Their Food was Barly Bread which was the Reason they were called Hordearii i. e. Barly-eaters and also another sort of Bread called Coliphia of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Robusta because it made their Bodies strong and robust Some fed them with soft Cheese and Dromeus was the first who fed them with Meat according to the Testimony of Pausanias in his Eliaca who gives us the History of Four famous Athletae of extraordinary Strength of whom the first was POLYDAMAS the Thessalian who in his Youth encountred and slew a Lion of a vast Bigness which harboured in Mount Olympus and infested the whole Country round about Another time he took a fierce Bull by the hinder part and pulled off both his Feet and with one hand he stopped a Chariot in its full Course The 2d was Milo of Crotona who knocked down a Bull with a Blow of his Fist after he had carried him a long way upon his Back The third was THEAGENES the Thasian who took a Brazen Image off its pedestal and carried it a great way The 4th was EUTHIMUS a Native of Locris in Italy who fought against an evil Spirit which very much disturbed the Inhabitants of Themessa and conquered him insomuch that he married the Damosel who was carrying to be sacrificed to it and freed the Country from that mischievous Daemon ATHOS Mount Athos situate between Macedonia and Thrace Xerxes cut a way through it to make a Passage for his Army when he went into Greece Lucian relates that the Architect Dinocrates who was in the Army of Alexander offered him to cut Mount Athos into the Shape of a
seniorem quidem Jovem Bacchum Juniorem We have proved that Noah was the first to whom the Assyrians or Babilonians applyed the History or Fable of Bacchus Cicero mentions five several Bacchus's Dionysios maltos habemus primum à Jove Proserpinâ Natum secundum Nilo qui Nysam dicitur interemisse tertium Caprio patre eumque Regem Asiae praefuisse dicunt cui Sabazia sunt instituta quartum Jove Lunâ cut sacra Orphica putantur confici quintum Niso natum Thione à quo Trieterides constitutae putantur De Natur. Deor. lib. III. 'T is not easy to distinguish all these Bacchus's Diodorus Siculus makes but one of the first and third of Cicero saying that Sabazius was the Son of Jupiter and Proserpina the Fourth is the same with that of the Greeks He that reigned in Asia may well be that of the Assâ—rians Cicero had no Knowledge of the Bacchus of the Arabians which they call UROTAL Diodorus Siculus distinguishes between several Bacchus's but allows the greatest Antiquity to him of the Indies where Wine was first found out Nonnulli tres diversis temporibus extitisse asserunt sua cuique facinora attribuunt inter quos omnium vetustissimus natione Indus sit Hic quod sponte ob benigni tatem Aeris solis temperiem regio illa vitium fertilus est primus racemos torcularibus pressit emolumenta vini observavit Hic ille Bacchus aiunt arma per universum orbem circumtulit vineas conserendi rationem edocuit 'T is hard not to acknowledge that this is the History of Noah who planted a Vineyard in Armenia which may pass for one part of the Indies for some give the Name of Indies to all the Eastern Provinces Diodorus says that Bacchus is said to be born twice because the Vine was before the Deluge of Deucalion and grew again after the Deluge when all thought it was dead Philostratus assures us that the Indians held that their Bacchus came to them out of Assyria wherefore the first Bacchus was the Assyrian and so can be no other than Noah The Lybians according to Diodorus had also their Bacchus the Son of Jupiter Ammon and Amalthea whom they also paint with Horns They maintain that he was much more ancient than the Aegyptian or Graecian although Diodorus owns that the Graecian though the last swallowed up all the rest so that their Antiquity was then almost forgotten The Romans never knew any but the Bacchus of Greece the Memory of all the rest being quite lost through their very great Antiquity Posthumius the Dictator vowed and built a Temple to Liber and Libera Nonnus thinks that the several Names of Bacchus are for the most part the Names of the true God which the Impiety of Idolaters attributed to their false Gods Dionysius may come from Jehova Nissi that is to say Dominus veaeillum mâ—â—m IACCHUS may come likewise from Jehova or Jao for so the Greeks sometime pronounce Jehova ADONEUS plainly comes from Adonas ELELEUS comes from El Elohim that is to say Deus Deorum HYES comes from hu es i. e. ipse ignis ATTES comes from atta cs i. e. tu ignis for Bacchus was born according to the Fable among the Fires of the Thunder of his Father Jupiter Bacchus is often represented by the Poets under the Form of a Bull because God is often called in Scripture Abbir which signifies the Strong and a Bull. EVOHE is a Term which the Scripture uses in speaking of Drunkards Cui vae tui evohe iis qui vino immorantur BASSAREUS comes from Batsar which signifies to gather the Vintage DITHYRAMBUS comes from the Syriack dithert abban which is the same with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. who hath Two Fathers IACCHUS come from the Syriack Janko or Jacco which is the same with Puer Lactens and such is Bacchus often represented 'T is feigned that he was born of Jupiter's Thigh because 't is a Phrase used among the Hebrews to express ordinary Generation Nasci de faemore Patris If some say he was born upon the Mountain Merus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 't is because the word signifies a Thigh or rather because the Hebrew Tongue calls those parts of Mountains Jâ—â—â—â— Jarkete Thighs which we call the Sides If Bacchus has been called BRISAEUS and BRESSAEUS it comes from the Syriack bres â—cubsa that is to say lacus mellis for all the Ancients have made Bacchus the Inventor of Honey As to the name LIBER Bochart beiieves that it is an Imitation of the Hebrew Word Her hurim which signifies Noble and Free Persons as in Ecclesiastes Filius Hurim is the same with Filius Heroum BAETYLIA rough and shapeless Stones which were the first Statues which Men began to adore This Name comes evidently from Bethel which was the Name which Jacob gave a Stone upon which he laid his Head to sleep and which he dedicated in the Morning to God pouring out Oyl upon it in Memory of the Vision he had been of a Mysterious Ladder BALISTA a Sling a Warlike Engine which the Ancients used to cast Stones with Slings says Vitruvius were made after diverse manners though all used to the same Purpose One sort was framed with Levers and Bars another with Pullies another with a Crane and others with a toothed Wheel This Engine was made much like a Cross-Bow which cast Bullets BALNEAE or BALINEAE Baths to bath and wash in very common among the Greeks and Romans Two things are understood by this word the Buildings in which these Baths were inclosed called Balnearia and the Tubs wherein they bathed 'T is not certainly known who brought in this Custom of Bathing but 't is plain that the Greeks used it before the Romans We also find that the Carthaginians had some Baths for Persons of Quality and others for their common People The Romans at first used Baths very seldom contenting themselves to wash their Feet Arms and Hands every Day after Travel unless on Feasts when they washed their whole Body In these early times when Luxury had not disordered their Manners they did not aim at any Magnificence or Pleasure in building Baths but afterwards things came to such an excess that in the time of Sylla a certain Man named Sergius Orata built a Bath hanging in the Air at great expence Hic est Sergius Orata qui primus Baineas pensiles habuit M. Agrippa to gain the good esteem and favour of the People of Rome caused an 170 publick Baths to be built in that City with all the Ornaments and Magnificence imaginable But the most extravagant Expences in building Baths was in the time of the Emperor Augustus when they appeared as so many Cities for their vast extent and for the Variety of Apartments which they contained the one being for Summer and the other for Winter The most famous Baths were those of M. Agrippa Nero Domitian Alexander Severus Vesoasian Titus Gordian Aurelian and Trajan but
at Table his Wife Clyâ—emnestra clave his Skull with the Blow of an Ax having first entangled him in a Shirt without a Bosom and afterwards falling upon Cassandra she killed her after the same manner But Orestes the Son of Agamemnon coming in by Stealth killed his own Mother and her adulterous Lover as also the Murderer of his Father CASSIDARIUS He who had the Care and Oversight of the Salades and the Armour for the Head which were kept in the Arsenals at Rome CASSIOPEA the Wise of Cepheus King of Ethiopia who incurred the Indignation of the Nereides for being accounted more beautiful which was the Cause why her Daughter Andromeda was exposed to a Sea-monster that so the Mother might be punished in the Daughter But Perseus at his Return from Libya rescued her from the Jaws of this Monster when it was just ready to devour her and in Acknowledgment of this Kindness Cepheus gave her to him in Marriage Cassiope was taken up into Heaven by the Favour of her Son-in-law where the Astronomers represent her to us as sitting upon a Chair in the Milky-way between Cepheus and Andromeda who touches our Summer Tropick with her Head and Hand Vitruvius has given us the following Description of these Constellations Perseus leans with his Right-hand upon Cassiope holding with the Left which is over Auriga the Waggoner the Head of Gorgon by the Crown and placing it under the Feet of Andromeda The Right-hand of Andromeda is over the Constellation of Cassiope and the Left over the Northern Pisces Cassiope is in the Middle and Capricorn has the Eagle and Dolphin above it which are dedicated to them CASTALIUS FONS the Castalian Fountain in Phocis scituate at the Foot of Mount Parnassus which the Poets feign'd to be dedicated to Apollo and the Muses which from thence were surnamed Castalides CASTITAS Chastity which the Romans made a Goddess of and which they represented in the Habit of a Roman Lady holding a Scepter in her Hand and having Two white Doves at her Feet CASTOR the Son of Tyndarus King of Laconia and of Leda the Daughter of Thestius The Fable gives us an Account that Jupiter being smitten with the Beauty of Leda transformed himself into a Swan to enjoy her Embraces who growing big with Child was at length brought to Bed of Two Eggs in each of which there were Two Twin-Children In the first Pollux and Helena were included of Jupiter's getting and in the other Castor and Clytemnestra of Tindarus's All these Children though gotten by different Fathers were nevertheless called from the Name of one of them Tyndarides Castor and Pollux were brave and of great Courage for they cleared the Seats of Pirates carried off their Sister Helena by Force when she was ravished by Theseus and they went with Jason to the Conquest of the Golden Fleece Castor being descended of a Mortal Father was killed by Lynceus but Pollux his Brother being descended of Jupiter was Immortal They were placed in the Number of the Dil Indigetes or Genitales by the Greeks and Romans because they descended originally from the Country Diodorus Siculus relates that the Argonauts being destressed with a great Tempest Orpheus made a Vow to the Gods of Samothracia whereupon the Storm immediately ceased and Two Coelestial Fires appeared over the Heads of Castor and Pollux who were amongst the Argonauts from whence comes the Custom of invoking the Gods of Samothracia in a Tempest and or giving the Names of Castor and Pollux to those Two Coelestial Fires Lucian in the Dialogue of Apollo and Mercury bring in Apollo speaking thus upon the Occasion of these Two Brethren Apoll. Can you learn to know Castor from Pollux for I am always deceiv'd upon the accont of their Likeness Merc. He who was Yesterday with us is Castor Apoll. How can you discern them they being so like one another Merc. Pollux has a Face black and blew by a Blow he received in fighting and particularly at Bebryx in his Voyage with the Argonauts Apol. You 'll oblige me to tell me of Things particularly for when I see their Eggs-shell white Horse Spear and Stars I always confound them together but tell me why these Two Brothers never appear in the Heaven at the same Time Merc. Because it being decreed that these Two Sons of Leda should one be Mortal and the other Immortal they divided their good and bad Fortune like good Brethren and so live and die by Turns Apoll. This is a great Impediment to their Love for so they can never see or discourse one with another But what Art or Trade do they profess For every one of us hath his Business I am a Prophet my Son is a Physician my Sister a Midwife and thou art a Wrestler Do they do nothing but eat and drink Mer. They succour Mariners in a Tempest Apol. That 's a necessary Employment provided they perform it well Arrian says that Alexander while he was carrying on his Victories in Persia sacrificed one Day to Castor and Pollux instead of Hercules to whom that Day was dedicated by the Macedonians and that while the Feast lasted after the Sacrifice was over he talked sometimes of the great Actions of Castor and Pollux and at other times of Hercules Cicero relates a wonderful Judgment which befel Scopas because he had spoken contemptibly of these two Brethren Dioscorides being crushed to Death by the Fall of his Chamber whereas Simonides who wrote their Encomium was called out of them by two unknown Persons Phoedrus recites this History more at large in the 4th Book of his Fables Fab. 22. The Greek and Roman History is filled with the miraculous Appearances of these two Brethren either to obtain a Victory or publish it when it was gained for they were seen fighting upon two white Horses at the Battle which the Romans fought against the Latins near the Lake Regillus But Cicero tells how we must credit these Relations He says that Homer who lived a little after these two Brethren assures us that they were buried in Macedonia and consequently could not come to declare a Victory obtain'd by Vatienus The Romans did not omit building them a magnificent Temple where they sacrificed to them white Lambs and appointed a Feast to be kept in Honour of them at which a Man sitting upon one Horse and leading another runs full speed and at the End of the Race leaps nimbly upon the Horse which is in his Hand having a bright Star upon his Hat to shew that only one of the Brothers was alive because indeed the Stars of Castor and Pollux are to be seen above our Horizon and sometimes not CATA PULTA a Warlike Engine so called with which the Ancients used to throw Javelins twelve or fiftten Foot long The Description of a Catapulta says M. Perrault in his Notes upon Vitruvius is understood by no Body tho' many great Persons have applied themselves to it very carefully as Justus Lipsius has observed The
challenge to themselves the Glory of having been the Places of the Birth-place of Ceres which was the Inventor of Corn. Herodotus confesses that the Rites of Ceres whom he calls the Law-giver were brought out of Aegypt into Greece The Cities of Greece as Pausanias says but chiefly Athens and Argos disputed together as the Aegyptians and Phrygians did about the Beginning and Antiquity of the Rites of Ceres and the Gift of Corn. He tells us that the Mysteries of Ceres and Isis were so secret that it was not permitted to any to see her Statue except her Priests and he adds elsewhere that it was not allowed to any who were not admitted to those Religious Rites to inquire into them much less to be present and Spectators at them He speaks also of another Temple of Ceres into which only Women might enter assuring us that the Mysteries and Sacrifices of Ceres Eleusina were the most sacred that Greece had Some distinguish the great Mysteries which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the lesser which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The great Ones were observ'd every Year in Argos and the lesser once in Five Years at Eleusis the former in the Spring and the latter in Autumn as if they had a Respect to the Approaches or Departure of the Sun The lesser lasted Nine Days and after it they celebrated several sorts of Combats Cicero tells us that at Catanea in Sicily Ceres was honoured as she was at Rome and in other Parts of the World where she had a Statue which no Man ever knew more of than if there never had been any Men never went into her Temple but only Women and those Virgins who performed all the Offices of Priests Sacrarium Cereris est apud Catanenses eâdem religione quâ Romae quâ in caeteris locis quâ propè in toto orbe terrarum In eo sacrario intimo fuit signum Cereris per-antiquum quod viri non solùm cujusmodi esset sed ne esse quidem sciebant Aditus enim in i◠sacrarium non est viris sacra per mulieres virgines consici solent If we will find out the Original of the Mysteries of Ceres Eleusina we must remember that the Invention of Plowing is attributed by some to Ceres who taught it Triptolemus by others to Bacchus For the great Mystery of Bacchus instituted by Isis or Ceres who came in after-times out of Aegypt into Greece was the Worship of a Phallus or the Privy-member of Osiris which could not be found by Isis after Typhon had put him to Death and to which Ceres or Isis gave those infamous Honours St. Augustine in his Seventh Book de Civitate Dei speaks thus of Ceres Amongst the Mysteries of Ceres the most famous are those of Ceres Eleusina which the Athenians celebrated with much Pomp. All that Varro says respects the Invention of Corn which he attributes to her and the Stealing of Proserpina by Pluto fignifies only the Fruitfulness of the Earth This Fruitfulness adds he failing for some time and the Earth becoming barren gave Occasion to this Opinion that Pluto had stolen the Daughter of Ceres and kept her in Hell i. e. Fruitfulness it self but after this Calamity which had caused publick Grief when Fruitfulness returned Pluto was thought to restore Proserpina and so publick Feasts were appointed to Ceres We have several Medals upon which Ceres is represented to us That of Memmius Edilis Curulis shews her to us sitting holding Three Ears of Corn in her Right-hand and a light Torch in her Left Another of C. Volteius represents her in a Chariot drawn by Two Serpents having Torches in her Hands and setting her Foot upon a Sow which is ordinarily offered in Sacrifice to her because that Beast destroys the Corn. Her Statue also is carved in the Habit of a Roman Matron with a Crown of Garlands and Ears of Corn holding in her Hand a Crown of Poppies and riding in a Chariot drawn with Two flying Dragons CERTES a People of Italy inhabiting the City Caere who entertain'd the Vestal Virgins when they fled from Rome in the Invasion of the Gauls The Romans acknowledged this Benefit and granted the Freedom of the City of Rome to these People yet without any License to vote in their Assemblies or to execute any Office in their Commonwealth and from hence arises the Proverb In Ceritum tabulas referre aliquem to deprive a Citizen of his Right of Voting CEROMA a Mixture of Oyl and Wax a Sear-cloth with which the Wrestlers rubbed themselves It not only made their Limbs more sleek and less capable of being laid hold of but more pliable and fit for Exercise CEROSTROTA In-laying Salmasius thinks it should be read Cestrota as coming from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies an Iron-Spit because the Divisions in the Wood are burnt with an Iron-Spit which is still done in our In-laying when by the Help of Fire the little Pieces of Wood which make up the Figures are made black to represent the Shadows This Author is yet of Opinion that we might still retain the Word Cerostrata because for the more easie burning of the Wood it is rubbed with Wax Philander derives this Word from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies an Horn which is much used in In-laying being died of several Colours CHALCIDICA Banqueting-houses some are very cautious says Mr. Perrault to know what this Word signifies Philander thinks that this Greek Word signifies the Places where Money-matters were decided or the Office for the Mint supposing that Word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Brass and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Justice Some will have it read Causidica as much as to say an Hall for pleading Festus informs us that Chalcidica was a sort of Building first found out in the City of Chalcis Arnobus calls Chalcidica the fine Halls where the Poets feigned that the Pagan Gods supped Barbaro and Baldus think it a proper Name for that sort of Buildings which Dion says was erected by Julius Casar in Honour of his Father Palladio follows Barbaro in his Design and draws this Building in the Fashion of the Judgment-seat described by Vitruvius in the Temple of Augustus which was joined to the great Church of Fano But Ausonius interpreting a Verse in Homer where he speaks of an old Woman who went up into an high Place makes use of Chalcidicam to express 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies in Greek an upper Room Cisaranus and Caporali think also that Chalcidica is a Noun Adjective and say that in longitudine Chalcidica implies that a Palace built in a spacious Place ought to have the same Proportion with the great Churches of the City of Chalcis but the true Construction of the Text will not bear that Interpretation Let us then take the Opinion of M. Perrault upon these Words Being assured by the Testimony of Ausonius that Chalcidica was a lofty Place which we call the first Story
Lawrels referred to those that were planted at the Emperor's Gate the first Day of the Year or when they had obtained some Victory Dio speaking of the Honours which the Senate bestowed upon Augustus says that they ordered Lawrels to be planted before his Palace to shew that he was always victorious over his Enemies whence it is that Pliny very properly calls a Lawrel Caesar's Porter the only Ornament and faithful Guardian of their Palaces Gratissima dominibus janitrix Caesarum quae sola domos exornat ante limina excubat There remains still another sacred Buckler on which is represented that victorious Action which Scipio Africanus did at the taking of New Carthage in Spain it is related at large in Livy But says he Scipio calling the Spanish Hostages whom he had taken Prisoners comforted them in their ill Fortune and told them that they were come into the Power of the People of Rome who took more Delight in gaining Hearts by Kindness than in making them Subjects through Fear and who loved more to have Foreign Nations for their Allies and Friends than to lay upon them an heavy Bondage Then having taken the Names of all their Cities he caused a List to be made of all the Prisoners inquiring of them their Name and Country and sent out Posts all Ways that every Family concerned should come and receive his own surrendring up to the Governours of the Cities that were present their Citizens and advising Caius Flaminius the Treasurer to treat the rest with all imaginable Civility At the same time a very aged Matron crowded through the Throng of Hostages to cast her self at his Feet she was the Wife of Man donius the Brother of Indibilis King of the Illergetae Her Petition mixed with Tears and Sobs was that Scipio would please to recommend the Care of the Ladies to his Guards and when Scipio answered they should want nothing convenient for their Subsistance she replied 't is not that that I am concerned for for in this Disgrace we ought to be contented with any thing but that which disturbs me is the Youth of these my Daughters for as for my self Age secures me from all the Insolences which they may justly fear They were the Daughters of Indibilis young and fair Then Scipio answered her I cannot but follow the Custom of the People of Rome and the exact Discipline which is observed in my Troops that does not suffer any Man in the least manner to violate the Respect which is due to your Sex but your Vertue and Constancy which even ill Fortune cannot triumph over oblige me to take a more particular Care of your Persons Then he committed them to the Keeping of a Man whose Fidelity was well known and gave him a Command to shew as much Respect and Favour to them as if they were the Wives of his best Friends A little after there came to him a young Woman from among the Prisoners of such a perfect Beauty that she drew Respect from all the Spectators Scipio being informed of her Country and Family found that she was betrothed to a young Prince among the Celtiberi named Allucius with whom she was passionately in Love At the same time he called her Parents and the Husband designed for this beautiful Virgin with whom he had this Discourse Young Man my Soldiers having discovered your Espousals to me and having learned that you love her affectionately which her Beauty easily perswades me to believe I am willing to favour your Passion although to speak freely to you if I were permitted to enjoy the Pleasures of Youth especially in a lawful Love and the Cares of the Commonwealth were not wholly Masters of my Heart I should desire your Spouse who so very well deserves the Affections of a fine Gentleman but you know that she has been treated by me with the same Respect as if she were with her Father in Law or her own Parents I have kept her carefully for you that I might return her to you a Present worthy both of you and me all the Requital I desire of you is that you will be Friends to the Commonwealth and if you have as much Esteem for me as the People of your Nation had for my Father and Uncle satisfie your selves that all the Romans equal us in Vertue and that as there is no People in all the World whom you ought to fear more for an Enemy so there is none that you can wish more for a Friend This young Prince being astonished at this exceeding Bounty and transported with Joy took Scipio by the Hand and pray'd all the Gods to reward this Action whose Merit he could never sufficiently acknowledge In the mean time the Parents of this fair Lady seeing that he would free them without Ransom brought him a considerable Sum and offering it to him pray'd him to accept of it as a Testimony of their Gratitude assuring him that it would be as great a Favour to them to accept it as it was to release his Prisoner to them without using the Right of insisting upon Conquest Scipio pretending that he was overcome with their urgent Intreaties ordered the Money to be laid at his Feet and turning himself to Allucius said unto him I give you this over and above the Portion which your Father in Law will give you take it from my Hand as a second Portion with which I present you So he ordered the Sum which had been presented him to be carried to him and him to lead away his Mistress In fine This young Prince being loaded with the Presents and Honours he laid upon him returned home and there extolled the Merits of Scipio who was more like a God than a Man and knew not only how to conquer by Arms but by Kindness and Favours Polybius who lived in the Time of this famous Roman and was particularly acquainted with him relates this Action in a fewer Words He adds these remarkable Ones which he spake to those Soldiers who presented this fair Lady to him If my Fortune were limited to that of a private Person you could not offer me a more acceptable Present but being as I now am the General of an Army you could not bring me one more disagreeable CLYTFMNESIRA the Daughter of Tyndarus and Wife of Agamemnon having heard from her Brother Palamedes that her Husband had brought a Concubine with him which was Cassandra she conspired immediately with Aegysthus the Son of Thyestes who was her Gallant to put them both to Death and so while he was sacrificing to the Gods for his Return Câ—â—temnestra slew her Husband Agamemnon and Cassandra with an Ax but her Son Orestes revenged the Death of his Father Agamemnon by slaying the Debaucher of his Family and Murderer of his Father CLYTIA a Nymph and the Daughter of Oceanus who was loved by Apollo and afterward forsaken by him because through Jealousie to Orcania she discovered the Love of that God with his Daughter This Desertion was
own Son to the severity of military Discipline from whence came this Proverb Manliana imperia to express an extream severity in point of observation of Orders They engaged the Enemy the Fight was very bloody and the event uncertain for a long time but Decius seeing that his Forces grew weak and that their courage failed 'em sent for M. Valerius the Pontiff and being dress'd in his Gown of State cover'd his Head and put both his Feet upon a Dart then lifting up his right hand to the height of his Chin he devoted himself to the Infernal Gods pronouncing aloud these words which the Pontiff dictated him word by word Janus Jupiter and you Fathers Mars Quirinus Bellona Lares Domestick Gods Gods Novencilles Gods Indigites Gods who have power over us and our Enemies and you Infernal Gods I do invoke you I adore you and beg your pardon vouchsafe to bless the endeavours of the Roman People and grant them the Victory and afflict with fear and death their Enemies And so I devote my self to the Infernal Gods and to the Earth the Iegions of the Enemies and their helpers with my self Thus having spoken he sent word to Manlius that he had devoted himself then spurring on his Horse into the midst of the Enemies he revived the Souldiers courage and got the victory by his death Manlius pursued the Enemies possessed himself of their Camp plunder'd the rich Fields of Capua and made his Triumphal entry into Rome A. M. 3716. R. 415. L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS QUINTUS PUBLIUS PHILO The Consuls always had the best of their Enemies Q. Publius Philo one of the Consuls was named Dictator He signaliz'd himself in his Office by several publick Orders to the great mortification of the Patricians for he caus'd a Law to be enacted by which the Senate was to encute the Orders of the people and that the People should first declare their opinion concerning the Laws that should be proposed He got also enacted that one of the Censors should be taken out of the body of the People A. M. 3717. R. 416. L. FURIUS CAMILLUS C. MENENIUS NEPOS The Two Consuls took the Town of Pedum which Aemilius had only invested Afterwards they marched through all the Country of the Latin and seized upon a great many of their Town whereupon a Statue on Horseback was erected to each of them in the Market place at Rome which never had been yet done for any person By the Advice of Camillus the freedom of Citizens was granted to several of the Latins yet with this limitation that they should have no vote in the Assemblies Camillus took Antium from the Volsci and brought to Rome all the stems of their Gallies and set them upon places designed for Orations called Rostra or pro Rostris A. M. 3718. R. 417. C. CALPURNIUS or SULPITIUS LONGUS L. AELIUS PETICUS The Senate forced the Consuls to name a Dictator to go to the relief of the Arâ—â—cians because they had been remiss therein they named C. Claudius Regillensis Minutia was convicted of having transgressed the Vessal's rules in point of Chastity Q. Publius Philo was the first Plebeian that was raised to the Dignity of Praetor A. M. 3719. R. 418. L. PAPYRIUS CRASSUS CAESO DUELLIUS The Tuscans now called Calvi in Terra Laboris joyned the Seditiams to make War against Rome but they were easily defeated at the first encounter A. M. 3720. R. 419. M. VALERIUS CORVINUS M. ATTILIUS REGULUS Valerius besieged Calles and took it by storm L. Aemilius Mamercus was made Dictator to preside in the Assemblies A. M. 3721. R. 420. T. VETURIUS SPURIUS or P. POSTHUMIUS ALBUS A Colony was sent to Calles P. Cornelius Rufur was created Dictator The Plague raged in the City A. M. 3722. R. 421. L. or AULUS CORNELIUS CN DOMITIUS CALVUS A Report was spread abroad that the Gauls were about making an irruption into Italy whereupon the Romans made M. Papyrius Crassus Dictator Alexander King of Epirus made a Confederacy with the people of Rome Two Tribes were added to the former viz. the Metianna and Scaptianna A. M. 3723. R. 422. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS T. or C. VALERIUS POTITUS PLACCUS There was a great Mortality in Rome and it was observed that it carried away none but men The cause of this particularity was for a long time unknown till a Slave declared to the Senate that most part of the Roman women had plotted to destroy all the men and for that purpose made use of a poysoned drink Twenty of these women were seized who bring asked about the quality of the drink that was found by them they answer'd impudently that it was good they were commanded to try it themselves and as soon as they had drank it some indubitable marks of poison appeared and soon after they died One hundred and seventy others were apprehended and publickly put to death A Dictator was created to drive in the nail to appease the Gods by this Ceremony Two Consuls were poysoned by their Wives of which they died This is the first instance of publick Poysoning Cn. Quintius was chosen Dictator A. M. 3724. R. 423. P. PAPYRIUS CRASSUS L. PLAUTIUS VENNO Peace was granted to the Samnites the Volsci and the little Commonwealth of Fundi A. M. 3725. R. 424. L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS CN PLAUTIUS The Consul besieged the Town of Priverna and took it He ordered the Governours Head to be cut off and interceded for the rest of the people by his means the Inhabitants of Priverna obtained a Peace and the freedom of Roman Citizens A. M. 3726. R. 425. C. or P. PLAUTIUS PROCULUS P. CORNELIUS SCAPULA A Colony was sent to Fregellae A. M. 3727. R. 426. CORNELIUS LENTULUS Q. PUBL PHILO Claudius Marcellus was chosen Dictator to oppose the Samnites Naulans The Senate disputed his Election but the people maintained it A. M. 3728. R. 427. C. PETILIUS L. PAPYRIUS MALUGINENSIS or CURSOR Alexander King of Epirus was killed in Lucania now called Basilicates The fifth Lectisternium or Banquet was celebrated because of the great affairs the Romans had upon their hands A. M. 3729. R. 428. L. FURIUS CAMILLUS DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS SCAEVA A War was proclaimed against the Marsi and Camillus marched against the Samnites but he fell sick and named L. Papyrius Cursor Dictator who being obliged to go to Rome to offer there some sacrifices left the command of the Army to Favius expressly forbidding him to attack the Enemy let the opportunity be ever so fair Fabius seeing that the absence of the Dictator made the Samnites grow careless chose rather to hazard his life than neglect so fair an opportunity of defeating the enemies He attacked them in their Camp obtained a great victory and got a rich booty The Dictator being return'd to the Camp design'd to put Fabius to death but the whole Army and the Senate itself used all their interest to get his pardon but the Dictator remained inflexible yet was at last prevailed upon by the prayers
aside the tenth part of their Revenues for Sacrifices publick Wants and the Charges of War Plutarch proposes this Question Why at Rome many rich Persons consecrated to Hercules the tenth part of their Estate and he answers that it might be because Hercules himself consecrated to Rome the tenth part of the Oxen of Geryon which he was carrying away or because he made the Romans free of the Tythes they paid before to the Tuscans or because they thought that Hercules who lived very soberly was pleased that rich men would retrench some part of their superfluities DECIUS MUS A Roman Consul who fought a Battle against the Latins and devoted himself to death to save the Roman Army This great Man seeing his Soldiers cowed and the Roman Legions lost ground sent for M. Valerius the High Priest who being cloathed with his Gown edged with purple colour called Praetexta he put both his Feet upon a Dart. his Head covered and holding up his Right Hand pronounced his Vow aloud the High Priest uttering the words which he repeated after him Janus Jupiter and Fathers Mars and Quirinus Bellona Larés Domestick Gods Gods Indigeti whose power is extended over us and over our Enemies and ye Infernal Gods I call upon you I adore you vouchsafe to bless the endeavours of the Romans and give them the victory Strike their Enemies with fear and death wherefore I devote my self to the Gods of Hell and to the Earth and with me the Enemies Legions and their Confederates Having thus spoken he got on Horseback and spurr'd on his Horse through the thickest Battallions of the Enemy This Action raised the courage of the Legions and gave an opportunity to the other Consul Manlius to defeat the Enemy and obtain a full victory DECUMANA PORTA The back Gate in the Camp of the Romans DECUMATES AGRI Lands called Serves manured by the meanest sort of the Gauls now called the Dukedom of Wirtemberg DECURIO An Officer in the Roman Army who commanded ten Troopers for Romulus having at first divided the Roman people into three Tribes he appointed at the head of each Tribe a Collonel to Command it and afterwards divided each Tribe in ten Curia or Companies and appointed a Centurion or Captain to Command a hundred men and a Decurion to command ten men DECURIONES MUNICIPALES A Court of Judges or Councellours who representing the Senate of Rome in the free Towns They were called Decuriones because in the times they sent Roman Colonies into the conquered Towns they chose ten men to make up a Senate and a Court of Councellors called Civitatum Patres Curiales Flâ—â—orati Municipiorum Senatores and their Court was called Curia Decurimum and Minor Senatus They were chosen almost with the same ceremonies as the Senators And were to be five and twenty years old with a Revenue of two hundred and twenty five pounds Sterling per Annum This Election was made at the Kalends of March Then the Duum-viri assembled for that purpose the Court of the Decurions with the Judge of the Province and were elected by the majority of Votes The Decurion then chosen paid his welcom to the whole Body in Money or a Present which was more or less according to the custom of the place as we learn by the Emperor Trajanas to the young Pliny who had consulted him about that Duty of Entry The Emperor answers him that there was no general rule establish'd upon that account and that every one must follow the custom of the place Vlpianus tells us that the Money was equally divided among the Decurions Their office was to take care of all that was for the benefit of the Town and the Revenues of the Commonwealth Some of this Revenue was bestowed for the re-building of the Walls and other publick Edifices and the rest for maintenance of learned men They pronounced Sentences called Decreta Decurionum with two D. D. at the top of them DEDICATIO Templi and DEDICARE Templa The Dedication of Temples we shall here inform you by whom it was made and with what ceremonies When a Temple was built it was to be dedicated to some Divinity and the Dedication thereof belonged to some great Magistrate at Consuls Praetors Censors Decem-viri Duum-viri Vestal Virgins and the High Priests in the time of the Common-wealth or the Emperors during the Monarchick Government The Temple built by Tarquinius in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus was dedicated by the Consul M. Horatius Pulvillus An. 247 some time after the Romans had expelled the Kings The Temple of Mars consecrated in the War against the Gauls was dedicated in the year 365 by the Duum-viri appointed for the keeping of the Book of the Sybills The Dedication was to be authorized by the Senate and the people according to the Law Papyria made by Pupyrius Tribune of the people and the College of the Pontiffs was to give their consent to it as Livy and Tully tells us These things being exactly observed early in the morning the College of the Pontiffs and other Orders met with a great Crowd of People and many persons of note at the appointed place They surrounded the Temple with Garlands of Flowers the Vestal Virgins holding in their hands branches of Olive-tree sprinkled the outside of the Temple with Lustral or Holy-water then the person who consecrated the Temple drew near the Gate with a Pontiff at his side to shew him the ceremonies and tell him the Prayers that he was to make holding with one hand the side-post of the Gate and then said thus Ades Ades for example Luculle Dum dedico Templum hoc ut mihi praeeatis postemque teneatis This ceremony was expressed with these words Postem tenere or apprehendere Then the Pontiff holding the Ceremonial in his hand pronounced aloud the form of the consecration which the consecratind person repeated after him and the ceremony was expressed by these words Solemnia verba praeeunte Pontifice effari Afterwards they consecrated the Court of the Temple by sacrificing a Beast the inwards whereof were laid on an Altar of Green Turf lustrabatur area exta super cespitem reddebantur Then the consecrating person came into the Temple with the Pontiffs and took the Statue of the God and Goddess to whom the Temple was consecrated and anointed it with Oyl and laid it on a Pillow rubbed with Oyl in temple ipsum quoque prius unctions dedicatum ana cum ara pulvinari collocabatur After all the ceremonies were over the Temple was called Augustum i. e. Augurio Sacratum and the person who had consecrated it might have an Inscription containing his name his qualities and the year of the consecration set upon the Temple as we may see in the following Inscription Nunc. R. Et Minervae Sal. Ceno Cohort III. Brittann Aram Et Fl. Felix Praefect Ex voto Pesuit L. M. Dedicavit Kalend. Decemb. Gentiano Basso Coss Tatitus relates the Dedication of the Capitol that was made
Asia and that Country was called Galatia or Gallo-Graecia as Diodorus Siculus and Berosus tell us GALATIA A Country of Asia Minor which took its Name from the Gauls who joined with the Greeks came to inhabit this part of the World under the command of their King Galates in the time of Pyrrhus King of Epirus The chiefest Cities of that Country are Ancyra and Synope The Inhabitants thereof were accounted to be Cowards and Effeminate like all the rest of the Nations of Asia It was a custom among them to throw Letters into the Wood-pile where the Corps were burnt and they fancied that they should read them in Hell GALBA SERVIUS SULPITIUS was chosen Emperor in the room of Nero by the Army commanded by him being then seventy years old He attributed his Origine to Jupiter and Pasiphae the Wife of Minos King of Crete He was of a brawny Countenance a wrinkled Forehead a bald Head and a Hawk-nose His Debaucheries made him Gouty the Joints of his Feet and Hands were knotty to that degree that he was not able to hold a Book or to put off a Shoe His Hawk-nose gave him the Countenance of an Eagle the King of Birds Augustus observing that mark while he was sitting at Table with him foretold that he should one time or another enjoy the Soveraign Command but that he should but in a manner taste of the Empire That will come to pass said he when Mules shall not be barren A long time after this Discouse this prodigy was fulfill'd The Historians tax him with a sordid covetousness and a slavish submission to three Favourites who governed and made hast to make their Fortune under an old Prince However some Writers relate that he was only covetous before his coming to the Imperial Government and that as soon as he was Emperor he was a liberal Prince bestowing Largesses upon his Subjects and granting them Priviledges He was the first Emperor chosen by the Soldiers tho he was not of the Family of the Caesars and adopted Piso a young Man of great hopes and having brought him to the Camp he declared the choice he had made to the Army but spoke not a word of bestowing Largesses upon the Soldiers whereupon Otho caballed and got both Galba and his Successor murthered after he had reigned seven Months the tenth day of January in the year 69 being then 73 years of Age. GALEA A Helmet a Head-piece which covered the whole Face like a Mask GALERUS A Cap made of skin in the form of a Helmet This Cap was for the use of Mercury and the Priests of Jupiter called Flamenidalis who wore a white Cap made of the skin of a white Sheep sacrificed to Jupiter called Albogalerus GALIENUS Gallen born at Pergamus Physician to M. Aurelius and Lucius Verus He was very famous in Physick and brought it to a method now followed by the greatest part of Physicians yet many Men who are not carried away by the multitude and prejudice of opinions condemn and reject his Method as being unfit to cure extraordinary Distempers He was an Enemy both to Jews and Christians blaming them for believing very hard things without any demonstration Certainly he was a very great Man and so excellent in his Art that having conveyed away a very dangerous defluction by letting of Blood and cured the Falling-sickness by tying the Root of Piony about the neck he was taxed of Magick and forced to quit Rome and died at Pergamus the place where he was born Some Writers tell us that he was then seventy years old and others a hundred and four It appears by two Commentaries of his own Books that he had writ two hundred Volumes which were burnt in the Fire of the Temple of Peace GALLIA See after Gallienus afterwards GALLICAE A kind of Shoes that the ancient Gauls were used to wear like Wood or Cork Galoches worn by the Country people of Gaul in rainy weather the upper part of these Galoches was made of Leather or Leather Straps to keep them fast to the Feet like the Sandals of Begging Friars GALLIENUS PUBLIUS LICINIUS IGNATIUS The Son of Valerianus associated by him to the Empire They reigned together about seven or eight years till Valerianus was taken by Sapor King of Persia During his reign the Empire was oppressed with several Calamities which he ascribed to the persecution of the Christians wherefore he recall'd the Edicts made against them This Prince was given to all kinds of Crimes Claudius who commanded the Army against the Nation call'd Daci not being able to bear any longer with his infamous Debaucheries caus'd him to be murthered at Milan together with his Brothers and Children and seiz'd upon the Empire GALLIA The Gauls By the name of Gallia Caesar means only the Gauls which comprehends three kinds of People viz. Belgi Celti or Galli and Aquitani This Gaul is called by Writers who lived a little after the time of Caesar Gallia Comata Here we must consider all that might be understood by the name of Gaul and observe its chiefest divisions and distinctions that conduce to the understanding the Commentaries of Caesar The name of Gaul was extended on both sides of the Alps. The Country which is between the Alps and Mount Appenninus on both sides of the River Po is called Gallia Cis-Alpina and sometimes Gallia Togata because in regard to the Romans it is within the Alps Togata because the Inhabitants thereof tho' they were Colonies of the Gauls beyond the Alps did wear the Roman Habit called Toga Romana The Lands which are beyond the Alps in regard to the Romans and between the Alps and the Pyrennean Mountains the Mediterranean Sea the Ocean and the River Rhine are properly Gaul called by Caesar and other Writers Transalpina because it is beyond the Alps in regard to the City of Rome This Gaul thus called is still divided in two parts the nearest part to Italy is called by Caesar Provincia and sometimes Provincia Romanorum or Provincia Ulterior in respect to the Gauls within the Alps call'd Provincia Citerior The other part of the Transalpine Gaul is called plainly by Caesar Gallia which he subdued to the Roman Empire and has divided himself in three parts one inhabited by the Nation called Belgi the other by the Aquitani and the third by the Celti whom the Romans called Galli All the Writers since Caesar call this Gaul Gallia Comata the hairy Gaul because the Inhabitants thereof wore long Hair and the other part which is nearer to Italy and Spain was called Gallia Braccata because the Inhabitants thereof wore Trowses Gaul is divided in three parts that which is on the side of Italy is called Gallia Togata the second which is between Italy and Spain is called Gallia Braccata and the third which is between the River Rhine and Spain and from the Alps to the Ocean is called Gallia Comata Caesar divides likewise Gallia Comata into three parts viz. Gallia Celtica
opinion of some Writers was the same as Osiris the Father of Harpocrates Others represent him with a glittering head some have dress'd him in a Gown which hangs down to the heels carrying on his Head a branch of a Peach-tree which was a Tree consecrated to Harpocrates because the Fruit thereof resembles the Heart and its Leaves are like the Tongue as Plutarch has observed whereby old Writers signified the perfect correspondency that should be between the Tongue and the Heart Some others figure him with a particular Ornament on his Head having the badges of Harpocrates Cupid and Esculapius for he holds his Finger on his Mouth he carries Wings and a Quiver with Arrows and a Serpent twisted about a stick The union of Harpocrates with Cupid shews that Love must be secret and the union of Harpocrates with Aesculapius gives us to understand that a Physician must be discreet and not discover the secrets of his Patient The Pythagoreans made a Virtue of silence and the Romans a Goddess called Tacita as 't is related by Plutarch HARPIAE The Harpyes fabulous Birds only mentioned by Poets who describe them with the face of a Virgin and the rest of the body a Bird with crooked feet and hands Virgil's description of them runs thus in the third Book of his Aeneid v. 213. Quas dira Celaeno Harpyae colunt aliae ....... Tristius haud illis monstrum nec saevior ulla Pestis ira Deûm Stygüs sese extulit undis Virginei volucrum vultus foedissima ventris Proluvies uncaeque manus pallida semper Ora fame The truth of the Story is that Phineus King of Paeonia having lost his sight and his Sons being dead the Harpyes his Daughters were spending his Estate till Zethes and Calais his Neighbours Sons of Bordas drove these Ladies out of the City and re-establish'd Phineus in possession of his Estate HASTA signifies all kind of offensive Arms that have a long staff or handle as Pike Spear Javelin c. 'T was said in the Roman Law Hastae subjicere to signify thereby to confiscate or to sell by publick sale and sub hastâ venire to be sold by Auction for Romulus had order'd that this Pole should be set before the place where the confiscated Goods were sold HASTA PURA A Half-pike without Iron at the end us'd for a Scepter and a badge of Authority and not a Pike armed with Iron used in the war HEBDOMADA A Week the numof seven days Four Weeks make up a Month because of the four chief and more apparent Phasis of the changes of the Moon And as these four changes of the Moon are in a manner the space of seven days one from another 't is very likely that from thence the first Egyptians and Assyrians have taken occasion to divide time by intervals of seven days which therefore were called Weeks As for the Hebrews their way of reckoning the time by weeks has a most august Origine and the Law commanded them to forbear from all kind of work the seventh day to imprint in their memory the great Mystery of the Creation of the World in which God had wrought during six days and rested the seventh whereupon it was called the Sabbath-day which in their Language signifies a day of rest The other days took their name from that day for the following day was called by the Jews prima Sabbati the first day of the Sabbath the next day the second of the Sabbath then the third and fourth c. till the sixth called otherwise Parasceve which signifies the day of preparation for the Sabbath This way of reckoning by Weeks was properly speaking used only by the Eastern Nations for the Greeks reckoned their days from ten to ten or by decads dividing each month in three parts the first part was reckoned from the beginning of the Month the second was the middle of the Month and the third was the rest of the Month from the middle to the end thereof And thus the Romans besides the division of the Month by Kalends Nones and Ides made use also of a political distribution of a series of eight days distributed from the beginning of the year to the end thereof The names of the days of the week used by the Primitive Christians were founded on a more holy principle viz. the resurrection of our Lord which has given the name of Dominica or the Lord's-day to the day called the Sabbath by the Jews And because they to shew their joy in the celebration of the Feast of Easter i. e. of the Resurrection were used to keep the whole week holy resting from all servile work which is called in Latin Periani therefore they called the day following immediately after the Holy Sunday Prima Feria and the second day Secunda Feria the third day Tertia Feria and so forth and from thence the days of all the weeks were afterwards improperly called Foriae in practice of the Church The Origine of the names commonly given to the days of the week being names of Divinities ador'd by superstitious Antiquity comes from a more remote principle for 't is likely that these names passed from the Assyrians to the Greeks and from the Greeks to the Christians And we may reasonably presume that the Chaldeans who were esteemed the first Men who addicted themselves to study Astronomy have also given the name of their Gods to the Planets or at least the same names which they have afterwards ascribed to the Gods whom they ador'd and that they might give more authority to that art which they profess and by which they foretold things to come by the observation of the Stars They attempted to ascribe them an absolute Empire over the nature of Men allowing to each of them several Offices and Employments to dispense good and evil and that lest that dreadful power which they ascribed to them should be kept in the only extent of their spheres they had very much enlarg'd the bounds of their Dominions submitting to them not only the several parts of the Earth and the Elements not only the Fortunes Inclination and Secrets of the most close Men overthrow of States Plagues Deluges and a thousand other things of that nature but endeavoured also to set them up for the absolute Masters of time allowing a Planet to preside over each year another to each month to each week each day each hour and perhaps to each moment From thence each day of the week has took the name of the Planet ruling over it and Monday which is in Latin dies Luna i. e. the day of the Moon was so called because the Moon presides that day dies Martis i. e. the day of Mars which was under the direction of Mars dies Mercurii ruled by Mercury dies Jovis under the conduct of Jupiter dies Veneris under the direction of Venus dies Saturni under that of Saturn dies Solis ruled by the Sun 'T is true that the order that the Planets
Person were free to accept or quit the Inheritance which was performed by a deed in law In the text of the Roman Law there was three several ways of purchasing or accepting of an Inheritance viz. Aditio Hereditatis which was a solemn Deed performed before the Magistrate Gestio pro Herede Deeds of owners as to fell Estates receive Rents and Debts and gather Fruits This manner of accepting an Inheritance is severally express'd in the Roman Law for in the person of strange Heirs 't is called gestio pro herede but in the person of Children 't is called immixtio and the third way is a single and plain will of accepting or refusing There were also three contrary ways to quit an Inheritance viz. Repudiatio which is a Deed in Law performed in the presence of the Magistrate Abstentio which was for the Children and the last was only a single Will when a man declared that he was unwilling to be Heir Formerly they allowed an hundred days for claiming an Inheritance HERE 's Ex asse an Heir or sole Legate See As. HERMAPHRODITUS An Hermaphrodite one that is both Man and Woman called by the Greeks Androgyne Poets tell us that Hermaphroditus was the Son of Mercury and Venus and that meeting in a Fountain with the Goddess Salmacis she fell in love with him and while she was embracing him she found herself fastned to him by an indissolvable tye both Bodies making but one with both sexes This word comes from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mercurius and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Venus i. e. composed of Mercury and Venus both Male and Female Monsieur Spon in his curious inquiries after Antiquity has shewn us two precious stones whereon the Fable of Hermaphroditus is engraven The first is a Cornelian where he is represented in the Bath ready to embrace his dear Nymph Salmacis and becoming but one body with her that yet keeps both Sexes On the second he is already turned in the like manner that he is represented at Rome by Marble and Brass Statues By this Figure the Ancients represented a mix'd Deity composed of Mercury and Venus called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to join Eloquence with Pleasure or to shew that Venus was of both Sexes for Calvus a Poet calls Venus a God Polentemque Deum venerem And Virgil in the second Book of his Aenids Discedo ac ducente Deo flammam inter hostes Expedior Levinus speaking of this Divinity ascribes her both Sexes Aristophanes calls her 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Neuter Gender and Hesychius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Masculine And in the Isle of Cyprus near Amathus she is represented by a Statue with a Beard like a Man HERMES A Sir-name given to Mercury The Hermae were Statues of Mercury commonly made of Marble and yet sometimes of brass without either Arms or Feet set up by the Greeks and the Romans in cross ways Servius in his Commentary on the eighth Book of the Aeneids of Virgil tells us the Origine of the word Hermes and says that Shepherds found Mercury called Hermes asleep on a Mountain and cut off his hands whereupon he was afterwards called Cyllenius as well as the Mountain where this Act was perform'd because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies that which has no Arm or which is maiâ—ed of some Member and from hence says he some Statues which have no Arms are called Hermae But this Etymology says Mr. Spon taken from the Epithet Cyllenius given to Mercury is contrary to what ancient Writers report for they derive this word from the place were he was born called Cyllene a Town in Arcadia or a Mountain of the same name Wherefore Pausanias in the Description of Greece l. 8. says that Mount Cyllene is the most famous of Arcadia and that on the top thereof a Temple was built to Mercury Cyllenius and that the name of the Mountain and the Sirname of Cyllenius given to Mercury comes from Cyllenus the Son of Elatus a Hero of that Country And this Etymology comes nearer to the truth than that related by Servius Suidas morally explains this manner of making Statues of Mercury without Arms. The Hermae says he were Statues of Stone erected by the Athenians at the Porches of their Temples or entrance of their Houses For Mercury being esteemed the God of Speech and Truth was represented with square and cubical Statues because square Figures can't be set but upright like Truth that never changes The Hermae were first found out and used at Athens wherefore Suidas tells us that they were peculiar to that City Aeschines in his Oration against Ctesiphon mentions the porch of the Hermae which was in his Time at Athens where among others there were three very remarkable Hermae set up in honour to the Athenians who had routed the Persians near the River Stymon The Inscriptions of these Hermae were Encomiums of the Athenians valour nevertheless out of a wise policy the names of the Athenian Generals were not mention'd in these Inscriptions lest this Nation jealous of their liberty should raise the ambition of these Great Men and give them occasion to aspire to the Soveraign Power The chiefest Hermae of Athens were the Hipparchians which Hipparchus the Son of Pisistratas Tyrant of Athens had erected in the City the Suburbs and the Villages of Attica with ingraven moral Instructions and Sentences to incourage Men to vertue as 't is related by several Authors Cornelius Nepos in the life of Alcibiades tells us that one night the Hermae then at Athens were all cast to the ground only one excepted that stood at the door of the Orator Andocides who says in his speech of the Mysteries that it was dedicated by the Tribe Egeida The Hermae were also set up in cross ways and great Roads because Mercury the messenger of the Gods presided over the high ways Wherefore he was sirnamed both Trivius from the word trivium i. e. a cross way and Viacus from the word via i. e. way in an Inscription of Gruter Tully a great loâ—er of Antiquity being inform'd by the Letters of his Friend Atticus then an Athens that he had found some Hermae writes thus to him in the seventh Letter of the first Book Your Hermae of Marble of Mount Rentilicus with their head of brass rejoyce me before hand wherefore you will oblige me very much to send them to me with the Statues and other curiosities that you can find at Athens of your own liking and approbation The Women honour'd much the Hermae and adorned them with Flowers that they might obtain of them a happy fecundity as we see in a basso relievo of Boissard's Antiquities HERM-ATHENAE Were Statues set upon square feet like the Hermae but represented Mercury and Minerva this word being compounded of Hermae and Athenae which signifies these two Divinities Pomponius Atticus having found at Athens one of these rare Statues writes to his Friend
to discover there his Father There was then in that Country a Monster called Sphinx who had a Face and Voice like a Maiden the Body like a Dog the Tail like a Dragon the Claws like a Lyon and Wings like a Bird and devoured all Passengers who were not able to expound the Riddles she propos'd to them which was very troublesome to Thracia But OEdipus clear'd the Country of that Monster and forc'd her to kill herself having expounded her Riddle viz. What Creature is that that in the Morning goeth with four Feet at Noon with two and at Evening with three OEdipus answered it was a Man who in his Infancy went on all four to wit his Hands and Feet in his middle Age on two Legs and when he is old on three that is he us'd a Staff OEdipus was unknowingly advanced to his Mother's Bed for having delivered Thebes of that Monster And thus Laius King of Thebes and Jocasta his Wife endeavouring to prevent the prediction of the Oracle saying their Son should kill his Father and Marry his Mother were themselves the Instruments and Ministers of the fulfilling of the Oracle For OEdipus unknowingly kill'd Laius his Father and married his Mother Jocasta Laius's Widow whom Creon had promis'd to the Man who should expound the Riddle abovementioned IPHIGENIA The Grecian Fleet being bound at Aulis by contrary winds the Southsayer Calehas declared that Diana would hinder favourable winds till Iphigenia Agamemnon's Daughter should be sacrificed to her Agamemnon obey'd the Orders of Heaven and sent for Iphigenia under pretence of marrying her to Achilles Clytemnestra brought her Daughter Iphigenia and having notice of Agamemnon's design she oppos'd him vigorously as also Achilles who resented his name being made use of to cover an untruth In fine Iphigenia determined the Controversy by the great desire she had to be sacrificed for the Service of Greece All the preparations being made for the Sacrifice Diana substituted a Hind in her room and carried her away to Tauros where she was made Priestess to Diana and sacrificed to her all the Foreigners who landed upon that Country The Sacrifice that Agamemnon offer'd of his Daughter Iphigenia has so great conformity with that of the Daughter of Jeptha that 't is plain that Agamemnon's sacrifice was but a copy of the other The name it self of Iphigenia seems to imitate that she is the Daughter of Jephta as if she was called Jephtigenia But we must confess that Poets have taken to themselves a soveraign Authority to disguise History into Fables and have confounded the Sacrifice of Jephta's Daughter with the Sacrifice of Isaac and as God himself saved Isaac whom he had order'd to be offered to him in sacrifice and that a Ram was substituted in Isaac's room so the Fable says that the Virgin Iphigenia being ready to be sacrificed to Diana this Goddess took her away and substituted a Hind to be sacrificed in her room as Ovid reports The Vow of Agamemnon and the Sacrifice of Iphigenia as they are related by Tully have yet a greater conformity with the History of Jephta For he says that Agamemnon vowed to offer in sacrifice to Diana the finest Creature that should be born that year wherefore he was obliged to sacrifice his own Daughter Tully assures us that Iphigenia was really sacrificed like the Daughter of Jepht and that Poets being wiser than Agamemnon have substituted a Hind to be sacrificed in her room IRIS The Rain-bow one of the most wonderful Meteors of the Air. Plutarch reports that Plato writes that she was esteemed the Daughter of Thaumas because of her wonderful beauty And Hesiod in his Theogonia has made Iris the Daughter of Thaumas and Electra Tully agrees with Plato's opinion Cur autem Arcûs species non in Deorum numero reponatur Est enim pulcher ob eam causam quia speciem habet admirabilem Thaumante dicitur esse nata Poets call her Nuncia Junonis the Messenger of Juno because she gives us notice of the disposition of the air represented by the name of Juno And God himself in Genesis has given the Rainbow for a token that there never shall be any more Flood And altho' the Rainbow might have appear'd before the Flood yet it was not seen at all in the time of the Deluge all the Sky being then covered with very thick Clouds where the Rainbow was not able to appear because its fair Colours shine only upon a thin Cloud Wherefore it was a token naturally proper to signifie that living Creatures should never any more be destroyed by a Flood Servius observes that Mercury and Iris being both Messengers of the Gods the Errands of Mercury are always tending to Concord and the Messages of Iris to War and Discord from whence she was called Iris. And this Grammarian wisely observes that Iris doth not always raise Discords for her first institution was to declare the Treatise of Pacification between God and Man As for the Etymology of the word Iris Plato is rather to be believ'd than Servius when he says that it comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dicere annunoiare because it predicts fair weather What Vossius says is not to be omitted viz. that the name of Iris may be derived from the Hebrew word Ir or Hir which signifies an Angel or Messenger for this name is given to the Angels in the Holy Scripture because of their watchfulness For the proper meaning of the word Hir is Vigil However it must be granted that Servius has grounded his opinion upon Hesiod's report when he derived the word Iris from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and said that her Errands were tending to discord And this Poet tells us still that when any of the Gods has told a lye Jupiter sends Iris to fetch water from the River Styx in a golden Vessel whereupon the Lyer must take the Oath and if he forswears himself he remains a whole year without life and motion but a long year which contains many thousand of years Therefore the Errand of Iris supposes indeed some discord but yet conduces to pacify it Statius seems to give another reason why Iris is the Messenger of the Gods viz. her situation one part of her touching Heaven and the other Earth ISIS Queen of Egypt 'T is certain by the testimony of many Writers that the Goddess called by the Greeks Io and the Egyptians Isis is the same whom the Romans honoured by the name of Cybele viz. the Earth or Nature herself married by the Egyptians to Osiris who was the Sun to make her fruitful and Mother of all productions which are formed in her bosom 'T is both Plutarch and Apuleius's opinion who introduces Isis speaking thus Rerum natura parens sum omnium elementorum Macrobius says also that Osiris is nothing else but the Sun and Isis the Earth and Nature And truly there is such likeness between the Pictures and Representations that the Ancients have given of these two Divinities
a Bull sometimes into a Swan or an Eagle or into Gold to enjoy his Amours wherefore Lucian introduces Momus rallying thus Your fine Metamorphoses made me sometimes affraid left you should be brought to the Shambles or put to the Plough when thou wert a Bull or that a Goldsmith should melt thee down when thou wert Gold and when a Swan lest they should have put thee upon the Spit and roasted thee 'T is also reported that he brought forth Minerva out of his Brain which Vulcan opened with an Axe as Lucian relates in the Dialogue of the Gods where Vulcan and Jupiter speak thus Vulcan Here is a very sharp Axe I bring you what am I to do with it Jup. Prythee strike hard and cleave my head asunder Vul. You have a mind to see whether I am mad or no I warrant but tell me in good earnest what will you imploy it about Jup. To divide my Skull I say I am not in jest and if you refuse I will plague you Strike with all thy might for my Head is ready to split with pain and I suffer such torments as if I was in labour with a Child Vul. 'T is against my will but I must obey Great Gods No wonder your head-ach was so great having such an Amazon with a Sphear and a Shield lodged in it 'T is still recorded that Bacchus came out of his thigh where he had been lodged to perfect his time after he was taken out of his Mother Semele's Womb being yet but half form'd Wherefore an incision was made in his Thigh when the pains of labour seiz'd him to give a free Passage to little Bacchus And this is yet reported by the same Lucian in the Dialogue of the Gods The Nations of the World built him a great many Temples and honoured him like a God under several names according to his several performances He is called Jupiter Inventor an Epithet that Hercules bestowed upon him because by his means he had found again the Cows which Cacus had stole away from him and erected him an Altar whereupon he offered him sacrifices Romulus called him Jupiter Feretrius because he had strengthned him to overcome his Enemies and get the spoils which he consecrated to him in a Temple built at the top of the Capitol under the Title of Jupiter Feretrius Livy gives us the words of this dedication Jupiter Feretri haec tibi victor Romulus Rex regia arma fero templumque his regionibus quas modo animo metatus sum dedico sedemque opâ—mis spolâ—â—s quae Regibus Ducibusque hostium caesis me auctorem sequentes posteri ferent This was the first Temple that was consecrated to Jupiter in Rome whither the spoils taken from Kings or Commanders of the Enemies Forces were brought JUPITER STATOR a Sistendo i. e. to stop because upon the day of the engagement between the Romans and the Sabins Romulus perceiving that his Soldiers lost ground and were upon the point of running away begged earnestly of Jupiter to stop them and raise their Courage promising him withal to build another Temple to his honour which being granted to him he built a Temple at the foot of Mount Palatinus under the Title of Jovi Statori JUPITER ELICIUS Numa gave him this title upon this occasion For in his time Mount Aventinus being not yet inhabited nor inclosed into Rome and that Hill being covered with Springs of Water and thick Groves frequented by Picus and Faunus two Satyrs who cured most desperate Distempers by Inchantments Numa having heard of them desired to see them and learn their secrets wherefore by the advice of the Nymph Egeria he ordered that Wine should be poured into the Fountain and men should lye in wait to seize upon the Satyrs at their coming to it Both Satyrs according to their custom came thither but being got drunk with the Wine of the Fountain they fell asleep and were easily seized upon and brought to Numa who learned of them the secrets how to bring down Jupiter upon the Earth Elicere Jovem And Numa having immediately tried it Jupiter came down whereupon he commanded that a Temple should be built to his honour by the title of Jupiter Elicius JUPITER CAPITOLINUS Thus called because of the Temple vowed by Tarquinius Priscus in the War against the Sabius he laid only the foundations of it and it was finished by Tarquinius Superbus The Temple was of a square Figure having 220 Foot every way and eight Acres of ground in compass There were three Chapels in it the Chapel of Jupiter in the middle thereof that of Minerva at the Right hand near the place where the Nail was driven in every year to reckon the number of years and that of Juno which was on the Left hand The admirable Building and the rich Ornaments of this Temple made it the most famous in Rome and all the Provinces subdued to the Roman Empire and the Confederate Kings in emulation one of another sent Presents thither JUPITER LATIALIS had a Temple on Mount Albanus which Tarquinius Superbus caused to be built to his honour after the defeat of Turnus This Temple was common to all the Confederates and a Sacrifice was therein offered every year in common to the Feriae Latinae JUPITER SPONSOR The Temple built to him by this Title was consecrated to his honour by Tarquinius in the Wood of Bellona and dedicated by Sp. Posthumus Consul in pursuance of a decree of the Senate in the year cclxxxvii JUPITER PISTOR Thus called because the Gauls having besieged the Capitol and the Romans being very much streightned by the enemy and pressed with hunger Jupiter inspired them to make Bread with the remainder of their Corn and throw it into the Camp of the enemy Which having performed the enemy lost all hopes to starve them wherefore they raised the Siege and retired and in acknowledgement of this good advice the Romans erected him an Altar under the title of Jupiter the Baker Jovi Pisteri There was also in the Capitol a Figure of Jupiter Imperator which Titus Quintius Dictator brought from the Town of Praeneste and placed there with a Table whereupon were ingraven his great Atchievements JUPITER VICTOR Jupiter the Conquerour to wom L. Papyrius Cursor built a Temple by this title because he had overcome the Samnites and the Gauls VE-JUPITER or VE-JOVIS had a Temple between the Tarpeian Rock and the Capitol near the Asylum His statue was made of Cyprus Wood holding a Dart in his hand ready to be flung JUPITER TONANS Jupiter thundering an Epithet that Augustus gave him for having built a Temple to him upon the Capitol he dedicated it to him under that name and erected therein three statues one done by the hand of Buthyraus Disciple to Miron the other by Locras and the third was made of Brass Augustus caused this Temple to be built in honour of Jupiter Tonans because going once by night against the Inhabitants of Biscay the Thunder fell
by his Litter and killed one of his Servants who carried a Torch whereupon the Emperor vowed a Temple to Jupiter Tonans for having preserved him in so great a danger Jovi Tonanti says Suetonius edem consecravit liberatus periculo cum expeditione Cantabrica pur nocturnum iter lecticam ejus fulgor perstrinxisset servumque praelucentem exanimasset JUPITER ULTOR Jupiter the Revenger of Crimes had a Temple dedicated to him by M Agrippa JUPITER HERCEUS from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Jupiter of private houses where an Altar was erected This privilege was only allowed to the Citizens of Rome says Arnobius Quicunque Herceum Jovem habebant jus civitatis etiam habebant JUPITER AMMON or Hammon had a Temple in Libya and a Statue under the Figure of a Ram from whence he was called Corniger Hammon This Temple was very famous on the account of his Oracles Jupiter is represented on several Medals sometimes carrying Victory in his right hand and a Spear instead of a Scepter in the left sometimes riding on a Kam or a She Goat with this Inscription JOVI CRESCENTI because he had been Nursed up with her Milk sometimes sitting in the midst of the Four Elements holding a Dart with one hand and laying the other upon the Head of his Eagle with two Figures that lay along under his Feet which represent the Two Elements of Water and Earth having the Zodiack round about him where the Twelve Signs are represented JUPITER OLYMPIUS sirnamed Eleus famous for his Oracle and the publick Games performed in Elis called Olympick Games On the Silver Medals of Lucius Lentulus and Caius Marcellus both Consuls is represented the Head of Jupiter holding his Thunder Bolt with his right hand and his Eagle with his left having before him a little Altar and the Star of Jupiter This Medal was stamp'd to pacifie Jupiter after the Thunder was fallen upon the Capitol Jupiter Conservator was also represented holding his Thunder-bolt with one hand and a Dart with the other and the Figure of the Emperour under his Thunder to shew that he was under Jupiter's protection or else his Figure was Ingraven laying upon a Globe and holding Victory which he endeavours to Crown and the Eagle at his Feet with these words JOVI CONSERVATORI AUGUSTORUM NOSTRORUM On the Medals of Nero and Vespasian Jupiter was named Custos and represented sitting on a Throne holding his Thunder in his right hand with this Inscription JUPITER CUSTOS or JOVIS CUSTOS JUPITER was sirnamed Anxurus in Italy and is represented like a young Boy without a Beard Crowned with Branches of Olive and holding a Goblet or Patera in his right hand and his Scepter in the other JURAMENTUM An Oath taken to confirm a thing The solemnal Oath of the Gods was by the Waters of the River Styx The Fable says that Victory the Daughter of Styx having assisted Jupiter against the Giants he order'd for a Reward of her Service that the Gods should Swear by the Waters of that River and in case they forswore themselves they should be deprived of Life and Feeling during Nine thousand Years as Servius reports and gives this reason for this Fable that the Gods being Immortal and happy swear by the Styx which is a River of sorrow and grief which is very contrary to their temper and that Oath was a kind of Execration in lib. 6. Aeneid Hesiod in his Theogonia relates that when any of these Gods had told a lye Jupiter sent Iris to fetch some Water out of Styx in a Golden Vessel whereupon the Lyer takes the Oath and if he forswears himself he is a whole year without life and motion but a very long one including many Millions of Years Diodorus Siculus l. 11. Pag. 67. tell us that the Temple of the Gods called Palici famous in Sicily was there much respctred and very ancient and that two very deep Basons were kept therein full of boyling Water mix'd with Brimstone always full and never flowing over In this Temple solemn Oaths were taken and Perjuries were immediately punished very severely some of them being condemned to have their Eyes put out Silius Italicus has expressed in Verse what Diodorus has here reported Et qui praesenti domitant perjura Palici Pectora Supplicio To this purpose Virgil speaks thus Lib. 9. Aeneid v. 584. .......... Symethia circum Flumina pinguis ubi placabilis ara Palici The two Basons where the Oaths were taken and the Divine vengeance broke out upon the Purjured were called Delli Macrobius after Callias makes mention of them saying Nec longe inde lacus breves sunt quos incolae Crateres vocant nomine Dellos appellant featres que eos Palicorum aestimant Aristotle assures us that the Person who took the Oath wrote it upon a Ticket which he threw into the Water The Ticket floated over if the Oath was true if it was false the Ticket appeared no more Appollonius Tyaneus l. 1. c. 4. in his Life written by Philostratus mentions a Spring of Water at Tyana in Cappadocia which was very like this above-mentioned This my Story of taking the Oath and punishing Perjuries was doubtless an imitation of what is written in the Book of Numbers concerning the trial of Waters which Women impeached of Adultery were obliged to drink The Rom ans swore by their Gods and Heroes ranked in the number of Gods as by Quirinus Hercules Castor and Pollux c. Suetonius relates that under the Empire of Julius Caesar the Romans began to swear by the health of the Emperours and by their Genius However Tiberius did not allow it but Caligula ordered that all those who should refuse to do it should be put to Death and came to such an excess of folly and madness that he commanded that the People should swear by the Health and Fortune of a fine Horse which he intended to take for his Colleague in his Consulat as Dion tells us lib. 59. They also Swore by one anothers Genius as appears by a place of Seneca Jurat per Genium meum JUS The Law There are three kinds of Laws the Law of Nature the Law of Nations and the Civil Law The Law of Nature is what Nature teaches all living Creatures and is in a manner common to Men and Beasts as Marriage Procreation and Education of Children The Law of Nations is what natural Reason has inspired and dedicated to all Men and is practised by all Nations as Religion towards God Piety towards Parents and Love of our Country From thence comes the difference and division of Nations settlement of Kingdoms share of Demesn Trade and most sort of Obligations From hence also arises the right of War to take Prisoners to accept of their ransom to set them at liberty or to detain them in slavery The Civil Law is what each City or State has established or enacted for a Law For natural reason having taught Men to live together and for that purpose
by the Heathens to their Gods when they went upon any enterprizes The Deputies which were sent to Achilles to invite him to come to the relief of his Country-men began to wash their hands before their departure to fill their Crowned Cups with Wine and to pour it down upon the ground in honour of the Gods these Libations were commonly performed before they went to sleep Ulysses after he had got some little advantage over his Enemies washed himself in the Sea Water and went to make his Libations to Minerva LIBER This is one of the Epithets of Bacchus either because he procured unto the Baeotians their Liberty or that being esteemed the God of Wine he doth by Drinking give Ease unto disturb'd Minds The Consulary Medals of the Family of Cassia represent unto us the Pictures of Liber and Libera as they are called in Ancient Inscriptions that is of Male and Female Bacchus St. Augustine Lib. 7. de Civ Dei Cap. 21. speaks thus of Liber As for the Mysteries of Liber whom they have made to preside over the Seminal Powers of Liquids I mean not only over the Juices of Fruits amongst which Wine has the Preheminence but also over Seeds of Animals I am loth to take notice of that Excess of Infamy they arrived to therein but yet I must say in order to confound the arrogant Stupidity of our Adversaries among other Things which I am obliged to omit upon this Occasion because they are too tedious that according to the Testimony of Varro the Feasts of Liber were celebrated with so much Licentiousness in some Places in Italy that in Honour of him they gave Adoration to the Privy Parts of Man and that not in Secret to cover their Shame but publickly to make Wickedness appear triumphant For they placed him after an honourable Manner in a Chariot which was brought into the City after they had first drawn it through the Fields But at Lavinium they spent a whole Month in celebrating the Feasts of Liber only during which time there was all the Impurity of Speech imaginable encourag'd until the said Chariot had traversed the Market-place and was brought whither the People design'd to deposite what they carried after which the most vertuous Ladies in the City must go and crown this infamous Thing before the Multitude In this Manner it was that they made God Liber favourable to Seeds and expelled Charms and Witchcraft out of the Earth LIBERALIA the Feasts of Bacchus See Bacchanaelia LIBER a Book The Way used by the Ancients in Binding of their Books was not like unto ours Books of a Square Form were hardly ever in use either amongst the Greeks or Romans till a long time after Catulus Indeed King Attalus seeing the Art was found out to make Parchment so well as to be fit to be writ upon on both sides made some of his Books Square-wise yet the ancient Way which was to roll their Books in such a Manner as to give them the Form of a small Column prevailed so long that even all their Libraries in the Time of Cicero and long after were composed of these Rolls The Dearness of Parchment and Cheapness of the Paper whereof they made their rolled Books was the Reason there was hardly any other to be seen As to the Matter of Binding there was no other Fashion in use but to paste or glew several Leaves of Paper at full length to the Ends of one another in proportion to the Bigness of each Book When one side was filled up the Work was at end for they did not write on both sides they rolled all together beginning with the last which they called Vmbilicus whereunto they fixed a Piece of Wood Ebony or some such Thing to keep the Roll tight and to the other End they glewed a Piece of Parchment which covered the whole Volume and was of use not only to save the Paper but also to be an Ornament to the Book because it was painted of a Purple or Crimson Colour The Title of the Book was written in Gold Characters on the outside of the Parchment but the Epistle Dedicatory they wrote on the inside When the Roll was made they cut it at both Ends and upon every Leaf which was well polished with a Pumice-stone they laid pieces of Gold Silver or Ivory which they fastned to the Stick placed in the Vmbilicus LIBERALITAS Liberality a Goddess worshipped by the Romans and a Vertue often put in practise by good Emperors above all by Augustus Caesar according to Suetonius and Tacitus Congiarium populo Donativum militibus dedit He gave a Largess to the People which consisted of small Sesterces and a Donative to the Soldiers which was a like Sum of Denarii Marcus Aurelius caused Medals to be coined whereon the Picture of Liberality was engraven like a Roman Lady clad in a long Robe holding a Tessera in her Right Hand and round it Liberalitas Augusti By the Medals of Adrian and Alexander Severus the Emperor is to be seen mounted upon a little Ascent and in a sitting Posture making Signs to a Man that is at his Feet to give him the Money that was set upon the Brink of the Ascent with Liberality on the Sides thereof and a Tessera in her Hand LIBERTAS Liberty a Goddess worshipped by the Romans and Greeks by the Name of Eleutheria the Romans had divers Places and several Temples consecrated to the publick Liberty Ovid makes mention of these Places and of a Day that was dedicated to Jupiter the Victorious and to Liberty Occupat Apriles Idus cognomine Victor Jupiter hac illi Sunt data Templa die Hac quoque ni fallor populo dignissima nostro Atria Libertas caepit habere sua The Places were surrounded with Portico's and it did appear that the People met there It was a kind of Temple open at top like unto that at Jerusalem where stood the Altar for Burnt-Offerings but besides these Places the Roman Historians make mention of several Temples at Rome dedicated to the Goddess Liberty among others that built by Claudius in the Place where Cicero's House stood after it had been ruined and that erected in Honour of Julius Caesar after his Death Dion Cassius mentions both in Lib. 43. It was to the publick Liberty that the Romans dedicated these Temples Her Picture represented her clad like a Roman Lady holding a Javelin in one Hand and a Cap or Bonnet in the other By the Medals that were coined in Honour of Brutus and by those of C. Caesar surnamed Caligula you may observe that the Bonnet or Cap was an Ensign of Liberty thus when the Romans were about to grant their Slaves their Freedom they gave them a Bonnet or Cap From whence comes the Latin Phrase Dare Pileum to give one his Liberty and Vocare ad Pileum to call a Slave to his Freedom LIBETHRA a certain Fountain consecrated to the Muses and for this Reason they have been called Libethrides
Measure has often introduced Confusion into Authors as may be justified by Galen who speaking of the Contest there was in his Time concerning Measures noted by Authors that were not fully explained informs us that some thought they ought to take the Term Cotyla according to the Measure of the Atheneans and others according to the Italian which was more There were Two Sorts of Measures one flat or long and the other round and hollow for dry Things and Liquids Long-Measure is a Barley-Corn which in Geometry makes the 12th part of an Inch otherwise called a Line The Inch contains 12 Lines or Barley-Corns the Romans called it Vncia It s the 12th part of a Foot and contains 3 Fingers each of which takes up the Breadth of 4 Barley-Corns or Lines The Foot is 12 Inches a Geometrical Pace 5 Foot a Geometrical Perch 10 Feet and in some Places 22 a Spar 8 Inches a Cubit a Jewish Measure a Foot and an half a Furlong 125 Paces the Funiculus an Egyptian Measure 40 Furlongs a Mile 8 Furlongs a Parasange a Persian Measure 30 Furlongs and more the Egyptian Schoenas 30 40 and 120 Furlongs a League 3 Miles more or less according to the Places or Countries you are in Measure in respect to Coelestial Distances is half the Diameter of the Earth being 15000 Leagues or thereabouts The Ell is a Measure for Stuffs The Reed called Kenech by the Hebrews contained 6 Cubits i. e. 8 Feet a Digit and an half A Rod Fathom c. differ according to different Places As for Surfaces an Acre consists of an 160 Perches Square a Day's-work is as much as one can plough in a Day The Cubical Foot is a Measure for solid Bodies Round and hollow Measures are such as serve to measure Corn and Liquids with Those used for dry Things are the Litra Bushel Minot Sestier and Muid For Liquids a Tun Muid Pipe Calens Amphora and Barrel And for Retail Hemina or the Half Sestier Sestier Quart Pottle Pot Congius Cotyla Cyathus and Acetabulum And for the Measure of Herbs in Physick that 's done by Bundles Handfuls and Pugils most of these Terms shall be explained in their proper Places MERCATORUM FESTUM the Feast of Merchantile People which fell out May 15 or the Ides of the said Month and were kept in Honour of Mercury for on that Day a Temple was dedicated to him in the great Circus when Appius Claudius and P. Servilius were Consuls They sacrificed to that Deity a whole Sow and went to sprinkle themselves with the Water of a Fountain named Aqua Mercurii which stood near unto the Gate Capena praying unto Mercury that he would prosper their Trade and forgive their Cheating Thus Ovid describes it L. 5. Fast Sive Deum prudens alium Divamve fefelli Abstulerint celeres improba dicta Noti Et pateant veniente die perijuria nobis Nec curent ent Superi si qua locutus ero Da modò lucra mibi da facto gaudia lucro Et face ut emtori verba dedisse juvet MERCURY according to the Fable was Son to Jupiter and Maia the Daughter of Atlas who Lay in of him upon Mount Cyllene near Tegaea in Arcadia they also called him the Tegean Cyllenian and Grandson of Atlas as Horace calls him Mercuri facunde nepos Atlantis Lucian informs us of his Qualities and Offices in the Dialogues of the Gods where he brings in Vulcan and Apollo speaking in this Manner Vulc. Apollo Have you seen little Mercury What a fine Fellow he is and how he laughs at all the World He discovers plainly what he will be one Day tho'he be but a Child Apoll. Do you call him a Child He who in Malice is older than Japetus Vul. What Harm could he do He is yet but new born Apoll. Ask Neptune from whom he has taken away his Trident and Mars whose Sword he has got to say nothing of my self whom he has robbed of my Bow and Arrows Vul. What! An Infant do this who is yet in Swadling-Clouts Apoll. Thou will see what he can do if he comes near thee Vul. He has been at my House already Apoll. And has he taken nothing away Vul. Not that I know off Apoll. See every-where Vul. I cannot see my Pinchers Apoll. I 'll warrant you thou wilt find it in his Clouts Vul. How Is this little Thief already so expert I believe he hath learnt to steal in his Mother 's Womb. Apoll. He has a great many other Qualities and you 'll see them when there is occasion He will in time be a great Orator and also a good Musician if I mistake not for he hath already foiled Cupid And as the Gods laughed at it and that Venus took him to kiss him he stole away her Girdle and would have deprived Jupiter of his Thunderbolt if he had not been too hot and eager but he took his Scepter from him Vul. He is a bold little Spark Apoll. He is also a Musician Vul. How so Apoll. He hath made an Instrument of a Tortoise-shell whereon he plays to great Perfection insomuch that he makes jealous of him who am the God of Harmony His Mother says he does not sleep a Nights and that he goes as far as Hell to get any Booty for he has a Rod endued with great Vertue wherewith he brings the Dead to Life again and conducts the Living to their Graves His Offices are also described in another Dialogue where he brings him in talking with his Mother Mer. Is there ever a God in Heaven more unhappy than I Maia Ah! My Son talk not at this rate Mer. Why not Since I have alone as much Business upon me as all the rest of the Gods besides In the first place I must get up at break of Day to clean the Hall where they Feast and the Place of their Assembly Then I must be at Jupiter's Levy to receive his Orders and to carry them backward and forward At my return I wait upon the Master of the Houshold and sometimes the Cup-bearer At leastwise I did this Office before the Coming of Ganymede But what disturbs me most is that in the very Night when every Body is at rest I must go and convoy the Dead to Hell and there assist at their Condemnation as if all the Day were not long enough for me to act the Offices of a Sergeant Champion Orator and many more c. He has been taken for the God of Traders and that he presided over Trade He was called Mercurius à Mercibus or à Mercium curâ and this makes Plautus in the Prologue of Amphytrion bring him in speaking Vt vos in vostris voltis mercimoniis Emundis vendundisque me laetum lucris Afficere He is usually painted with Wings at his Sides and Feet a Caduceus or Rod twisted round with Two Serpents in his Hand wherewith he performs many Wonders and a great Cap called Petasus on his Head whence he was named Mercurius
give Name to Coecropia which was afterwards called Athens from Minerva Being engaged in a Conspiracy against his Brother Jupiter he was forced to fly with Apollo to Laomedon where he helped to build the Walls of Troy tho' he was so unhappy as not to be paid for his Labour They make Neptune to be the Creator of the Horse for thus Virgil speaks of it Tuque ô cui prima frementem Fudit equum Tellus magno percussa tridenti Neptune Georg. L. 1. Servius says that Neptune was also called Equester because he made a Horie come out of the Earth that he might have the Honour to give Name to the City of Athens tho' Minerva prevailed by making an Olive-tree suddenly to grow up out of the Ground It 's probable this Horse was nothing but a Ship the Swiftness whereof a Horse does imitate and which is under the Protection of Neptune The Fable also signifies perhaps nothing else but the two Things wherein the City of Athens excelled viz. Ships and Olive-trees Pausanias gives other Reasons why the Invention of the Use of Horses is attributed to Neptune The Medals represented him naked holding sometimes a Dolphin in his Left-hand or under his Feet and his Trident in his Right as may be seen by the Reverse of the Medalls of Marcus Agrippa He was represented at other Times with his Trident in one Hand and in the other an Arostolia or Ornament which was fastned to the Prow of Ships and this is made out to us by the Reverse of the Silver Medalls of Augustus and Vespatian on which there are these abbreviated Words Nept. Red. Neptuno reduci these two Emperors intimating hereby their rendring Thanks to Neptune for their Expeditions by Sea and safe Return He was represented also lying upon the Sea holding his Trident in one Hand and leaning with the other Arm upon such a Vessel as the Gods of the Rivers were wont to do He is to be seen likewise mounted in a Chariot drawn by two Horses as he is also sitting upon a Dolphin holding Victory in his Right-hand which puts two Crowns upon his Head and his Trident in the Left When the Romans and Greeks gave Neptune Thanks for the Victories they obtained by Sea they represented him on the one Side with his Trident and on the other stood Victory upon the Stern of a Ship The Romans built a Temple to Neptunue Equester as Dionysius of Hallicarnassus says and appointed a Festival for him called Consualia wherein they crowned some Horses with Garlands of Flowers which in this manner were led through the City The Arcadians gave this Festival the Name of Hippocratia The History of Japhet agrees very much with what the Fable relates concerning Neptune Japhet's Share according to Scripture was Europe with all the Isles of the Sea and the Peninsula's whereof it consists Euhemerus the Historian as interpreted by Ennius and related by Lanctantius bears the same Testimony concerning Neptune that the Seas and the Islands fell to his Lot Neptuno maritima omnia cum insulis obvenerunt Plutarch says the Egyptians called the Promontories and the utmost Parts of the Earth Nephthyn which Term has doubtless a great deal of Resemblance to that of Neptune As for Neptune's other Name called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bochartus thinks it is derived from the Punick Word Pesat Herodotus says also there were none but the Libyans that gave Neptune the Name of Posidon so Posidon will be the same Name as Neptune Lactantius does not doubt but that Neptune was Superintendant General of the Seas All Nations had also a Neptune of their own and all these Neptunes had in like manner something that was very manifestly like and unlike to one another Diodorus Siculus speaks of an Altar in Arabia dedicated to Neptune standing upon the Sea-side Sanchuniathon says that Vsoüs was the first who hollowed the Body of a Tree and in Phoenicia durst adventure to trust himself with the Waves of the Sea The Neptune of the Phoenicians is ancienter than him of the Greeks and Latins as they were Navigators before the others and him they made to be the Son of Pontus The Egyptians had also their Neptune and Plutarch assures us that even the Name of Neptune was taken from the Egyptian Tongue and signified Promontories and Sea-Coasts But Plutarch perhaps confounds the Egyptians with the Libyans for Herodotus witnesses that the Word Neptune was proper only to the Language of the Libyans who were the oldest Worshippers of this Deity None says he assumed the Name of Neptune at the Beginning but the Libyans who always worshipped this God The same Author says elsewhere that the Scythians had also a Respect for Neptune and that they called him Thamimasades Appian relates that Mithridates threw the Chariots drawn by Four Horses in Honour of Neptune into the Sea NEREUS is one of the Gods of the Seas his Name being derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fluid according to Hescychius But yet 't is more probably deduced from Nâhar an Hebrew Term signifying fluere fluvius Some make him to be the Son of Neptune others of Pontus Pontus and Neptune being the same but Neptune is more often looked upon as the Genius of the Seas and Oceanus and Pontus as the Body thereof They make Nereus to have 50 Daughters called from him Nereides which are so many particular Seas being Parts of the main Sea it self Nereus married Doris by whom he had Thetis NEREIDES are Sea-Nymphs and the Daughters of Nereus NERO the 6th Emperor of Rome was the Son of Domitius Aeneobarbus and Agrippina and adopted by the Emperor Claudius his Predecessor to the Empire The Medals which we have of him shew his natural Inclinations by the Features of his Face For his Eyes were small and beetle-browed his Throat and Chin met together his Neck was thick his Belly big and Legs small Take him altogether he perfectly resembled a Hog which he did not illy imitate in his sordid Pleasures his Chin was a little turn'd up which was a Sign of Cruelty his Hair light and Legs small as Suetonius observes and his Face rather Fair than Majestick which made him easily to be adjudged an effeminate Person So that if in the Beginning of his Reign he shewed much Moderation and Clemency even so far as to say he wished he could not write that he might not sign the Sentence of a Criminal which was brought to him it was no more than an affected Modesty which Policy and the Respect that he bore unto his Preceptors inspired him with Seneca in his Satyr against Claudius with a sort of Flattery unbecoming a Philosopher brings in Apollo speaking of Nero as being like unto himself both in Beauty and Majesty Ille mihi fimilis vultu fimilisque decore Nec cantu nec voce minor c. And this doubtless is the Reason why Nero is often seen represented like unto Apollo To speak the Truth he had no bad Face but he
imitate every thing so admirably well that he feemed to be the very Thing which he imitated which was the Occasion of the Fable Herodotus does not doubt but that Proteus was an Egyptian King and Deity He says 't was he that received Paris and Helen with their Treasures and who kept Helen during the Seige of Troy and restored her to Menelaus when after the Destruction of that City the Greeks came to know that Helen had never been there Diodorus Siculus agrees with him as to the Reign of Proteus in Egypt during the Siege of Troy but he says that the Greek Fable concerning the Transformations of Proteus took its Origin from the different Habits which the said King affected to wear above other Kings of Egypt he one while putting on a Lion's Skin another while he drest himself like a Bull or Dragon and carried Trees sometimes by way of Ornaments sometimes Fire or Perfume which made the Greeks say they were so many different Shapes which he was metamorphosed into and as this King was much addicted to Astrology they feigned also that he foretold Things to come Lucian in his Dialogue of the Sea-Gods makes Proteus and Menelaus speak thus Menel I do not admire Proteus that a Sea-God as you are should transform your self into Water or even into a Plant but to become Fire that I cannot understand to be turned into a Lion may be better allowed of Prot. Menelaus 't is true Men. I know it very well for I am a Witness of it my self But to be plain with you I believe there is a Cheat in it and that you are only a meer Juggler Prot. What Cheat can there be in such things as are so manifest and certain St. Augustine by the â—xample of Proteus his Fable shews that the Poets ought not to be rejected by the Lovers of true Philosophy for the Proteus of the Poets was an excellent Representation of Truth which escapes from us and disguises her self after a thousand different ways by being concealed under false Appearances from which it cannot be separated without great Difficulty But at length after these Obstructions she discovers unto us her Beauty and Solidity that we may afterwards relish the Sweetness of her Orpheus called him the Principle of all Things and the Ancientest of all the Gods and says he keeps the Keys of Nature The Romans named him Vertumnus because of the Variety of Shapes which he assumed He was beloved by the Goddess Pomona PROTESILAUS the Son of Iphiclus and Laodamia's Husband a Grecian Prince who wakilled by Hector at the Siege of Troy as he was coming out of his Ship Lucian in his Dialogues of the Dead makes Protesilaus Pluto and Proserpina talk after this manner Prot. Ah! Pluto and you the Daughter of Ceres do not reject the Prayers of a Lover Pluto Who are you that talk thus Prot. The Chief of the Grecians that died at the Siege of Troy Pluto And what would you have Prot. Leave to go upon Earth a little while Pluto They are the same Requests as all the Dead make but not one obtains them Prot. 'T is not a Desire of Life that makes me speak but the Passion I have to see my Mistress whom I left in her Nuptial Chamber and hasted away to go along with the Greeians and was so unhappy as to be killed by Hector as I was coming ashoar The Love which I have for that fair Creature gives me no rest and I would desire leave once more to spend a Moment with her Pluto Have not you drunk of the Waters of Lethe as others have done Prot. I have but the Disease was too strong for the Remedy Pluto She will not be long before she comes and so spare you the Pains of going to seek her Prot. I have not Patience to tarry Pluto you know the Impatience of Lovers for your self has formerly been in Love Plut. What good will it do you to see her again for a Moment and then lose her for ever Prot. Perhaps I may perswade her to come along with me and so I shall thereby increase thine Empire with one Ghost more Pluto That 's not just Protesilaus and 't is never granted Prot. 'T is because you do not recollect your self better for you did restore his Euridice to Orpheus and Alcesta to Hercules who was my Relation Pluto Would you appear before her in this Condition which will make her die for very fear And do you think that she will mind you or be able to know you Proserpina Let us do him this Favour Pluto and command Mercury to carry him up and when he comes upon the Earth to strike him with his Rod that he may assume his former Shape and become such an one as he was when he went out of her â—uptial Chamber Pluto Since Proserpina will have it I give my Consent Mercury take him and conduct him thither but let him remember that there is but one Day allowed him to tarry They sacrificed to him in Chersonesus according to the Testimony of Lucian himself in his Dialogue of the Assembly of the Gods PROVIDENTIA Providence which the Ancients made to be a Deity as Cicero says 〈◊〉 Nat. Deor. They pictured her like a Roman Lady holding a Scepter in one Hand and with the o her seemed to point at a Globe that was at her Feet intimating that she governed all the World like the good Mother of a Family The Emperor Titus caused her to be graven with the Helm of a Ship and a Globe in her Hands Maximianus represented her by Two Ladies holding Ears of Corn in their Hands with this Inscription Providentia Deorum Quies Augustorum Alexander Severus describes her under the Form of a Goddess holding an Horn of Plenty and having a Vessel full of Ears of Corn at her Feet The Symbol of Providence was an Ant holding Three Ear of Corn in her Mouth PRYTANEUM was a Place in Athens where the Magistrates administred Justice and where those who had done some signal Services for the Commonwealth were maintained at the Publick Charges PSECADES Chamber Maids who perfomed their Mistresses Heads with some Liquid Perfumes which they poured Drop by Drop upon them For the Word Psecas comes from the Greek Verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to drop PSYCHE The Amours of Cupid and Psyche are known to every Body Apuleius and Fulgentius give very pleasant Descriptions of them We have a Picture wherein this Marriage is represented and where Cupid walks on Psyche's Right Hand with his Head vailed his Face uncovered and in his Hand a Turtle-Dove which was the usual Symbol of Conjugal Love and Psyche who was by his Side is vailed from Head to Foot this being the Custom among the Ancients for People that went to be married and especially for those of the Female Sex These Two Lovers are fastned together with a strong Chain to in timate there is no stronger nor more durable Union than that of Marriage
second and third Hour of the Day the Sun being in Taurus the Moon in Libra Saturn Mars Venus and Mercury in Scorpio and Jupiter in Pisces according to the Testimony of Solinus Pliny and Eutropius Titus Terentius Firmianus a learned Astrologer rejects the foresaid Time and according to his Computation makes it to be on the 21st of April at full Moon and when the Sun Mercury and Venus were in Taurus Jupiter in Pisces Saturn and Mars in Cancer about the third Hour and Plutarch observes that the Moon on the said Day suffered a great Ecclipse Romulus divided the Inhabitants of his City into Three Tribes or Classes under Tribunes or Collonels and each Tribe into Ten Curiae or Parishes and each Curia into Ten Decuriae the first being under the Command of an Officer named Curio as the other was under one called Decurio he picked out of all the Tribes such Persons whose Birth Age and Vertue made them remarkable and called them Patricii or Patres and the rest of the People Plebeians This City was governed by Seven Kings for the Space of 243 Years and became afterwards a Republick which was sometimes governed by Consuls and other whiles by Decemviri Tribunes Dictators and lastly by Emperors The Ancients represented Rome in the Form of a Goddess clad like Pallas with a youthful Air to intimate that Rome was always in the Vigour of her Youth and did not grow old They put an Helmet on her Head and a Pike in her Hand with a long Robe to denote that she was alike prepared for War and Peace since she was drest like Pallas whom they represented with a Helmet and Pike and like Minerva who was habited with a long Robe This Head of Rome is very often found on the Consulary Medals and even on some Greek ones the Inscriptions that are on the Greek Medals for Rome and the Senate are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Goddess Rome and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The God of the Senate or the Sacred Senate They also erected Temples throughout the Empire to the Honour of the Goddess Rome and at last the meanest flattering Titles they used were Roma Victrix Victorious Rome Roma invicta Invincible Rome Roma Aeterna Eternal Rome and Roma Sacra Sacred Rome The Medals of Maxentius represent Eternal Rome fitting upon Military Ensigns armed with an Helmet and holding a Scepter in one Hand and a Globe in the other which she presents the Emperor who is crowned with Lawrel to let him know that he was the Master and Preserver of the whole World with this Inscription Conservatori Vrbis aeternae The Medals of Vespatian represent her with an Helmet on her Head and lying upon the Seven Hills of Rome with a Scepter in her Hand and the Tiber in the Form of an old Man at her Feet but upon the Medals of Adrian she holds a Lawrel-branch in her Left-hand and Victory upon a Globe in the Right as being victorious over all the World The People of Smyrna were the first who erected a Temple to the City of Rome under the Consulship of Cato Major when she was not yet come to that Pitch of Grandeur she afterwards attained to before the Destruction of Carthage and the Conquest of Asia See Regio ROMULUS the Son of Mars and the Vestal Rhea otherwise called Silvia and Ilia Lucius Terentius Firmianus a Person well skilled in the curious Sciences of the Chaldaeans having exactly observed the Life and Death of Romulus says He was born the 21st Day of Thoth which is our August at Sun-rising and that he was begot the 23d of Cheac which is our November at Three in the Afternoon in the first Year of the second Olympiad Plutarch says that the Sun on the Day of his Conception suffered a great Ecclipse from Eight to Nine in the Morning Ant. Contius will have him to be born in the first Year of the first Olympiad and Fuccius asserts he was born in the 3d Year of the second Olympiad He with his Brother were by Amulius his Command exposed to be drowned in the Tiber but Faustulus who was Numitor's Shepherd saved him and his Brother Remus and they were both nursed by his Wife The Story is that they were suckled by a She-wolf because of the Leudness of Laurentia Faustulus his Wife which gave occasion to the Fable but the Thing has been even so represented on the Consulary Medals where you have a She wolf and Two Twins sucking her Romulus traced out the Plan of his new City and prescribed Laws to his People who coalesced together from all Parts into a Body for he made an Asylum of a Vale lying at the Foot of Mons Capitolinus for all those that came thither which increased the Number of his Subjects in a very little time He regulated Matters of Religion dividing his People into Three Tribes and each Tribe into Curiae or Parishes Each Curia chose it 's own Priests Priestessess Augurs and Camillae who were to supply what was requisite for the Charge of the Sacrifices and sacred Feasts that were solemnized throughout a Curia at certain Times Pliny speaks of a Society instituted by Romulus somewhat like unto the Knights of the French King's Order and they were called Fratres Arvales Romulus was the Sovereign or Grand-master of the Order the Ensigns of which was a Crown of Ears of Corn tied with a white Riband and this Dignity they held for Life He was killed in a Scufflle others will have it that he was cut in Pieces by the Senate who gave out that the Gods had carried him into Heaven he was deified and worshipped under the Name of Quirinus according to the Relation of Proculus Dionysius of Hallicarnassus says he lived 55 Years and Plutarch 54 and that he reigned 37. We have Medals of the Emperor Antoninus Pius where Romulus is represented habited like Mars with a Javilin in one Hand and with the other holding a Trophy on his Shoulders with this Inscription Romulo Augusto Gronovius excepts against all that has been said by such a Multitude of Authors concerning the Origin of Romulus for near 2500 Years He pretends that a Greeck named Diocles was the first who invented the Fable of the She-wolf's suckling Romulus and Remus who were exposed by Amulius his order to be destroyed and begotten by Mars upon Rhea Silvia a Vestal and he is so assured that there is no need to refute this Fable that he lays it down as an established Principle that Romulus was not born in Italy but that he came thither from another Country and the Proof he gives for it is That no People of Italy would supply the first Inhabitants of Rome with Wives But 't is by no means to be thought in case Romulus was owned to be the Grandson of Numitor after his expelling of the Usurper Anulius and re-establishing his Grandfather upon the Throne but that he would have found the Albans inclined
They reckoned there were 424 Streets in Rome in all the Divitions of the City whereof there were but 31 that were considerable which all began at a gilt Pillar for that reason called Milliarium auream that was set up at the Entrance into the great Place below the Temple of Saturn and lead to as many Gates and to made the like Number of great Roads that passed through all Italy These great Streets were called Viae regiae militares publicae of which the three most famous were Appia the Road of Appius which was made and paâ—ed by him Flaminia that of Flaminius made by a Consul of that Name and reach'd from Porta Flamentana near Campus Martius as far as Rimini upon the Adriatick Sea and Via Aemilia Aemilius his Road. VICTORIA Victory a Deity adored by the Ancients and made by Varro to be the Daughter of Coelum and Terra for whom the Romans built a Temple during their War with the Samnites in the Consulship of L. Posthumius and M. Attilius Regulus and dedicated to her a Temple of Jupiter Optimus after the Overthrow at Cannae according to Livy L. Sylla instituted Games in Honour of her The Athenians also built her Statue without Wings that so she might not fly away from their City in the same manner as the Lacedaemonians represented Mars with Chains that so he might continue with them according to Pausanias She was usually represented like a young Goddess winged and standing upon a Globe with a Lawrel Crown in one Hand and a Palm in the other Domitian represented her with a Horn of Plenty to intimate that Victory brought Plenty of all Things with it On the Reverse of the Silver Medal of L. Hostilius Victory is represented with a Caduceus which was Mercurie's Rod of Peace in one Hand and a Trophy of the Enemies Spoils in the other Victory is represented upon the Reverse of a Gold Medal of Augustus with her Feet upon a Globe and extended Wings as if she flew a Lawrel Crown in her right-Right-Hand and a Labarum or Emperor's Banner in the Left She is also represented sitting upon the Spoils of the Enemy with a Trophy set before her and carrying a Crown with these Words Victoria Augusti VINDICTA the Rod or Switch wherewith the Praetor touched a Slave's Head when he was affranchised VIRBIUS surnamed Hippolytus the Son of Theseus whom Aesculapius at Diana's Request raised from the Dead and was surnamed so as being born twice VIRGA the Rod of Moses which according to the Rabins God made between the two Vespers of the Sabbath that is on the Evening of the sixth Day of the Creation of the World and on which the Holy Great and Glorious Name of God called Tetragrammaton was inscribed after a wonderful Manner and therefore 't is said in the Zoar upon Exodus that the Miracles were graven and the most holy Name of God inscribed upon it Galatinus writ a great deal concerning this Rod and he relates some Things remarkable out of a Jewish Book entituled Gale resaia i. e. Revelans arcana It 's to be observed according to the Sentiments of the Jews that this Rod by reason of the particular and divine Vertue it had to work Miracles was never given to any other but Moses that Josuah himself though his Disciple and most worthy Successor never made use of it but only of a Lance and Javelin It 's true when other sacred Things as Aaron's Rod the Pot of Manna and Vessel of sacred Incense were laid up in the Ark by Josuah we could never learn what became of Moses his Rod and we do not find either in the holy Scriptures or Books of the Rabbins any mention made of it And Abarbinel inferrs from Moses his going up to the Mount Abarim to die there that he took Gods Rod in his Hand and that it was buried with the Body of that Prophet in the same Grave God being unwilling that any other Man should make use of it after him for as there never was a Man in Israel like unto Moses either in respect to the Heighth of Prophesie or Signs and Wonders done by him so no other but himself made use of that Rod for working all those Miracles As Moses was the Conductor of the People of God into the promised Land the Pagans also ascribe unto Mercury the Charge of conducting Souls into Hell They likewise endue him with a Rod twisted round with Serpents called Caduceus in Imitation of Moses his Rod that was changed into a Serpent and was so famous amongst them that whatever miraculous and strange Thing was performed by him it was attributed to that Rod. Virgil describes the Vertue of that Rod in his Aeneids Tum virgam capit hac animas ille evocat orca Pallentes alias sub tristia tartara mittit Dat somnos adimitque lumina morte resignat Illâ fretus agit ventos turbida tranat Nubila He therefore used his Rod as well when he fetch'd Souls from Hell as when he carried them thither By the Help of this Rod he made the one sleep and awaked the other and made whom he would to die He expelled the Winds and passed through the Clouds VIRGILIUS Virgil the Prince of the Latin Poets born at Andes near the City of Mantua and named Publius Maro The Romans admired him for the Excellency of his Works and honoured him as much as the Emperor himself and his Modesty acquired him the Name of Parthenius He has left us his Bucolicks Four-Books of Georgicks and Twelve of the Aeneids wherein he has imitated the Iliads and Odysses of Homer The Emperor Augustus hindered this last Piece to be burnt as Virgil had ordered it by his Will VIRTUS Vertue a Goddess among the Romans whose Temple was joined to that of Honour so that you must first pass through the Temple of Honour to it VISCERATIONES a Gift consisting of the Entrails of Animals conferred upon the People at the burying of great Men in Rome VITA Life Homer seems to allude to the long Lives of Men in the first Ages of the World when he says that Nestor was cotemporary with the Men of the Two preceding Ages and having survived them did also then live with those of the third Age and he told them that the former People with whom he had conversed were a great deal stronger than those born afterwards so that they were not afraid to encounter wild Beasts Hesiod gives us a compleat Description of the Terrestrial Happiness of those People that lived in the first Age but he has not given an Account of the Duration of their Lives which he makes to end in a sweet Sleep Moriebantur ceu somno obruti but he clearly intimates that this Life must have been very long when he says that those of the succeeding Age who came far short of the other were a Hundred Years in a State of Infancy We cannot truly determine how many Years an Age consisted of by