sleeuing them vpon one side which you will may be vsed without danger as well when the enemy is neare as when the fight is in as much as they disturbe not the battaile but advance fresh aides against the enemy on the flanks of it 6 By inserting the second file There are two manner of doublings of the depth or of files one in number the other in place In number when one file is inserted into another the Leader or first man of the second file standing behind the Leader of the first the second behind the second the third behind the third and so forth of the rest Or when the euen files countermarch and their Leaders place themselues behind the Bringers-vp of the odde their files following them or which commeth all to one the files being whole they diuide themselues into two parts in the front and halfe countermarch and place themselues in the Reare of the other file to file albeit the two last are Doublings both in number and place and not in place alone The true Doubling of the place alone is not Aelian The Insertion whereof I spake remedieth this defect also There it is said that when 16 men that is a file are so extended that they possesse as much length as 32 should doe that is as 2 files it is doubling of place which is nothing else but changing of the Souldiers order into open order For in their order they haue 48 foote in depth in their open order 96 foote in depth In this Doubling of depth we must take heed that we make not the front of our Armie to narrow lest we giue oportunitie to the enemy to incircle and incompasse it Polybius noteth this a great faulâ— in Marcus Atilius Regulus at such time as he fought with the Carthaginians and was taken prisoner His words haue this effect k The Romans seing the enemy order his battaile marched out against him fuâ—l of courage Being notwithstanding somewhat appalled at and foreseing the Elephants violence in comming on they set their Darters before and placed many maniples of Armed behind one after an other and diuided the Horse halfe into one wing halfe into the other Then making the whole battaile shorter but deeper then they were wont they prouided well against the Elephants but not against the Horse that farre exceeded theirs in number Being now come to hands the Roman horse ouerpressed with multitude of the Carthaginians quickly fled from either wing But the foote of the left wing partly auoyding the Elephants partly contemning the Mercenaries fell on and charged the right wing of the Carthaginians and putting it to flight followed hard and gaue chase euen to the trench But of those that were placed against the Elephants the first sinking vnder the violence of the beasts perished being ouerturned and troden to death by heapes The body of the battaile remained a while vnbroken by reason of the depth of them that were after placed But when the Reare of all incompassed by the horse was forced to turne about and fight with them and the other that had by force made way thorough the middest of the Elephants and were now behind their backs came vp to the fresh Phalange of the Carthaginians standing in good order they were by them slaine Thus fortune being contrary on all sides the Romans for the most part were troden to death by the excessiue might of the beasts and the rest died with the darts of the horsemen in the place where they fought The error of Attilius Regulus was in ordering his battaile too deepe by meanes whereof it was easily incompassed and distressed by the Carthaginian horse Appian likewise blameth Antiochus for ordering his Phalange 32 men in depth where the Macedonian Phalange ought to but 16 deepe shewing that by that ouersight it was incompassed by the Romans and ouerthrowne I haue touched the historie in my notes before Many other examples might be alledged but these two are sufficient for our purpose The words of Command in doubling of the length by number Middle men double your Rankes to the right or left hand By this Command the middle men with their halfe files march vp to the front in the spaces betwixt the files and stand euen with the File-leaders and the rest euen with the rest of the Ranks Doubling of the length in place Stand in your open order One halfe openeth their files to the right hand the other to the left and stand six foote one from another Doubling of the depth in number Double your files to the right or left hand The euen files fall into the spaces of the odde files Double your files by countermarch to the right or left hand The euen files countermarch and fall behind the reare of the odde and place themsâ—lues lineally after them obseruing their first distances Diuide your files and double them by countermarch to the right or left hand Halfe the files diuide themselues from the other halfe and countermarch out behind the Reare then turne their faces towards the place behind the Reare of the standing files which remoued not then march on and place themselues orderly behind them file to file then turne their faces as at first Doubling the depth in place Ranks open behind to your open order The broad-fronted Phalange the deep Phalange or Herse and the vneuen-fronted Phalange CHAP. XXX PLagiophalanx or the broad-fronted Phalange is that which hath the length much exceeding the depth Orthiophalanx or the deep Phalange commonly called the Herse is that which procedeth by wing hauing the depth much exceeding the length In generall speach euery thing is called Paramekes which hath length more then the depth and that which hath the depth more then the length Orthion and so likewise a Phalange The Phalange Loxe or vneuen fronted is that which putteth forth one of the wings which is thought fittest toward the enemy and with it beginning the fight holdeth off the other in a convenient distance till oportunitie bee to advance Of Parembole Protaxis Epitaxis Prostaxis Eutaxis Hypotaxis CHAP. XXXI PArembole or insertion is when placing souldiers before we take off the hindmost and ranke them within the distances of the first Protaxis or fore-fronting is when we place the light-armed before the front of the armed and make them fore-standers as the File-leaders are When we place the light-armed behind it is called Epitaxis as it were an after-placing Prostaxis or adioyning is when to both flanks of the battaile or to one flanke some part of the hindmost is added the front of them that are added lying euen with the front of the battaile such addition is called Prostaxis Entaxis or Insition is when it seemeth good to set the light-armed within the spaces of the files of the Phalange man to man Hypotaxis or Double-winging is when you bestow the light-armed vnder the wings of the Phalange placing them in an embowed forme so that the whole figure resembleth a
governed so is it in matter of warre Further as his skill so his valour ought to bee most that his example may incourage and incite the rest Which is the cause that other commaunders also are placed in front and in the eye of the souldiers that theire valour forwardnes may bread an honest emulation in the souldiers to doe as they doe Besides the first place is most beseeming him that best deserveth and the more valiant a man is the more hee desireth to shewe it in the face of the enemy thereby to winne himself honor and reputation Furthermore hee may doe best service in the front by entring into the enemies battaile and making way for the rest Not vnlike a sworde whose edge maketh speedy passage into the thing it cutteth and draweth after it the rest of the iron bee it never so blunt In the front the ranke of the file leaders giue the push to gaine the field Which reason I thinke lead Gorgidas the first institutor of the Theban Hieros Lochos not to make an entire troupe thereof apart but to place it man by man in the first ranke of the Phalange Lastly the sight of the file leaders being the choice of the armie both for stature and resolution for so Aelian would haue them breads a terrour in the minde of the enemy Who seeing such gallants in the front haue cause to imagine that the rest of the armie which they see not is like to those they see And being never so valiant they had rather haue to doe with weake and relenting then stout and resolute adversaries As at the battaile of Cannae Annibal answered one that brought him newes that the Consull had commanded the horse men to alight and fight one foote how much rather would I quoth hee hee had delivered them bound into my hands I haue heard many hold opinion that the manner of the Graecians to bring theire best men first to fight is contrary Cap. 5. The ordering of a File 4 Enomoty 3 Enomoty 2 Enomoty 1 Enomoty Dimerites 2 Dimery or half File 1 Dimery or half File the File-header the birnger up and 4 Enomotarcha 2 leader 1 follower 1 leader 2 follower 2 leader 1 follower 3 Enomotarcha 2 follower 2 leader 1 follower 2 Enomotarcha 2 follower 2 leader 1 follower the Fileader and first Enomotarcha to the institution of the Romans who held the Triarij theire eldest and best souldiers in the rear and brought them not to ioyne till both the Hastati and Principes were beaten or retired But if wee consider the diuersity of both theire embattailings wee shall see noe great difference or at lest wee shall see that the reason of placing their-best men was not much different The Graecians in framing theire foure-fold Phalange made in length an even front of a 1024. files The files were 16. deepe and the best men therefore in front because being placed in the midst or in the reare there would haue beene no vse of theire valour and the Phalange might haue beene broken before it had come to theire turnes to fight The Romans contrary-wise in ordering a Legion made many maniples and gaue the front to the Hastati the middest to the Principes the reare to the Triarij Nowe the Triarij being ordered in the Reare might at the beginning bee brought to fight in Front if need were being noe need they kept theire place till their Generalls found it fitt to call vpon them So then this is the difference The File-leaders of the Graecians had the Front because otherwise in so deep a body as the Phalange was they could not haue come to fight The Triarij might alwayes haue beene imployed in Front in flanke or in the reare as pleased the Generall And that the Romans also in theire seuerall Maniples placed theire best men in Front I cannot doubt There stood the Centurions which were the leaders of the Maniples and in reason were to bee seconded with the hest men vnder theire commaund C. Crastinus may serue for an example whoe being noe Centurion but an Evocate in the battaile of Pharsaly betwixt Caesar Pompey bidde his Manipulers they were of the Maniple which hee once commaunded to followe him and said hee would make his Generall giue him thanks aliue or dead Yet must I confesse that the front was not the proper place of the Evocates But hee chose the front and held it a place worthy of his valour It is said of Catiline that when hee fought with C. Antonius hee placed in the front of his army all the chosen Centurions and Evocates and besides of common souldiers such as were best armed Livy speaking of a fight betwixt the Romans and the Latines and describing the forme of the Roman battaile after hee had limited the place of the Hastati Principes writeth thus of the Triarij After the ensignes hee meaneth the Standards of the Legions not the Ensignes of Maniples were ten other Maniples whereof every one had three Ensignes The first Ensigne led the Triarij ould souldiers of tryed valor the next the Rorarij not soe well esteemed for strength in either age or deeds the third the Accensi a troupe of lest trust which was the cause that they were cast in the reare The Accensi were put in the reare because there was noe great opinion of theire valor the Triarij had the front because they were ould souldiers and had beene sufficiently tryed Soe then in dividing of their armie into small bodies or battailions the Romans differed from the Graecians in placing the best men of theire maniples in front they observed the same manner that the Graecians did in placing theire file-leaders in the first ranke of the Phalange 2 A verse I haue translated stichos a verse The more vsuall signification is a rowe of any thing placed orderly Soe Xenophon applieth it to trees which were planted orderly one after another and Eustathius to the standing of dâ—uncers one after another in depth even as our souldiers are placed one after another in file Iulius Pollux also acknowledgeth that there were files and ranks in Choro that is in daunces vppon the stage But Suidas saith it was commonly taken for a line which was read from the left to right hand And to say the truth a verse as wee read at this day and as they read when Aelian wrote this treatise rather resembleth a ranke then a fiâ—e because in a ranke men stand side to side as words doe being placed in a line Yet because the word is received by vse in that other sence wee must like wise admitte the same 3 A decury This in Greeke Aelian calleth Decania a word which in this sence I find in no other Author then in him and in Suidas Xenophon calleth it Decas soe doeth Vrbicius and Arrian and likewise Hesychius Leo calleth it decarchian and Akian 4 An Enomotie The word cometh from
places the enemy commonly giveth vpon The front wee alwaies turne against the enemy if we can The reare the enemy seeketh to attache and by it to distresse vs if hee can The flanks for the most part are secured by the horse and light armed For Leo placeth the light armed and horse in the flanks Soe these two places being most subiect to the violence of the enemy require extraordinarie care and assurance As for the weakest which are in the midst they never come to strike stroke but after the front and reare are broken In another place hee writeth to this effect your Contubernies the souldiers that cabin together you shal order according to fiue men or to ten or to foure or to eight or to sixteen as you shall find most convenient that being bound one to another with mutuall acquaintance they may fight one for another in battaile and bee more valiant against the enemy But you shall doe more wisely if when you are to joyne you place brothers by brothers friends by friends For when hee that fighteth hath an entierly beloved frend standing next behind him hee must of necessity hasard himself with more egernesse for his frends sake And the other being ashamed not to requite one that sustaines such danger in his behalfe will hardly bee brought to forsake his friend so well deseruing and first betake himselfe to his feete The same is the advise of Onosander and was much practised in auncient time The Lochos Hieros or Holy-band of the Thebans whereof I spake before consisted all of friends that had bound themselues one to another in friendship With this Holy-band Pelopidas gaue the first disgracefull overthrow to the Lacedaemonians that ever they had Of this band Plutarch writeth that it was never beaten vntill the battaile of Chaeronaea when Philip the father of Alexander vanquisht the Athenian and Theban forces both together After which battaile Phillip surueying the dead bodies and comming to the place where these three hundred lay all close mingled one with another and strooken through with the Macedonian pikes hee wondred greatly and hearing that it was the band of louers and beloued wept and said evilly may they perish that suspect any filthines in deede or suffering to haue been practised amongst such men Cyrus the elder had his Homotimos nourished vp together and Alexander his Hetairos whose extraordinarie service appeared in all theire battailes Diodorus Siculus writeth of Sesoosis the Aegyptian King to this effect at the birth of Sesoosis his father did a magnificent and royall deed For gathering together all the children of Aegipt that were borne the same day and setting over them some to nourish and governe them hee gaue the same education and institution to them all conceiving that they that were brought vp together partakers of the same liberty would become the best affected and most assured fellow helpers in warre This was the iudgement of Myris the father of Sesoosis King of Aegipt in providing assured assistance to his sonne for the conquering of the whole world which by certeine blinde prophecies was promised him Now what little trust theire is to bee given to men that are not acquainted one with another Pompey that great Captaine of the Romans sheweth in his epistle to Domitius For men saith hee are not quickly to be assembled hether by musters and if wee had them you are not ignorant how much they may bee relyed vpon being vnacquainted to fight against ould Legions Yet hath Leo another mixture in his files For hee would haue the ould and new souldiers put together in one file Least saith hee the ould being by themselues alone proue weake and of small force and the yong disorderly having litle experience For the one albeit ould yet are well acquainted with service the other albeit young and valiant yet are vnskilfull For the Enomoties dimerie and file see the figure Ioyning of Files CHAP. VI. 1 IOyning of Files is when one file is layed flank-wise to another the Leader of the second file to the Leader of the first and the follower of the second File-leader to the follower of the first and so the rest Every man that ranketh Cap. 6. Joyning of Files 1 File 2 Files Joyned 4 Files Joyned The Flank The Front is called Parastates as for example the Leader of the second file to the Leader of the first and so theire next followers and the rest As often then as the second file the third the fourth and so the rest are layd flank-wise to the first it is named Ioyning of files Notes 1 IOyning of files is A file of it self will worke litle effect against an enemy For what can a man alone in front doe Cyrus in Xenophon wisheth that where as the Aegiptians stood a hundred in depth they had beene in depth a thowsand for soe saith hee wee should haue the fewer hands to fight against The ranke bringeth the multitude of hands to fight And it is held that the more hands are with conveniency brought to fight the more is his advantage that bringeth them This is done by ioyning filâ—s together out of which ioyning ranks spring and ranks the more they increase and extend themselues in length the more hands are ready to encounter the enemy Now as it was said in the former chapter that files consisted of leaders and followers from the first to the last so is it in this chapter saide that ranks consist of side men from one end of the length of the Phalange to the other Fewe or many men placed side to side in a right line make a ranke as in two or three files ioyned together there are sixteen ranks of two or three men in a ranke And the two or three file-leaders make the first ranke theire followers the next and soe the rest vntill you come to the sixteenth The like falleth out in more files Vrbicius saith that the file-leaders make the front as they terme it of the Phalange which they call also the first ranke And further hee saith they that runne in an even line betwixt the two wings the right and the left are said to bee Parastatai or sidemen Likewise the last ranke is called Oura or the reare and the commander Ouragos the bringer-vp So Vrbicius agreeing with Aelian Now out of these two chapters is a cleare distinction of the names of souldiers that by reason of theire posture or place in battaile make the diversitie of files and ranks They that make files are Protostatai first-standers Epistatai after-standers which are by vs commonly called Leaders and followers For these two saith Aelian make the file from the beginning to the end Parastatai side-standers or as wee terme them sidemen make the ranks And if you measure the length of the Phalange you doe it by number of men in the ranke if the depth by number of men in the file Of a Phalange the length and depth thereof of rankinge and
the other would needs bring in a fourth neither filing nor ranking to make an opposition likewise against the third But because this kinde also is specified by Aelian let vs see how it is to be framed Aelian for examples sake would haue the Troope to consist of 36 horse To put these 36 horse in a forme that shall neither file nor ranke we are thus to worke First we must begin with the two front sides of the Rhombe and make them of 11 horse placing them thus The Leader and Captaine in the point next him backwardly on each side a horseman his horse head reaching to the shoulders of the Captaines horse then on the outward side of each of these a Horseman and their horses heads must likewise reach to the shoulders of the next horses before So must you goe on till you haue in like manner bestowed 2 a peece more on each side still opening the two sides of the Rhombe proportionally Thus done you haue two sides of the Rhombe which will be in this forme Then are we to fashion the two Reare sides of the Rhombe of 9 horse placing them after this manner The Lieutenant in the Reare angle directly opposite to yet looking toward the Captaine on either side of him forward toward the front 2 Horsemen their horses shoulders lying euen with the head of the Lieutenants horse And after them the other 6 3 on one side and 3 on the other in the same proportiō And so haue we the other two sides of the Rhombe in this forme which being ioyned to the former make the 4 sides of the Rhombe In the framing whereof 20 of the 36 horse are bestowed There remaine 16 which are thus to be ordered Within the Rhombe we must at reasonable distance place a horseman behind the Captaine in aright line and in the manner as before lay 3 to him on each side The number will amount to 7 and this is the figure Then another horseman is to be set at the same distance directly before the Lieutenant and on ech side of him two other toward the front which will be 5 in all and in this forme And these 12 horse ioyned together will fashion out a lesser Rhombe comprehended within the sides of the first So are 32 horse disposed of The 4 that are left are thus to be ordered In a right line againe after the Captaine and at the former distance is another horsemā to be set Then 2 one of the one side the other of th' other side of him their horses heads reaching to his horses shoulders thus The horseman left must supply the voide place standing directly before him that stood next before the Lieutenant thus And this is the true description of the Troope neither filing nor ranking I haue beene the longer in describing it because the figure grauen is not fully to my minde no horse head reaching to the shoulders of the horse that standeth before him 5 Polybius maketh it to consist of 64 men Aelian tooke the number of 36 horse to frame this Rhombe Polybius requireth 64. The number is not materiall so the forme be obserued If you make it of 64 you are to take 15 horse for the 2 front sides and 13 for the 2 reare sides and so in euery ranke within to diminish 2 as you did in the former 6 Which file but ranke not The third kinde of Rhombe fileth but ranketh not It is easie to frame Take what number of horse you please and make a file then lay to the distances betwixt horse and horse of that file on each flanke two other files each file conteyning one lesse in number than the first And the heads of the files are to be laid right against the space which is betwixt the Captaine and his follower and the rest of the horses against the other spaces successiuely In all the paires of files that follow and are laid to the flanks you must still diminish a horse a peece till you come to the points which haue but one either of them And of this abatement of one in euery file both front and reare and flankes grow into points and make a Rhombe As of the euen number in euery file a square battaile would arise See the figure This was the forme the Thessalians fought in as appeareth by Aelian 7 Turning to the right hand The turnings of horsemen and footmen to the right and left hand are not termed by the same names And the difference commeth of the diuersitie of weapons caried on the right or left side The horseman in his right hand held his staffe in the left the raines of his bridle The armed-foote in his right hand his pike on the left shoulder his Target Hence was it that when the horseman was commanded to turne to the right hand they bid him turne to his staffe the footeman to his pike When to the left hand they bid the horseman turne to the Raines the footman to the Target 8 To ranke and not to file This is the last kinde of Rhombe and it ranketh but fileth not It is made by a contrary way to the former The filing Rhombe began at the front point reare-point proceeded to the flanks This beginneth at the flanke points proceedeth to the front and reare First therefore a ranke is to be laid of what number you list Aelian would haue it of an vneuen number but it will fall out as well in an euen number as the figure sheweth To the distances of this ranke you must lay 2 ranks more one on either side whose number must be one lesse a peece than the former ranke Thus continue laying ranks still toward the front and reare and in euery paire of ranks diminish one a peece till you come to the points either of which haue but one namely the Captaine the Lieutenant and the Rhombe will ranke and not file Cap 20 The ordinary horse troupe consisting of 64 The right Flank Commander The Capteine The Front The Lieutenant The left Flank Commander The place of Horsemen in the field the number of an vsuall horse troupe the degrees and names of the officers of the Horse in generall CHAP. XX. THE Troopes of Horse as the light-armed are placed sometime before the Phalange sometime on the right or left hand in flanke of the Phalange sometime behind the light-armed in the Reare For our purpose let them be placed in the Reare and 1 let the first Troope be of 64 men and the first ranke thereof 15 Horse The next 13. The next 11 and in all the rest abate 2 till you come to the last which is one 2 He shall carry the Cornet that standeth in the second ranke next the Ranke-Commander on the left hand All the Troopes shall be 64 in number The horsemen in all 4096. 3 Two Troopes are called an Epilarchy of 128 horse Two Epilarchies 4 a Tarentinarchy of 256 horse Two Tarentinarchies 5 an Hipparchy of 512.
hapned a like to both they found a safe retreat within the battailes of foote But when the Armies were come within 500 paces one of an other Scipio giuing a signall of Retreat and opening his battaile receiued all the horse and light-armed into the middest and diuiding them into two parts placed them as seconds behind the wings Now when time was come to begin the fight he commanded the Spaniards who had the middle ward to march on leasurely and sent a messenger from the right winge for hee commanded there to Syllanus and Martius willing them to stretch out the left winge as they saw him stretch out the right and to charge the enemy with the light-armed and horse before the middle wards might be able to come vp and ioyne The winges being thus stretched out they led with all possible speed three Cohorts of foote and three troupes of horse a peece against the enemy besides the light-armed and those that were receiued into the Reare who followed a thwart There was a great empty space in the middest because the Ensignes of the Spaniards came slowly on And now the wings were in fight when the old souldiers Carthaginians and Africans the strength of the Armie were not yet come to vse their darts neither durst they runne into the wings to helpe them that fought for feare of opening the middest of the battaile to the enemy who was comming on against them The winges were pressed with a double medley The Horse light-armed Velites wheeling about their Troupes charge their flanks The Cohorts pushed on in front to the end to breake of the wings from the body of the battaile And the conflict was vnequall both in all other respects and especially because a rable as it were of drudges and vntrained Spaniards were opposed against the Roman and Latin souldiers The day being now farre spent the Armie of Asdruball oppressed with the mornings tumult and compelled to take the field before they had strengthned their bodies with meat began to faint and faile in strength which was the reason that Scipio lingered out the day made the fight somewhat late For it was past the seuenth houre before the winges of foote attached one an other and yet the fight came later to the middle wards So that the scorching heat of the south-sunne and the labour of standing armed and hunger and thirst first afflicted their bodies before they came to hands with the enemy Therefore they stood leaning vpon their Targets and being weary both in body and minde they gaue backe at last keeping notwithstanding their array no otherwise than as if the battaile being yet entire had retreated at the commandement of the Generall But when the victors perceiuing them to shrinke so much the more eagerly pressed on the brunt could hardly be indured any longer And although Asdrubal restrained and stopped them that gaue ground crying that hills and a safe place of retreat was at their backs if they could be but intreated to retire easily yet feare ouercomming shame and the enemy killing them that were next to hand they forthwith turned their backs and vniuersally powred out themselues into flight This stratagem of Scipio resteth principally in shifting his best men the Romans into the winges the Spaniards his worst into the middest and in keeping the Spaniards aloofe from ioyning and in hasting to try the day with the Romans against the weakest of the enemy Asdrubals way to meete with this stratagem had beene to countermarch by ranke halfe his Carthaginians and Africans into one winge and halfe into the other And by that meanes his Spaniards should haue had the middest against the Roman-Spaniards and his old souldiers Carthaginians and Africans beene opposed in the wings against the Romans and Latins and the advantage eluded that Scipio sought As the Countermarches by file were of three kindes so are the Countermarches by ranke namely the Macedonian the Lacedemonian and the Choraean The Macedonian beginneth to moue at the corner of the wing which is nearest to the enemy the enemy appearing to either flanke And therefore incâ—rreth the same imputation that was laid vpon the Macedonian countermarch by file as seeming to runne away because it dismarcheth from the enemy Yet is there vse of it as well as of that by file For by this countermarch you may set the strongest part of your Armie against the enemy and apply the weakest to some Riuer Lake hill or such like so that the enemy can not come to incompasse it It taketh the ground that lyeth on the side of the contrary wing The Lacedemonian taketh the ground that lieth on the side of that wing which is toward the enemy and bringeth the best men to be formost against the enemy And therefore beginneth the moving on the contrary side The vse of it is when your forces are such as are able to incounter the enemy and you desire to bring your best men to fight The Choraean keepeth the same ground the battaile had at first bringeth one wing to possesse the place of the other Or else the Sections to possesse the place of the wings as might haue beene done in the last example cited concerning Scipio and Asdrubal The manner of countermarch by ranke is contrary to the countermarch by file In countermarch by file the motion was in the depth of the battaile and either the front remoued toward the reare or the reare toward the front and tooke one an others place In this the motion is in length of the battaile flanke-wise the wing either marching into the middest or else cleane thorow to the other wing In doing it the souldiers that stand vttermost in the flanke of the wing must moue first to the contrary wing and the rest of euery ranke seuerally follow them in order The figure will shew the manner of the motion Patritius vtterly mistaketh the countermarch by ranke and groundeth himselfe vpon a wrong principle namely that in all Countermarches the File-leaders must march toward the reare and the Bringers-vp towards the front And therefore in changing the winges into Sections he makes the winges to fall of behind in the reare the File-leaders wheeling about and there to ioyne themselues as neare as the middle Section will giue leaue and the Sections falling backe likewise to ioyne themselues to the flanks of them that were the wings Whereas the nature of this Euolution is clearely to leaue the File-leaders in front and Bringers-vp in reare as they were at first And albeit the File-leaders then change their places yet change they their place with none but with File leaders and the change is but a change of hands the right hand for the left or the left hand for the right For whereas the File-leaders of the right wing had before the right hand now in countermarch by ranke being transposed to the left wing they haue the left hand of all the rest of the File-leaders as likewise the Bringers-vp of the other
bringers-vp The words of Command may be these For the Macedonian Countermarch by file File-leaders turne your faces about to the right or left hand The rest of euery File passe thorow in order one after another and place your selues at your distances after your Leaders turning your faces about and so stand For the Lacedemonian Countermarch by file The first manner Bringers-vp turne your faces about to the right or left hand The rest turne your faces about and beginning at them that are next to the Bringers-vp countermarch and place your selues in your distances before the Bringers-vp and one before an other till the File-leaders be first The second manner File-leaders countermarch to the right or left hand and let euery mans file follow him and keepe true distance For the Choraean countermarch by file File-leaders countermarch to the place of the Bringers-vp and stand and let your files follow you keeping their distance For the Macedonian countermarch by ranke The right or left hand corner file turne your faces to the right or left hand The rest of each ranke passe thorough to the right or left hand and place your selues orderly behind your side-men keeping your distance Cap 29 Dobling of Rankes The front before Dobling of rankes Dobling of rankes in action The front after Dobling of Rankes For the Lacedemonian countermarch by ranke The first manner The corner file where the enemy appeareth turne your faces to the right or left hand The rest of ech rankes turne your faces and passe thorough to the right or left hand and place your selues before your side-men orderly keeping your distances The second manner The right or left wing where the enemy appeareth not countermarch to the contrary wing and all in the Ranks follow euery man his side-man keeping your distance For the Choraean countermarch by ranke The vttermost corner file of the right or left wing countermarch into the place of the left or right winge and stand And the rest follow ranke-wise keeping their distance Of doubling and the kindes thereof CHAP. XXIX 1 THere are two kinds of doubling one of Rankes the other of Depth or files and 2 either of these double the number or the place 3 The length is doubled in number when of a front of 124 files we make a front keeping the same ground of 248 files by inserting in the spaces betwixt file and file some of the followers that stood in the depth This is done to the end to thicken the length of the battaile If we lift to recall them to their first posture we are to command those that were inserted to countermarch to the place they had before 4 There are that mislike these doublings especially the enemy being at hand and would haue a shew of doubling made without indeed doubling the Phalange already ordered by stretching out the light-armed and the Horse on both sides of the wings of the Battaile 5 The vse of doubling the length is when either we would ouer-wing the enemy or else our selues feare to be ouer-winged The Depth is doubled 6 by inserting the second file into the first so that the Leader of the second file be placed next behind the Leader of the first file and the second man of the second file be the fourth man of the first file and the third man of the second file be the sixt in the first file and so forth the rest till the whole second file be ingrossed into the first and likewise the fourth file into the third and all the euen files into the odde Doubâ—ing of the Depth by Countermarch is made either when the next side-files in seuerall as in the former example the second and the fourth and the rest of the euen files countermarch to the Reare and place themselues behind the Bringers-vp of the odde files or else the files remayning in their first place and number halfe of them diuiding themselues from the other halfe countermarch likewise to the Reare and conveying themselues behind the other there order themselues and so double the depth of the Phalange If we would returne them to the first posture we must recall those that were conveyed to stand behind to the place they had before the Countermarch Notes THE former three Motions alter not the forme of the Phalange For whether you turned faces wheeled or countermarched the Phalange the depth and length remained one The motion to be expressed in this Chapter induceth an other shape to the Phalange and maketh it seeme a different body from that it was before being by Doubling extended either in length or in depth For Doubling the number of men or the place of the Phalange in front maketh the length twise as much and doubling the same in flanke maketh the depth double to that it was before For Doubling is nothing else then making a military body twise as long or twise as deepe as it was before 1 There are two kindes of doubling The Doublings are either of length or depth Or which is all one as Suidas saith of ranks or files For ranks stretch out in length files in depth And these againe are diuided into two other kinds the body being 2 Doubled in number or place That which is here called number is called elsewhere persons or by Suidas men It is called persons in the Insertion which is made to Aelian I know not by whom in the precedent Chapter of Countermarches Which because it lay thrust in betwixt the description of Countermarches and nothing perteined to that argument I neuer made doubt was crept into the text And I am rather confirmed in my opinion because I saw it noteâ— with an Asteriske in that Aelian being of Robortellus Edition which the learned Isaack Casaubon had quoted and purposed to set forth if vntimely dâ—ath had not prâ—vented him I will here set downe the words because they differ not much from Aelian and may giue some light to the manner of Doubling It is to be vnderstood so are the words â—hat a Phalange is doubled in persons or place when we therefore take halfe the souldiers from the Depth and making files of them place them euen with the rest in length of the front so that of 124 files we make 248 this is Doubling of persons In like sort we double the place with 124 files not increasing the number but onely commanding some to turne to the Pike some to the Target till the Phalange be stretched out to a convenient length as from 5 furlongs to 10. In the same manner is the depth doubled For either one file is inserted into an other man for man so that the second File-leader becomes the follower of the first and the second man in the second file the follower of the second in the first file and so the rest Or else 16 men are so extended that they hold as much ground in length as 32 vsuallydoe So farre the insertion It followeth in Aelian 3 The length is doubled in
three-fold gate or doore How the motions of wheeling double and treble wheeling of the battaile are to be made CHAP. XXXII IT followeth to shew how a battaile may be turned or wheeled and how after reduced to the first posture or Station Cap. 30. Plagiophalanx or the Brode-Fronted Phalange Orthiophalanx or the Herse Protaxis or forefronting The Front Lâ—â—halanx or the vneven fronted Phalange Cap. 31. Hypotaxis or double-winging Entaxis or insertion Protaxis or forefronting Cap. 32. The manner of wheeling The first posture Closing of files Closing of rankes forward The Front But in case we desire to wheele to the left hand we command the left-hand-left-hand-file to stand still and all the rest to turne their faces to the left hand and mooue forward close vp to the left hand file Then to turne their faces as they were Then to gather vp the hinder rankes Then to wheele the battaile to the left hand and stand and so is it done that was commanded But if restitution to the first posture be needfull we must doe as we did in returning from the right For euery man must turne about his face to the Pike Then the whole battaile wheeling about the left-hand-corner-file-Leader must returne to the place it had Then all the file-Leaders stand firme and turne about their faces and the rest open their rankes in mouing forward and make Alte Then the left hand file is to stand firme for it hath the place it first had and the rest turning their faces to the right hand to open their files and moue forward till they haue recouered their first distances then to turne their faces as at first and so shall euery man be in his first posture Now if we would wheele the battaile about to the pike we are to make 2 wheelings to the same side so will it come to passe that the file-Leaders shall in the change haue their faces turned to the Reare where before they had them looking out from the front But in restoring to the first posture we command it to wheele about to the right hand That is we giue it two wheelings more the same way So the file-Leaders will haue their faces set as at first Then we command the file-Leaders to stand firme and the rest to open their rankes behind then to turne their faces about Then the right hand file to stand still for it hath the right place and the rest turning their faces to the right hand to march on till the former distances are regained then to make Alte. So is the battaile reduced to the first Station If you would haue the battaile turne about to the Target you are to giue contrarie directions That is in stead of commanding a double wheeling to the Pike to command a double wheeling to the Target Then by making two turnes the contrary way to vse the like changes we spake of before There is likewise a treble wheeling of the battaile when it turneth thrice to the same hand namely to the Pike or Target The double wheeling to the Pike transferreth the Souldiers face from the front to the backe of the battaile The treble wheeling to the Pike bringeth his face to the left flanke The treble wheeling to the Target contrariwise to the right flank Notes BEfore in the 26 Chapter Aelian discoursed of wheeling and the kindes thereof The manner how it is to be done is reserued for this place I neede not therefore remember any thing else besides the words of command The words of command in Epistrophe The vttermost file on the right or left hand stand firme The rest turne faces to the side purposed and march vp to the file standing firme Faces as you were Close your rankes forward Wheele the body to the hand appointed and when you haue your ground stand Returning to the first Posture or Anastrophe Faces to the right or left hand Wheele backe the body to the ground it first had File-Leaders stand firme the other rankes open to their first place Faces about to which hand you will The corner file to which the turning was stand firme the rest open to their first ground Faces as you were and order your Pikes Perispasmos or wheeling about In wheeling about the same wordes to close the files and rankes are to bee vsed which were vsed in Epistrophe there remaineth no more then to say Wheele about your body to the right or left hand Anastrophe or returning to the first Posture Returne to your first Posture The same forme is vsed that was held in the former returning vnto the first posture for opening rankes and files Ecperispasmos or treble wheeling In this motion the same course is held that was in the wheeling But only that you command a treble wheeling And the returning to the first Posture or Anastrophe is all one but for the same difference Of closing the battaile to the right or left hand or to the middest CHAP. XXXIII Cap â—â— Of Changes The front after closing Closing to the right hand in action Closing to the left hand Closing to the middell Closing to the right hand The Front before closing The Front of the 〈◊〉 before closing If the Phalange be to be closed in the middest the Diphalange on the right hand must turne their faces toward the Target and the Diphalange on the left hand their faces toward the Pike Then moue forward toward the middest of the Phalange Then after their true distance gained to set their faces as they were and to gather vp the Rankes behind When we would reduce the Phalange to the first posture wee command to turne faces about then to open the Rankes and all to moue on but the first Ranke then to turne their faces againe and the right Diphalange turning to the Pike and the left Diphalange to the Target to follow their Leaders till they haue recouered their first distances Then to set their faces as they were This rule is to be obserued in all turnings about of faces when they are made out of closings that the Pikes be aduanced least they hinder the Souldier in making his turning The light-armed are to be taught and exercised after the same manner Notes IN the 11 Chapter the distances that ought to bee betwixt souldier and souldier are particularly treated of This Chapter sheweth how they are to be gained that is how we are to proceede out of one distance into another And because the open order is it that is commonly begunne withall it is here taught how from thence to passe to the rest and to returne to it againe The end of closings is spoken of before In regard of place they are said to be of two kindes One to the wing right or left the other to the middest of the Phalange I cannot expresse the manner better then by setting downe the wordes of command or direction which are these in Closing to the right wing The right-wing-corner-right-wing-corner-file stand firme The rest turne faces to the Pike and moue according to
and serueth for the pikes onely for the Musquettiers cannot be so close in files because they must haue their Armes at liberty that is when euery one is distant from file to file a foote and a halfe and 3 foote from Ranke to Ranke And this last distance is thus commanded Close your selues throughly But it is not to be taught the Souldiers for that when necessitie shall require it they will close themselues but too much of their owne accord without command To begin therefore to doe the exercises the Company is set in the first distance to wit of 6 foote in file and ranke and thus is said These are the generall words of Command which are often to be vsed Stand right in your files Stand right in your rankes Silence To the right hand As you were To the left hand As you were To the right hand about To the left hand as you were To the left hand about To the right hand as you were You must note that when they are commanded to be as they were they must returne thither from whence they parted and if they turned to the right hand they must returne to the left and so in countermarch The headpiece The forepart The headpiece close The backe the right gantlet The left vambrace The left cuishe The brest The backe the gard the left â—â—â—â—let The Armour of the Pikman The Gorget The Brest The Tales The Hedpiece The Back The Pike To the right double your rankes Rankes as you were To the left hand double your rankes Rankes as you were To the right hand double your files Files as you were To the left hand double your files Files as you were With halfe files to the right hand double your Rankes Halfe files as you were With halfe files to the left hand double your Rankes Halfe files as you were Files to the right hand countermarch Files to the left hand countermarch To the right hand or left at discretion as you were Rankes to the right hand countermarch Rankes to the left hand countermarch To the right or left hand as you were Close your Files to 3 foote distance Close your Rankes to 3 foote distance Vnderstand that in Closing from the outsides to the middle the Soldier is â—stand in his distance of 3 foote in file and not closer To the right hand wheele To the left hand wheele Open your Rankes backwards in your double distance to wit at 12 foote and this for a single Company Rankes as you were sc. at the first In opening Rankes or Files you must keepe them closed vntill the second Ranke or File beginning from the outsides haue taken their distances and so shall the rest remaine close vntill euery Ranke or File haue taken their distanceâ— in order Open your files to wit to the first distance of 6 foote If you will command to close files to the right hand or left hand the outmost file standeth still and the rest close to that file For the Pike with a firme stand Advance your Pikes Order your Pikes Slope your Pikes Charge your Pikes Order your Pikes Traile your Pikes Cheeeke your Pikes More for the Pikes first with a firme stand and then marching Charge your Pikes Slope your Pikes To the right hand charge your Pikes Slope your Pikes To the left hand charge your Pikes Slope your Pikes Charge your Pikes to the Reare Slope your Pikes Order your Pikes This must be obserued charging your Pikes with a firme stand to set the right foote behind and charging the Pikes marching to set the left foote before For the Musquet THe Postures in his Excellencies Booke are to be obserued but in exercisinâ— you must onely vse these three termes of direction Make ready Present Giue fire Your Musquettiers must obserue in all their motions to turne to the right hand and that they carry the mouth of their peeces high aswell when they are shouldred as in pruning and also when they hold their pannes garded and come vp to giue fire In advancing towards an Enemy when they doe not skirmish loose and disbanded they must giue fire by Rankes after this manner Two Rankes must alwaies make ready together and aduance ten paces forward before the body at which distance a Sergeant or when the body is great some other officer must stand to whom the Musquettiers are to come vp before they present and giue fire first the firstranke And whilest the first giues fire the second Ranke keepe their Musquets close to their Rests and their pannes garded and assoone as the first are fallen away the second presently present and giue fire and fall after them Now assoone as the first two Rankes doe moue from their places in the front The two Rankes next them must vnshoulder their Musquets and make ready so as they may aduance forward ten paces as before assoone as euer the two first rankes are fallen away and are to doe in all points as the former And all the other Rankes through the whole diuision must doe the same by twoes one after another A manner there is to giue fire retyring from an Enemy which is performed after this sorâ—t As the Troope marcheth the hindermost ranke of all keeping still with the Troope is to make ready and being ready the souldiers in that ranke turne altogether to the right hand and giue fire marching presently away a good round pace to the front and there place themselues in ranke together iust before the front As soone as the first ranke turne to giue fire the ranke next makes ready and doth as the former and so the rest We giue fire by the flanks thus The vppermost file next the Enemy must be commanded to make ready keeping still along with the body till such time as they be ready and then they turne to the right or left hand according to the sight of their enemies either vpon the right or left flanke and giue fire altogether When they haue discharged they stirre not but keepe their ground and charge their Peeces againe in the same place they stand Now as soone as the foresaid file doth turne to giue fire the vttermost next it makes ready alwaies keeping along with the Troope till the Bringer-vp be past a little beyond the Leader of that file that gaue fire last and then the whole file must turne and giue fire and doe in all points as the first did and so the rest one after the other A Sergeant or if the Troope be great some other better qualified Officer must stand at the head of the first file and assoone as the second file hath giuen fire and hath charged he is to lead forward the first file vp to the second file and so to the rest one after another till he hath gathered vp againe the whole wing and then he is to ioyne them againe in equall front with the pikes Last of all the Troope or whole wing of Musquettiers makes ready altogether and
to hand with the enemy which the other did not And what fight they with all not with launce for then should they be Launciers of whom wee haue spoken But they fight with battel-axes swordes and such other short weapons Suidas affirmeth it alleged by Arcerius These saith hee at first cast light darts a farre of and afterward approaching joyne with the enemy fighting with battell-axes or swords which kind they call light-horsemen 20 The horsemen that vse bowes I need not alledge any thing to shewe that the Scythians were good archers It is knowne to any man that is not ignorant of History I will onely note that in flieng from the enemy thâ—y harmed as much as in falling on For as they fled they turned half theire bodies backeward and shotte at him that followed and expected noe such thing Of which fashion of fight Plutarch giueth this iudgement The Parthians saith hee in theire flight shoote backward doe it best of all other except the Scythians the invention being witty both to saue themselues by that defence and also to take away the shame of flight That which Plutarch attributcth to the Scythians and Parthians Xenophon saith the Persians vsed also both for manner of fight and flight The framing of a Phalange and definition of the art Tactick CHAP. III. BVt seeing every Phalange conteineth an vniting of bodies offices of commaund orders in place a Convenient number of men and wordes of Direction aswell for daily exercise or trayning as for true fights It seemeth necessary to deduce euery of these things into perticularity The first 1 labour therefore in the art Tactick is for a Generall out of a multitude that cometh to hand confused to choose the fittest men and dispose them into convenient places that is to order them into files and bodies and of the whole number to proportion a 2 reasonable levie fitting the service in hand 3 For to dispose and enable an Army skillfully to march to encampe to embattaile is a matter of no small consequence In asmuch as we often find mightie Armies through their disorder to haue been defeated by 4 a handfull of men wel disciplined exercised Wherefore Aeneas defineth this art to bee a science of warlike motion Polybius To be a skill whereby a man taking a multitude serviceable ordereth it into files and bodies and instâ—teth it sufficiently in all things pertayning to warre Notes 1 THE first labour After prouision of armour followeth choice of men What men and out of what climats and of what profession and of what age and of what constitution of body and of what education are to be chosen because Aelian referreth to the discretion of the Generall not setting downe any particular I will likewise passe over noting onely some places where hee that is disposed to seeke may finde the circumstances of choice of souldiers Xenoph. Cyrop lib. 1. 32. A. B. Polyb. lib. 6. 406. C. Et Lips ad Polyb. lib. 1. Dialogo 2. 3. 4. 5. Veget. lib. 1. cap. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Et Stewechius ad haec omnia cap. 31. 2 A reasonable leuy and fitting the service Levyes are to be made according to the warre which is vndertaken The enemie is not alwaies of one strength Sometimes the forces against which wee are to lead our armie are more sometimes lesse The Romans if the number of enemies were not very great vsed but a Consular Armie which consisted of two legions of Romans and of as many foote of theire Allies when greatest onely ioyned two Consular armies together And for Allies theire foote as I said was equall with the Roman foote theire horse were treble as many and the Romans having three hundred horse to a Legion the Allies had nine hundred Yet in case of great necessitie wee reade that the number of the Legions was increased in a Consular armie Polybius reporteth that a little before the battaile of Cannae the Consuls Lucius Aemilius and C. Terentius had allowed in theire armie which they led against Anniball eight Legions which never was done before Alexander the great being to invade the Kingdome of Persia which for wealth multitude of men and largenesse of Territorie was esteemed the richest mightiest and greatest Empire at that time in the world had not in his armie aboue one and thirty thousand foote and fiue thousand and odde horse Armies composed of multitudes are neither fitt to bee guided and commanded nor yet to bee provided for And hee that trusteth to multitudes esteemeth not greatly the valour of his souldiers Xerxes saide he was not foiled by the Graecians through default of number but because hee wanted men As it is folly to leuy more men then is needfull so is it rashnesse or rather madnesse to put a few souldiers to hasard against forces that exceed in number and valour Briefly all levies are to bee tempered with consideration of persons times places and other circumstances 3 For to dispose and enable an Armie Heere are sett downe in a word as it were the principall heads of the art of warre Marching In camping and embattailing to which heads all other may very well bee referred And of these three Aelian handleth in this treatise but two namely embattailing and marching of embattailing so much as perteineth to forming of a common Macedonian Phalange of Marching no more then belongeth to embattailing in a march that is to ordering of your men in that figure which shall yeald most advantage against the enemy that meeteth you excepting that hee shortly toucheth the marshalling of baggage in your marche The other considerations of marching as laying or avoyding ambushes sending out to discouer when to march by night when by day how to deceiue and avoyde the enemy lyeng neere remedies against horse against shotte against multitudes passages of mountaines of woods of rivers of plaines of drye and sandy places these I say and such like hee toucheth not in a word And for the skill of encamping which comprehendeth the seating of your camp and provision of all things belonging thereto as also the siege and defence of Citties and fortresses hee likewise passeth it over with silence as a thing not incident to his purposed discourse 4 A handfull of men well disciplined and exercised What exercise doth for the making of good souldiers experience of former times will teache It hath been the manner of all famous generalls to bring theire souldiers to perfection by exercise Vegetius saith very well It is not length of life or number of yeares that teacheth the art of warre but continuall discipline meditation of armes Let a souldier serue never so many years so long as hee is vnexercised hee shall bee still a raw souldier The knowledge and science of armes maketh a souldier which is not gayned but by action As long as a souldier handleth not his weapons hee is noe Actor but a looker on For as all abilities in
side And as the middle section divideth the Phalange in two parts which are called wings so this section spoken of by Suidas being in the middest of the wing divided the wing into two parts To call a Phalangarchie which is a body consisting of foure thowsand and ninty six men a section is I confesse an vnproper speach but tolerable notwithstanding considering that the whole fourefolde Phalange is composed of the foure Phalangarchies and that the section of the right-wing beginneth at the left hand file or inward point of the right hand Phalangarchie and endeth at the right hand file of the second Phalangarchie And wee are not to expect the same exactnesse of speach from souldiers that is common to men skillfull in the liberall sciences Souldiers that professe action haue theire end if they bee vnderstood of those they commande Artiâ—tes are contemned that clothe not the precepts of theire arts with elegant fitt and exact termes Seeing then the beginning of the section of the wing is at the flanke of the first Phalangarchie on either side of the Phalange wee may after a sort terme the Phalangarchie a section of the wing because it boundeth the section At least by this place of Suidas wee may gather that there was an intervall in either wing which in reason ought to bee in the middest of the wing and to lye betwixt the two Phalangarchies For so many there are in one wing Polybius telleth of Philopaemen that fighting against Machanidas the Tyrant of Lacedaemon after hee had placed the light-armed the Lanciers and Illyrians ioyntly in one front hee added in the same right line the Phalange distinguished into bodies according to Merarchies and divided by severall distances I translate Speiredon distinguished into bodyes because Speira signifieth a militarie body amongst the Graecians and is by the Graecians that wrote the Roman historie vsed sometime for a Legion and sometime for a Cohort And it seemeth that Spiredon is heere by Polybius put in the same sence that Eis Speiran is by Plutarch who mentioning the reformation touching affaires militarie whâ—h the same Philopaemen brought in amongst the Achaians writeth thus theire manner and forme of embattailing was not vsually parcelled out Eis Speiran that is as I interprete it in severall bodies but vsing a Phalange which had neither protension of pikes nor closing of targets in front as the Macedonian manner is they were easily foiled and broken by the enemy The meaning of Plutarch is as I conceiue that the Achaians in former times vsed to order theire Phalange in a continued length without intervalls which Philopoemen reformed and taught them to make divisions by intervalls And the practise of Philopoemen is the best interpreter of his owne counsell to the Achaians This practise Polybius setteth downe to bee the division of his Phalange Kata tele speiredon en diastemasi into bodies distinguished by intervalls according to Merarchies Polybius also to shewe what bodies they were vseth the word Tele which I translate Merarchies having my warant out of Aelian who saith a Merarchie consisteth of two Chiliarchies and conteineth two thowsand and fourty eight men and a hundred and twenty foure files and addeth that it is of some called a Telos and the leader a Telarch A man may doubt seeing Philopaemen made an intervall betwixt every Merarchie whether hee made seven divisions or no For in Aelians Phalange there are eight Merarchies betwixt every of which if a distance were there must needs arise seven intervalls To cleare this doubt wee must vnderstand that the Phalanges of the Graecians were not alwaies of the same number as I noted before Aelians and the Macedonian Phalange consisted of sixteen thowsand and odde Antigonus had but ten thowsand Demetrius eleuen thowsand Other had more the Lacedâ—monians lesse and likewise the Graecians for the most part And it seemeth the Phalange of Philopaemen was no more then eight thowsand and odde in which number there are but foure Merarchies As Aelians Phalange comprehending sixteen thowsand and odde wherein are foure Phalangarchies hath likewise three divisions by Phalangarchies And yet in this Phalange of Philopaemen if you account the file to haue but eight men as the most Graecians vsed in theire files to haue these foure Merarchies will possesse as much ground in front as the Phalangarchies of Aelians Phalange doe the file being sixteen Neither is it new to figure out the bodies greater or lesse according to the number of the Phalange Leo commandeth his Generall when the number will not reach to sixteen thowsand the number of the ould Phalange to hould notwithstanding sixteen men in a file and to divide his Phalange into foure equall parts by intervalls excepting some few which hee would haue reserved for other vses To conclude Aelian him self seemeth to acknowledge more sections then one when in the tenth Chapter of this booke hee speaketh of the middle section mese apotome For this word middle being a relatiue can not bee vnderstood with out two other at least which are placed on either side And all the figures that I haue seene of a fourefold Phalange allowe three sections and no more that is to saie one in the middest and the other two in the wings What the distance and dimension of these sections ought to bee I finde not set downe But if I might haue leaue to coniecture I would thinke they ought to bee large enough for a troupe of horse framed wedge-wise after the Macedonian manner to passe through the last ranke whereof being fifteen as appeareth in the twenty chapter of this booke and the horse placed in the reare of the light-armed it is needfull if vpon any occasion they were to bee drawen through to serue in the front the distance of the section should bee sufficient to giue them passage with out disorder And I am the rather confirmed in this opinion because I see the intervalls betwixt the Roman maniples so proportioned that the Principes might passe through those of the Hastati and the Triarij through those of the Principes But I proportioned out the intervalls to the horse not to the light-armed for that the light-armed â—ay bee divided into severall bodies without inconvenience but any breaking of the horse-wedge breedeth a confusion in the whole troupe Yet where a troupe of horse may finde way there may a Centurie or Colours of light-armed finde also way 6 The light-armed are placed after The light-armed were diversly placed sometimes before the front of the Phalange which kind of placing is afterward called Prataxis sometimes on the wings and it is called Hypotaxis sometimes betwixt the files of the armed fronting in a right line with them and it was called Entaxis sometimes in the reare after the Phalange which was called Epitaxis All these are spoken of by Aelian heereafter in this booke There is another kinde of placing the light-armed when they are throwne into the midst of the battaile being
aboue an other Out of this rule of proportion Aelian deriueth the giuing equalitie of strength in the Leaders to euery bodie in the Phalange For Leaders and Commanders are or ought at least to bee chosen by worth and valour and the preferments of the feild haue beene held the due reward of vertue Say then the Phalangarchs are preferred to their places according to their worth and that the first Phalangarchs is most worthy the second next him the third next the fourth least deseruing of the foure If you should place them as their worth is in a rancke successiuely one after an other the best before the first Phalangarchie in the right wing the second before the next Phalangarchie in the same wing and leaue the other two Phalangarch's to command the left wing the disproportion would bâ— great the third and fourth not being able to match the worth of the first and second But if you place the best Phalangarch before the first Phalangarchie on the right wing the second before the second Phalangarchie of the left wing the third Phalangarch next him before the third Phalangarchie on the left wing toward the middle Section the fourth before the fourth Phalangarchie of the right wing toward the same Section the valours of the Commanders will be equall in both winges For as in the number 1. 2. 3. 4. one and 4. make 5 as many as is made by ioyning 2 and 3 together so the worth of the fourth Phalangarch ioyned to the worth of the first will arise as high in true valuation as the worths of the second and third ioyned together And where the Phalangarchie on the left corner of the left wing is called the second and the next Phalangarchie standing in the same wing the third it is to be vnderstood that it is second in dignitie not in succession of number for the fourth Phalangarchie in dignitie standeth in place and number next the first and the second Phalangarchie hath the last place of the whole Phalange Their places then are after this manner according to Aelian 2 b f c 3 g 4 d e a 1 For the vnderstanding whereof you are to note that a signifieth the first Phalangarchie b the second Phalangarchie c the third Phalangarchie d the fourth Phalangarchie e the Section of the right winge f the Section of the left winge g the middle Section 1 the place of the first Phalangarch 2 the place of the second Phalangarch 3 the place of the third Phalangarch 4 the place of the fourth Phalangarch 2 The Leaders of the Merarchies As the Phalangarchs so are all the other Commanders of the seuerall bodies placed by foure and the same obseruation to be had of the dignities of the place that was in the Phalangarchs and these 4 Merarchies for Aelian speaketh of no more than 4 must stand thus P 2 M 2 M 3 P 3 P 4 M 4 M 1 P 1 P standeth for Phalangarchs M for Merarchs Robertellus confesseth he findeth these Merarchs so placed in a written booke and it is the true placing The figures he setteth downe out of his owne wit as he termeth it carry with them no sauour of Aelians proportion Patricius likewise seemeth to haue mistaken this proportion in the figures he hath set downe of which not one is right I will referre the Reader to their bookes admonishing him onely of the mistaking But Aelian placeth here but 4 Merarchs what order shall be for the other foure I haue alwaies thought Aelian defectiue in this place neither could I hitherto finde any man that hath brought light to cleare the doubt Patricius that purposely discourseth of this place of Aelian speaketh of bestowing 4 Merarchs onely as though the rest were to be throwne away from the Phalange Robortellus seeking to bestow all 8 bestoweth them indeed but not according to Aelians proportion which notwithstanding he would seeme to follow His figure is this P. 1. M. 8. M. 4. M. 3. M. 6. P. 3. P. 4. M. 5. M. 2. M. 1. M. 7. P. 2. The right wing The Middle The left wing The proportion is his as I said and not Aelians For Aelian placed the first Merarch in the right wing he placeth him in the left Aelian the second in the second Phalangarchie he in the fourth Aelian the third in the left wing he in the right Aelian the fourth in the fourth Phalangarchie he in the first The rest are so iumbled together as though any thing else had beene sought for rather than proportion I take not vpon mee to over-rule any doubt but if amongst the rest I enterpose mine opinion I hope I shall not incurre iust blame Thus then seeing Aelians meaning is by evenesse and worth of number of both wings to finde out the worth of the Commanders of both if I so distribute them that the number of the one side shall counterballance the number of the other I cannot much stray from Aelians meaning The figure following will doe it P. 1. M. 5. M. 1. M. 4. M. 8. P. 4. P. 3. M. 7. M. 3. M. 2. M. 6. P. 2. The right wing The Middle The left wing In this figure I haue obserued precisely the place that Aelian gaue to the 4 Merarchs The first standeth on the left hand of the first Phalangarch the second on the right hand of the second Phalangarch the third on the left hand of the third Phalangarch the 4th on the right hand of the 4th Phalangarch The rest I haue added and diuided according the placing of the first So that the number that ariseth of the addition of both wings is alike and the proportion held In all the rest of the bodies where there is a Command ouer 4 the keeping of the proportion hath no difficulty So euery Phalangarch commandeth ouer 4 Chiliarchs euery Merarch ouer 4 Pentecosiarchs euery Chiliarch ouer 4 Syntagmatarchs euery Pentecosiarch ouer 4 Taxiarchs euery Syntagmatarch ouer 4 Tetrarchs euery Taxiarch ouer 4 Dilochites euery Tretarch ouer 4 files In all which the Commander which hath the right hath the first place he that hath the point of the left hand the second place he that standeth on the right hand next to him the third place the last place is his who standeth next to the Commander of the right point on the left hand And for the place of the Phalangarchs and of 4 of the Merarchs and the file-leaders and of the Tetrarchs they are laid out by Aelian The rest appeare by these and are to be squared by the same rule of proportion as Aelian admonished The distances to be obserued betweene Souldier and Souldier in opening and shutting the Phalange CHAP. XI WE are now to speake of distances both in length and depth betwixt Souldier and Souldier as they stand ordered in Battaile The distances vary in three sorts For first they are placed in thinner distance for some speciall causes And a Souldier so placed taketh vp 1 4 cubits But in 2 Densation or closing
or Trumpet or Sergeant of the Centurie resort for direction Adde that the light were often drawne to the winges to the front or other places of seruice which could not be done without Leaders For to put a Systrematarch or an Epixenagie to lead a Century were to leaue the rest of the Centuries vnder them without a Commander Besides the Macedonians were very particular in their commands and left no body without a heads which is the cause of the multitude of Commanders in the Phalange But they are not here mentioned No more are the Commanders of the horse in the diuision of the bodies of the horse and yet I thinke no man will doubt but the horsemâ—n had Commanders 〈◊〉 I finde in the Graecian historie Captaines of the light-armed often named 〈◊〉 is said to be Commander of the Targetires in a fight the Graecians had against the Persians Stratocles commanded the Cretan Archers in the returne of the Graecians out of Persia. Eurybates Captaine of the Cretan Archers in Alexanders army was slaine by the Thebans at the â—ege of Thebes When Antiochâ—s the Captaine of the Archers was dead Ombâ—io was chosen in his place Mention is made also in Arrian of Clearchus the Captaine of the Archers And when Aelian calleth the 4 Systremmatarchs and the 4 Epixenages superordinary Ectactous he might haue said as much of all the other Commanders And he saith expresly of the offecers of the Centurie that they were superordinary Ectactoi 4 A Psylagi The word is a body of light-armed Which word if it were taken as it naturally signifieth is common to and comprehendeth all the bodies of the light-armed whereof Aelian speaketh in this Chapter But here it is restrained to a body of light-armed which compriseth 256 men and 32 files and so it is to be taken A Xenagie That is a command of strangers Aelian before saith that a Syntagma was by some called a Xenagie I haue giuen my opinion there of the originall of the word which I neede not to repeat here This onely I will note that of all the bodies of the light-armed no one hath a common name with the body of the armed but onely the Xenagie And Aelian giueth also that body of the armed an other name calling it a Syntagma The Xenagie hath in it 512 men and 64 files A Systremma It signifieth a conglobation or trouping together Proper names are wanting for these bodies and therefore such taken as might at any hand signifie the thing meant In continuance of time vse hath gained a passage and made them to be accepted as proper enough The Systremma conteineth 1024 men and 128 files There is nothing to be found in Aelian of the Chiliarchie of the light-armed Yet doth Arrian mention 2 Chiliarchies of Archers in the Army of Alexander An Epixenagie A command aboue a Xenagie As afterward in the command of the horse there is an Ephipparchie aboue a Hipparchie The word is improper and hard enough but when it is receiued by vse what should we seeke for more It conteineth 2048 men and 256 files A Stiphos It is deriued from steibo to thicken and in penury of an other name this body of the light-armed is called Stiphos because they are thickned and thronged together There is in it 4096 men and 256 files An Epitagma Is the last body amongst the light-armed The signification of Epitasso is to place behinde From thence commeth Epitaxis placing the light-armed in the Reare which word is after vsed by Aelian Epitagma is deriued from the same fountaine and it is called Epitagma not of placing behinde for sometimes they were placed before sometimes in the flanke but it was the best name they could giue to the whole light-armed And yet it may be that because all the light-armed in auncient time were placed behinde the whole masse was called Epitagma as being placed after the armed in the reâ—re The Epitagma hath in it 1892 men and 1024 files for so many light-armed attend the Phalange Eight superordinarie men Why these eight men should be superordinarie more than the rest of the Commanders I conceiue not yet If Aelians meaning be that these alone shall command the light-armed historie and practise of auncient times convince the contrary Besides where he nameth foure Epixenagies it agreeth with the number that are in the Epitagma of light But where hee addeth foure Sistremmatarchs more to make vp the number of the eight Superordinarie it is hard to knowe which foure hee meaneth considering there are eight Sistremmas in the Epitagma Now because the fiâ—es of the light-armed are in embattailing to be marshalled to the files of the 〈◊〉 I thought good to set downe how the bodies of both agree by comparing them together iâ— files not in number of men For in number of men they cannot well agree because the file of 〈◊〉 armed hath more then the file of the light-armed And the number of the armed in grosse is 16384 of the light-armed but 8192. And I will first begin with the Systasis because it is the least body of the light The bodies of the armed The bodies of the light-armed A Tetrarchie A Systasis 4 files A Taxis A Pentecontarchie 8 files A Syntagma A Hecatontarchie 16 files A Pentecosiarchie A Psilagie 32 files A Chiliarchie A Xenagie 64 files A Merarchie Asystremma 128 files A Phalangarchie An Epixenagie 256 files A Diphalangarchie A Stiphos 512 files A Tetraphalangarchie An Epitagma 1024 files The vse of light-armed foote CHAP. XVII DArters Archers and all other that vse flying weapons are good 1 to begin the fight 2 to prouok the enemie to breake and shatter armour 3 to wound annoy and beate downe a farre of 4 to disaray the enemy 5 to repulse their horse 6 to beat in their light-armed 7 to discouer suspected places and to lay Ambushes Lastly these first vndertaking the Skirmish and continuing it with the rest and seconding them and seruing 8 for speedie and farre-of-attempts worke many and great effects in fight Notes THe arming place filing bodies and command of the light-armed are hitherto handled Now followeth the vse and seruice they performe in the field And first wee are to thinke of the bodie of an armie as of the body of a man that is compact of seuerall parts Of which some parts are of more vse then other some being able to performe their function without 〈◊〉 helpe of the other some except the other help can doe nothing to purpose of themselues The parts of an armie are like The armed are the strength of the field and are the refuge for the rest in extremitie The light ioyned with the armed worke great effects those which Aelian speaketh of in this Chapter and many more without them they cannot so much as maintaine a place in the field And as Xenophon saith Let them be neuer so many in â—umber yet dare they not stand or abide a fewe armed In
so that the 4 Horsemen embattailed in that forme neither file nor ranke conceiuing that turnings and other motions will be more easily performed in this figure nothing hindering before behind or in flanke And first they place the Leader then one at his right and an other at his left hand so distant that their Horses heads reach vp to his Horses shoulders as is said before And the first row they make of an vneuen number as 11 The Leader of the Troope standing in the middest and 5 other being laid to him backwardly on either side so that this Ranke conteineth two sides of the Rhombe Then the reare-Commander is placed directly behind the Leader and to him are other ioyned forwardly on either side and the number of euery following ranke after the first is to be two lesse than the former and therefore 4 must be added on either side to the reare-Commander and the number of the second ranke be 9. This ranke maketh two sides Parallel to the two former sides of the Rhombe The third must be 7 and so forward to one The whole Troope hath in it 36 Horse 5 Polybius expresseth the forme by the Greeke letter Δ. and maketh it to consist of 64 men Other Rhombes there are which 6 file but ranke not and are fashioned thus They make a file of any number the Captaine of the Troope being File-leader and the Reare-Commander the last of the file To both the flankes of this file they lay two other files either of them one lesse in number than the first These they begin to place euen with the middest of the distances of the first file on both sides as if there were 10 in the first file the next files on either side should haue 9 a peece and the next after them 8 a peece and still one lesse in all the rest aftercomming-aftercomming-files and so it will fall out that the Horsemen shall file but not ranke This forme is profitable for turning of faces when need is from one point of the Rhombe to another 7 Turning to the right hand is called turning to the staffe Turning to the left hand is called turning to the Raines But if a Troope be 8 to ranke and not to file it must be ordered thus The middle and greatest ranke is to be made of an vneuen number and the rest of the rankes on both sides laid euen with the distances of this ranke as was done in the filing troope So shall you haue a Troope that ranketh but fileth not Notes THE former Chapter had a generall diuision of Horse battailes into Rhombes wedges and squares this comprehendeth the sundry figures of Rhombes and the manner of framing them Rhombes therefore are of 4 kindes some filing and ranking some filing not ranking some ranking not filing some neither filing nor ranking 1 The heads of the horses reach to the heades of his shoulders Aelian saith that in a Rhombe the Captaine standeth first and the heads of the next horse reach to his horse shoulders This rule if it be taken generally and meant of all Rhombes will deceiue vs if for two kinde of Rhombs alone there is nothing more true The Rhombe neither filing nor ranking and the Rhombe filing not ranking haue the followers horses heads advanced to the shoulders of them that stand before But the Rhombe filing and ranking and the other ranking not filing come wholy behind the horse of the Captaine as the figure shewes and will appeare in the verball description of the Rhombe 2 A Rhombe both to file and ranke To make a Rhombe both file and ranke choice must first be had of an vneuen number for the ranke the middest of the Troupe where the manner is to begin the Rhombe which number must neither be too great least the Troupe grow also too great nor too litle lest there be in it no strength Aelian giues a 11 13 or 15 for that ranke and willeth vs to begin the frame by placing first the middle ranke to which the other rankes are to be ioyned on both sides the middle men against the middle man of the first ranke in a right line of file and the rest in like sort euery Ranke still decreasing 2 men till at last in the front and reare-angle you come to one The figure of this kinde of Rhombe I haue placed in the praecedent Chapter wherein the middle ranke is of 11 and the whole troupe of 61 and the horse heads of those that follow reach not to the former horses shoulders 3 The halfe Rhombe is called a wedge I haue spoken of wedges before but nothing of the framing of them Aelian here sheweth how they are framed when he saith that the forme of them appeareth in the Rhombe and that the halfe Rhombe is a wedge For as in a Rhombe filing and ranking you begin with placing the middle ranke first and so proceed adding on both sides ranke to ranke till you come to one man in the front So must you proceede in a wedge sauing that to the first and greatest ranke you ioyne the rest onely on the one side abating still in euery ranke 2 men till you come to the point of the front where the Captaine standeth alone And this was the ordinarie horse troupe amongst the Macedonians and is described in the next Chapter 4 That the horsemen neither file nor ranke The second kinde of Rhombe specified here by Aelian is directly opposite to the first The first both filed and ranked this neither fileth nor ranketh and is that kinde which I noted in the last Chapter to haue more curiositie than vse For the rest what is more easie to frame than they In which either files or rankes are laid together or files alone or ranks alone And out of that ioyning both in the inward parts of the Rhombe and the outward that is the flanks arise and are without difficulty figured In this you must first begin with the outsides and make two front lines or sides of the Rhombe and after adde as many to the Reare And then when the 4 sides are framed and haue their place patch vp by peece-meale the rest of the body within Wherein if there be not very large distances left betwixt horse and horse especially euery one being laid head to shoulder to an other it is not possible to convey so many horses within the foure sides as will make vp the full Rhombe And yet make it vp as you will the trouble is more than in the rest of the Rhombes And for the vse I see not how it can be greater than in the rest whatsoeuer is alledged for turnings and other motions And the more I thinke vpon it the more I am induced to thinke that it was the invention of some Tacticke master of whom were great plenty amongst the Graecians who seeing that some Rhombes filed aud ranked not other ranked but filed not other both ranked and filed and that the two first were opposite the one against
Metabole For Metabole is the conuersion of euery mans face particularly to the place which was behinde his backe And the same that Metabole is in ech seuerall Souldier the same is Perispasmos or wheeling about in the whole battaile There are 4 two kinds of Metabole the one from the enemie the other to the enemie Metabole is defined to be a changing of euery mans face in particular from the front to the reare or contrariwise Turning about from the enemie is when the Souldier turneth his face twice towards the Pike To the enemy when hee turneth twice towards the Target Notes FOure kinde of Motions are set downe by Aelian whereby vpon any occasion the battaile may be somewhat changed Turning of faces countermarch wheeling and doubling whereof the first may be vsed in what order soeuer your battaile standeth the second onely in open order the third â—n close order only the fourth either in close or open order Clisis or turning of faces whereof this Chapter intreateth albeit it may bee brought in also in open Order Yet is it not don for the most part but in close order and then especially when none of the other motions haue place The Graecians alwaies coueted to bring their file Leaders that is their best men to fight In open Order they chose to countermarch In close Order hauing place to wheele their battaile about and so turne the face of it against the enemy If they could doe neither of these they came to the last remedy which was turning of faces of euery particular man in the battaile 1 Clisis or turning of faces This motion is of lesse paines then any other but of no lesse importance or necessitie In the rest the Phalange changeth the place or the forme In this it holdeth both and yet is ready for any attempt of the enemy Onely euery Souldier in particular turneth his countenance to the right or left hand as he is commanded To turne his face to the Pike is to turne to the right hand because that hand bore the pike to turne to the Target is to turne to the left hand because the Macedonians caried their targets on their left shoulder For the vse of this turning of Faces Aelian saith It hath place when the enemie sheweth himselfe in flanke 2 To incompasse our wings Clisis is no more then bearing faces to the right or left hand that is to our wings When then we finde our enemies to incompasse our right wing wee turne our faces and weapons that way to receiue him to the left when he commeth to charge vs on that side If on both sides then turne wee the faces of our Phalange halfe to the right halfe to the left hand which is the Antistomus Phalange whereof Aelian speaketh hereafter Briefely there is almost none of the marching Phalanges which are afterward discribed but it hath neede of this motion Besides if vpon any occasion the Phalange be to moue from any of the flanks you are only to command Turning of faces to that flanke and then to lead on I will giue an example or two Alexander at Arbela hauing imbattailed his armie to fight with Darius had intelligence that Darius had strowed the ground betwixt the two armies with Calthropes He commanded therefore the right wing which himselfe led to turne faces to the right hand and follow him to the end to go round about and auoide the places that were sowed with Calthropes Darius marching against him to the left hand disioyned his troupes of horse and Alexander taking the aduantage and giuing in quickly betwixt the spaces put Darius to flight If Alexander had marched on with the right front he had fallen vpon the Calthropes To auoide them be vsed the benefit of this motion and turning faces to the right hand he led on vntill hee had passed the danger and then turning againe to the first posture went to charge and defeated the enemie An other example is in Polybius who describing the battaile betwixt Machanidas the Lacedemonian Tyrant and Philopoemen the Achaean Generall telleth that Machanidas hauing in the left wing put the Achaean mercenaries to flight followed hard the chase Philopoemen as long as there was hope indeuoured by all meanes to stay his men when he saw them vtterly defeated hee hasted to the right wing and perceiuing the enemie busie in chase and the place voide where the fight had beene commanding the first Merarchies to turne their faces to the right hand hee led them on with high speede not yet breaking the order of their imbattailing And quickly seazing vpon the forsaken ground hee both cut betwixt them that gaue chase and home and withall got the aduantage of the vpper ground against the left wing of the armed Whereby hee obteined the victory If Philopoemen had in this action vsed wheeling of his battaile which onely was the other motion which would haue serued his turne besides the troublesomenesse of the winding about he should haue beene forced to haue vsed two wheelings and so failed of the câ—lerity which was at that time requisite Faces were turned in a trice and he made himselfe Master of the ground hee desired before hee could haue wheeled once his battaile 3 Two turnings of the Souldiers face Clisis or turning faces to the right or left hand consisteth of one turning and moueth no further then the side If the motion be to the reare it hath two turnings and is called Metabole which is defined to bee a changing of euery mans face in particular from the front to the reare or contrariwise And as wheeling of the whole body carieth about the fronts of the battaile to the reare So doth Metabole turne the face of euery particular Souldier and maketh him looke from the front to the reare The word properly signifieth a change which happeneth herein when the souldiers are changed from the front to the reare or contrariwise The vse of Metabole is principally to resist the enemy that giues on vpon the reare So Pyrrhus being entred the Citie Argos with a few and ouerpressed with multitude retired by little and little and defended himselfe often turning his and his souldiers faces against the enemy So the armie of Cyrus the elder retiring from the walles of Babylon often turned about their faces to the left hand and waited their enemie who were reported to be on foote and ready to come and charge them And if the enemy assault both the front and reare it hath beene the manner to continue halfe the souldiers in each file with their faces to the front and command the other halfe to turne their faces to the reare against the enemie behind And this forme is called Phalanx Amphistomos discribed by Aelian cap. 38. And sometimes it is vsed to speed our march and preuent the enemie as was said before of Clisis Agesilaus made an incursion into the Territory of the Thebans and finding a Trench and Ramper cast vp by the Thebanes for
defence of their Countrey and onely two narrow waies betwixt he cast his armie into a hollow Plinthium or square and led it against the left hand passage whither all the Thebans flocked for defence But hee turning about faces from the reare hasted away and gained the other passage where no man was present to resist and entring spoiled the Countrey and returned without impeachment 4 There are two kinde of Metaboles Before were rehearsed two kinde of turnings of faces about one to the pike the other to the target here is added two more one from the enemy and the other against the enemie which are all one indeed and differ onely in name What the true meaning of these turnings should be I am in doubt Aelian expounding them one way Suidas an other Aelian esteemes them by the right and left hand Suidas albeit he haue that signification also esteemeth them by the front and reare Therefore Suidas defines the turning from the enemie to bee a turning about toward the reare that against the enemie a turning about toward the front Aelian would haue the first to containe two turnings toward the right hand the second two turnings toward the left I for my part assent rather to Aelian For touching the turnings of Suidas I cannot yet vnderstand why turning toward the reare should be a turning from the enemie Or toward the front a turning to the enemie Considering that whether soeuer you turne faces the enemie is imagined to be there faces and weapons being to bee opposed alwaies against the enemie which is the onely end of turning Aelians opinion seemeth to haue more probability in it at least if I conceiue the right reason For I take it thus That seeing the Graecians as the Romans likewise were Targetieres and caried their targets on their left side and in fight aduanced that side alwaies neerest the enemie which they sought to couer with their targets that therefore the turning about to the enemy was called turning to the Target as contrarily turning to the right side on which side the Pike was caried and which being naked of such defensiue armes was called the open side and therefore further remoued from the enemy might for the same cause be tearmed turning from the enemy So that I take turning about to the enemy and turning about to the target to be all one as also turning about from the enemy and turning about to the Pike howsoeuer the name differ This is my coniecture which I shall imagine to be true till I finde some man that will bee pleased to giue me a more probable reason I only adde now the words of command in this motion As you were Faces to the right hand Faces to the left hand Faces about to the right or left hand The figure sheweth the manner Of wheeling double and treble-wheeling of the battaile and returning to the first posture CHAP. XXVI 1 EPistrophe or wheeling is when the battaile being so closed that no man can turne or twice turne his face by reason of the neerenesse of man to man it wholy and iointly wheeleth as a ship or some other body caried about the order thereof remaining vndissolued When the wheeling is to the Pike we warne the right-corner-file-leader to stand still as it were the hooke of a doore hinge and the rest of the battaile proceeding forward to turne about the same file-Leader like the doore In the same manner is wheeling to the Target It may be thus defined Epistrophe is when shutting the battaile by gathering close the Followers and Side-men we turne it wholy as the body of a man toward the Pike or Target it being caried about the corner-file-leader as about a Center and changing the place of the front transferre the countenance of the souldier to the right or left hand the followers and sidemen euery one remayning in file and ranke as before How it is to be done I will shew hereafter Anastrophe or returning to the first posture is the restoring of the wheeling to the place where the battaile first stood close before it beganne to wheele Perispasmos or wheeling about is the motion of the battaile in two wheelings so that thereby the front commeth to the place of the reare 2 Ecperispasmos or treble wheeling is the motion of the battaile in three wheelings so as when it turneth to the Pike the front commeth about to the left flanke when to the Target it commeth about to the right flanke Notes THis Chapter hath a diuers kinde of turning from the other mentioned in the last Chapter which for distinction sake is called Epistrophe or wheeling The other turned no more then the souldiers faces euery man yet keeping the same ground be had before This wheeles the whole body and changeth the place of the Phalange either to the right or left hand or to the reare And as there was in the turning of faces a particular motion of euery particular souldier to the right or left hand called Clesis and an other turning about called Metabole so is there in this a generall wheeling of the whole body to the right or left hand called Epistrophe and an other wheeling about to the reare called Perispasmos But let vs heare the description 1 Epistrophe or wheeling is when the Battaile Shortly Epistrophe is no more then the first turning of the battaile to the right or left hand In doing whereof first the files must be closed to the hand you meane to wheele then the rankes Then the corner file-Leader on the same hand is to stand still then all the rest keeping their files and rankes closed to turne to the same hand iointly about the Corner-file-leader circle-wise who is to moue by little and little till he haue turned his face to that side which was intended And when the first ranke is euen with him and the rest wheeled enough to the same hand they are to stand still The words of the definition of Epistrophe or wheeling are plaine enough in Aelian I neede vse no exposition Now because in exercise we relie not vpon one forme of motion alone but acquaint our souldiers with all the kindes It is necessarie to bring the body againe to the first place to the end we may proceede in the rest This reducing to the first Posture is called Anastrophe by which the battaile returneth but by a contrary hand to that to which the Epistrophe was made And but for changing the hand the wheeling backe againe is all one with the wheeling forward Wee shall see hereafter how it is done To bring the battaile to haue the front where the reare was you must vse a double wheeling And that is called Perispasmos Which commeth of two Epistrophes and is made either to the right or left hand Onely it must bee obserued that if the Perispasmos or wheeling about be to the right hand the Anastrophe or reducing to the first posture must be to the left Contrarie it is if the Perispasmos were to
themselues of the weight of their Targets Where Diodore hath en ortho tò dorati menein to continue their Pikes vpright Polienus hath protinomenous ta dorata ortha holding before them their Pikes vpright But both haue pikes vpright and Diodorus his Continue hath relation to the Posture they were in which Chabrias would not haue them to alter Polienus his hold before to that they were commanded to doe In ordering of Pikes at this day I haue shewed that the Souldiers hold them vpright the but end set on the ground before and somewhat wide of their right foote Aemilius Probus reciting this historie peruerteth the Stratagem Hee saith that Chabrias forbad the Phalange to giue backe and taught his Souldiers to receiue the enemies charge kneeling with one knee the other set against the Target and with the Pike abased Wherein hee quite dissenteth from Diodore and Polien Diodore saith the command was to keepe their array Polienus not to runne forward but quietly to stand still Probus not to giue backe Probus saith they should kneele with one knee and rest against the Target with the other Diodore that they should hold their Targets sunke to their knees Polienus that they should carry their Targets before at their knees Probus that they should abase and charge their Pikes Diodore that they should continue and order them vpright Polien that they should hold their Pikes vpright So that Diodore and Polien agree and expound one another Aemilius Probus bringing in a new historie dissenteth as I said from the other two especially in making that to be a forme of fight prescribed by Chabrias a simple forme to receiue the charge vpon their knees which was a contempt to shew how little especially in that strength of ground he regarded Agesilaus which contempt also made Agesilaus retire not doubting but it proceeded from a great assurance of the enemy Therfore as I said I take these words ep ' orthon apodounai not only to appertaine to the aspect of the Souldier but also and that much rather to the erection and ordering of Pikes Of Countermarches and the diuers kindes thereof with the manner how they are to be made CHAP. XXVIII THere are two sorts of Countermarches one by file the other by ranke each of these againe is diuided into three kindes The first called the Macedonian The second the Lacedemonian The third the Choraean which is also the Persian and the Cretan 1 The Macedonian is that which leauing the ground it first had taketh in liew thereof the ground which was before the front of the Phalange and turneth the aspect of the Souldier backeward where before it was forward 2 The Lacedemonian is that which leauing likewise the ground it first had taketh in steed thereof the ground which was behinde the Reare of the Phalange and turneth also the face of the Souldier the contrary way 3 The Persian is the Cretan and Choraean This keepeth the same ground of the Phalange euery souldier taking another place for that he had the file-Leader the place of Bringer-vp and so the rest in order and turneth also the face of the Souldier the contrary way 4 Countermarches by ranke are made when a man would transferre the winges into the place of the Sections and the Sections into the place of the wings to the end to strengthen the middest of the battaile Likewise the right hand parts into the left hand parts and the left hand parts into the right hand parts They that feare to countermarch the Phalange in grosse the enemy being at hand doe it by Syntagmaes I will now set downe in what manner countermarches ought to be made The Macedonian countermarch by file is said to be when the file-leader turneth about his face and all the rest with the Bringer-vp go against him on the right or left hand and passing on to the ground before the front of the Phalange place themselues in order one after an other according as the file-Leader himselfe hath turned his face Therefore it maketh shew to the enemy appearing in the Reare of running away Or it is when the file-Leader turneth about his face and the rest passing by him on the right or left hand place themselues orderly one behinde another But the Lacedemonian is when the Bringer-vp turneth his face about and all the rest turning also their faces and proceeding forward together with their file-Leader order themselues proportionably in the ground which was behinde the Reare of the Phalange Wherefore to the enemy appearing behinde it makes a semblance of falling on Againe the Lacedemonian is when the file-Leader turning his face about to the Pike or Target transferreth the whole file to another place equall to the first and the rest following stand as before behinde him Or else when the Bringer-vp turneth his face about and hee that stood next before him passing by on the right or left hand is placed againe next before him and the rest following are placed one before another in their former order till the file-Leader be the first The Choraean is when the file-Leader turning about toward the Pike or Target precedeth the file and the rest follow till the file-Leader haue the place of the Bringer-vp and the Bringer-vp the place of the file-Leader And these are the Countermarches by file In the same manner are Countermarches made by ranke in case a man would countermarch by ranke For euery ranke Countermarching either keepeth the same ground or changeth the right hand place or else the left hand place of the battaile one of which must needes fall out and neuer faileth Notes THe two former motions are performed one in close Order the other in all Orders Epistrophe when the battaile is shut so close that as Aelian saith a man can turne his face neither the one way nor the other Clisis in open Order Order and close Order The two ◠following motions Countermarch and Doubling one is done in open Order the other for the most part in open order too and yet sometimes in Order and close order as we shall see in due place This Chapter handleth Countermarches the next Doublings Countermarch is a motion whereby euery souldier marching after other changeth his front for the reare or one flancke for the other For there are two kindes of Countermarches one by file and the other by ranke And each of these is againe diuided into three the first called the Macedonian the second the Lacedemonian the third the Choraean or Cretan A Countermarch by file is when euery souldier followeth his Leader of the same file By ranke when euery souldier followeth his sideman of the same ranke in the Countermarch 1 The Macedonian Countermarch In this Countermarch the purpose of the Commander is to turne the front of his battaile against the enemy that sheweth himselfe in the Reare and withall to take the ground that lyeth before the front of the Phalange It is called the Macedonian Countermarch saith Aelian because
the distance required to the right hand Faces as you were Close your hinder ranks forward and order your Pikes Restoring to the first posture File-Leaders stand firme The other Rankes turne faces about and open behinde to the first distance Faces as you were The right-wing-corner-right-wing-corner-file stand firme the rest turne faces to the Target and proceede to your first distance Faces as you were and order your Pikes Closing to the left wing It differeth not from the other but that the mouing is to the contrarie hand Closing to the middest of the Battaile The right-wing turne faces to the Target the left to the Pike Each moue vp to the middest of the Phalange and stand at the distance named Faces as you were Close the hinder rankes forward and order your Pikes Restoring to the first Posture The first ranke stand firme The rest turne faces about and open the rankes to the first distance Faces as you were The files next the middle section stand fast and the right wing turne faces to the Target the left to the Pike and moue on till the first distance recouered Faces as you were and order the Pikes We may not forget Aelians generall rule for turning of faces out of Closings that the Pikes be alwaies aduanced For when you come vp to the closenesse required the Pike vpon the shoulder will hardly admit turning of the face The like falleth out when you would open from the Closing The vse and aduantage of these exercises of armes CHAP. XXXIV THese precepts of turning about of faces of wheeling and double wheeling of the Battaile and of reducing it to the first posture are of great vse in suddaine approches of the enemy whether hee shew himselfe on the right or left hand or in front or in the reare of our march The like may bee said of Countermarches Of which the Macedonians are held to bee the inuentors of the Macedonian the Lacedemonians of the Lacedemonian and for this cause either to haue name accordingly The Histories witnesse that Philip who much enlarged the Macedonian kingdome and ouercame the Graecians in battaile at Cheronea and made himselfe Generall of Greece and likewise his sonne Alexander that in short time conquered all Asia made small account of the Macedonian countermarch vnlesse necessitie forced it and that they both by the vse of the Lacedemonian became victorious ouer their enemies For the Macedonian countermarch the enemy falling vpon the reare is cause of great confusion in as much as the hindermost dismarching toward the front and making a shew of running away it more encourageth and emboldneth the enemy to follow For feare and pursuit of the enemy ordinarily accompanieth that kinde of countermarch But the Lacedemonian is of contrarie effect For when the enemy sheweth himselfe in the reare the Leaders with their followers brauely aduancing and opposing themselues it striketh no small feare and terror into their mindes Cap. 30 The File-leaders A Deduction to the left hand A right induction The Front A Deduction to the right hand Cap. 36. The Coelembolos or hollow fronted wedge The Front The right Induction Cap. 36. The Coelembolos The left wing The right wing The front The Phalange set against the left wing of the Coelembolos The Phalange set against the right wing of the Coelmebolos The forbearing Phalange Of the signes of direction that are to be giuen to the armie and their souerall kindes CHAP. XXXV WEe are to acquaint our forces both foote and horse partly with the voice and partly with visible signes that whatsoeuer is fitting be executed and done as occasion shall require Some things also are to be denounced by the Trumpet for so all directions will be fully accomplished and sort to a desired effect The signes therefore which are deliuered by voice are most euident and cleere if they haue no impediment But the most certaine and least tumultuous are such as are presented to the eye if they bee not obscured The voice sometime can hardly be heard by reason of the clashing of armour or trampling and neighing of Horses or tumult of cariage or noyse and confused sounds of the multitude The visible signes also become many waies incertain by thicknes of aire and dust or raine or snow or sun-shine or else thorow ground that is vneuen or full of trees or of turnings And sometimes it will not be easie to find out signes for all vses occasions eftsoones presenting new matter to the which a man is not accustomed Yet can it not fall out that either by voice or by signal we should not giue certaine and sure direction Of marching and of diuers kindes of Battailes fit for a March And first of the right-induction of the Coelembolos and the Triphalange to be opposed against it CHAP. XXXVI BEing now to speake of marching I will first giue to vnderstand that some kind of march is a Right-induction other some a Deduction on the right or left hand And that in a single or double or treble or quadruple-sided-battaile In a single when one enemy is feared In a double when two In a treble when three In a quadruple when the enemy purposeth to giue on on all sides Therefore the march is vndertaken sometimes in a single Phalange sometimes in a twofold Phalange or else in a threefold Phalange or in a fourefold Phalange A right-induction is when one body of the same kinde followeth another as if a Xenagy lead and the rest follow Xenage-wise Or a Tetrarchy lead and the rest follow according to that forme It is so called when the march stretcheth it selfe out into a wing hauing the Depth much exceeding the length Against it is opposed the Coelembolos which is framed when the Antistomos Diphalange disioyneth the Leading-wings closing the Reare in manner of the letter V as the figure after placed doth teach In which the front is disseuered the reare ioyned and knit together For the Right-induction pointing at the middest of the enemies battaile the Coelembolos quickly opening before serueth both to frustrate the charge of the front and to claspe in and circumuent the flankes of the right-induction Furthermore a Triphalange is to be set against the Coelembolos one Phalange fighting against one winge of the Coelembolos The second against the other and the middle and third forbearing and expecting a time fit to charge Of Paragoge or Deduction CHAP. XXXVII PAragoge or Deduction is when the Phalange proceedeth in a wing not by file but by ranke hauing the Commanders or file-Leaders either on the right hand which is called a right-hand-Deduction or on the left hand which is called a left-hand Deduction For the Phalange marcheth in a double treble or quadruple-side accor̄ding to the place and part it is suspected the enemy will giue on And both the Paragogies beginning the fight in flanke doe make the length double to the depth This forme of fight was deuised to teach a Souldier to receiue heedfully the charge of
thus To your Pike turne your face that is we ought to set the particular before and then inferre the generall Like reason is if you say turne about your face or countermarch For these are also generall words And therefore wee should do well to set the particular before As to the Pike turne your face about or to the Target turne your face about Likewise the Lacedemonian countermarch not the Countermarch Lacedemonian For if you place the word Countermarch first some of the Souldiers will happily fall to one kind other to another kinde of Countermarch For which cause words of double sense are to be auoided and the speciall to be set before the generall Of silence to be vsed by Souldiers CHAP. LIII BVt aboue all things silence is to bee commanded and that beed be giuen to directions As Homere specially signifieth in his discriptions of the Graecian and Troian fights The skilfull Cheef-taines pressed on guiding with carefull eie Their Armed troupes who followed their Leaders silently You surely would haue deem'd each one of all that mighty thronge Had been bereft of speach so bride led he his heedfull tongue Fearing the dread Commanders checke and awfull hest's among Thus march't the Greekes in silence breathing flames of high desire And feruent zeale to backe their friends on foes to wreake their ire As for the disorder of the Barbarians he resembleth it to birdes saying As sholes of fowle geese cranes and swannes with necks far stretched out Which in the slimy fennes Caïsters winding streames about Sheare here and there the liquid skie sporting on wanton wing Then fall to ground with clanging noise the fennes all ouer ring None otherwise the Troians fill the field with heaped sounds Of broken and confused cries each where tumult abounds And againe The Captaines marshall out their Troupes ranged in goodly guise And foâ—rth the Troians pace like birds which lade the aire with cries Not so the Greekes whose silence breathed flames of high desire Fernent in zeale to back their friends on foes to wreake their ire The words of Command CHAP. LIIII Thus then are we to command TO your Armes Stand by your Armes Cariage away from the battaile Marke your directions Seperate your selues Aduance your Pikes File and ranke your selues Looke to your Leader Reare Commander order your file Keepe your first distances Faces to the Pike moue a little further stand so as you were Faces to the Target moue a little further stand so Faces about to the Pike moue a little further stand so Double your Depth To your first posture Double your Length To your first posture The Lacedemonian countermarch To your first posture The Macedonian countermarch To your first posture The Choraan countermarch To your first posture Battaile wheele to the Pike To your first posture Battaile wheele about to the Pike To your first posture These precepts of the Art Tacticke most inuincible Caesar I haue laide out to your Matie which will be a meanes of safety to such as shall vse them and of â—he ouerthrow of their enemies THE EXERCISE OF THE ENGLISH IN the seruice of the high and mighty Lords the LORDS the ESTATES of the vnited PROVINCES in the Low COVNTRIES THE Soldiers are diuided into two kindes Foote and Horse The Foote againe are of two kindes Pikemen and Musketiers Pikemen are armed with a head-peece a Curace and Tases defensiue and with a Pike of fifteene foote long and a Rapier offen siue The Armour is all yron the Pike of Ashen wood for the Steale and at the vpper end an yron head of about a handfull long with cheekes about the length of two foote and at the butt-end a round strong socket of yron ending in a pike that is blunt yet sharpe enough to fixe to the ground The forme thereof is expressed in the grauen figure The Musketier hath a head-peece for defence a Musket the barrell of the length of 4 foote the bore of 12 bullets to the pound a Bandelier to which are fastned a convenient number of charges for powder sometimes as many as 15 or 16 a lether bagge for bullets with a pruning yron a Rest for the Musket with an yron forke on the vpper end to support it in discharging and a pike on the nether end to sticke into the ground lastly a Rapier The figure of this armour also is here inserted These soldiors both Pike-men and Musketiers are diuided into Companies and euery Company consisteth halfe of Pikes halfe Musketiers The Companies are some more in number some lesse Some reach to 300 men some 200 some 100 some 90 some 80 some 70. Euery Company hath these officers of the field A Captaine a Lieutenant an Ensigne 2 Serieants 3 Corporalls two Drommes and for other vses a Clerke a Surgion and a Prouost Companies are compacted into Regiments and the Regiments commanded by Coronells Regiments conteine not alwaies a like number of Companies some hauing 10 some 11 12 13 14 15 some 30 Companies and aboue In euery Regiment are a Coronell a Lieutenant Coronell a Serieant Maior all officers of the field a Quarter-master and a Prouost-martiall for other imployments It shall not be greatly to the purpose to mention higher officers then Coronells my principall intent being no other then to set downe the armes and exercise of our Nation in the said vnited Provinces Their armes are spoken of Their exercise followes FIrst both Pikes and Muskets are ordered into files of 10 deepe The Musketiers are sometime placed before sometime in flanke sometimes in the reare of the pikes To exercise the motions there are two distances to be obserued The first is when euery one is distant from his fellow 6 foote square that is in file and ranke 6. The second is when euery Souldier is 3 foote distant one from the other aswell in file as in Ranke And because the measure of such distances cannot be taken so iustly by the eye the distance of 6 foot betwixt the files is measured when the Souldiers stretching out their armes doe touch one an others hands and betwixt the Rankes when the ends of their pikes come well nigh to the heeles of them that march before And the measure of 3 foote betwixt the files is when their elbowes touch one another betwixt the rankes when they come to touch the ends of one anothers Rapiers For to march in the field the distance of 3 foote from file to file is kept and of 6 foote from Ranke to Ranke To order themselues in Battaile as also to goe towards the enemy the distance of 3 foote in file and ranke is obserued and likewise to conversion or wheeling The Musquettiers also going for to shoote by Rankes keep the same distance of 3 foot but going to skirmish they goe a la Disbandade which is out of order There is yet another sort of distance which is not vsed but for to receiue the enemy with a firme stand
the first ranke without advancing giues fire in the place they stand in and speedily as may be yet orderly falls away all the rankes doing the same successiuely one after another Thus much of the armes and exercise of the foote The horse ensue The order and discipline holden in Horse-troopes or in the Cavalry THE Caualry hath for his Cheife the Generall the Lieutenant Generall and the Comissary generall To the Cavalry there is a Quarter-master generall and a Prouost generall belonging the Iustice resorteth to the Councell generall of warre of the Army The Cavalry is of two sorts Har quebusiers and Curassiers The first haue for defensiue armes the Curace pistoll proofe and a light head-peece For offensiue the Carbine of 3 foote 3 inches length and the bore of 20 bullets in the pound and Pistolls like vnto the Curassiers The Curassiers haue for defensiue Armes a compleat armour the Curace pistoll proofe For offen siue two pistolls hauing the barrell of 26 inches in length and the bore of 36 bullets in the pound See the figure of Armes For the order in Regiments the 40 Companies entertained by the States doe make eleuen Regiments The Regiment of the Generall hath alwaies the Vantgard the others alternatiuely and by turnes and he that hath it this day the next day after hath the Reare the rest following in the same sort Those which command the Regiments are called Coronells The Regiments are compounded of 3 or 4 Companies of 3 at the least and the Coronells Company marcheth alwaies on the left wing of the Regiment The Captaines receiue orders from their Coronells as these from the Commissary Generall All the Companies are diuided in 3 equall parts which are called Squadrons and distributed to the three chiefe officers Captaine Cornett and Lieutenant hauing each of them adioyned an old Souldier which they doe know to bee of more desert called a Corporall Marching in the field euery Officer marcheth at the head of his Squadron the Lieutenant excepted which marcheth behind with the Quartermaster and the third Corporall at the head of the Lieutenants Squadron The Companies are diuided by files and rankes the file 5 deepe and no more how strong soeuer the Company be They obserue that in marching in battaile they must be close together and to doe the Motions there must be 6 foote distance from one Horseman to another The Companies being in battaile there must be 25 paces distance left between euery Company and 50 betwixt euery Regiment at the least The exercise of Armes for the Cavalry To open the Squadron you must first open the rankes and after the files To close the Squadron you must first close the files and after the rankes There be two sorts of distances betwixt the files the one close and the other open In the Close there must be no distance or intervalls betwixt the files to the open there must be 6 foote betwixt euery file Likewise there must be two sorts of distances betwixt the rankes the Close which must be without intervall or streete and the Open which must be six foote distance In a march it must be vnderstood that the rankes must neuer be more opened then the open distance of 6 foote And to the end that the Troope may march in good order and obserue well their distance betwixt the rankes without that the last may be forced to runne or goe to fast there must be heed taken that so soone as the first rankes begin to march all the Troope and the Reare also at one time march The words of Command are Open your Rankes Open your files Stand right in your rankes Stand right in your files To the right hand As you were So the left hand As you were To the right hand about To the left hand as you were To the left hand about To the right hand as you were Files to the right hand countermarch Files to the left hand countermarch To the right or left hand as you were Rankes to the right hand countermarch Rankes to the left hand countermarch Close your files Close your rankes To the right hand wheele To the left hand wheele Faults escaped in the Booke PAg. 2. in the margent beneath for Spartionem read Spartianus Pag. 9 lin 20. for was were lin 31. for Bircanna Bircenna and in the marg lin 40. for Dipnoseph Dipnosoph pag. 10. lin 26. in marg for Adrian Arrian p. 14. l. 11. in marg for Dipnoseph Dipnosoph p. 15 l. 18. for Marsilians Massilians p 17. l. 47. for pluimes Plumes p. 18. l 49 for conceited by conceitedly p. 20. l. 45. for Thureo Thureoi lin 48. dele full p. 22. l. for Those These l. 11. for Ochanes Ochane l. 32. dele Then p. 23. l. 12. for Divarates Divarates p. 27. l. for immitation imitation p. 2â— l. 11. for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 l. 17. dele That p. 29. l. 4. for quiety quietly l. 25. slinges slingers p. 30. l. 35. in marg Analast Analact p. 31. l. 13. put in it p. 32. l 29. 33. for bellys bellies p. 33. l. 35. 38. 41. for Sotridas Soteridas p 34 l. 3. for forceble forcible l 19. Popana Popana 29. vnfailable vnfailible l. 42 dele once for all p. 35. l. 42. reduct reduce p 36. l. 40. in marg de bett de bell p. 39. l. 17. strok strooke p. 44. l. 12. in marg Enometis Enomâ—tis 24. Enomotarches Enomotarches 31. 33. Prucestes Peucestes lin 47. after Patricius a full point p. 49. l. 27. Bathera Batheia 40 liptismos leptismos p. 50 l. 14. after supported a full point 34. easily easily p. 53 l. 6. Prataxis Protaxis pag. 55. l. 35. for hauing giuing pag. 56. l. 18. sure safe lin 32 37. Ansetaus Ansetaus 41. Then They. 46. a full point after through p. 57. l. 31. betwixt the and examples put former p. 58. l. 2. Pharnabarus Pharnabazus l. 18. after Mâ—nomachy a full point 37. the â—hem 48. after number a full point p 59. l. 6. speedely speedily 36. motion motions 39. 40. your you 41. after forme a full point p 60 l. 16. fiâ—th fifth 18. after may be set the figure 2. 28. after sort dele as and for 2 read 4. p. 61. l. 18. never neither p. 62. l. 23. after Lydians a full point p. 63. l. 15. for 500 5000. lin 22. for 800 8000. p 66. l. 26. for 500 400. lin 25. read when it is greatest in Xenophon hath no more then 100. pag. 68. l. 35. besides to preterâ—it p. 70. l. 40. fight read marching p. 72. l. 1. after Sunne set read and. l. 37. for of p. 75. l. 19. 27. Lochagie Lochagi l. 32. Pempedarches Pempadarchs p. 78. l. 2. 4. of on p. 79. l. 11. for fourth third p. 80. l. 29. insert after an Army that c. â—oreth disorderly lin 47 after 21. insert foote pag. 82. lin Target Targets lin 30. for 6130. read 6144. pag 84. l. 14. Philopomen Philopoemen p. 87. l. 36. Quintus Quintius