length thereof euen from Genoa to the furthest limits of the Kingdome of Naples bordering vpon he sea towards the East On the same South-side are the schooles of the Vniuersity and the monastery of Saint Michaell and the rich stately monastery of Saint Dominicke in which is the sepulcher of the said Saint curiously engrauen and of white marble and vnder a rich skreene lies the body which they superstitiously worship and they shew the place where the Saint gaue vp his last breath Their refectory or place where the Monkes eat is faire and large and the Cellars of wine and their store thereof are so great as would better become the Temple of Bacchus then a Cloyster of Monkes It hath two foure-square Court yards with arched Cloysters to walke vnder and they be pleasantly planted round about with Cedars of which they especially esteeme one planted by the hands of that Saint who likewise with his owne hand did beautifie a well of water no lesse esteemed by them Their publike Library is much esteemed for many bookes of written hand wherein they brag to haue a Bible written by the hand of Esdras The building of this monastery is very stately and it hath large galleries as well below vnder the Arches as round about in the vpperroofe Here is a monument of Hans that is Iohn sonne to the Emperour Fredericke the second they haue a place giuen by priuiledge to the Dutch for buriall The building of the City is anticke and many houses seeme to haue beene built by the Lombards The foundations of the houses are of free stone and the rest for the most part of bricke built with arched Cloysters towards the street vnder which they walke dry in the greatest raine The Pallaces of Gentlemen are built towards the street stately on the inside but with little shew on the outside and they all seeme to haue beene built of old The windowes are not glased which the Venetians brag to be proper to their City as a thing to be wondered at but they are couered with paper whereof part is oyled ouer Towards the West side of the City is a large market place two forked in which is a faire conduit of water with the Images of Neptune and diuers Goddesses powring water out of their mouthes and breasts and all made of mettall In this market place is the Senate-house vulgarly called Il palazo della signoria on the one side whereof are the Courts of iudgement on the other the lodgings of the Gouernour At the very entry is a statua of brasse erected to Pope Gregory the thirteenth a Citizen of Bologna which appeares by an inscription in the Cathedrall Church and within the Pallace is a statua of white stone erected to Pope Paul the third and another statua of a Gyant The staires of the Pallace are made winding and rising by little and little giue so easie an ascent as a horse may goe vp without difficulty the like staites be at Ferrara in the Dukes Pallace and at Venice in the steeple of Saint Marke and at Torge a City of Germany Within the Pallace is the statua of Iulius the second Bishop or rather the God Mars of Rome engrauen to his shoulders with aleane and longface Vpon the doore of the Pallace is written in golden letters that the Emperour Charles the fifth held his Court there when the Pope put the imperiall Crowne vpon his head in the Church of Saint Petronius which Church is of the old Lombard building and this Saint is the protecting Saint of the City Neere the stately Cathedrall Church of Saint Peter is a house called the mountame of piety where poore men may borrow money freely bringing pawnes to auoid the oppression of the lewes vsury Among the Lombard buildings there is an old Tower called d' Asinelli built of bricke with foure hundred seuenty two staires which they esteeme one of the highest in Europe From this Tower without the gates all the fields are full of Pallaces and Houses At the gate of Saint Francis is a pinacle with this inscription The Sepuicher of Accursius who wrote the glosse vpon the Law Sonne to Francis H us In the territory of this City is a medicinall water found in the yeere 1375. very famous throughout all Italy of which is prouerbially said Chibene l' Acqua della Porretta O che lo spezza o che lo netta that is He that drinkes the water of Porretta either it bursts him or els it cleanseth him The strangers students here call the stately Pallace of Cardinall Caup the sinnes of the Dutch as built by the Fines imposed on them We staid in this City two daies and being three consorts hired a chamber each man for foure bolinei the day the Hostesse giuing vs linnen and dressing our meat and we paid for an Eele by the pound fiue bolinei for they sell fresh water fish by the pound for a pike the pound foure bolinei for three apples two quatrines for a pound of raisons foure bolinei for a pound of small nuts foure bolinei for an ingestar of wine a measure somewhat bigger then the English pint foure bolinei for a wax candle six bolinei It was now the time of Lent and so we were forced to eat onely fish as the Italians did In the territory of Bologna there is a place almost an Iland called Forcelli which was an Iland of old and Historians witnesse that the Triumuiri Augustus Antonius and Lepidus here diuided the world betweene them From Bologna the right way for Rome is directly to Florence which way I neuer passed disposing as I thought my iourney more commodiously yet for the direction of other passengers it will not be amisse to set downe the way From Bologna to Pianore are eight miles to Lograno sixe to Scaricalasino fiue to Caurez three to Fiorenzuola twelue to Scarperia ten to the bridge Saint Piero two and to Fiorenza or Florente two miles At Bologna we chanced to light vpon post horses being to returne twenty miles to Imola and each of vs paid fiue poli for his horse By the way towards the South were pleasant hils towards the foot of the Apennine mountaines On the left hand towards the North were fields manured after the Lombard fashion before described and we passed by the Castle Saint Petro the Italians call the walled Townes which haue no Bishops seat by the name of Castles When we entered the gates of Imola according to the custome we deliuered our swords to a boy who was to carry them to our Host that he might keepe them till we went out of the Towne and here each of vs paied two reali for our supper and halfe a reale for our bed The next morning we rode ten miles to the City Faenza through a sandy way and a barren soyle yeelding some few vines growing vpon trees and each man paid for his horse eight poli From hence our right way to Ancona had beene to Forli Cesena and
the Butlers declared themselues for Tyrone as soone as Loughfoyle Garrison was planted at his backe his Lordship doubted not to be able to meete the Lord President in Kilkenny and with their ioynt Forces to subdue the Rebels and set those parts in obedience At this time the Fort of Phillipstown in Ophaley otherwise called the Kings County was to be victualed and Ony Mac Rory with the O Mores in Leax together with the O Conners in Ophaly bragged that the Queenes forces should not be able to victuall it Now by the emulation of one of our chiefe Commanders against another preferred before him and strengthened by the Court factions of England the said Commander had set out some weake Companies for this seruice to be led by the other as in preheminence of his place but a neere friend to the Lord Deputie conceiuing how much this first actions successe might adde reputation or giue a blemish both to his Lordship and the Army gaue notice thereof so as his Lordship offering the same Commander the leading of those Companies he refusing to goe with them manifested the suspected emulation Whereupon his Lordship caused foureteene strong Companies to be allotted and gaue the command of them in chiefe to Sir Oliuer Lambert who conducted the victuals and led the men with such iudgement and valour as being strongly fought with at the comming off and especially at the going on yet they performed the seruice with great losse and discouragement to those proud Rebels and the fifteenth of Aprill his Lordship aduertised Master Secretary of this good seruice The thirtieth of Aprill the Earle of Ormond sent to the Lord Deputie from the Woods the conditions Ony Mac Rory demaunded vnder his owne hand for his liberty which till then he could not get because Ony staied for Tyrones and his confederate aduice adding a postscript of his Lordships owne hand that the letter was brought to him ready written neither was he allowed any man of his owne to write for him The insolent demaunds were these First that her Maiesties forces should bee remoued from Leax and the Garrisons deliuered to Oney Mac Roryes hands Secondly that pledges should be deliuered him for caution that no garisons shuld euer be planted there which done Ony and his followers would submit themselues Thirdly if pledges were not giuen then the Garrisons also in Ophaly should be remoued and euery man left to shift for himselfe The postscript required that vpon such pledges deliuered a generall protection for sixe weeks should be sent to Onye Mac Rorye and all his friends in Lemster whereupon answere should be returned who desired the benefit thereof but during the said time of the protection no forces of her Maiesties should bee sent against their confederates in Vlster and the North. The 5 of May the L. Deputie drew into the North parts to make Tyrone look towards him so to giue better facility to our men to settle themselues in garrison at Loughfoyle But before his departure from Dublin for the better gouerning defending the Pale his Lr. did by cōmission leaue Sir H. Poore to commaund in all martiall affaires and some of the Counsell to gouerne Ciuill matters during his absence And staying some few daies at Tredagh for the Companies which had victualed Phillipston and for the Garrisons of Kels and Ardee as also for victuals he marched to Dundalke whence taking that Garrison also with him he passed the pace of the Moyry on Whitsunday morning and so came to the Newry where hee vnderstood that according to his opinion Tyrone turning his forces from Loughsoyle was come in great haste to Dungannon had razed the old Fort of Blackwater burned Armagh and had drawne his men into the strong fastnes of Loughlurken where with great industrie the rebels had made trenches and fortified the place some three miles in length His Lordship to the former end aduancing towards him on the 16 of May drew out of the Newrie and incamped in the way towards Armagh with 1500 foote and some 200 horse And there hauing notice that the rebels inquired after the time when the Earle of Southampton and Sir Oliuer Lambert Sergeant Maior were to come to the Army and with all hearing that the said Earle and Sergeant Maior were that day arriued at Dundalke His Lordship earely in the morning on the 17 of May sent Captaine Edward Blany with 500 foot and 50 horse to secure their passage through the pace of the Moyrye who marched from the Campe and so through the Moyrye to the Faghard from which hill to Dundalke there was no danger There he made a stand and leauing his foot in two squadrons of 250 each himselfe with the horse passed to Dundalke and told the Earle of the forces the Lord Deputy had sent to conduct him assuring him further that his Lordship with the rest of the Army would meete him by two of the clock in the afternoone at the causey beyond the pace from which the whole pace hath the name of the Moyrye Hereupon the Earle hauing with him besides this conuoy the foot Companies of Sir Oliuer Lambert and Sir Henry Follyot and some 50 horse of voluntary Gentlemen marched to the Faghard where hee commanded one of the two squadrons aboue mentioned to march on and after that the carriages then his Lordship with the horse followed after whom the second squadron marched and last of all the two foot Companies of Sir Oliuer Lambert and Sir Henry Follyot Captaine Blany commanding the vanguard aduanced towards the Foure-milewater being a Forde all inuironed with Woods in the middest of this dangerous pace called the Moyrye And comming within halfe a mile of the same they discouered the rebels on both sides in the Wood whereupon the Earle directed the Vanguard to passe ouer the water and to make good the rising of the hill beyond it When these came within a Musket shot they perceiued two hundred foote of the enemie lodged beyond the water in the most aduantagious places Then Captaine Blany diuided his men into three Maniples sending 60 on the right hand vnder Captaine Henrie Atherton and as many on the left hand vnder Captaine Williams his Lieutenant and keeping the rest in the middest with himselfe And so by the Sergeant Maiors direrections they gaue the charge In the meane time the Lord Deputy being on the hill beyond the pace had sent his Vanguard consisting of two Regements the one vnder Sir Charles Percy and the other vnder Sir Richard Moryson two Colonels of the Army to aduance towards the pace And at this instant when Captaine Blany gaue on vpon the Rebels the said Lord Deputies vanguard appeared on the left side within two musket shot After some vollyes on either side the Rebels on the right hand and those right before Captaine Blany quitted those places and retired through the woods to the Earle of Southamptons Reare so as Captain Blany passing the water made a stand there as he
person but therein explained other grieuances besides the former complaints And whereas the Lords of the Counsell had taxed him for being ruled by young counsell wherby he vnderstood his three most familiar friends to be meant namely Sir Henry Dauers Sir Richard Moryson and Sir William Godolphin he boldly answered that besides the Counsellors of State hee vsed the familiarity of none which were not older then Alexander the great when he conquered the World Lastly he protested to Master Secretarie that he tooke him for his chiefest friend and knew that he had more power to do him good or hurt then any other yet as he would not dishonestly lose him so he would not basely keepe him beseeching him to vse his power in mediating licence vnto him that he might come ouer for a short time to kisse the Queenes hand for touching other fauours concerning the publike he would neuer acknowledge any particular obligation to him or to any other since hee made his demaunds as he thought best for the seruice but the granting or denying thereof concerned not him The Muster of the Army at Dundalke before the sitting downe at the Faghard Hill Colonels of Regiments In Lyst By Muster Whereof Irishmen Swords wanting Sick hurt lying at Dundalk Captaine Berey 472. The Lord Deputies Guard 200 Targets 28 120 01 00 16 Pikes 32 Shot 60 The Marshall Sir Rich. Wingfield 150 Targets 4 96 10 30 06 Pikes 39 Shot 53 Vnder the Lord Deputie 400. The Sergeant Maior Sir Oliuer Lambert 200 Targets 10 108 08 05 05 Pikes 46 Shot 52 Capt. Handserd 100 Targets 1 79 20 10 06 Pikes 28 Shot 50 Capt. Fisher. 100 Targets 3 69 05 20 11 Pikes 21 Shot 45 Sir Christopher Saint Laurence Sir Christopher Saint Laurence 200 Targets 10 141 113 14 12 Pikes 61 Shot 70 Sir Henry Follyot 150 Targets 6 90 15 10 09 Pikes 36 Shot 48 Earle of Kildare 150 Targets 6 81 78 06 14 Pikes 35 Shot 40 Sir Fra Shane 100 Targets 00 55 47 04 08 Pikes 18 Shot 37 Sir Charles Percy 336. Sir Charles Percy 200 Targets 10 149 28 30 04 Pikes 54 Shot 85 Captaine Williams 150 Targets 00 90 06 03 10 Pikes 37 Shot 53 Captaine Roe 100 Targets 4 59 08 05 01 Pikes 25 Shot 30 Capt. Stannton 100 Targets 00 38 00 00 10 Pikes 18 Shot 20 Sir Richard Morison 473. Sir Rich. Moryson 200 Targets 6 118 22 25 36 Pikes 44 Shot 68 Sir Hen. Dauers 200 Targets 26 128 12 15 22 Pikes 37 Shot 65 Capt. Caufeild 150 Targets 07 94 10 10 23 Pikes 32 Shot 55 Capt. Constable 100 Targets 3 76 01 12 05 Pikes 25 Shot 48 Ca. Rauenscroft 100 Targets 3 57 01 23 06 Pikes 24 Shot 30 Sir Thom. Bourk 276. Sir Thom. Bourk 150 Targets 06 85 82 26 14 Pikes 25 Shot 54 Lord Deluin 150 Targets 03 76 74 30 10 Pikes 30 Shot 43 Sir Henrie Harrington 100 Targets 03 40 37 08 12 Pikes 20 Shot 17 Sir Garret More 100 Targets 07 75 13 02 08 Pikes 23 Shot 45 Sir Oliuer Saint Iohns Sir Oliuer Saint Iohns 150 Targets 10 95 24 15 05 Pikes 33 Shot 52 Sir Thom. Wingfeild 150 Targets 05 102 25 20 13 Pikes 29 Shot 68 Capt. Billings 100 Targets 03 59 01 04 15 Pikes 24 Shot 32 Capt. Treauor 100 Targets 06 70 01 15 14 Pikes 23 Shot 41 The men of Dublin 50 Targets 03 44 40 00 01 Pikes 15 Shot 26 Sir S. Bagnol 346 S r S. Bagnol with brokē cōpanies and his owne 200 Targets 18 200 20 30 00 Pikes 24 Shot 158 Capt. Esmond 150 Targets 02 82 15 10 14 Pikes 28 Shot 52 Capt. Freckleton 100 Targets 03 64 03 06 02 Pikes 15 Shot 46  Totall 4150 Totall 2640 702 388 315 The greatest part of the Army haue neither Armours nor Murrions neither are here mentioned the sicke and hurt in other places besides Dundalke nor yet the warders allowed out of some of these Companies The fourteenth of September his Lordship began another iourny into the North and the fifteenth incamped at the hill of Faghard three miles beyond Dundalke and there his Lordship lay till the ninth of October in such extremitie of weather as would haue hindred his passage if the enemie had not withstood him his Lordships tent being 〈◊〉 wet and often blowne downe Before his Lordship came Tyrone with his vttermost strength had possessed the Moyry being a strong fastnesse as any the Rebels had but his Lordship resolued to march ouer him if hee stopped his way and make him know that his Kerne could not keepe the fortification against the Queenes forces Many skirmishes fell out happily to vs and two seuerall dayes the Rebels were beaten out of their trenches with great losse till at last vpon the eight of October they left the passage cleere Then after the army was a few daies refreshed at Dundalke his Lordship marched the twenty one of October to the Newry passing through the Moyry where he caused all the rebels trenches to be laid flat to the groūd and the woods to be cut downe on both sides of the Pace At the Newry for want of victuals his Lordship staied till the second of Nouember when he set forward eight miles towards Armagh and there incamped The Rebels horse-men shewed themselues vpon a hil wherupon Sir Samuel Bagnols Regiment hauing the Reare and being not yet come into the Campe was directed to march towardes them there being a bog between vs and them but the Rogues quickly drew to their fastnes The next morning his Lordship rode some quarter of a mile from the Campe and viewed a place where Sir Iohn Norreys formerly intended to build a Fort and liking his choice set downe there with the Army to build the same The place is a hill like a Promontory all inuironed with bogges a Riuer and great store of wood By it on the right hand ouer the Riuer and a great bogge was a little firme ground and then another bogge ouer that a faire Countrey with houses and much corne His Lordship could by no meanes send ouer any horse but foure miles about wherefore he commanded a regiment of foote to aduance to the first peece of firme ground and from thence to send ouer the next bogge some few men to bring in the Corne and Tymber of the houses with directions to make their retreit to the grosse if the enemies horses should fall downe that way On the left hand and before was a bogge ouer the bogge before a great wood that continueth through all this fastnes and ouer the bogge on the left hand a hill where Tyrone all that day and most of the time that the Army lay there did muster himselfe and his men This day most of his horse and foote fell ouer but farre about on the right hand vpon which our straglers that went out retired to the firme ground ouer the first bogge and there beganne betweene our foote and theirs a very good skirmish till
subiects of the Electors shall not bee bound to answere the Law out of their owne Prouince nor may appeale to any Court but their Lords except Iustice bee denied in which case they shall onely appeale to the Chamber of the Empire That the Electors shall meete in some Citie once in the yeare where they shall haue no feasting to the end that the causes may be heard with more expedition That the priuiledges of Cities and Vniuersities in any thing derogating from the right of the Electors shall be reuoked and made voide notwithstanding the Letters Pattents may except all eminency of persons That the resignation of fees except they be personally made shall make the vassals infamous in denouncing enmity to their Lords That conuenticles of Cities made to the preiudice of their Lords shall be punished with losse of fame goods and priuiledges That no Citizens subiects to Princes and incorporating themselues in free Cities shall enioy the priuiledges thereof except they dwell there vnder a great penalty to bee imposed on the City receiuing them with any other condition That the Fees of the Electors or Officers of the Empire shall not be deuided by their heires That they who conspire the death of any Elector shall be guilty of treason and their sonnes depriued of their Inheritance euen from the mothers side shall liue infamous and they shall be noted who make intercession to restore them to grace but that the Daughters lesse daring for the weakenesse of the sexe shall haue part of the inheritance and that no enfranchisement of sonnes or alienation of goods shall frustrate this Law That all accessaries shall be so punished onely he that bewrayes the conspiracy may bee held worthy of pardon Also this penalty shall be of force against those that are dead if the crime be not knowne till after their death In solemne Court that the Emperour shall sit in his throne and the Duke of Saxony laying an heape of Oates as high as his Horses saddle before the Court gate shall with a siluer measure of twelue markes price deliuer Oates to the cheefe Quirry of the stable and then sticking his staffe in the Oates shall depart and the Vice-Marshall shall distribute the rest of the Oates That the three Archbishops shall say grace at the Emperours Table and he of them who is Chancelor of the place shall lay reuerently the Seales before the Emperor which the Emperor shal restore to him that the staffe of the Chancelorship shal be worth 12 marks of siluer That the Marquis of Brandeburg sitting vpon his Horse with a siluer basen of 12 marks weight a towel shall light from his Horse giue water to the Emperor That the Count Palatine sitting vpon his Horse with foure dishes of Siluer with meate each dish worth 3 markes shall light and set the dishes on the table That the King of Bohemia sitting vpon his Horse with a siluer Cup worth twelue markes filled with water and wine shall light and giue it the Emperour to drinke The Gentleman of Falkenstein vnder-Chamberlaine the Gentleman of Norsemberg Master of the Kitchen and the Gentleman of Limburch Vice-Buttler or in their absence the ordinary Officers of the Court shall haue the said Horses Bason dishes Cup Staffe and measure and shall after wait at the Emperours table That the Emperours table bee sixe foote higher then any other table where he shall sit alone and the table of the Empresse shall be by his side three foote lower The Electors tables shall be three foote lower then that of the Empresse and all of equall heighth and three of them shall bee on the Emperours right hand three on his left hand and one before his face and each shal sit alone at his table When one Elector hath done his Office he shall goe and stand at his owne table and so in order the rest till all haue performed their Offices and then all seuen shall sit downe at one time The Emperour shall be chosen at Franckfort crowned at Aquisgranum vulgarly called Ach and shall hold his first Court at Nurnberg except there be some lawfull impediment The Deputy of an Elector absent howsoeuer he hath his voyce in chusing the Emperour yet at the said feast shall not sit at the Electors table Princes receiuing their fees shall pay sixtie markes to the Officers of the Court excepting the Electors who are not bound to giue any thing but of free will since the Officers are their Substitutes and the Horse vpon which the Prince sits when hee is inuested in his fees shall bee giuen to the Marshall or to the Vice-Marshall The Electors are presumed to bee Germans and their sonnes at the age of seuen yeares shall bee taught the Grammer and the Italian and Selauonian tongues so as at 14 yeares age they may be skilfull therein and be worthy Assessors to the Emperor These things for this purpose taken out of the Golden Bulla shall suffice Touching the present generall estate of the Empire The Emperor his brethren were not much esteemed among their owne subiects and had little or no authority in the rest of the Empire The Germans confesse that the House of Austria is most fit to beare the burthen of the Empire especially since no stranger may be Emperour the Law binding to choose a Prince borne in Germany and because the Empire hath no principality belonging to it nor any certaine reuenues but onely some accustomed Subsidies which vpon some occasions were of old granted by Parliament these occasions being taken away the subsidies for them haue also in latter times beene discontinued so that the common affaires are to be administred with the charge of the Emperours priuate inheritance And lastly because they iustly feare if any other Prince of Germany should be chosen Emperour that the House of Austria hauing in a long line succeeded in the Empire and possessing large Dominions by inheritance would either altogether separate it selfe from the Empire or at least their inheritance in Hungary Germany and Bohemia through mutuall dissentions betweene them and the Emperour would be a prey to the Turkish Tyrant onely kept backe by the House of Austria according to the weake meanes it hath from inuading Germany at this day But when the Germans doe particularly obserue the persons of the Princes of the House of Austria they iudge againe none more vnfit to beare vp the Empire and to defend it from the Turkes inuasions and this common diffidence is infinitely encreased by the mutuall iealousies of Germany There want not iealousies in the House of Austria betweene themselues were they not forced to compound them by feare of the Turkes In generall the Gentlemen feare the conspiracy of the common people lest after the example of the Sweitzers they should roote out the Gentry or at least yeeld either none or voluntary obedience at their owne pleasure The Princes feare the free Cities so as they dare not exact absolute obedience of the
besides he vsed it to bring the Citizens in absolute subiection The streetes are narrow and the wayes ill paued with Flint The Hauen is of a triangular forme and is now very pleasant as of old it was of great fame for a most secure Port yet it seemed not to me capable of many or great ships Perhaps it was of old fit to receiue the Roman Nauie of Gallies but since they haue neglected to preserue it Traiane the Emperour repaired this Hauen and adorned it with a stately triumphall Arke of marble which remaines to this day About this Hauen there is pleasant walking and the place where the Marchants meete called la Loggia lying vpon the sea is as sweete an open roome as euer I saw but narrow and nothing answerable for stately building to the Exchange of London It is beautified with sweete pictures among which one of an Angell which lookes right vpon you on which side soeuer you behold it is much esteemed They haue a prouerb one Peter in Rome one Tower in Cremona and one Hauen in Ancona for the excellency of them Neere the gate of the Citie to my remembrance on the East-side is a very sweete Fountaine powring water out of many heads of stone At Ancona according to the custome of passengers we agreed with a Vetturine or letter of horses that each of vs paying him fiftie fiue Poli hee should finde vs horses and horse meate and our owne diet to Rome and to this end his seruant followed vs on foote after the fashion of the Italians who ride slowly and these seruants are called Vetturini or Vetturals Now we were to crosse the bredth of Italy frō the Adriatique to the Tyrrhene Sea The first day in the Morning we rode fifteene miles to a little Citie called Madonna di Loretto through fruitfull Mountaines and passing an high Promontary By the way was an Altar with this inscription in Latin O passenger goe on merily c. Gregorie the thirteenth hath well paued the rest of the way The like inscription is in the ascent of the Mountaine vpon which the little Citie Loreto stands for this way in a fruitfull Countrey of corne and a dirty soile was paued at the charge of the said Pope A certaine chamber hath giuen beginning to this Citie and the Church thereof then which nothing is esteemed more holy among the Papists and because many gifts of great price vse to be giuen by vow to our Lady of this Church the City is well fortified against Pirats who did once spoile the same and were like againe to be inuited by the hope of rich spoiles to the like attempt if the Towne lay vnfortified It is of little circuit and lieth in length from East to the West so narrow as it hath almost but one streete in the bredth and all the houses of this streete are Innes or Shops of them that sell Beades to number prayers On the East side after a steepe descent of a Mountaine lies a valley of two miles and beyond that the sea On the North side to wards Ancons though the sea be very farre distant yet from this Citie seated vpon a high Mountaine it may easily be seene Vpon the dores of this Church famous for mens superstitious worship these verses are written Illotus tlmeat quicunque intrara Sacellum In terris nullum sanctius orbis habet Enter not here vn washt of any spot For a more holy Church the world hath not At the Church dore is a statua of brasse erected to Pope Gregorie the thirteenth As I walked about the Church behold in a darke Chappell a Priest by his Exorcismes casting a diuell out of a poore woman Good Lord what fencing and truly coniuring words he vsed How much more skilfull was he in the diuels names then any ambitious Roman euer was in the names of his Citizens whom he courted for their voices If he had eaten a bushell of salt in hell If he had been an inhabitant thereof surely this Art could neuer haue been more familiar to him He often spake to the ignorant woman in the Latin tongue but nothing lesse then in Tullies phrase and at last the poore wretch either hired to deceiue the people or if that be more probable drawne by familiar practice with the Priest or at least affrighted with his strange language and cries confessed her selfe dispossessed by his exorcisme In the body of the Church a Table of written hand in the Greeke Latin and many other tongues was fastened to a Piller setting downe at large the wonderfull historie of the Chamber in the midst of the Church which I confesse was lesse curiously obserued by me abhorring from that superstition hastening from thence as much as I might yet giue me leaue to set down the sum thereof out of the itinerary of Villamont a French Gentleman This Chamber or Chappell saith he is the very house in which the Queene Virgin of Nazaret was borne brought vp and saluted by the Angell foretelling her of Christs birth and in which Christ was conceiued and in which the Virgin dwelt after Christs ascention accompanied with the holy Apostles especially with Saint Iohn by Christs commaund which the Apostles after the Virgins death for the great mysteries done here turned into a Chappell consecrated to the sacrificing of Christ and dedicated the same and with their owne hands made the great Crosse of wood now set in the window of the Chappell and in which Saint Luke made with his hand the picture and Image now set aboue it Let mee adde This Chappell from a House became a Chamber and of a Chamber was made a Chappell and it is built of bricke and is thirtie foote long twelue and a halfe broad In the chimney as Villamont saith as yet remaine the holy ashes which no man dare take away and the Altar also vpon which the Masse is sung was made by the Apostles hand There is a roome into which you first enter which is diuided from the Chappel by an iron grate for no man enters the chappell without leaue but must say his prayers in the outter roome yet leaue is giuen to any that aske it Villamont addeth that he found by diligent search that this Chappell was much reuerenced in the primitiue Church but the holy land being subdued by Sarasens then by Turkes he faith it hapned in the yeere 1291. that this house was taken vp from the foundations by Angels who in the night miraculously carried it to the Sea shoare of Sclauonia where it was made knowne to the people by the shining of the Virgines Image and then by a vision of a religious man the Virgine her selfe made knowne the History to him He addeth the Virgins Oration wherein shee giues her selfe many titles which in later ages were first inuented and shee doth so extoll her owne praises with her owne mouth as hee that reades the old song of the blessed Virgin would cry out with the Latine Poet onely
of birds Nightingales flying loose in the groues and the most pleasant prospect In this Castle Marino we made some stay to expect some passengers which were longer detained at Rome by their businesse And the Pope in this place giues sixty Horsemen Musqueters to accompany the Carrier vulgarly called Il Procaccia and to defend him from the spoyling of banished men vulgarly called Banditi And for this cause all passengers goe in this Carriers company neither dare any passe alone For these banished men lurking vpon the confines of the Popes State and the Kingdome of Naples many times make excursions as farre as these mountaines to doe robberies and the weeke last past they had killed many passengers and had robbed the Carrier who doth not onely beare letters but leades many Mules laded with goods The chiefe of these banished men was the Nephew so they call Church-mens bastards of the Cardinall Caietano who hauing eight thousand crownes yeerely reut in these parts was banished by the Pope and he vnderstanding that a Roman Gentleman passed with that Carrier who had great friends about the Pope and hoping to make his peace by taking him prisoner did for that cause assaile that Carrier and his guard till hearing that the Gentleman while they fought had escaped to the next City he withdrew himselfe his men into the mountainrs This danger from banished men makes the iourney to Naples very trouble some and it is not safe nor lawful for any man to leaue the company of this Carrier So as the passengers rise before day and take horse and so sitting all the day yet ride not abouc twenty miles for the slow pace of the mules and at noone they haue no rest onely when they haue the Inne in sight so as there is no danger of theeues they are permitted to gallop before that they may eat a morsell or rather deuoure it for as soone as the mules are past they must to horse againe euery man not onely making hast for his owne safety but the souldiers forcing them to be gone who are more slow then the rest To conclude the mules going a very slow pace it was very irkesome to the passengers to rise before day and to follow them step by step Hauing dined at Marino and our full company being come we together with our guard of horse-men rode eight miles to Velitri through wooddy mountaines infamous for the robberies of banished men and vpon our right hand towards the South and towards the Tyrrhene sea was a Lake vulgarly called Lago Nympao which the old Romans delighted with doing difficult things vsed to fill with sea water and therein to make nauall fights One wood by which we passed was more dangerous then the rest where the Pope maintaines forty foot to assist the Guard of horse till they haue passed the same The discent of the last mountaine neere Velitri was two miles long yet pleasant by reason of the multitude of Vines growing vpon short stakes which vse to yeeld the richest wine Velitri is by writers called Belitre an old City of the Volsci and famous for the birth of the Emperour Augustus and the dwelling of the Octauian Family The second day in the morning we rode thirteene or foureteene miles to Sermoneta and in the midst of the way our guard of horseleft vs and their trumpet asked of euery man a gift in curtesie which we gladly gaue and there new horsemen meeting vs tooke vpon them our guard After dinner we rode eight miles to a little towne La casa nnoua and fiue miles to an old City which Liuy callesh Priuernum yet other Co'mographers write that the ruines thereof lie in a plaine two miles off whereas this is seated vpon a mountaine yet growing to a City by the decay of the former is called Priuernum and vulgarly Piperno We passed through wooddy mountaines full of Oliue trees on the right hand and a fruitfull plaine of corne and many Orchards of Orange trees and like fruits on the left hand And among the mountaines on the right hand the most remote was called Circello of the famous Witch Circe and it is a Promontory hanging ouer the sea where at this day they shew the cup in which Vlisses drunke the inchanted potion and vnder the hollow caues of this mountaine the Turkish Pirates lurke in the summer time and rob the Christians The last fiue miles of our iourney all the passengers and souldiers were put before the Carrier and his Mules for then we turned out of the plaine towards mountaines on the left hand where as they said the banished men had the weeke before assailed the Carrier After we had dined the horse-men left vs and certaine foot did after guide vs from one City to another The third day in the morning we had a guard of horse-men and rode twelue miles to Terracina an old City so called in the time of the Emperour Tiberius and we passed through a fertile plaine of corne on the right hand towards the Sea and stony hils full of Oliue trees on the left hand towards the Land and many vineyards and ruines of houses neere the City After we had this morning rode two miles we passed by an old Monastery called la Badia della fossa nuoua where they haue a monument of Saint Thomas Aquinas but his body was carried to the City Tolouse in France when the French-men had the Kingdome of Naples And after we had rode ten miles our guard of horse left vs and certaine foot meeting vs conducted vs other 2 miles In this way the waters in many places at the foot of the hils did stinke of brimstone but infinite Laurel trees on all sides refreshed our smel Terracina in the flourishing time of Rome was called Anxur and it is seated vpon a mountaine as most of the foresaid Cities are and it lieth vpon the sea which the land imbraceth like a halfe Moone this Citie lying vpon one horne thereof and the Citie Caieta vpon the other of which Citie the Cardinall had name who did oppose himselfe to Luther The flouds of the sea make great noise with striking vpon hollow caues of Rocks A souldier came out of the Tower of Torracina and demaunded of euery man fiue baocci which we paid though it were onely due from them who had portmanteaues with locks Neere this City we did see the ruines of a stately Theater After dinner we rode ten miles to the City Fondi through a stony way being part of the old way of Appius and vpon the right hand we had a plaine towards the sea and vpon the left hand rockey Mountaines towards the land where wee passed by the Citie Monticello At the mid-way the Popes guard hauing left vs we came to two old ruined walles shutting vp the way and lying from the Mountaine to the sea This place called Sportelle deuides the territories of the Pope and the King of Naples and is kept by a Garison of Spaniards I remember
our would not moue for any blowes wee gaue it then according to the fashion wee cast the dog into the aforesaid Lake and when he was drawne out he began by little and little to moue and at last being come to his senses ranne away as if he had been madde The common sort attribute this to the blessing giuen to the water by the Saint of which it is named but nothing is more cleere then that the sprinkling of any water will reuiue the spirits choked with any ill vapour Besides many haue tried that liuing things cast into that caue and held there for longer time then is vsuall could neuer be fetched againe to life by this or any other water They report that a French Gentleman of Tournan trying to fetch a stone out of this caue beyond the aforesaid signe paied for his curiosity by vnrecouerable death And that the French King Charles the eight commanding an Asse to be thrust into this caue the beast could neuer be fetched to life againe And that don Iohn base sonne of the Emperour Charles the fifth forced a Gally-slaue to goe into this caue and he falling dead forced another slaue to fetch him out who likewise fell dead and that hee killed the third slaue with his owne hand because hee refused to fetch out his two dead fellowes Many cast frogs into this caue and except they presently leape back this vapour kills them which is said to rise out of Mines of Brimstone and other mettals Into the foresaid Lake they cast flax which will be sleeped in that water in 14 houres though it lies vsually two weekes in other waters And this water though cold to touch yet seemes to boile The Earthquakes and flames breaking out of these Mountaines by the vapours inclosed gaue the Poets occasion to faine that Giants were buried vnder them Not farre hence are the wholesome baths vulgarly called I bagni d'Agnano which kind of baths are very frequent in this part Heere lie the ruines of a great Village of Lucullus and Writers affirme that hee brought the Sea water into the foresaid Lake cutting the passage through Mountaines Here also are the ruines of the Village of Cicero which retaine the old name and the Emperour Adrian dying at Bait was buried here and his successor Anthony here built a Temple to him Vpon the top of a Mountaine neere this place is a round field like a Market-place vulgarly called o Solfataria which Strabo cals Forum vulcani Pliny writes that of old this place was called Campi Flecrci It is of an Ouall forme somewhat more long then broad hauing 1500 foote in length and 1000 in breadth being compassed on all sides with Mountaines except the enterance lying towards Pozzoli All the earth is hollow and being beaten with a mans foote soundeth like an emptie vessell and not only the earth by the Brimstone is made yellow but it made our bootes and shooes of the same colour with walking vpon it yea when I cast a piece of siluer vpon the ground it was presently made yellow and with no rubbing could be made white againe In this Ouall Market place as I may call it there is a short and narrow ditch of water which is almost round and the water thereof boyles as if fire were vnder it They say if any thing be cast into it that it will be sodden in short space but some part of it will be consumed and Leander reports that one cast foure egges into it and presently tooke three fully sodden but the fourth was consumed Also he witnesseth that this little ditch is not alwaies in one place but in time workes it selfe from one place to another in this circuite and yet is neuer greater and that the old ditch is filled presently with new matter An horseman cannot well come to this place and as the same Leander writes an horse man comming boldly thither was swallowed vp into the hollow earth And that the strange heate of this water may appeare one of the Viceroyes Guard a Duchman and comming hither according to their fashion to guide his Countrey men my consorts told vs that one of his fellowes not long before comming in like sort as hee did to guide his Countrimen hither either being carelesse or rather as it is most probable hauing drunke too much and not guiding his feete well by chance stumbled into this ditch and when one of his friends tooke him by the hand to pull him out that he pulled of all the skinne from his hand and that after better aduice they pulled him out with a cloake flung about him but that within few daies he died neither could the Phisitians giue him any remedy or promise any hope of his life At the foote of the Mountaine there is a hole where the vapours with their owne motion continually cast vp little stones and stinking smelles but if any man moue these vapours by a staffe or any thing put into the hole the more they are stirred the greater stones they cast vp yea flames of fire sometimes There bee some cottages neere this place where they make Brimstone and all these parts smell of brimstone and if the winde blow from hence towards Naples the stinke thereof may bee smelled thither On all sides here be Baths of wholesome waters which of old were famous After we had passed huge ruines of old buildings we came at the foot of a mountaine to the City p Pozzoli of old famous and called Puteolis to which all these ruines are said to haue belonged of old and it had the name of the Latin word Puteus as also it hath the present name from the Italian tong of the wels which are frequent I say it hath the present name of the Italian word Pozzo signifying a well though some will haue it named presently of Puzzo which signifies a stink because of the smell of brimstone in these parts but the city being most ancient cannot haue the old name of an Italian word and it is certaine that the Roman Princes of old vsed this part for the place of their recreation for the great sweetnes of the Country and the plenty of medicinall waters whereupon they gaue it the first name Others say that it was of old called Diciarchiam but at this day it is called Pozzoli or Puzzoli Here we dined and were forced to giue our swords to the Host there being a great penalty set vpon any that carry their Armes The City hath nothing worth the seeing but the old Church first built to Heathen Idols and after by Christians dedicated to Saint Proculus and it hath the names of the workemen that built it grauen vpon it and there be shewed the bones of a Giant of wonderfull bignes The Hauen of this City was of old very commodious but by negligence is growne of no vse Here the sea entring betweene two Mountaines was of old called the Creeke of P Baie of that Citie seated on the opposite shore or
cast forth and nourished by a shee-Wolfe for they say that Tyber of old did runne this way though now it hath changed the bed The Church of Saint Cosmo giues the title of a Cardinall and there the Temple of Romulus was of old seated Also the Temple and Pallace of the Emperour Marcus Aurelius and his Empresse Faustina daughter to Antoninus Pius were in this place In the same field of old called the 11 Roman Market-place I said before that the Temple of the Vestall Virgins was seated neere the Church Saint Marie Liberatrice which was also consecrated to Venus There also in the field called Vaccino three pillars are yet remaining of the ruines of the Marble Gallerie which Caligula built and those pillars are very high and not farre from them was the Lake or Gulfe into which Curtius cast himselfe for his Countries sake The Triumphall Arch erected to L. Septimius Seuerus for his victory against the Parthians is curiously engrauen with that warre and it is the fairest Arch next that of Constantine and it is seated at the foote of the Mount Capitoline in the Market place called of old Forum Romanum for it began at the foote of the XXII Mount Capitoline and reached to the foote of XXIII Mount Palatine where now is the Church of Saint Cosmo. And therein was a Monument erected called la Ringhiera from whence Orations were made to the people and it is probable that this was the place called Rostra where Cicero made his Orations to the people for Antiquaries agree that it was in this Market-place In which also at the foote of the Capitol of old was a Pillar called Milliare Aureum which shewed the way to all the Gates and whether soeuer a man would goe There also at this day is a Church with a brasen dore where was the Treasurie of the people of Rome the gates whereof Iulius Caesar broke and tooke from thence infinite treasure Neere this place is the statua of Iupiter Panarius others say of the Riuer Rheine vpon the head whereof stood one of the feete of Domitians Horse of brasse and this statua is now called Marforio and it is of Marble lying at length as vpon a Tombe as that 14 of Pasquin stands vpright against a wall and vpon these two Images are fastened all the libels of Rome framed in manner of dialogue This statua of Marforio was of late taken vp by Pope Clement the eighth out of the valley and placed vpon this Mount before the Capitoll as appeareth by the inscription besides that the place was to be seene whence it was taken Vpon this Mount XXII Cápitoline of old was seated the famous Capitoll and now there is the Senate house the building whereof hath no magnificence Betweene two Senate houses is a yard in which lies the Rock Tarpeia from the top whereof condemned men were cast of old In the fore-yard of the Capitoll is a horsemans statua of brasse guilded which was erected to the Emperour Marcus Aurelius and for the engrauers art is held of inestimable price Frō this place great part of Rome lies open to the eye in a sweete prospect The foresaid statua was set in this place by Pope Paul the 3 in the yere 1538. Therby lies a foot statua of white Marble the fore said monument 9 which Pope Sixtus the fifth in the yeere 1590 remoued to this place from the old monumēt erected to Coius Marius There also is the foresaid statua of 23 Marforio which was taken away by the Consuls of Rome from the first place and placed here by Pope Clement the eight Here also is the pillar of Combat and a most pleasant fountaine built by Pope Sixtus the fourth where lie two ancient Images of white marble of two riuers Tygris and Nylus There be also three pillars brought from the Temple of Concord where the old Senators of Rome did meete Within the Capitoll or Senate house it selfe we did see many most faire antiquities namely statuaes erected to Iulius Caesar to Octauius to Augustus and to Marius seuen times Consull the Image of Hercules of brasse guilded ouer which was digged out of the ruines of the Temple of Hercules in the time of Pope Sixtus the fourth also the Images of Hercules his sonne of Iupiter of Minerua and of Ceres all of marble a head of brasse vpon which was engrauen Iunius M. Brutus two statuaes of yong men whereof one standeth vpright in the habite of a seruant the other being naked hath one foot aboue the other knee with a needle in his hand to pull a thorne out of it and both are of brasse guilded ouer and of admirable beauty The Image of Auentine digged out of Mount Auentine a brasen image of a shee wolfe which gaue sucke to Romulus and Remus and it was made of fines imposed vpon vsurers a brazen statua of AEneas a brasen statua erected to Pope Sixtus the fifth for repressing the banished men another of marble erected to Pope Leo the tenth We did see in the hall of Iudgement within this Capitoll the statuaes of marble erected to Pope Gregory the thirteenth to Pope Paui the third and to King Charles made a Senator of Rome Vpon the sight of these a Gentleman told vs that by a Law he was made infamous who should make mention of erecting a statua to any Pope while he liued In the foreyard of the Capitoll we did see the fragments of an huge Coloffus and vpon the wall neere the staires the Triumphs of Marcus Aurelins engranen in square marble stones There we did also see marble fragments digged vp vnder the Arch of Settimius vpon which were engrauen the names of Consuls Dictators and Censors and vnder the very porch the head of an Emperour the pillar of Nauall fights the sepulcher of Settimius Alexander Seuerus and of his mother Iulia Mammea brought hither from the field of Fabricius the image of Minerua certaine images of brasse of the Monster Sphynx the bones intombed of Agrippina neece to Augustus and wife to Germanicus the Image of a Lyon deuouring another beast and certaine ancient vessels to keepe wine Vpon this Mountaine of old were sixty Temples but of all other the Temple of Iupiter Optimus Maximus built by Tarquine the proud was most esteemed by the old Romans From this Mountaine we ascended by 128. broad staires of marble brought hither from the Temple of Quirinus vpon Monte Canalle to the Church of Saint Maria Ara Caeli built vpon the ruines of the Temple of Iupiter Feretrius and of the Pallace of the Emperour Augustus And vpon these staires were two statuaes erected to the Emperour Constantine and the Church it selfe is adorned with many marble pillers and stones and a Pulpit of porphery and it hath the name of an Altar which they shew there erected to the Son of the Virgin by Augustus who they say had read in the Oracles of Sybilia that a Virgin should bring forth a sonne The arched roofe of the Church
in memorie whereof these verses are written vpon the picture of the said Mule Lecticam lapides marmora ligna Columnas Vexit conduxit traxit ista tulit The Litter these stones marbles pillers wood Did carry leade draw beare this Mule so good The outward side of the Pallace is of Free-stone engrauen and the Ornaments within are Regall Betweene the two Chambers wherein the Duke and the Dutchesse lie apart is a very faire Gallery and in the chamber of the Dutchesse is a second bed most like her owne for the Duke when he pleaseth to lie there and there is a Table wrought with siluer and pretious stones valued at 3000 Crownes In the dining roome are many faire statuaes and the figure of thirty Cardinals chosen at one time by Pope Leo the tenth being of the house of Medici In the very Court are two great loadstones The strong Fort called Saint Meniato lies ouer this Pallace and indeede ouer all the Citie which was built by Alexander de Medicis nephew to Pope Clement the seuenth and had lately been kept by a Garison of two thousand Spaniards as likewise another Fort on the other side of Arno built in the time of the free State was likewise kept by a Garison of 100 Spaniards For the Dukes of Medici aduanced to their Dukedome by the Emperor Charles the fifth did at first admit these Garisons of Spaniards vnder an Italian Captaine either to shew their confidence in Spaine or to fortifie themselues against the Citizens whose libertie they had inuaded but Duke Ferdinand then liuing the Families of Citizens being now extinct or suppressed who had liued in the free state and could not indure subiection being now confirmed in his Dukedome had lately effected that these Spaniards should yeeld the Fortes to him and depart the Countrey Vpon the North-side of the Riuer Arno and vpon the banke thereof is a monument of a horse buried in the high way with this inscription in Latin The bones of the horse of Charles Capelli Venetian Ambassador when the Citie was besieged in the yeere 1533. And these verses were added Non ingratus herus Sonopes memorande sepulchrum Hoc tibi promeritis haec monumenta dedit Praise worthy horse of warre thy thankfull Lord Thee for thy merits doth this Tombe afford The Citie hath diuers Market-places 1. Mercato Vecchio 2. S. Spirito 3. Santa Croce 4. S. Maria Nouella 5. Plazza della Signoria which is the fairest and largest of all the rest and therein is the Senators Pallace and many stately statuas one of a virgin taken by force and of the rauisher beating her keeper treading him vnder his feet another of Hercules treading Cacus vnder his feet for the Florentines beare Hercules in their great Seale the third of Dauid all which are of white Marble the fourth of Perseus carrying in one hand the head of Medusa vpon his Shield and treading the bulk of her body vnder his feet curiously wrought in brasse In the same Market-place is a most faire Fountaine set round about with faire statuaes of brasse and in the midst thereof the statuaes of a Giant and of three horses almost couered with water all wrought in white marble do power the waters out of their mouthes into the Cesterne In the corner of this market place is the Senators Pallace so called because the Senate was wont to meete there in time of the free State but now it is the Dukes pallace the second that he hath within the Citie Therein I saw a Cat of the Mountaine not vnlike to a dog with the head of a black colour and the back like an hedghog a light touch wherof gaue a very sweet sent to my gloues Here they shewed vs as they vse to shew to curious strangers the Dukes Treasure as they cal it namely vessels of gold and siluer Roses hallowed by the Pope which these Princes hold for rich presents many chambers and galleries hauing a sweet prospect vpon the Arno and adorned with pictures and statuaes notable for the matter art and price a most faire looking glasse a Theater for Comedies one table of Porphery valued at fiue hundred Crownes another of Iasper stone valued at foure hundred Crownes a table then in the workmans hands vnperfected the Iewels wherof they valued at fiftie thousand Crownes and the workmanship at twelue thousand Crownes Moreouer they shewed vs the pictures of the Popes of the house of Medici rich swords and hats and a lather of siluer to mount into the Coach and many notable antiquities and certaine birds of India with many other beautifull things which they vse to shew to curious strangers and for the same expect some reward of them in curtesie Among other things I wondered to see there the picture of Flizabeth our famous Queene but the Duke of Florence much esteemed her picture for the admiration of her vertues how soeuer the malitious Papists had long endeuoured to obscure her fame especially in those remote parts whose slaunders God turned to her greater glory Here they did shew vs the great Dukes study called Il studiol ' del gran Duca in which wee did see most faire pictures two chests of Christall guilded ouer diuers statuaes not of brasse but of mixt mettals shining here like siluer there like gold a cup of Amber a little Mountaine of pearles wrought together by the hands of Duke Francis a Pyramis of Pearles as they grow in oyster-shels two kniues set with Iewels and a third Indian knife a naile halfe turned into gold by Torneser an Alchumist the other part still remaining Iron a piece of gold vnpolished as it was digged out of the Mines two pictures of Flemings whereof one was valued at fiue hundred the other at eight hundred Crownes a clock of Amber a piece of Amber falling vpon a Lizard and retaining the liuely forme thereof a stone called Vergoara that cureth poyson the head of a Turke all of pure gold a most beautifull head of a Turkish woman a Table of gold and of Iasper stone and other Iewells among which one Emerald of a perfect greene colour was highly valued being round and almost as big as an egge for they that kept it reputed it worth one hundred thousand Crownes Not farre thence is a Pallace of the noble Family of Strozzi and another of Alxeander great Duke of Florence wherein is a ruined chamber in which certaine conspirator killed him In the stately Church of S. Maria del 〈◊〉 are many most faire statuaes and the pauement and outward parts of the walles aswell of the Church as of the steeple are of carued Marble And here are kept three triple Crownes of three Popes of the Family of Medici The tower or steeple is very high in the ascent are 3 galleries round about the outside and it is all stately built of Marble hauing foure hundred fortie and nine staires to the first gallerie In which being most faire and all of Marble the Emperor
was imagined in England affirming of certainty that in the last cessation he had thrice at least spoken very long with Tyrone and at his last being in Mounster had once heard from him And in generall that the subiects were no better seruants to her Maiesty then the rebels with whom they daily practised and would giue no assistance with bodies or goods to her Maiesties seruice yea would no doubt quit their allegiance whensoeuer they might doe it with safety That euery rogue asked a Company and if he had one then sought a Regiment but that God blessing her Maiesties Army he hoped shortly to giue law to their irregular humours The Prouince of Mounster as I formerly said was much confirmed in rebellion by the Earle of Tyrone his last iourney into those parts where he strengthened Iames Fitz-thomas who by the Northerne rebels sent thither from Tyrone was exalted to be Earle of Desmond in the yeere 1598. and was by a nicke-name called the Suggon Earle he combined with Florence mac Carty called by the Irish Mac Carty more a name greatly followed there and in like sort with most of the great men of those parts incouraging those whom he found willing to persist taking pledges of those he sususpected to be wauering and burning and spoyling those few who did absolutely refuse to ioyne with him as the Lord Barry with some others And at this time another accident seeming of great consequence did much erect the hearts of the Rebels and dismay the subiects of those parts which I will briefely set downe Sir George Carey hauing newly receiued letters Pattents to bee Lord President of Mounster and resoluing presently to repaire to his charge departed from Dublin on his iourny thitherward the seuenth of Aprill and vpon the ninth came to Kilkenny with the Earle of Thomond in his company and one hundred horse to attend him where the Earle of Ormond told them he had appointed to parley with some Rebels of those parts wherof Owny Mac Rory was the chiefe and desired them to accompany him The tenth of Aprill they rode out of Kilkenny with some twentie Horse of the Earle of Ormonds followers and some few others mounted vpon hacknies his Lordship refusing to haue the Lord Presidents Horse to guard him So they rode eight long miles to the place of meeting and the Earle of Ormond left his Company of two hundred Foot two mile short of that place The Rebell Owny came out of the Woods with fiue hundred men well Armed and leauing his shot and the grosse of his troope some Calieuers shot distant from the Earle came vp to him with some choise pikes After an hower spent nothing concluded the Lord President moued the Earle to returne but he would first speake with the Iesuit Archer and the Rebels calling him his Lordship reproued Archer and called him traytor In the meane time the grosse of the Rebels had crept ouer the shrubs and compassed round the Earle and his companie which the Lord President disliking prayed the Earle to returne but as he turned about his hackney the Rebels tooke him prisoner and Owny Mac Rory laid hands on the Lord President but the Earle of Thomond rushing vpon him with his horse made him leaue his hold and they both escaped by the swiftnesse and strength of their horses from the pushes of many pikes wherewith the Earle of Thomond was slightly hurt in the backe This treacherie was said to be plotted by Owny and Archer and very few others for if more had knowne it many thought that the Earle had such spies and was so feared among the Rebels as his Lordship would haue had notice thereof either for feare or loue But there wanted not others who thought the Earle was willingly surprised Howsoeuer it were the Rebels did him no hurt in his person onely one of the Earles men was slaine fiue were hurt and fourteene taken prisoners The Lord President with the one hundred horse attending him and sixe hundred foote which he sent for out of Mounster kept the vnsetled humours of those parts from present tumult where the Earles true followers wanting their head and the ill affected now standing in no awe of his power were all at liberty The Countesse of Ormond was much afflicted with her husbands misfortune and with feare of her own and her daughters estate For diuers pretended to be heires to the Earle as Sir Edward Butler his brother and in respect his bloud was attainted Sir Walter Butler the Earles Nephew and for other reasons the Vicount Mount-Garret And each of these was likely to seeke to haue the Earles sole daughter in their hands besides that these controuersies bred distracted humours among the Gentlemen and others of those parts The Lord Deputie hearing hereof presently dispatched Sir George Bourcher to command in chiefe and Sir Christop Saint Laurence to assist him in guarding the Countesse her daughter and the Earles houses with the forces appointed by the Lord Deputie for that seruice namely The Earles Company of foote 200. The foote Company of Sir Christopher Saint Laurence 200. The Earles troope of horse 50. Horse of Saint Laurence 25. Sir George Bourchers horse 10. Yet the Lord Deputie conceiued the Earles surprise to bee an euill more spetious then materiall seeing no reason why the Counsels of the warre should stagger vpon his wel or ill doing For whereas some were of opinion that he was willingly taken and would declare himselfe for Tyrone his Lordship resolued that if he continued faithfull his Countries might easily be defended if otherwise as easily wasted since after the Garrisons should be once planted at Loughfoyle and those parts on the backe of Tyrone hee should bee able to spare forces for any such seruice And whereas many thought the newes would much amaze the Court of England his Lordship on the contrary since neither the Lord President nor himselfe deserued any imputation for this euent the parley being contriued without the Lord Presidents priuity and both contriued and executed without making himselfe acquainted therewith conceiued it would make the Army both better and more carefully seconded out of England And whereas it was thought that this accident would erect the rogues spirits which before began to bee deiected and so hinder the submission of many his Lordship knowing that they would neuer be faithfull to the State till they could not subsist against it was of opinion that till they were brought into greater extremities it would proue better that they should stand out then come in His Lordship the fifteenth of Aprill aduertised Master Secretarie of this accident and how he had sent forces to strengthen those parts and had taken speciall care for the safetie of the Earles daughter and heire and being loth suddenly to giue his opinion herein onely professed to thinke it strange that one so full of regard to himselfe in all his proceedings should be so easily ouertaken Then his Lordship gaue confidence that if
was appointed to doe till the carriage and horse should be passed And now the Lord Deputies Vanguard being come to the passage of the said water maintained a resolure skermish with the Rebels on the left hand and altogether secured the Earles troopes on that side Therebels thus beaten on both sides left some one hundred shot to skirmish with the Lord Deputies vanguard and all retired to the Earle of Southamptons reare and came desperatly on our men both with horse and foot But Sir Henry Follyot made a very good stand and Sir Oliuer Lambert fearing left our men should be distressed the more to incourage them tooke his colours in his owne hand and together with some 30 of the Earle of Southamptons Vangards best men sent back to the Rere hastened towards the Assaliants to second the Earle who at that time with some 6 horse did charge the assailing Rebels and beate them a musket shot back still pursuing them til they hauing spent their powder and throwne their staues darts and innumerable stones recouered the place where Tyrone stood himselfe with some 220 horse and 200 foote in sight besides a far greater number hid in the woods which neuer came vnto this fight When our men had thus gained much ground the Earle commaunded them to march towards the Army and presently Sir Richard Wingfeild the Marshal of the army of Ireland came to the with order from the L. Dep. that since the repulsed rebels were not like to giue any second charge they should continue their march following his L ps troopes directly to the Newry In this conflict 2 of our men were slaine Capt. Atherton and Mast. Cheut were shot and some few hurt with swords and such weapons On the rebels side there were in all 1200 foot thus aduantagiously lodged and 140 horse and Tirone himself confessed that ten of his men died with ouer-trauelling in this hasty march besides such as were killed whose number could not certainely be learned The 21 of May his Lp. was aduertised from Sir Arthur Chichester Gouernour of Carickfergus that the English sent to plant at Loughsoyle were safely landed with small resistance and had taken Newcastle belonging to Sir Iohn Odogherty whose country they had spoiled wasted and that some of them sent forth vpon a draught had taken good store of cowes and killed some of Odonnels people and that they were now busie in fortifying about the Derric so as many of that country Southward did passe their cowes and moueables into Scotland depending specially vpon the hopes of Spanish succours That Brian Mac Art a rebel bordering on Carickfergus had left his fastnes of Kilultagh and now lay on the borders of Lecale where he purposed to assaile him the rather because he had sent 200 men to assist Tyrone that diuers Gentlemen and others did daily flie from the rebels and resort vnto him with their goods to the number of 1200 cowes and more would come but that he doubted their faithfulnes That to free himself of the imputation to keepe Iames Mac Surley an enemy till he had reuenged on him his brothers death he had imployed Colonell Egerton to inuite that rebell to submission but receiued onely temporising answeres whereupon according to his L ps directions hee had written and sent a messenger of purpose to the Lord of Clantyer an Ilander Scot to stirre him vp against Iames Mac Surley wrongfully possessing his rightfull inheritance in those parts of Ireland offering to ioyne the Queenes forces vnder his commaund to those powers he should bring for recouerie of this his right so as he would after yeeld due tribute and obedience to her Maiesty but that vpon the King of Scots late Proclamation that al bearing Armes should be ready to attend the King on the 17 of Iuly next following in prosecution of the Ilander Scots as was giuen out refusing to pay tribute he feared that this Lord would bee diuerted from imbracing this busines howsoeuer aduantageous to him That he had receiued Con Mac Neale the son of Neale Mac Brian and his horsemen into her Maiesties pay and would shortly waste his fathers Country whence Brian Mac Art and some 400 Bonnaghtes or hired souldiers were maintained and fed Finally that he thought fit to rebuild Olderfleete and leaue some in Ward there because the Hauen was commodious to succour weather-beaten ships going to supplie the Garrison of Loughfoyle with necessaries The 26 of May the Lord Deputie receiued a letter from the Lords in England with full answere to his late dispatches For the Earle of Ormonds detension they signified her Maiesties griefe to be the greater because any attempt made for his recouerie was like to proue his ruine and that her Maiestie had written to the Countefse to send the Earles young daughter and heire into England For Sir Arthur Oneales demaunds vpon his comming in to serue her Maiesty in the first point concerning religion her Maiesty bare with it because she took it to proceede of his ignorance not of presumption only wishing the L. Dep to let him see that her Maiesty pursued none in those parts for religion and so to satisfie him but in no wise by any contract or condition Next for his andothers suits for land and for entertainements because such ouertures were like daily to be made by such as submitted themselues and protraction of sending to and fro might lose many opportunities First touching the sutes for land her Maiesties directions in particular cases following should be a rule to the Lord Deputie for his graunts of that kind And first for Sir Arthur Oneales demaunding Tyrones estate that could not be granted him by reason Tyrone vpon pretence of an old inquisition had extended the limits of his Countrie and incroched far into the South and East But her Maiesty was pleased to giue him Tyrones principall seates reseruing places for forts and lands to maintaine them and reseruing all dependancy of the Vriaghtes or neighbour Lords also reseruing lands in Tyrone to reward the seruices of such Gentlemen as should serue vnder Sir Arthur in these warres which they should onely hold of her Maiestie by letters Patents For the rest Sir Arthur Oneale to be chiefe in Tyrone as well in superioritie as in reuenue Touching Neale Garues demaunds for O Donnels estate her Maiesties pleasure was to reserue some Portes and Castles and some lands to reward the seruices of that Countries Gentlemen intending that these and more specially the Mac Swynes should depend onely vpon her Maiestie and haue right to those lands by her letters Patents Touching Mac Guires Country her Maiestie directed like reseruations of land for Fortes and rewards of seruices and generally in all grantes charged to reserue her Maiesties ancient rights Secondly touching suitors for entertainements in pay her Maiestes pleasure was signified to allow one thousand pound a moneth so long as the Lord Deputy and the Counsel there should thinke fit to be imployed that way according to the
our men did beate them off and brought with them great store of Corne and wood and killed diuers of them In the meane time their sconts on the other side being somewhat busie with ours Neal Oquin was taken prisoner being the chiefe fauourite vnto Tyrone The next day we beganne to worke in the building of the Fort and to impeach our worke the rogues beganne to skirmish with vs on both sides which was excellently maintained by some few of our men that we sent out We saw many of them killed and after vnderstood they lost a great number whereof many were horsemen of the best sort that had lighted to incourage their men to fight They were then so well beaten as they would neuer after offer to meddle with vs till our returne by Carlingford The ninth of Nouember the Fort being finished his Lordship called it Mount Norreys in honour of his Master so he tearmed him vnder whom hee had serued his apprentiship in the warres and he left therein foure hundred foot vnder the command of Captaine Edward Blaney with six weekes prouision of victuals The weather grew so extreame as it blew downe all our Tents and tore them in pieces and killed many of our horses so that the tenth day his Lordship putting all the Army in armes with all the Drummes and Trumpets and a great volly of shot proclaimed Tyrones head with promise of 2000. pound to him that brought him aliue and 1000. pound to him that brought him dead which was done in the face of his own army and so his Lordship marched to the Newry He had purposed to plant a garrison at Armagh 8. miles beyond Mount Norryes but the rebels Cowes had eaten vp all the grasse thereabouts which should haue fed our horses and the time of the yeere with the weather was now vnseasonable for that purpose And whereas his Lordship was resolued to returne into the Pale by Carlingford to discerne whether that way or the way of the Moyry were more safe that the army might not runne so continuall hazards this resolution was now confirmed by necessity there being victuals at Carlingford and none at the Newry or Dundalke The twelfth of Nouember his Lordship came with the army to the narrow water whence he sent Sir Iosias Bodley with three hundred choyce foot to possesse a peece of ground and keepe the enemy from hindering our passage ouer the water the streame whereof he found so exceeding swift that it was like to be dangerous to venture our horses ouer The first that tried was Doctor Latware his Lordships Chaplaine who only with his horse led by the boat side and with some thirty foot went ouer but his Lordship perceiued so great difficulty by his passage that he passed the foot ouer as fast as might be sent Sir Henry Folliot to possesse the pace of the Faddome and made all the Horse and our Garrons to goe about that way In the meane time wee might see the rebels forces draw ouer the mountaines towards the pace of Carlingford and come close by our men that were first landed yet they neuer offered any skermish That night we encamped directly ouer the narrow water betweene the pace of the faddome and the pace of Carlingford hauing at midnight gotten ouer for our men some vittels that came by water from Carlingford his Lordship caused the same to be deliuered before day for the Army had fasted two daies and after they had eaten but a little bisket and cheese or butter neuer men went on in a greater iollity The thirteenth of Nouember we were to rise very early for otherwise we could not passe our carriages by the sea side as we had determined and by breake of day the Scoutmaster brought word that Tyrone with all his army was lodged in the pace which is an exceeding thicke wood at the foote of a great mountaine reaching downe to the sea side betweene which and the sea there is in most places as much space as seuen may march in ranke but in some places lesse and in some none at full water but onely there is a narrow deepe high way through the wood Captaine Thomas Roper with the broken Companies sent out of the Pale went on as a forlone hope and that day by course it fell out that Captaine Beniamin Berry with the Lord Deputies Regiment vnder his command had the vanguard Sir Christopher S t Laurence had the reare of the vanguard Sir Richard Moryson had the vanguard of the Rere and Sir Samuell Bagnoll the reare of the reare so that we had but two bodies a vanguard and a rere thus subdiuided Captaine Treuor with as many as Captaine Roper had in the point led a forlorne rere Out of all the regiments his Lordship appointed three strong wings to goe on the right hand for on the left hand was the Sea commanded all by Captaines the first by Captaine Billings the second by Captaine Esmond and the last by Captaine Constable The ground the rebels chiesely chose to make good was a little Plaine like a semicircle whereof the Sea made the Diameter and a thicke Wood the Circumference At the next corner to vs there ran into the Sea a Riuer out of the wood being a Foard of good aduantage to the enemie All along the circumference they had made diuers trenches euen close vp to both the corners and at the furthest corner they had made a Barricado reaching a good way into the Wood and downe to the Sea At the first they shewed themselues horse and foote vpon this Plaine but when his Lordship commanded ours to giue on which they performed presently and roundly their horse drew off into the Woods and their foote into their trenches and neuer shot till the Vanguard was drawne ouer the Riuer when from all partes they powred vpon vs great vollyes of shot but presently Captaine Roper gaue on the farthest trench on the right hand of the corner Captaine Billings on the next with the wing hee led and Captaine Berry with the rest of the Vanguard gaue vpon the farthest corner where the Barricado reached from the Wood into the Sea In some of them they made good resistance and many of them lost their liues with the Pike and the Sword But the last trench where they made greatest shew of opposition they did soonest quit though it were strongest for them and to greatest purpose to arrest vs the reason his Lordship conceiued to be that in that place they were furthest from their retreat and feared the forlorne Hope and Wing led by Captaine Billings might cut betweene them When we had gained the trenches the Vanguard made a stand in the Rere of which to countenance them if there had been occasion his Lordship stood with a troope of horse of voluntarie Gentlemen and next to his Lordship betweene the Van and next bodies of foote Sir Henrie Dauers and his Lordships troopes of of horse At this time they entertained skermish with
meane to doe we shall in short time put him to his vttermost extremitie and if not light vpon his person yet force him to fhe the Kingdome In the meane time we can assure your Lordships thus much that from O Caues Country where now he liueth which is to the Northward of his owne Countrie of Tyrone we haue left none to giue vs opposition nor of late haue seene any but dead carcases meerely starued for want of meate of which kinde wee found many in diuers places as wee passed The forces which last wee drew out of Mounster being fifteene hundred foote aboue the Mounster Lyst which the Lord President desired to retaine there onely till hee had ended his businesse at Donboy are now vnder the command of Sir Samuel Bagnol presently vpon their arriuall to the borders directed by the Annely to prosecute O Rourke where most fitly he may ioyne with the forces of Connaght and shall bee met withall by those of Ballishannon commanded by Sir Henrie Folliot All those will helpe vs greatly to pen vp the Northerne Rebels on that side when wee next attempt them as by the tenth of August wee meane to doe from Loughfoyle and Carickfergus which Sir Arthur Chithester from thence is now very well enabled for by the meanes of the Garrisons we last planted at Tyrone and vpon Lough Sidney both being on that side of the Lough that lies next vpon Tirene And as those forces on Connaght side lie very fitly to assist vs for the speedie dispatch of the worke so are they very ready to intertaine the Spaniards if they should land in Connaght and not much vnfit for Mounster if they should arriue there Wee haue directed them therefore seuerally to applie and bend their endeauours to answere these sundrie occasions And this in our prouidence is the best course that we can thinke vpon for by the same if Spaniards come not wee shall goe on verie roundly with our businesse and wee hope by the grace of God performe it to your great contentment and if they come which is the worst they will be able to make some good defensiue warre till wee with the rest shall draw vnto them and then we cannot hope to doe any more vntill your Lordships supply vs royally out of England For if the Spaniard come so strong in horse and foote as is reported and as it must needs be thought he will finding the errour that the last time he committed it may not be expected at our hands with all the Forces wee can draw to head leauing some Forts guarded as we must needs doe to bridle and keepe in awe the Countrey and to keep our former labours from being vtterly ouerthrowne that wee shall be able of our selues to put them from any place that they haue a minde to hold but must rather giue them way till we be better furnished Wee are therefore humbly to desire your Lordships if the Spaniards arriue or if you expect them certainely then to thinke vpon vs fauourably and to supply our wants and that speedily especially men munition and victuals for this Kingdome will not be able to affoord vs any thing for such a warre as then wee must make which your Lordships cannot but know farre better then wee can expresse for as wee haue noted heretofore which we beseech you giue vs leaue still to remember you of it will not then be any longer the warre of Ireland but the warre of England in Ireland to the infinite danger and comber of them both though for our parts wee will most cheerefully vndergoe the toyle and hazard thereof as it becommeth vs. To conclude wee must acquaint your Lordships with a very great abuse crept in amongst the Ministers of the victuals which doth maruellously preiudice her Maiesties seruice here Wee can neuer know from any of them when the victuals arriue in any part whether it be part of an old contract or of a new nor indeed whether it be for her Maiesty or for themselues by that meanes we can neuer find how we are prouided for nor what we may further expect and that which worse is the Rebels get of the best victuall that is sent hither and yet wee cannot call the victualer to account thereof for he affirmes stiftely that he is warranted by your Lordships to sell it for his benefit and so as hee sell it to the subiect how ill affected soeuer it is no fault of his if the Rebell afterward get it It is in vaine for vs by our extreame toile to spoile the Rebels corne and wast their Countrey the best way yet found to bring them to obedience if they can get that English victuals for their money which we verily thinke was prouided for those that serue her Maiesty here and the best of it too when the poore souldier hath that which is not worth the eating Thus much wee haue of late discouered which wee leaue to your Lordships consideration not doubting but it will please you to prouide remedy and so c. The Victualers aboue mentioned had obtained of the Lords liberty to sell some victuals vpon pretence as it seemes that the same would grow musty and must either be sold or lost but they abused this liberty so farre as the best victuals were sold to the Irish Subiects and by them to those that were in actuall rebellion while they made bold to vtter their musty prouisions to the Queenes Army The seuenth of August the Lord Deputy wrote to Sir Arthur Chichester as likewise to Sir Henry Dockwrae to make all things in readines against his taking the field which he purposed to doe within three daies and his Lordship proiected with them in case Tyrone should goe into Fermanagh how to turne their faces vpon him that way or otherwise to draw into Cormacke mac Barons Countrey for since her Maiesty would not be induced to shew any mercy to Tyrone himselfe the onely way to end the warre was to force Cormacke either presently by feare of his Countries spoiling or in short time by planting a garrison at the Cloher to submit himselfe Some few daies after his Lordship receiued from her Maiesty this following Letter Elizabeth Regina RIght trusty and wellbeloued We greet you well Although We haue heard nothing from you directly since Our last dispatch yet We impute it to no neglect of yours hauing so great cause to iudge the best of your actions when euery dispatch from other parts of Our Kingdome reports of great honour in the successe of Our Army vnder you a matter specially appearing by those letters which We haue seene directed to our Treasurer at Warres in Ireland containing the discourse of your Marches and abiding in the heart of Tyrone and the recouery of that Iland and that Ordinance of Ours which had beene fouly lost before In which respect Wee value the same so much the more acceptably We haue also thought good at this time to adde this further that We are glad
doe with some greefe obserue in the recommending of many hither for Captaines places when some haue giuen ouer their charge here by which meanes I can neither lessen the Queeries charge as I would by cashing of their Companies nor preferre others thereunto whom I see daily to haue very well deserued it and by this meanes comes in both selling of Companies a thing which I would otherwise neuer suffer and the placing of such Captaines as those which we found here at the beginning of this warre whose insufficiency had almost lost this Kingdome I beseech you Sir conceiue that I haue iust cause to be greeued that must draw vpon my selfe the hatred of a great many that I should discharge in the great cash that I intend who will euer hold me the ouerthrow of them and all their fortunes especially if I be not able to bestow vpon some of the worthiest of them such other places in this Kingdome as haue fallen within the gift of my Predecessors here Although God is my witnes this doth nothing so much greeue mee as that I shall thereby bee disabled to serue her Maiesty as I would to make a speedy end of the warre that might be both safe and durable by leauing such in all places as I know to be best able to serue her and such as if they did not imploy their time in her continuall seruice might more iustly then any other with their presence importune her for rewards of their former seruices And so Sir c. At the same time the Lord Deputy wrote this following letter to her Maiestie May it please your Sacred Maiestie I Haue receiued to my inestimable comfort your gracious letters of the fifteenth of Iuly for none of my indeuours doe satisfie mee in doing you seruice vntill I finde them approued by your Maiestie and when I haue done all that I can the vttermost effects of my labours doe appeare so little to my owne zeale to doe more that I am often ashamed to present them vnto your faire and royall eyes which is the onely cause that I doe not more often presume to present your Maiestie with the account of my proceedings led on with a hope and restlesse desire to improue them vnto some such degree as might bee more worthy of your knowledge And whereas it pleaseth your Maiestie to restraine mee from hearkening vnto the Arch-Traytor Tyrone were it not in respect of my desire to cut off suddenly the chargeable thread of this warre there could nothing come more welcome vnto me then to bee his continuall Scourge and as by the fauour of God he is already brought to a verie low ebbe so vtterly to cut him off or cast him out of this Countrie And although I haue great reason to presume that if hee bee not assisted by any forraigne power the ruine of his estate is certaine yet how as a Vagabond Woodkerne hee may preserue his life and how long I know not and yet therein I humbly desire your Maiestie to beleeue that I will omit nothing that is possible to be compassed And for the caution your Maiesty doth vouchsafe to giue mee about taking in submitties to their aduantage and to the abuse of your mercy I beseech your Maiestie to thinke that in a matter of so great importance my affection will not suffer me to commit so grosse a fault against your seruice as to doe any thing for the which I am not able to giue you a very good account the which aboue all things I desire to doe at your owne royall feete and that your seruice here may giue me leaue to fill my eyes with their onely deare and desired obiect I beseech God confound all your enemies and vnfaithfull subiects and make my hand as happy as my heart is zealous to doe you seruice Your Maiesties truest seruant Mountioy The Fort of Enishlanghen aboue mentioned the inuesting whereof made the Lord Deputie deferte the taking of the felld was seated in the middest of a great Bogge and no way accessable but through thicke Woods very hardly passable It had about it two deepe Ditches both compassed with strong Pallisadoes a verie high and thicke rampeire of earth and timber and well flancked with Bulworkes For defence of the place fortie two Musketeres and some twentie sword-men were lodged in it But after that our Forces with very good industry had made their approches to the first ditch the besieged did yeeld the place to the Queene and themselues absolutely to her mercy So a ward of English was left in the Castle after the spoile thereof was taken wherein were great store of plate and the chiefe goods of the best men in the Countrie being all fled to Tyrone and the men there taken were brought bound to the Newry and presented vpon the nineteenth of August to the Lord Deputy The same day his Lordship wrote this letter following to Master Secretarie Cecyll SIR I haue lately written to you at large and I haue now no more matter of importance to trouble you with onely since my last we haue taken Enishlaghlen a place of great importance and the strongest that I haue heard of to bee held by any Rebell in Ireland Henrie Oneale the eldest sonne of Shane Oneale is broken out of prison as his brother did the like long before and because they doe cast themselues without all conditions into her Maiesties protection I cannot but vse them well but as things stand now I doe not see any great vse to be made of them and I feare I shall be more troubled with them then if they were still where they were To morrow by the grace of God I am againe going into the field as neere as I can vtterlie to waste the Countrie of Tyrone and to preuaile the Garrisons there of some Corne to keepe their horses in the Winter which being done I will leaue the Garrisons to take their effect which when they are well prouided and aswell placed will doe more then an Armie And Sir except things fall out much contrarie to that which wee haue good reason to expect I presume that if the Queene keepe these Garrisons strong and well prouided all this Winter shee may before the next Spring send into this Kingdome Sir Robert Gardner with some other good Common-wealths men with her pleasure how much and how euery man shall hold his land and what lawes shee will haue currant here and I am confident it will bee obeyed Neither is the reducing of this Prouince to bee too little regarded for ill inhabited as it was with no industrie and most part wasted I can assure you the Earle of Tyrone in the time of these warres did raise vpon Vlster aboue fourescore thousand pounds by the yeere and to fall from that excesse I thinke they might bee brought to yeeld the Queene willingly much more then euer she expected presently and in time more then I dare now promise And after this Winter I thinke she may
vnder his pillow and let this Booke be either such as fits his ends or study or such as containeth precepts or sentences which by daily vse he desires to make familiar vnto him alwaies bewaring that it treat not of the Common-wealth the Religion thereof or any Subiect that may be dangerous to him By this companion he shall make the solitude of the Innes and many irkesome things lesse vnpleasing to him 14 As we reade that Alexander the great set on fier with his owne hands the wanes of carriage taken from Darius and that by his example all the Macedonians cast away the spoyles they had taken from the Persians lest they should hinder them in their expedition against India So the Traueller comparing small things with great must carry onely most necessary things with him especially in such places as the Low-Countries where boates and waggons are changed many times in one dayes iourney and where as also in Italy they bring him not to his Inne but onely to the water side or to the gates of the City for in such places heauy carriages will be a great burthen or charge to him 15 Let him enquire after the best Innes especially in Germany and also at night in Italy for he may take a short dinner in any Inne of Italy so hee lodge safely at night In the best Innes with moderate and ordinary expences he shall auoid the frauds and iniuries of knaues and shall sleepe safely both for his person and the goods hee hath with him In all Innes but especially in suspected places let him bolt or locke the doore of his chamber let him take heed of his chamber fellowes and alwayes haue his Sword by his side or by his bed side let him lay his purse vnder his pillow but alwayes foulded with his garters or some thing hee first vseth in the morning lest hee forget to put it vp before hee goe out of his chamber And to the end he may leaue nothing behind him in his Innes let the visiting of his chamber and gathering his things together be the last thing he doth before hee put his foote into the stirrup 16 Some aduise that a Traueller should learne to swimme but I thinke that skill is more for pleasure at home then of vse abroade and yeelds small comfort or helpe in a storme at Sea Let other men haue their free opinion as I haue mine yet I know that Caesar deliuered himselfe and his Commentaries from perishing by his skill in swimming but neither are all as fortunate as Caesar neither are all Seas like that of Africke My selfe haue knowne many excellent swimmers whereof some in the sight of the wished Land haue perished by the rage of the Sea waues and others haue sunke by the waight of their fearefull companions knowing their skill and so taking hold of them while at the same time others hauing not the least skill in swimming but trusting to the hold of broken parts of the shippe or light chests haue escaped that danger and came safely to shore But if any man put his trust in swimming let him conceale his skill least others trusting therein take hold of him and make him perish with them 17 In like manner some perswade a Traueller to vse himselfe first to hardnesse as abstaining from wine fasting eating grosse meates and going iournies on foote But in my opinion they shall better beare these things when necessity forceth who cherish their body while they may Neither doe I commend them who in forraigne parts take iournies on foote especially for any long way Let them stay at home and behold the World in a Mappe who haue not meanes for honest expences for such men while they basely spare cost doe so blemish their estimation as they can enioy no company but that of such poore fellowes as goe on foote with them who can no way instruct them or better their vnderstanding Besides that by wearying their bodies they are apt to fall into sicknesse and basely expose themselues to the dangers of wild beasts theeues and their poore companions I dare bee bold to say that all murthers in Germany by the high way are committed vpon footemen for they who are well brought vp when they are wearied by going on foote will spend more to cherish themselues in their Innes and make longer staies therein by which meanes they not onely spend almost as much as if they had hired horses or coches but also bewray their plenty of mony to their foote companions who being needy it oftens happens euen among the Germans otherwise of honest disposition that they plot mischiefe against them which once intended the vast solitudes of the Woods in Germany offer many opportunities to put their wicked purpose in practice And it is a hard remedy to be prescribed to one of good education that after his weary iourney he should also suffer in his Inne Moreouer the Germans account of strangers according to their outward habit and their bold or deiected countenance and doe altogether dispise passengers on foote To conclude the solitudes of the way by reason of few Townes or Villages make a iourney on foote most tedious in Germany But in Italy if any where this going on foote may bee borne with by reason of the pleasant and fruitfull fields the frequent Cities Townes and Villages the safety from theeues except it be vpon the confines of Princes where hosemen and footemen are in like danger and by reason of the Italians opinion who respect a mans behauiour not his habit Alwaies prouided that these iournies bee short and sweetned with a pleasant companion But for my part I thinke the best going on foote is according to the French Prouerb when a man leades his horse in his hand and may mount him at pleasure And I must confesse that I haue obserued some of our Countrie men to erre in this kinde of whom though few vndertake these foote iournies yet they generally thinke that it is a point of frugalitie to suffer in forraigne parts as if our abode there should be lesse profitable vnto vs except we should like Menedemus vex our selues with vnnecessary sufferings of ill 18 The Traueller must haue great care to preserue his health neither is it the last point of wisedome to follow the aduice of Cicero who bids him bee an old man quickly that desires to bee an old man long But most of all is this care necessarie for a Traueller for those that are sicke by the way suffer many discommodities in all places and our Country men in Italy and Spaine runne high dangers where howsoeuer being in health they may discreetly shunne the snares of the Inquisition yet when they are sicke Confession the Sacrament in one kind and the adoration thereof as changed into the body of Christ and Extreme Vnction at the point of death are thrust vpon them by the Priests Men ready to die can ill dissemble neither is any waight so heauy as that of a wounded
table hangs a bell especially through all lower Germany by founding whereof they call the seruants to attend And at Nurnberg there hangs such a little bel vnder the table which they found if any man speake immodestly of loue matters or any like subiect and though it bee done in sport yet it serues to remember a wise man of his errour In lower Germany after supper they leade the guests into a chamber of many beds and if any man haue no companion they giue him a bed-fellow Lastly all things must be desired and intreated as if the guests were intertained of free cost for the Host thinkes you beholden to him for your intertainement without any obligation on his part Through all Germany they lodge betweene two fetherbeds excepting Sweitzerland where they vse one bed vnder them and are couered with woollen blankets and these fetherbeds for softnesse and lightnesse are very commodious for euery winter night the seruants are called into the warme stoue whereof such fethers as are reserued they pull the fethers from the quill vsing onely the softest of them for making of beds The bed lying vnder is great and large and that aboue is narrow and more soft betweene which they sleepe aswell in Summer as Winter This kind of lodging were not incommodious in Winter if a man did lie alone but since by the high way they force men to haue bedfellowes one side lies open to the cold by reason that the vpper bed is narrow so as it cannot fall round about two but leaues one side of them both open to the wind and weather But in Summer time this kind of lodging is vnpleasant keeping a man in a continuall sweat from head to foote Yet in Country Villages and many parts of Saxony passengers haue no cause to complaine of this annoyance since all without exception rich and poore drunken and sober take vp their lodging among the Cowes in straw where sometimes it happens that hee who lying downe had a pillow of straw vnder his head when hee awaketh finds the same either scattered or eaten by the Cowes yea where they haue beds I would aduise the passenger to weare his owne linnen breeches for their sheets are seldome or neuer cleane They aduise wel who wish passengers to offer the seruant drinking mony that he may shew them the best bed yet when that is done this best bed will proue farre vnfit to be entered naked though perhaps the seruant will iudge it very pure and cleanly This by experience I often found once with extreme laughter obseruing the seruants speciall curtesie to me who taking my reward brought me to a bed with cleane sheetes as he called them wherein he swore deeply that no body had lien but his owne mother which was an old trot of 90 yeeres age These seruants in Innes expect as it were of duty drinking money from all passengers and boldly demand it as if it were their right whether the passenger will or no which they doe rudely in the lower parts of Germany by offering them a pot to drinke at parting and more ciuilly in the vpper parts the maide seruants offering a nosegay to each seuerall guest This is peculiar to the Germans none serue or attend more rudely none more boldly challenge reward I haue formerly aduised English Trauellers first to passe by Germany that they may there learne patience by seruing themselues For if you come to a shop to buy shooes the Master bids you to find out your selfe those that will fit you and then to put them on your selfe which done he askes the price whereof he will not bate one halfe penny and when you haue paid his asking then the Prentices challenge drinking money as of duty and the like manner is obserued in all other shops wherein you buy any thing In the meane time if in your Inne you bid the seruant reach any thing to you the same man that when you take horse will in this sort exact drinking money of you will not reach that you call for but mumbling that you haue as many feete and hands as he will goe away as if he heard not or regarded not what you said The Germans of Prussia neere Poland are much to be praised for Hospitality who not onelie entertaine strangers at a good rate and wich much cleanlinesse and good fare and lodging wherein they giue cleane sheetes and if the passenger stay long change them often as once each weeke which in so cold a clime may seeme lesse requisite but also haue in custome I speake of the Cities of Meluin and Dantzke to giue their guests weekely a bath to wash their feete and as often besides as they returne from any iournie which curtesie I neuer remember to haue beene offered vnto me but once in Germany at Lubecke The Innes of Germany hang out no signes at their gates but they are vulgarly knowne and so may be easilie found out besides that many of them may be knowne by thn Armes of Noblemen and Gentlemen For they hold it a point of reputation to passe other Innes in the number of these Armes fixed on the front of their Inne and vpon the wals of the common eating roome so as I haue numbered three hundred or foure hundred such Armes in one Inne Howsoeuer Germany abounds with all necessaries for life yet the expence by the way is greater by reason of the Dutchmens large drinking In lower Germany where they drinke beere a passenger shall pay each meale commonly three or foure grosh or about 4 lubeck shillings In vpper Germany where they drinke wine he shall pay commonly sixe or seuen batzen each meale and if he haue a seruant he shall pay asmuch for him as for himselfe I passed from Stoade to Emden in the disguised habit of a seruant where I first by experience found that he who vilifies himselfe doth not thereby saue one penny since poore fellowes sit at the same Table with Gentlemen and pay to the vttermost farthing as much as they howsoeuer they sit lower and aswell at board as for bed are more coursely handled Yet I say not but such a man may saue the poore expence of drinking money which the seruants perhaps wil not expect from men of base condition All Dutch consorts drinke stiffely and assoone as euer the cloth is taken away after supper except you presently rise before they set the pot of Schlaffdruncke or sleeping cup on the Table and if you doe but slip one drop you shall besides your ordinary pay equall share with those that drinke all night till they be drunke and sober againe And to say truth the Germans are in high excesse subiect to this vice of drinking scarce noted with any other nationall vice so that as their Doctors and Artisans affecting the knowledge onely of one science or manuall art doe become excellent therein so this nation in generall and euery part or member thereof practising night and day the faculty of drinking become
also of wood both painted and both shodde vnder the heele and toes with pieces of Iron making great noise as they goe The Gentlemen weare chaines of gold folded about their girdles and carry in their hands a little hammer of siluer and perhaps guilded and these of inferiour sort one of Iron The Hungarians in their attire differ little from the Polonians but no Hungarian may weare a feather except he haue done some noble act and according to the number of his braue actions so many feathers he may weare to witnesse his valour At Crakaw I did see the Castellani that is Keepers of Castles and many Gentlemen riding to the Court and other places in the City and the Gentlemen attending them went on foot before their Horses with Feathers in their little caps and the vulgar attendants followed their Horses The buttocks of their horses were couered with cloth of gold or the skinne of some wilde beast or some like ornament and about many of their Horses eares hung chaines of gold or siluer their bridles were guilded and set with buttons of gold and the horsemen not onely weare swords by their sides but also euery Horseman especially riding in the highway or being in forraigne parts vpon any Ambassage or in like pompes hath another and some a third sword or Cimeter fastned to their saddles and girthes besides that both on foote and on horsebacke they carry a hammer in their hands The Gentlewomen after the Netherlanders fashion couer the head with a coyfe of fine linnen and weare a crosscloth vpon the forehead and as the men so they weare no ruffe or linnen band about the necke but many haue about their neckes chaines of Pearle worth two hundred yea fiue hundred Dollers and some line the collar of the vpper body of their Gownes with furre and so couer the nakednesse of the necke behind The vnmarried women weare aprons of fine linnen and goe with bare heads hauing their haire wouen as our women vse with a narrow piece of Veluet crossing the middest of their heads and going out of the house they cast a white Vayle vpon their heads and backes but shew their faces open The meaner sort of married women either wrap their heads and mouthes with a narrow long piece of linnen or only couer their mouthes with linnen and wearing a low hat cast a Vayle from it to couer the hinder part of the head and all the backe and they weare loose Kirtles ouer their other apparrell which are tied behind with strings The common sort of Country women couer themselues all ouer with linnen cloth or skinnes of beaste The Prussians are tributary to the King of Poland and vpon free conditions acknowledge themselues subiect to the Crowne of Poland and their attire as also language little differs from the Germans saue that their apparrell is more sumptuous but of them I haue formerly spoken in the discourse of the Germans attire Of the Italians it is prouerbially said that the Venetians are gowned yet by night going to visit their Mistresses weare short Spanish cloakes That those of Terrara and Mantua are proud in their attire with their caps set with gold buttons That the Florentines are ridiculous yet I obserued none more modestly attired That those of Genoa are neate and comely in attire but weare no gownes nor lace nor gardes That those of Milan are decent and the Neopolitans are glittering and sumptuous Surely the Italians in generall respect the conueniency more then ornament of their apparrell When they take iourneyes they weare large bootes that they may fling off being vntied but such as keepe them dry in all weathers and to the same ende they weare thicke felt hats and shortfelt clokes which no raine can pierce respecting the health not the ornaments of their bodies And howsoeuer their apparrell is soft and delicate yet they onely weare cloth and stuffes made at home not any brought from forraigne parts Their garments are commonly of silke but seldome embrodred and neuer laid with gold or siluer lace and commonly of black colour And howsoeuer all those mixed colours which we so highly esteeme come from thence yet are they not inuented by the Italians but by the Factors of our Merchants who lie there of purpose to feede the fantasticall pride of our Youth in new Stuffes or at least new colours and names The Citizens of Genoa weare gold Chaines and might seeme proudly attiredin garments of Veluet saue that we must remember that they are not onely Merchants but Gentlemen and some of them Princes The Venetians by reason of their strict Lawes from all antiquity restraining excesse in apparrell howsoeuer many times they weare sumptuous garments yet are they hidden vnder their gownes not to be seene but by their Mistrisses at night They make woollencloth of such lasting as they bequeath their gownes by their last testaments All the Gentlemen not one excepted weare blacke cloth gownes buttoned close at the necke with the sleeues put on ouer their doublets aswell young as old men but some vnder this ciuill gowne we are rich furres and imbrodred garments And the Senators Doctors and Knights we are Scarlet gownes with large sleeues lined in winter with rich furres And their Senate is no lesse or more glorious in publike pompes then the Roman Senate was of old And the Gentlemen constantly weare these gownes either in singular pride to be knowne from others for no Citizen nor any Gentlemen of other Cities weare gownes or for obedience to the Law or out of an old custome which the most wise Magistrates permit not to be broken And for the same cause all the Gentlemen none excepted weare little caps of Freese or Cloth hardly couering the crowne or the forepart of the head All other Italians in generall weare stuffe cloakes and commonly of Silke in summer and cloth in winter and light felt hats with narrow brimmes and large breeches sometimes wide and open at the knee after the Spanish fashion but more commonly tied vnder the knee and a loose coate or gippo but not wide and a doublet close to the body both of silke and lined with silke and silke stockings Also many weare Iewels but as it were hidden to bee seene onely by chance Lastly in great wisdome they care not to haue rich apparrell but hold it honourable to liue of their owne They make no fine linnen therfore vse course linnen both for shirts and other vses of the Family and commonly weare little falling bands and many times ruffes of Flanders linnen sometimes wrought with Italian Cut-worke much vsed with vs but their ruffes are not so great as ours and they haue little skill in washing starching or smoothing linnen They weare very short haire as all Nations doe that liue in hot climes the contrary vice of wearing long haire being proper to the French English and Scots but especially to the Irish. The Italians clothe very little children with doublets and breeches but their
lies in defending and assailing Forts and set battels are rarely fought it may seeme strange they should thus diuide themselues from the common dangers of the Armies in which they serue And all these things considered I find not what vse their confederates can make of them but only in ciuill warres against their owne subiects with whom the Sweitzers haue no league For the rest as we reade of some Indians who light one candle to the Diuell left hee should hurt them and another to God that he may doe them good so I thinke Princes still intertaine their expensiue leagues rather left their enemies should be strengthened by their entire aides then for any profit themselues can reape thereby The Sweitzers haue no horse which are of no vse in the Mountaines and craggie places of their Country but when they make their owne warre out of their owne confines their confederates are by league bound to supply them therewith and if the warre be not their owne their confederates only expect auxiliary Bands of foot from them The Roman Boterus writes that in his iudgement the Sweitzers can make six score thousand foote for the defence of their owne Country No doubt that Nation is very populous but the greatest Army we euer reade them to haue carried out of Sweitzerland was that of thirty one thousand when they ioyned with the Pope Leo the tenth the Emperour Maximilian and Sfortia Duke of Milan being confederates against the King of France Nature and necessity haue framed them to the warre for a Mountanous Region and Woody as of old it was being stil somewhat barren and labourious to the Husbandman breedes a rude people patient of hardnesse and of warlike disposition and as taller trees and larger cattle so stronger bodies of men so as they seeme to be borne souldiers Necessity likewise forced them to Armes when the Gentlemen and Princes oppressed them and they had no meanes of liberty but Armes wherein long vse hath made them expert And their very lawes and customes are fitted to the warres All Citizens and Plebeans vse and are commanded continually to weare their swords All their seuerall exercises haue a reference to the war as shooting with muskets at Butts which they practise for wagers both in Cities and Villages leaping casting of stones wrastling fencing swimming continuall hunting wherein they pursue Beares wild Boares and Linces a kind of Wolfe the shooting of the boyes in bowes the vse of Drummes in stead of musick euen at feasts of marriages where the Bridegroome is thought most honoured who is met by his friends with most shot and Pikes All priuate men are bound to haue their Armes sit for war and there with are commonly armed though many times the worst furnished are supplied out of the Armories of the Cities Their kinds of Armes are muskets calciuers ashen pikes 18 foote long halbards long two-handed swords which they carry on their shoulders and with them they defeated the Burgundians comming to hand strokes with them and another long sword gift to their side with a dagger very heauy the haftes of siluer or guilded and armor of solid steele for brest and backe but the poorer sort haue only helmets of iron and thick leather pelts in stead of armor and some in stead of armor weare coats of quilted taffety wrought with aglet-holes They who will appeare brauer then the rest carry feathers white or of some other colour commonly neere the colour of their owne Banner Each weare a right cornerd crosse vpon his Armes which is the military badge of the Sweitzers All follow the Colors and Banners of their owne Canton vse drums trumpets and bagpipes a man can hardly distinguish betweene the beating of the drums of the Sweitzers and Germans saue that the former march is more graue and slow and not so tumultuous as that of the Germans The Vrij blow a horne of a wild Hart which they call the Bul. The Vnderualdij haue the like but those of Lucerna vse a horne of brasse No man that can weare Armes is excused from warre at home and no doubt their foot are of great force to fight within their mountaines and keepe themselues from tyranny of strangers howsoeuer they haue not so much strength when with the snaile they come out of their house Men chosen in peace are trained for the warres but in forraigne expeditions one man chuseth another that being acquainted and friends they may sticke closer together and when they are to march the Law commands them to lay aside all priuate quarrels so as they may more truly be called brothers then the Landtznechts or foot of Germany who calling themselues brothers yet bring home more wounds and scarres from their priuate quarrels then from the Enemy It is a capitall crime with the Sweitzers to fall to the spoile before the Enemy be fully ouercome The publike spoile as Artillery Castles Countries and tributes or any reuenues belong equally to all the Cantons though some of them set forth fiue times more men then others yet extraordinarie rewards are giuen to the best deseruing Cantons and priuate men They iustly giue all protection to those that bring victuals to the Campe. They haue an old Law alwaies to spare holy places and the sex of women excepting such women as giue weapons to their Enemy or by casting downe stones and like helps doe hurt vnto their Army They boast that their fouresquared body of foote is the best forme of battel to resist horsemen that thereby they hauing no horse did ouerthrow the French horse at Nouaria and when for want of artillery and by the great number of the French they were beaten by them at Marignano yet that they retired in a close body good array to Milan so as they could not be iustly said to flie It remaines to speak somthing but briefly of the gouernment of the particular Cantons because they haue absolut power within themselues Among them such as haue no townes but dwel in villages cal the heads of their Counsels Ammans the chiefe power is in the common people Such are Vrania Suitia Vnderueldia Tugium Glarona Ahatis ella Again some haue towns or Cities which command the Cantons and the same especially those that were built by Princes or were subiect to them are gouerned Aristocratically by chief men namely a Senat chosen out of al the citisens cal their chiefe Magistrate Scultet vulgarly Schuldte Hessen such are Bern Lucerna Friburg Solothurn Thirdly other townes or cities are diuided into tribes or companies and the Senators are chosen out of these Tribes by the voices of the people wherof the chiefe is called Burgomeister Such are Zurech Basill and Schafhusen Among those of the first forme dwelling in Villages I named Glarona Abatifcella vulgarly Apenzill and Tugium vulgarly Zug for howsoeuer they haue Townes yet the territory or Canton is not commanded by the Townes hauing onely equall right with all the
priuiledge of age and sex euen where the Parents leaue Children lawfully begotten I returne to the foresaid Prouinces which I said to be vnited in mutuall league for their defence against the Spaniards The said Prouinces at the first breaking out of the ciuill warre when Antwerp was besieged humbly and instantly besought Elizabeth Queene of England to vndertake their patronage and defence and to encourage and giue her more power offered her the Soueraignety of those Prouinces but the most wise Queene with graue counsell and for weighty reasons refused to take them for Subiects Perhaps among other reasons of greater weight fearing lest vndertaking that warre as Queene of the Prouinces most part of the burthen thereof should fall vpon her English subiects thinking it probable that the Netherlanders being a people which had often taken Armes against their Prince of all other things least bearing new taxes and impositions which they professed next the persecution for Religion to be the chiefe cause of this warre would alwaies be apt to stir vp sedition when her Maiesty as their Prince should impose but half the tributes customes which themselues by general consent for loue of liberty haue imposed born with incredible patience during this warre And howsoeuer her Maiesty desired their liberty should be preserued yet the peace betweene England and Spaine howsoeuer shaken by many iniuries on both sides prouoking desire of reuenge notwithstanding was not yet fully broken And it seemes probable to me not knowing those counsels but by coniecture that her Maiesty being a woman the King of Spaine being powerfull and some of her Subiects being alienated from her for the reformation of Religion thought it more wisdome to suffer warre for her iust defence then her selfe openly to beginne the same yet would shee not altogether neglect the afflicted people of those Prouinces but resolued with the States thereof that they should make Count Maurice sonne to the Prince of Orange Generall of their Army gouerning their owne affaires and her Maiesty should professe the defence of that afflicted people with whom England alwaies had strict league of trade and amity till meanes might be vsed for restoring them to the King of Spaines fauour Whereupon at the instant suite of the States the tenth of August in the yeere 1585 her Maiesty granted them an aide of fiue thousand Foot and a thousand Horse to whom her Maiesty was to giue pay during the warre yet so as the Prouinces were bound to make restitution of all her expences when the warre should be composed and for pledge of performance should giue into her Maiesties hands the Towne of Vlishing in Zealand with the adioining Castle of Rammekins to be kept with a Garrison of seauen hundred English foote and the Towne of Brill with some adioining Forts to be kept with a Garrison of 450 English Foot the said Prouinces being bound as I said to make reall satisfaction to her Maiesty at the end of the warre for all expences aswel of the said Forces as of these Garrisons which amounted yeerly to the summe of one hundred twenty six thousand pounds sterling And her Maiesty for the safety of her neighbours bore this intollerable burthen till the yeere 1594 at which time Sir Thomas Bodley Knight her Maiesties Ambassadour for those Prouinces by a new transaction diminished those great expences the wealth of those Prouinces being then much increased aswell by the concourse of Merchants leauing desolate Flanders to dwell in that flourishing State as because they had brought many Countries by right of warre to yeeld them contributions namely all the Sea Coast of Brabant some part of Flanders with the Countries vulgarly called Ommelands Drent Twent Linghen Limbrough and Walkenbrough and had greatly increased their tributes aswel in Holland Zeland Freesland and Vtrecht as in Guelderland Zutphan Dlandt ouer Ysell and lastly had taken many strong Townes of no small moment namely Deuenter Zutphan Nimmenghen Stonwicke Bredaw Hulst Steneberg and Groninghen The state of those Prouinces being as I said thus increased and her Maiesty being forced for many yeeres to keepe a strong army at home to subdue the Irish Rebels her Maiesties Ambassadour at the foresaid time made a new transaction with the States for diminishing the charge of the English Forces seruing them And this helpe so long giuen by her Maiesty to the vnited Prouinces cannot seeme of smal moment For howsoeuer the Queen did not alwaies keepe the full number of the said Forces and sometimes called home or cashiered part of them yet shee did alwaies maintaine the greatest part decreasing or increasing the same according to the necessity of the present affaires and imploied the Forces called home onely in voiages by Sea profitable aswell to the vnited Prouinces as to England and that for a short time of Sommer seruice after sending them backe to serue the States The States who gouerne these Prouinces if they haue made no change in particulars which at pleasure they both can and vse to doe are graue men Counsellors or Burgesses vulgarly called States chosen by the people of each City and Towne not for a limited time but during pleasure and with full power who residing in the chief City of the Prouince haue care all iointly of the prouinciall affaires and each particularly of his Cities or Townes affaires And this Counsell must needes be distracted with diuers opinions arising from the diuers affaires of each Prouince City Town and the seuerall commandements they receiue at home These prouinciall States chuse among themselues one two or three Burgesses for each Prouince according to the condition and capacity of those that are chosen for how many soeuer they be they haue but one voice for their Prouince at generall meetings and these they send to reside at Hage in Holland with like authority as they haue there to gouerne the publike affaires of all the vnited Prouinces and they are called the generall States And as the prouinciall States may be diminished in number or increased according to the occasions of the publike businesse or of any particular meeting and may bee called home by the Citizens who chuse them so the generall States chosen by them to reside at Hage enioy their places vpon like condition And out of these generall States certaine chosen men are made Counsellors to order the affaires of warre and to assist and direct the Generall of the Army therein Others are set ouer the affaires of the Admiralty others ouer the Chauncery of Brabant and others ouer diuers particular Offices I call them Counsellors of the Chauncery of Brabant who manage the affaires of Brabant belonging to Holland This must alwaies be vnderstood that the Burgesses or States of Holland in respect of the dignity of that Prouince many waies increased and inriched aboue the rest haue somewhat more authority and respect then any other but the wheele of the publike State is turned by the Senate of the generall States residing
those warres he thought fittest to follow at his first entry but withal gaue her Maiesty ful assurance that he would presently leade the Army into Vlster against Tyrone himselfe Yet these letters were scarce deliuered when by others he signified a necessity of a iourney into Ophalia and Leax neere Dublin against the Oconnors and Omores whom he brake with ease himself leading some 1500 into Ophalia sending Sir Christopher Blunt the Marshal into Leax with 1000 men vnder the command of Sir Charles Pearcy and Sir Richard Moryson Then at his returne taking a view of the Army he found it so weakened as by letters signed by himselfe and the Counsell there hee desired a supplie of 1000 foot out of England to inable him presently to vndertake the Vlster iourney Thus resolued to march Northward he commaunded Sir Conyors Clifford Gouernour of Connaght to draw his forces vp to Belike that hee might force Tyrone to send some of his forces that way while he assailed him on the other side Sir Conyers Clifford accordingly marched this way with one thousand foure hundred foote by Pole and the Earle of Southamptons Troop of one hundred horse vnder the leading of Captaine Iohn lephson with some other Irish horse comming to the Curlew mountaines he left the munition and carriages vnder the guard of the horse til he passing forward with the Foote had tried the passage He had not gone farre before Ororke and other rebels with him vpon the aduantage of Woods Bogges and a stony causey assailed our men who at the first valiantly repelled them till the rebels finding the munition our men had about them beginning to faile renewed the charge with greater fury then before at which time our men discouraged with the want of powder almost all they had about them being spent and their store being behind with the carriage as also wearied with a long march they had made before the skirmish began to saint and take themselues to flight whom the rebels pursued killed some one hundred and twenty in the place among which the Gouernour Sir Conyers Clifford and a worthy Captaine Sir Alexander Ratcliffe were lost besides as many more hurt whereof the greatest part recouered And no doubt the rest had all perished if the Horse had not valiantly succored them For the Lord of Dunkellyn who that day had most valiantly behaued himselfe sent word to Captaine Iohn Iephson of their distresse who presently charged vpon the causey and to the very skirts of the Wood with such resolution as the rebels either thinking Horse could not haue serued there or expecting aduantages vpon them in that boggy place stood gaping on them and gaue way without any resistance for a good space in which our men had leasure to retire ouer a Ford into the Plaine where the carriages were and thence to the Abby of the Boyle being very neere the place Afterwards the rebels began to charge our Horse but their powder being almost spent Captaine Iephson safely retyred with the losse of some few horses In a Consultation some were earnest to haue marched forward the next day but the Lord of Dunkellin Sir Arthur Sauage Captain Iohn Iephson and many of the best iudgement considering the Gouernor was lost our troopes vtterly dismaied and Odonnel come downe with all his forces into those parts thought fit our men should retire to their Garrisons So Captaine Iephson all that night kept the Ford while our Foote in the silent night retired and in the morning when they were in safetie hee with the Horse vnder his command went softly after them to the Castle of Athlone It is strange the rebels then present being but some two hundred and most of our men being old soldiers how this defeate could be giuen but small accidents in militarie affaires are often causes of strange and great euents for I haue heard this mischance fully attributed to an vnorderly turning of the whole body of the Van which though it were toward the enemy yet being mistaken by some common souldiers for a flight it caused a generall rowte In the meane time the foresaid supply of one thousand foote was sent out of England to the Lord Licutenant according to his and the Counse is request But few daies after his Lordship signified by his letters into England that he could doe no more this season of the yeere then to draw thirteene hundred Foote and three hundred horse to the borders of Vlster Whether he came about the Ides of September and Tyrone two dayes together shewed himselfe and his troopes vpon distant hilles to the English Then Tyrone sent Hagan to the Lord Lieutenant to intreat a Parly betweene his Lordship and him which his Lordship refused answering that if Tyrone would speak with him he should find him next day in Armes in the head of the Army The next day after a light skirmish one of Tyrones horsemen cried with a loud voice that Tyrone would not fight but would speake with the Lord Licutenant and that vnarmed and both withdrawne aside from the forces The next day when his Lordship marched forwards Hagan met him againe and declared to him that Tyrone besought the Queenes mercy and that he would vouchsafe to speake one word with him which granted he would in all humblenesse attend his Lordship at the Foard Balla-clinch neere the chiefe Towne of the County of Louth His Lordship sent some before to view the Foard who found Tyrone there and hee assured them that howsoeuer the waters were something risen yet they might easily heare one another from each side His Lordship being come thither Tyrone leauing a troope of horse vpon a hill not far off came downe alone and putting his horse vp to the belly in the water with al humblenesse saluted his Lordship standing on the other banke and there they passed many speeches Then Tyrone called his brother Cormack Mac Gennys Mac Guire Euer Mac Couley Henrie Ouington and O Quin to the Foard the Lord Lieutenant hauing first called the Earle of South-hampton Sir George Bourcher Sir Warham Sant Leger Sir Henrie Dauers Sir Edward Wingfeld and Sir William Constable to come downe Tyrone very Courtly saluted each one and after short conference it was concluded that the next day Commissioners should meete to treate of Peace and they made a mutuall Truce from that day for sixe weekes and so from sixe weekes to sixe weekes till the Callends of May with caution that it should bee free to either side vpon foureteene dayes warning first giuen to renew the warre And if any of the Earle of Tyrones confederates should not assent hereunto hee left them to bee prosecuted by the Lord Licutenant By this time the Queene had receiued his Lordships last letters aboue mentioned signifying that he could onely for this winter draw to the confines of Vlster with one thousand three hundred foot and three hundred horse At which time to iustifie his resolution he sent the iudgement of the
chiefe Commanders of the Army subscribed with their hands dated the one twentie of August that for that time more could not be enterprised for these reasons that the Army was vnwilling to bee drawne towards Vlster so as many ran away from their Colours that many were sicke that no Plantation could be made this yeere at Loughfoyle nor any course taken to diuert Tyrones forces that the Connaght Army was defeated that his Lordships Army had not aboue foure thousand able men at the most that these were vnable to stand against the rebels being six thousand shot and lying within strong intrenchments that much lesse any strong Garrisons could bee left in the North and a safe retreit made And lastly that those Garrisons if they could bee left there would more endanger the English being continually to supply them with vittles in winter time then annoy the rebels Her Maiestie being highly offended that so royall an Army maintained with her excessiue charge had in sixe moneths effected nothing and now gaue no hope of any important seruice to be done against the rebels wrote a sharpe letter to the Lord Lieurenant and the Counsell of Ireland as followeth Elizabeth Regina By the Queene RIght trusty and right well beloued Cosen and Councellor and trusty and welbe-loued We greet you well Hauing sufficiently declared vnto you before this time how little the manner of your proceedings hath answered either our direction or the worlds expectation And finding now by your letters by Cuffe a course more strange if stranger may be we are doubtful what to prescribe you at any time or what to build vpon by your owne writings to vs in any thing For we haue clearely discerned of late that you haue euer to this hower possessed vs with expectations that you would proceede as we directed you But your actions shew alwaies the contrary though carried in such sort as you were sure we had no time to countermaund them Before your departure no mans counsell was held sound which perswaded not presently the maine prosecution in Vlster all was nothing without that and nothing was too much for that This drew on the sudden transportation of so many thousands to be carried ouer with you as when you arriued we were charged with more then the liste or which wee resolued to the number of three hundred horse Also the thousand which were onely to be in pay during the seruice in Vlster haue been put in charge euer since the first iourney The pretence of which voyage as appeareth by your letters was to doe some present seruice in the Interim whilest the season grew more commodious for the maine prosecution for the which purpose you did importune with great earnestnesse that all manner of prouisions might be hastned to Dublin against your returne Of this resolution to deferre your going into Vlster you may well thinke that wee would haue made stay if you had giuē vs more time or it we could haue imagined by the contents of your owne writings that you would haue spent nine weekes abroad At your returne when a third part of Iuly was past and that you had vnderstood our mislike of your former course and making your excuse of vndertaking it onely in respect of your conformitie to the Councels opinions with great protestations of haste into the North we receiued another letter of new reasons to suspend that iourney yet a while and to draw the Army into Ophalia The fruit whereof was no other at your comming home but more relations of further miseries of your Army and greater difficulties to performe the Vlster warre Then followed from you and the Councell a new demaund of two thousand men to which if we would assent you would speedily vndertake what wee had so often commanded When that was granted and your going onward promised by diuers letters wee receiued by this bearer now fresh aduertisement that all you can doe is to goe to the frontier and that you haue prouided only for twentie daies victuals In which kinde of proceeding wee must deale plainely with you that Councell that it were more proper forthem to leaue troubling themselues with instructing vs by what rules our power their obedience are limitted to bethink them if the courses haue bin only deriued from their Counsels how to answere this part of theirs to traine vs into a new expence for one end and imploy it vpon another to which we could neuer haue assented if we could haue suspected it should haue beene vndertaken before we heard it was in action And therefore we doe wonder how it can be answered seeing yourattempt is not in the capitall Traytors Countrey that you haue increased our list but it is true as we haue often saied that we are drawne on to expence by little and little and by protestations of great resolutions in generalities till they come to particular execution Of all which courses whosoeuer shall examine any of the arguments vsed for excuse shall find that your owne proceedings beget the difficulties and that no iust causes doe breed the alteration It lacke of numbers if sickenesse of the army be the causes why was not the action vndertaken when the Army was in better state if winters approch why were the summer moneths of Iuly and August lost if the spring was too soone and the summer that followed otherwise spent if the haruest that succeeded was so neglected as nothing hath beene done then surely must we conclude that none of the soure quarters of the yeere will be in season for you and that Counsell to agree of Tyrones prosecution for which all our charge was intended Further we require you to consider whether we haue not great cause to thinke that the purpose is not to end the warre when your selfe haue so often told vs that all the petty vndertakings in Lemster Mounster and Connaght are but losse of time consumption of treasure and waste of our people vntill Tyrone himselfe be first beaten on whom the rest depend Doe you not see that he maketh the warre with vs in all parts by his Ministers seconding all places where any attempts be offered who doth not see that if this course be continued the warres are like to spend vs and our Kingdome beyond all moderation as well as the report of the successe in all parts hath blemished our Honour andincouraged others to no smal proportion We know you cannot so much fayle in iudgement as not to vnderstand that all the World seeth how time is dallied though you thinke the allowance of that Counsell whose subscriptions are your Ecchoes should serue and satisfie vs. How would you haue derided any man else that should haue followed your steps How often haue you told vs that others which preceded you had no intent to end the warre How often haue you resolued vs that vntill Loughfeyle and Ballishannon were planted there could be no hope of doing seruice vpon the capitall Rebels We must therefore