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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A31706	The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.; De bello civili. English	Caesar, Julius.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Observations upon Caesars commentaries of the civil warres.; Hirtius, Aulus. De bello Gallico. Liber 8. English.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Manner of our modern training or tactick practise.; Caesar, Julius. De bello Gallico. English.	1655 (1655)	Wing C199; ESTC R17666	660,153	403

thus commanded at sometimes to turn his face to the right or left hand or about the Battallion standing in order that is according to the distance before named so the whole Battallion being reduced into their close order is commanded to turn as one body to the right or left hand It is performed thus Imagine the Battallion stand first in order it shall be commanded that they close their files to the right hand when the right file standing still the rest turning their faces to the right hand march into their close order and return as they were next that they close their ranks from behind when every follower marcheth forward to his leader unto his rapiers point as is said before This done the leader of the right file standing immoveable all the rest as the body of a ship or a great gate turn about that leader as about the hinge or center every one keeping the same distance and order wherein they were first placed as if they were but one entire body When the same Battallion is to be restored into the same station wherein it was first it is commanded Faces about to the left hand and march into your order from whence you were closed Then let your leaders or first ranks stand still and the rest turning faces about march ranks in order as before then turn as you were and you are restored When the whole Battallion being in their close order should turn about and make the Rere the Front it is done by a double turning or declination and commanded to wheel about which is answerable to the former faces about or mutation There is also another wheeling in this sort when the front changeth the aspect thrice for as wheeling about maketh the Front the Rere so this wheeleth from the right hand to the left or contrariwise which fashion is so seldome used that we scarce afford it a name In all such motions and alterations it is most fit that all men perform their directions with their pikes advanced being in that sort most easie to be commanded as also lesse troublesome to their followers and leaders Countermarching Files and Ranks THere is also another means to prevent the enemy his assaulting us in the rere or flank lest he should find our worst men least able to make resistance and this is performed by countermarching both files and ranks three divers wayes apiece The first was used by the Macedonians after this fashion First the leader turneth his face about towards the right or left hand and so the next follower marching behind his leader turneth also and so the third and fourth untill the bringer up have carried himself out into a new place in the rere further from the enemy as he was before next unto him But this neither was nor is accounted safe or secure because it doth somewhat resemble a flying or running away from the enemy which might give him no small incouragement and therefore it is not much in practise Only at some times the bringers up marching throughout beyond the leaders untill they possesse the same space before them which they did behind them all turning their faces about make their leaders to affront the enemy who were before farthest from them The Lacedamonians used the contrary as it were pursuing the enemy the bringer up first being turned face about and so the next marching before him and so the third untill the leader himself became also turned and in the foremost front unto the enemy Which with us is somewhat otherwise but yet both affronting and as it were pursuing the enemy because our leaders first begin this motion and so countermarching through on the right or left hand become in the front in a new space of ground who were before in the rere The third and last was invented by the Persians whom when the place or near approch of the enemy would not suffer to change their ground they were wont to countermarch the front to the right or left hand and being come unto the depth of the bringers up to stand still untill the other half file had likewise marched forth and fallen upon their leaders in every file In all these it is especially commanded to march still in the same distance and by whole ranks to prevent confusion which especially the enemy at hand must needs be most dangerous and therefore carefully to be avoided In like sort the ranks may countermarch when either the right wing would be strengthened by the left or the left by the right alwayes marching by whole files towards the right or left hand according as they shall have the direction either changing the ground or upon the same ground as in the former countermarches There is used also another kind of strengthening both the front and flank when occasion shall be offered viz by doubling either files or ranks And this either by doubling the number of souldiers in the same files or ranks keeping still the same breadth and depth of ground or else by doubling the ground keeping the same number of souldiers The files are doubled when the second file shall insert it self into the first the leader thereof putting himself a follower unto the leader of the first and the next follower follower to the next in the first file and so forwards And likewise the fourth file inserting it self into the third and the sixth into the fifth And this is to be performed when the Battallion standeth in his order To double the place or depth is when the same number of men shall put themselves out of their order into their open order either by advancing forward or by falling backwards as they shall be commanded The ranks are doubled two manner of wayes either by inserting the second into the first to the right or left hand as before in the files or else the enemy being at hand by joyning whole troups together to the right or left wing according as occasion shall be offered and this is held to be the safest when the enemy is near to avoid confusion It is performed either in the same ground or by doubling the ground when either we desire to exceed the front of our enemy his battallion or to prevent lest we our selves be included The terms to both are Double your files or ranks to the right or left hand and when you would have them return again into their proper places it is commanded As you were The ordinary directions which are especially given in these martial exercises are first that no man in the time of exercising or marshalling shall be lowder then his Officer but every one attending to his place when he is commanded shall diligently hearken to such directions as shall be given The Captain in the front shall speak and the Sergeants in each flank shall give the word unto the Lieutenant or Ensigne

charge and to retreat with all which severall notes the souldier is so familiarly to be acquainted that so soon as he hears them beaten he may be ready sodainly to put them in execution as if he heard his Captain pronouncing as much The directions by word of mouth are infinite according to the different occasions which shall be offered yet alwayes with this caveat that they be short yet perspicuous without all ambiguity and plainly pronounced first by the Captain then derived by the Sergeants through the division or Battallion Though infinite yet the most usuall are these To your armes Keep your files keep your ranks Follow your leader Leaders look to your files Keep your distance Faces to your right hand Faces to your left hand Close your files Close your ranks Stand as you are As you were Faces about to the right hand Wheel about to the right or left hand Double your ranks Double your files Leaders countermarch through to the right or left hand Leaders countermarch to the right or left hand and stand Middlemen come forth and fall upon your leaders Besides many fit terms commanded in managing particular armes as pikes and muskets which are omitted And thus much touching the Tactick practise of our modern wars which I have the rather added in regard that diverse souldiers as unacquainted both with the manner and the value thereof do think a heap of people unmartialled to be as available for a great designe as any other number distinguished in files and parts and disposed for facile and easie motions according to the powerfull circumstances of time and place Wherein howsoever the practise of the Turk and the Hungarian may seem to give warrant to that opinion yet the use of Armes amongst the Graecians and the Romans whose conquering armies are pregnant witnesses of the excellency of their militarie discipline shall speak sufficiently for order and Tactick motion as most necessary parts in a well-ordered war FINIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lib. 3. Salu●● de bello Jogur Suitzers M●tron● S●quara Curardum vi●in●s populis 〈…〉 in●●r 〈◊〉 ●opulos col 〈◊〉 Caesar * S●voyards The omission in the Helvetian expedition Caesar * Rome Caesar * So ne 〈◊〉 The manner of their watch Caesar Caesar 〈…〉 Places o● advantage in the Romane wars Their manner of victualling Caesar The manner of their imbattelling By triple● A●ies Lib. 1. de bello Civili Lib. 3. de bello Civili Lib. 5. de militia Romana A Phalanx d●●●ribed Caesar Speeches of incouragement before they gave battel Lib. 7. de bello Gallico The Roman Pile described Lib. ● de militia Romans Lib. 5. Salus● The Ensignes of the Romans The division of their day Caesar Langres Periculum 〈…〉 Caesar Caesar Caesar Tthe authority of the Roman Generals Liv. lib. 8. Lib. 3. de bello Civili Caesar Caesar le Doux Caesar Whether men have greater co●rage in their own or in a stra●gers Country Caesar Footmen intermingled amongst horsemen Lib. 6. Lib. 3. de ex●id Lib. 3. De bello Africano Caesar Caesar Caesar The use of lots Caesar Caesar a The countrey about B●auvois b The countrey about So●ssons c The people about Tournay d Arras e Amiens f Vermandois g Tervenne h Liege 308000. in all * La Disne Caesar A legion what it was Lib. 4. De vita Romuli Liv. lib. 22. Taci●us ● hist Velites Hastati Principes Triarii Lib. 〈◊〉 Lib. 1. de mil. Rom. The use of this division The distinction of their companies Manipuli Ordines Cohors Lib. 3. de re ●ust A legion ranged in battell The first order 3 De bello civili Prima cohor● The benefit of this discipline The benefit of small battalions and the disadvantage of great squadrons * Bray in the county of Re●ell To take a town by surprise A Testudo described Lib. 44. Lib. 4● The necessity of good discovery * Now England The order which is to be observed in discovery Slingers with their art and use Lib. ● Lib. 2. 〈◊〉 quest 〈◊〉 Caesar * No●on Caesar * Soyssons Agger or mount Towers or Turrets described Caesar The Bellovaci taken to mercy The Ambiani yield up themselves The Nervii * Sambre near Namur The manner of the Roman march The two respects which Caesar had in ordering a m●r●h 1 Safety 2 Conveniency Agmen quadratum * Lib. 8. de bel Gall. * 60. Epist Lib 6. Agmen longum Lib. 5. de bello Gall. The use that may be made of this in our modern wars Caesar The descript on of the Roman Camp with all the parts belonging unto it The lodging of the legions Quintana Principia The tents of the Tribunes The space between the tents and the rampier Contubernium The ditch and the rampier Agger Vallum Praetoria porta Portae Decumana Portae principales Laeva Dextra Castra Aestiva Hiberna The commodity of this incamping The ceremonies which they used in their preparation to battel Caesar And therefore I rather take it be something else then a word The place and offices of 〈◊〉 Primipile The Target described Lib. 16. cap. 40. Caesar Lib. de Militia Ju. Cae. * Either Doway or Bolda● in Brabant Caesar Circumvallatio In the seventh Commentary Aries or the Ram. Cales Aries simplex Aries composita To give notice of an Alarme by fire Lib. 25. The punishments which the Romans laid upon a conquered Nation Caesar Of this suppli●●tion I ●ill speak in the latter end of the fourth book Caesar Caesar The force of novelty turning the fortune of a battel Caesar * Savoyards * Le Perche * Cornoaille in Bretaigne 〈◊〉 * Vannes The weaknesse of our judgement in●eg●●rd of the knowledge of 〈…〉 The Authority of example Caesar * Lig●ris The grounds of that reverent opinion which is held of Embassadours Caesar Lendriguer Lisieux Nantes Auren be Le●●do●● Cities in Little Britain * Triers Caesar The causes of the ebbing and flowing of the sea Spring●ides The manner of their shipping Lib. 28. The manner of sea-sights Lib. 2. de bello civili Caesar The force of industry * La Perch● Caesar * Roane * Eureux The use which the Romans made of a counterfeit fear Lib. 5. Caesar * Evocati Evocati Lib. 7. de Bello Gall. Caesar Sertorius Two meanes to atchieve victory and to over-master our enemies Tuba 〈◊〉 by war and Naamah by the floud Not to forgoe an advantage The place where suspected forces are best bestowed in battel Caesar Lib. 3. Avertimen to secundo Lib. de bello Gallico Caesar * T●roane * Cl●ve and 〈◊〉 * Those of Zutphen * Of Hassia Caesar Caesar * Geldres and Cleve Salust Tacit. 1. Annal. Caesar * Liege * Co●o●ia Agrippina * Wael Vincitur haud gratis jugulo qui provocat hostem Liv. lib. 9. Liv. lib. 7. Caesar Caesar Csar Lib. de Machin Caesar Caesar Caesar * 〈…〉 Monstr●ul Caesar Ans●er to the first objection The answer to the second reason The

Luc. lib. 4. Imprudentium fiducia est fortunam sibi spondere Seneca de beneficiis Incauta semper nimia praesamptio sui negligens Eg●sip lib. 1. de Instit Cyri. Caesar Thucyd. lib. 7. Caesar ●aetis h●nc n●mine rebus Ciescendi posuere modum Lucan Eodem ubi laserunt navigia forbentur Seneca Epist 4. Non est in b●llo bis pecca●e Plu●a●ch Nullo contectus Curio busto Luc. Homer Iliad 8. Caesar Lib. 6. de comitiis Lib. 5. Anno 〈◊〉 701. Liv. lib. 7. Liv. lib. 9. * Four gallons and a half Plin. l. 35. cap. 12. * Lib. 39. Lib. 1. offic Nec enim 〈◊〉 vehementius rempub conti●t quam sides Lib. 2. offic In the life of Julius Caesar Lib. 7. Lib. 7. 2. Offic. Vetus urbi foenebre malum seditionum discordiarumque crebe●rima causa Annal. 6 Tull 2. offic Pecuniae qu●ren●●● ratio naturae consentanea omnibus est à fructibus animalibus de repub lib. 1. cap. 10. Caesar Gen Latinae Feriae Lib. 4 de Antiquit. Rom. Lib. 4. cap. 2 Appian lib. 4. Caesar Iliad 6. 12 Metam Iust lib. 1. Herodot lib. 2. Trebell Pol Sigism Ba●in Musc●● Quod Fonestias quam ●xo●i●m levamentum 〈◊〉 Tac. l. 3. Annal. Vix praesenti custedia manere illaesa conjugi● ●odem Iudg. 9. Anno 1595. Caesar Qui sapiunt bellum absolvunt celeriter pace fru●ntur quam possant d●utissime Appian Leges à victoribus 〈…〉 a victis lib. 4. 〈◊〉 in aeq●abi itate mot●m in inaequalitate s●mper constit●im●s In Tim●o Caesar Timendum ne sub pacis nomine involutum bellum Cicero 〈◊〉 7. Poedus Pacis Foedus Commercil Foedus mutu● Aux●lii 1. Reg. 22. In Ve●rem The publication of their se●ul●r Pla●es was cri●d in these words Convenice ad Iudos sp●ctand●s quos n●q●e spectavit quisquam nec spect●tutus est Sue●on in Claudio Nolente● amicum c●pere difficile Xenoph. de factis dict Socrat. Caesar Frustra sapit qui sibi non sapit Aeneid ● Lib. 16. Successum fortuna experientiam laus sequitur Va●r● ex Gellio Salust Caesar * Rostra Omnia 〈◊〉 facilias quam 〈…〉 De Mechani●is Livie lib. 8. Plutarch Caesar Incertae sunt res bellicae Thucyd. Caesar Aeneid 2. Homer 9. Iliad 〈◊〉 lib. 8. de bello Gallico Uladislaus Audaces fortuna iuvat Virtus omnia potest Virtute faciendum est quicquid in rebus bellicis est gerendum Plutarch 6 Metam●● Nunquam ita quilquam bene subducta ratione ad vitam fait quin res aetas usus sen 〈◊〉 aliquid 〈…〉 T●ren 〈◊〉 Multi homines pau●i vi●i Herod lib. 7. 〈◊〉 saith that the Romans 〈◊〉 the siege of Ve●ente being out of humane hope turned their eies to Fate and the hope they had in Destiny Caesar Caesar A hill separating Syria from Cilicia Columnaria Osti●●● Propter Aurum Argentum nunquam pacem facit Ferrum lib. 14. Epist 93. Ferrum omnis artis instrumentum Aurum atgentum mortis mancipia Epictetus Capitatio Ostiaria Columnariae 31 ad Atticum Epist 1. In the Pa●pacy of Sixt. Quin●us Fiscus reipub lien quod eo c●escente artus reliqui tabescunt Sext. Aurelius Victor In Parae●et 2 de Offic. Plutarch Bella sustentantu● pecuni●rum 〈◊〉 Dion 〈…〉 6. Ann. l. 13. Caesar Quae libera appellabatur * Lep●nto In Macedonia quae velint sibi candida nasci ad Halia●monem ducere quae ●ugra 〈◊〉 ad Axium Caesar Caesar * Biremes 〈◊〉 hostium discessiones semper suspectas habere cap. 5. 5 Cyropaed Caesar 〈…〉 Petram Lucan Actus activorum in patientis sunt dispositione Arist Metaph. Caesar ex sub●●actis cen conibus Contemprares est homo nisi supra humana se ●rexit 〈◊〉 ratione i 〈…〉 i●● Caesar Caesar Pl●ta●ch Lib. 3. c. 59. Labor militiae assidua fr●ga itatis con●●●tudine factlior est Iustin Cy●us contented with bread and water Xenophon Aequalem oportet semper esse Imperatoris animum m●tari enim pro terum varie●atibus mentis instabilis argumentum efficitur Agap●tus Unus homo nobis cunctando restitute Rem Enn. Lib. 6. de Cyropaed There is a great part of the history in this place omitted Caesar Al●ae sunt Legati par●es atque Imperatoris ●vocati Millibus ducentis aeris Prin●ipilus Solon Plat. ● de 〈◊〉 Livi● lib. 4. Lib. 6. In vita Cae●●is In repub multo praestat beneficii q●●m ma●●ficii immemorem esse bonus segnior ●it ubi negligas m●●as improbior Sal. Iug●r Caesar Et mor●u spoliare nemus lethumq●e minantes Vellere a● ignotis dubias radicibus ●erbas Si bonam dederitis fidam perpetu●m 〈…〉 diutur●●m Li● lib. 8. 〈◊〉 est quod non exp●gnet pert●n●●x opera intenta diligens cura Senec. lib. 6. Epist 51. Plin. lib. 4. cap. 4. Caesar Poenam semper an●e oculos versari putent qui peccaverunt Cic. ●n ●rat 〈◊〉 Milone Lib. 5. Cy●op Caesar Arma alienasse grave ●rim●n est ●a poe●a de●ertioni ex●quatur utique si tota alien●vit Lib. 14. § de re militari Vir virtute ex mi●s aliqu●ndo fortuna semper●a imo maximus Caesar * E●itius Sapiens non semper it● uno gradu 〈…〉 Herodot 〈◊〉 omnia expensa omnia feruntur accep●a●● in tota ratiore mortalium s●la utt●●que paginam facit Plin. lib. 2. cap. 7. Caesar Humana●um rerum ●●●culus est qui ro●atus semper ●osdem fortunatos esse non sinit Herodot lib. 1. Habet has vices conditio mortalium ut adv●rsi ex secundis secunda ex adversis nascantur P●in in Paneg. Herodot lib. 1. L●●vento è spesso judice non imperito delle cose Guic● lib. 5. Caesar The Philosoph●● C●ator was wont to say that 〈…〉 occasion of an ill 〈◊〉 is a great comfort in any 〈◊〉 of adv●●sity Pla● in c●ns Apo. 〈…〉 Prae ●orum del●cta 〈◊〉 non ac●●piunt Ve●●t lib. 1. cap. 14. Finem dolendi qui consilio non fecerit tempore invenit 〈◊〉 Epist 64. Lib. 2. Livie 31. Livie 27. Lib. 2. de bello Civili Front lib. 1. cap. 1. Caesar Lib. 5. de Milit. Ro. cap. 14. Lib. 1. cap. 1 Caesar Human●tum actionum fel● itas infeli 〈…〉 rerum particulis quae multae sunt varie sed ex eventis judi intu● Dionys Hal. lib. 9. Caesar After three of the clock in the afternoon Lib. 5. Obsidio ejus urbis quam cito capere velis utgenda premenda Lib. 6. de Instit Cyri. Bello lex acquirendi justissima Dionys 〈◊〉 in exper legat Polyb. lib. 8 Caesar Comineus In orat pro Pla●●o Virtus felicitatis mensura non fo●tuna Dio. H●licarn lib. 2. Caesar Prima egregiorum ducum sapientia victoriam si●e periculo comparare Polyae lib. 1 stratag Lib. 7. Lib. 3. Excid 2. Offic. 〈◊〉 In manibus vestris quantus sit Caesar habetis Lucan lib. 7. Lib. 2. cap. 3 Singulas cohortes detraxit Lib. 2. cap. 3. Caesar Plutarch Lucan lib. 4. Homer Iliad 3. Lib. 4. cap. 2. Lib. 7. Lib. 4. cap. 7. In the life of Pompey Florus Lib. 4. Infelix quanta Dominum virtute para●●● Caesar Utilis tuta res dilato Dionys Halicar lib. 8. Non commitruntur reg●●is trire●es aut loca aut legiones aut arces sed verba tempora Demost de falsa legatione 1. Labor in n●gotio 2. fortitudo in periculo 3. indu●tria in agendo 4. celeritas in consiciendo were Caesars properties Caesar Interd●● majores copiae sternuntur à minoribus 〈…〉 lib. 8. Lib. 8. Caesar Pompeius Trogus lib. 6. Lib. 8. Caesar Pomp●ius 〈…〉 esse non po●et risi beneficio servitutis 5. de 〈◊〉 16 5. Polit. Nil nimium cupito was writ in golden letters at Delphos Justum bellum esse iis quibus nisi in armis spes nulla est Machiav Nusquana g●ntium r●peritur qui possit penibus approbart Mors omnium par est per quae venit diversi sunt id in quod defini●unam est Epist 67. Homines sicut pomi a●t matura cadu●t aut 〈◊〉 Plut. in vi●a Rompeii Mors Naturae lex est Mors tribu●um officiumque mortalium Sene●● natural quaest ● Fabius dictus Maximus Scipio magnus Polyaenus lib. 8. Epist 100. This tha●● f●lloweth seemeth of another stile The Prie●ts of Egypt said That whensoever the Axe and the bundle of Rods came into Alexandria the power of their Kings should presently case according as it was written in a Columne of gold at Memphis Lib. 2. Ep. 8. Lib. 15. cap. 18. Lib. 5. cap. 9. A File The Leader Battallion A Rank or Front Sidemen The number of souldiers in a Battallion un●●rtain The length Breadth o● depth Dignities in places to be observed The first rank The bringers up or Tergiductores or last rank The second and ninth ranks The fifth and sixth ranks Files The right-hand file The left-hand file Distances between files and ranks Open order Order Close orde● pouldron to pouldron The manner of c●arging with five ranks Stand in front In arrectostate Faces to the right or left hand Declinate in hastam vel in scutum Faces about to the right or left hand Duplicat● declinatio or mutatio Wheel to the right or left hand Conversio in hastam vel scutum As you were Revolutio Reversio Wheel about Inflexio militum Reflex●o Files From the rere 〈◊〉 ●volutio Macedonica From the front through Laconica evolutio From the front and stand Cho●ica evolutio Countermarching of ranks The doubling of files to the right or left hand By men Duplicare altitudinem By ground Doubling of ranks by inserting or adding new troups Duplicare longitudinem Silence to be kept In a champain In streights or narrow passages How to 〈◊〉 a division for such a ma●ch To reduce them 〈◊〉 in into the●r first front The manner of cha●ging pikes with pikes Five ranks onely By the whole depth To charge with musketiers There must not be too many in a rank In the retreat The manner of charging by ●iles in narrow passages In the pases of Ireland By signes By drum or trumpet By word of mouth The most usual directing terms in exercising a ba●●allion or division

flight yet having some thirty horse which Comius of Arras had carried with him at his coming into Britany he imbattelled his legions before his Camp and so gave them battel The Enemy not being able to bear the assault of the Roman souldiers turned their backs and fled the Romans followed them as far as they could by running on foot and after a great slaughter with the burning of their towns far and near they returned to their Camp The same day the Britans sent messengers to Caesar to intreat for peace whom he commanded to double their number of hostages which he commanded to be carried into Gallia And forasmuch as the Aequinoctium was at hand he thought it not safe to put himself to the sea in winter with such weak shipping and therefore having got a convenient time he hoised sail a little after midnight and brought all his ships safe unto the Continent Two of these ships of burthen not being able to reach the same haven put in somewhat lower into the land the souldiers that were in them which were about three hundred being set on shore and marching towards their Camp the Morini with whom Caesar at his going into Britany had made peace in hope of a booty first with a few of their men stood about them commanding them upon pain of death to lay down their weapons and as the Romans by casting themselves into an Orbe began to make defence at the noise and clamour amongst them there were suddenly gathered together about six thousand of the Enemy Which thing being known Caesar sent out all the horsemen to relieve them In the meantime the Romans sustained the force of the Enemy and fought valiantly about the space of four hours and receiving themselves only some few wounds they slew many of the Enemy As soon as the Roman horsemen came in sight the Enemy cast away their weapons and fled and a great number of them fell by the horsemen OBSERVATION OF all the figures which the Tactici have chosen to make use of in military affairs the circle hath ever been taken for the fittest to be applyed in the defensive part as inclosing with an equall circuit on all parts whatsoever is contained within the circumference of that Area and therefore Geometry termeth a circumference a simple line forasmuch as if you alter the site of the parts and transport one arch into the place of another the figure notwithstanding will remain the same because of the equall bending of the line throughout the whole circumference Which property as it proveth an uniformity of strength in the whole circuit so that it cannot be said that this is the beginning or this is the end this is front or this is flank so doth that which Euclide doth demonstrate in the third of his Elements concerning the small affinity between a right line and a circle which being drawn to touch the circumference doth touch it but in a point only shew the greatnesse of this strength in regard of any other line by which it may be broken Which howsoever they seem as speculative qualities conceived rather by intellectuall discourse then manifested to sensible apprehension yet forasmuch as experience hath proved the strength of this figure in a defensive part above any other manner of imbattelling let us not neglect the knowledge of these naturall properties which discover the causes of this effect neither let us neglect this part of military knowledge being so strong a means to maintain valour and the sinew of all our ability for order correspondent to circumstances is the whole strength and power of an Army Neither ought there any action in a wel-ordered discipline to be irregular or void of order And therefore the Romans did neither eat nor sleep without the direction of the Consul or chief Commander otherwise their valour might rather have been termed fury then vertue but when their courage was ranged with order and disposed according to the occurrences of the time it never failed as long as the said order continued perfect It appeareth therefore how important it is for a Commander to look into the diversity of orders for imbattelling and to weigh the nature thereof that he may with knowledge apply them to the quality of any occasion The Romans termed this figure Orbis which signifieth a round body both with a concave and a convex surface in resemblance whereof I understand this Orbe of men imbattelled to be so named which might peradventure consist of five or more or fewer ranks inclosing one another after the nature of so many circles described about one Centre so that either the midst thereof remained void or otherwise contained such carriages and impediments as they had with them in their march This form of imbattelling was never used but in great extremity for as it was the safest of all other so it gave suspicion to the souldiers of exceeding danger which abated much of their heat in battel as will hereafter appear by the testimony of Caesar himself in the fifth Commentary upon the occasion which happened unto Sabinus and Cotta CHAP. XIIII THe next day Caesar sent Titus Labienus a Legate with those legions which he had brought out of Britany against the revolted Morini who having no place of refuge because their bogs and fens were dryed up where they had sheltred themselves the year before they all fell under the power of his mercy Q. Titurius and A. Cotta the Legates who had led the legions against the Menapii after they had wasted their fields cut up their corn burned their houses for the Menapii were all hid in thick woods returned to Caesar These things being thus ended Caesar placed the wintering Camps of all his legions amongst the Belgae to which place two only of all the Cities in Britany sent hostages unto him the rest neglecting it These wars being thus ended upon the relation of Caesars letters the Senate decreed a supplication for the space of twenty dayes OBSERVATION IN the end of the second Commentary we read of a supplication granted by the Senate for fifteen dayes which was never granted to any man before that time since the first building of the City but forasmuch as in this fourth year of the wars in Gallia it was augmented from fifteen unto twenty dayes I thought it fit to refer the handling thereof unto this place We are therefore to understand that whensoever a Roman Generall had carried himself well in the wars by gaining a victory or enlarging the bounds of their Empire that then the Senate did decree a supplication to the gods in the name of that Captain And this dignity was much sought after not only because it was a matter of great honour that in their names the Temples of their gods should be opened and their victories acknowledged with the concourse and gratulation of the Roman people but also because a supplication was commonly the forerunner of a triumph which was the greatest honour in the Roman

had brought out of Aquitain OBSERVATIONS IT semeth by this place that France in those dayes did favour archery for as the story saith they had great store of Archers amongst them but of what value they were is not here delivered The use they made of them followeth after in this Commentary which was to intermingle them amongst the horse and so they fought as light-armed men In the times that our English nation carried a scourging hand in France the matter between us and them touching archery stood in such tearms as gave England great advantage for I have not heard of any bow-men at all amongst them whereas our Nation hath heretofore excelled all other as well in number of bow-men as in excellent good shooting and hath made so good proof thereof against the French as it needeth not any long dispute Concerning Archery I finde these things considerable First that every man be so fitted with bow and arrowes as he may be apt for strong and quick shooting wherein I cannot so much commend these livery bowes being for the most part heavy slugs and of greater weight then strength and of more shew then service Secondly that in a day of service the bow-men endeavour so to deliver their quivers that the whole band or sleeve of shot may let go all at one instant of time for so the shower of arrows will be more fierce and terrible and more available against an enemy Thirdly the fittest form of imbattelling for bow-men which must not at any hand be deep in slank for so such as are in the hindmost ranks will either shoot short or to no purpose And therefore the fittest form of imbattelling for Archery hath ever been accounted a long-sided square resembling a hearse broad in front and narrow in flank Fourthly their defance in a day of battell which must either be a covert woody place where the horse of the enemy cannot come at them or a trench cast before them or the place must be fortified with galthrops and stakes such as were devised by Henry the fifth at Agincourt field or some other means to avoid the cavalry The last thing is the effects which the bowmen worke which are two first the galling of the enemy and secondly disorder Touching the galling of the enemie there cannot be a better description then that which Plutarch maketh of the overthrow of the Romans by the Parthian arrowes The Roman souldiers hands saith he were nailed to their targets and their feet to the ground or otherwise were sore wounded in their bodies and died of a cruell lingring death crying out for anguish and pain they felt and turning tormenting themselves upon the ground they brake the arrowes sticking in them Again striving by force to pluck out the barbed heads that had pierced farre into their bodies through their veins and sinews they opened the wounds wider and so cast themselves away The disorder or routing of an enemy which is caused by the bow-men cometh from the fearfull spectacle of a drift of arrowes for a shower of arrowes well delivered and well seconded for a while is so terrible to the eye and so dreadfull in the success that it is almost unpossible to keep the enemy from routing The two great victories which our Nation had in France at Cressie and Agincourt next to the valour of the English are attributed to our archery and the effect of our archery at those times was first disorder and consequently slaughter In the battell of Cressie the King of Bohemia fighting for the French caused his horsemen to tie the bridles of their horses together in rank that they might keep order notwithstanding the galling which he feared from our English archery but it fell out as ill as if he had tied their heads and their tails together in file for the drift of arrowes fell so terribly amongst them that they ran together on heaps with such confusion as made the slaughter great and their particular destinies most miserably fortuned At Agincourt the number of prisoners which every souldier had was admirable to speak of for some report that many of our English had ten prisoners apiece which hapned chiefly from the disorder which fell amongst the French and that disorder came by our archery And doubtless if ever we should have occasion to go against an enemy that so aboundeth in horse as the French do there could be no better means against such horse then our English bow-men I know it hath been said that now the times are altered and the harquebuse and musket are so generally received and of such reputation in the course of our modern wars that in comparison of them bow-men are not worth the naming Wherein I will not go about to extenuate the use of either of these weapons as knowing them to be both very serviceable upon fit and convenient occasions nor take upon me to determine which of them is most effectuall in a day of service but onely deliver my conceit touching their effects and leave it to the consideration of wise and discreet Commanders And first touching shot A wing of musketiers is available against an enemy onely in such bullets as do hit for such as do not hit pass away insensibly without any further fear and the crack is but as the lose of the bow Of such bullets as do hit the greatest part do not strike to death but are oftentimes carried untill the skirmish be ended before the party do feel himself hurt so that an enemy receiveth no further hurt by a charge of shot then happeneth to such particular men as shall chance to be slain outright or sore hurt But a sleeve of Archers is available against an enemy as well in such arrowes as do not hit as in such as do hit for whereas the cloud of arrowes is subject to our sight and every arrow is both suspected and able to bring death sitting on the head an enemy is as much troubled at such arrows as come fair upon him and do not hit as at those that do hit for no man is willing to expose his flesh to an open and eminent danger when it lieth in his power to avoid it And therefore whilest every man seeketh to avoid hurt they fall into such confusion as besides the loss of particular men the enemy doth hardly escape disorder which is the greatest disadvantage that can befall him Moreover the arrowes having barbed heads although they make but a light hurt yet they are not easily pulled out which maketh the souldiers not to intend the fight untill they be delivered of them and the horse so to fling and chafe that it is impossible they should either keep their rank or be otherwise managed for any service And thus much touching bow-men and archery which is a weapon as ancient as the first and truest History and is of the number of such weapons as

or any other way to which I referre the Reader CHAP. XXII Asranius seeketh to take the Straights between certain Mountains but is prevented by Caesar THe next day following Petreius went out secretly with a few horse to discover the Countrey and for the samepurpose some went likewise out of Caesar's Camp L. Decidius Saxa was sent with a small troup to view the site of the Place And either party returned with the same report that for five miles the way was open and champain and afterwards very rough and mountainous and whosoever first took those straight might easily impeach the enemy from going further The matter was disputed in the Councell of war by Petreius and Afranius the time of their setting forward was debated Most of them thought it fit to take their journey in the night for by that means they might come to those straights before it were perceived Others were of opinion that it was not possible to steal out in the night as appeared by the cry of rising taken up the night before in Caesar's Camp upon their removing and Caesar's horsemen did so range abroad in the night that all places and passages were kept and shut up Neither were they to give occasion of night fights but to avoid the same by all the means they could forasmuch as in civile dissension the ordinary souldier would rather suffer himself to be over mastered by fear then continue firm in the allegiance which he had sworn unto whereas in the day time every man hath shame and dishonour before his eyes together with the presence of the Centurions and Tribunes with which respects a souldier is restrained and kept within the bounds of duty And therefore the attempt was by all means to be undertaken in the day time and although it ●ell out to some losse yet neverthelesse the body of the Armie might pass in safety and possesse that place which they sought for This opinion prevailing in their consultation they determined by break of day the next mornning to set forward Caesar having diligently viewed the Countrey as soon as day began to appear drew all his forces out of his Camp and marched forward in a great circuit keeping no direct way For the waies which led to Iberus and Octogesa were taken up with the Enemies Camp insomuch as they were to passe over great and difficult vallies And in many places broken Rocks and stones did so hinder them that they were necessarily forced to give their weapons from hand to hand the souldiers lifting up one another and so they passed most part of the way Howsoever no man thought much of the labour for that they hoped to give an end to all their travell if they could keep the enemy from passing over the River I●erus and cut off his ●●●ualls At the first Afranius souldiers ran joyfully out of their Camp to see the Army casting out words of derision and reproch that for want of victuall they fled and returned to Ilerda for the way they held was quite contrary to that they intended whereby they seemed to go back again and the Commanders themselves did much approve their own counsell that they had kept their troups within the Camp For that which confirmed them in their opinion was that they perceived they were come out without their carriages whereby they hoped necessity would not suffer them to continue long there But when they saw the troups by little and little to wind to the right hand and that they perceived how those that were in front had fallen backward beyond their Camp there was no man so dull but thought it expedient presently to march out and make head against them Whereupon they cried to Arme and all their forces excepting some few cohorts which were left to keep the Camp went out and marched directly towards Iberus The whole business consisted in speed and celeritie which of the two should first take the straights and possesse the hills Caesar's Army was hindered by the difficulty of the way and Afranius partie was retarded by Caesar's Cavalry The matter was come to that upshot that if Afranius party did first get the hills they might haply qu●● themselves of danger but the baggage of the whole Army and the cohorts left in the Camp could not be saved for being intercepted and s●●luded by Caesar's Armie there was no means to relieve them It 〈◊〉 that Caesar first attained the place and being come out from among those great Rocks into a plain champain put his Army in order of battell against the enemy Afranius seeing the enemy in front and his rereward hardly charged by Caesar's Ca●alry got the advantage of a small hill there made his stand and from thence sent four cohorts bearing round bucklers unto a Mountain which in all mens sight was higher then the rest commanding them to run as fast as they could and possesse that hill intending to follow after with all his forces and altering his course to get along the ridges and tops of the Mountains to Octogesa As the cohorts were advanced forward by an oblique circuit Caesar's Cavalry perceiving their intendment set upon them with such violence that they were not able any time to bear their charge but were surrounded by them and all cut in pieces in the fight of both Armies THE FIRST OBSERVATION PEtreius and Afranius in their Councell of war resolved by all means to shun night encounters as a thing full of hazard and uncertainty and apt for looseness and disobedience for the night being neither a discoverer of errours nor yet a distinguisher either of actions or persons but wrapping up both the vertuous and the faultie in her Mantle of obscuritie doth not admit of directions to follow an opportunity or to help a mistaking but rather giving way to impunitie and licentious confusion leaveth no hope of what is wished Whereas the light is a witness of every mans demeanour and hath both honour and rebuke to make dutie respected For which causes Curio as it followeth in the next Commentarie in his harangue before that untimely expedition against king Juba thus rejected their advice that would have had him set forward in the night At etiam ut media nocte proficiscamur addunt quo majorem credo licentiam habeant qui peccare conantur namque hujusmodi res aut pudore aut metu tenentur quibus rebus nox maxim adversaria est Further then this they advise us to set out in the middle of the night that so I think those men who have a mind to do mischief may take the greater liberty for in the day-time they would be restrain'd either through shame or fear to both which the darkness of the night is a great adversary And that the danger may appear as well by effect as by discourse let the Reader take notice of that battell by night between Antonius Primus on the behalf of Vespasian and the Vitellian legions near unto

may be furnished with the next most sufficient men both because of their nearnesse unto danger as also that if their leaders or bringers up shall either be slain or disabled by wounds they may presently succeed in their places and make them good There is also a good decorum to be observed in the middlemen or fifth and sixth ranks both for the men themselves and their armes that in our marches when the middlemen or sixth ranks shall be called up to front with their leaders they may in some sort and proportion answer their places as also when we double our front by calling up middlemen to fight in a greater breadth they may not be unsutable but especially in marches that they may be able to make the best resistance when they shall become the flanks of the Battallions As these respects ought to be observed in ranks so the files also are not without their different degrees of dignity As the leader of the right-hand file is accounted to have the first place of honour in the Battallion for he doth not onely lead the rest in his own file but he is the author and beginner of the motions of the whole Battallion The leader of the left-hand file hath the next place because that he with the leader of the right-hand file do alwaies in their marching and imbattelling rectifie or rank the whole front of the battallion and so consequently all the next of their files as they stand in order even untill the middle who are accounted the last in dignity The Battallion being thus disposed into files and ranks and each file and rank according to his worth and experience rightly advanced it followeth that there should be a just distance proportioned between either that at all times upon all occasions they might be found ready and in comeliest fashion either to offend their enemy or defend themselves These distances which every follower must observe in respect of his leader and every leader and follower in respect of the sidemen may be reduced unto three severall Orders as followeth The first is called open Order the distance whereof is twelve foot between every follower and his leader or between every rank and six foot between them and the sidemen or between every file This order is commonly used upon marches when the enemy is known to be farre off as also in private exercising of souldiers for their severall managing of their armes It differeth somewhat from the Ordinatus Miles amongst the Romans who alwayes observed but four cubits in files and ranks The second distance is called Order when we contract the battallion both in length and breadth and gather the souldiers within a nearer scantling both in files and ranks that is by observing six feet in their files between the follower and leader and three feet between the ranks or sidemen This distance is used when we march toward an enemy near at hand or in marches by reason of the opportunity of the place suspiciously dangerous This is also near unto Densatus ordo but onely that that was but two cubits in both files and ranks The third and last order is when either we attend the enemy his present assault or that we intend to charge him upon our securest and best distance when every follower standeth three feet or his rapier length behind his leader and a foot and a half from the sidemen or files or when every souldier occupieth but one foot and a half for his own station joyning pouldron to pouldron or target to target This differeth from Constipatus ordo because that alloweth but one cubit for files and ranks and this close order alloweth one cubit in the file but two in the ranks This distance doth agree also best with the length of our piles of 15 or 16 feet long For it is thought fit oftentimes that the battallion consisting of ten ranks there should not charge more at one time then the 5 formost so that the pikes of the fifth rank might be three foot over the formost shoulder and the other five ranks should in this close order or nearer if it be possible follow the other charging with their pikes advanced untill some occasion should require their charge In the mean time they should perform their dutie in keeping the five formost ranks from retiring and besides adde strength unto the charge or shock The manner of exercising of composed Battallions with their different motions THe files and ranks being thus understood disposed and ordered and all parts and members of the battallion being joyned in their just proportion and distance able and fit to be altered upon any sodain occasion as if it were but one entire body into severall and divers postures and to make resistance unto what forces soever shall oppugne the same it might be thought needlesse to have made the disposition of the members so exact unlesse by continuall practise and exercise they might be made nimble and ready not onely to defend themselves and their whole body on all sides but also to be able to offend whensoever they shall espie the least occasion of advantage The terms of direction or command which are commonly used in this modern discipline of martiall exercise as they are not many onely answering to the different postures which are required in the Battallion so they are and must be short and perspicuously plain that by this means being sodainly uttered easily apprehended and understood they may as speedily be put in execution by those which shall be commanded First therefore that the Battallion may be commanded into some one fashion or posture from whence it shall be fit to convert it self into all other the Captain or Officer shall bid them stand in front When every particular souldier composing himself after his foremost leader standeth comely in file and rank fronting unto some certain place or to the Captain as shall be thought best for the present In this and all other directions whatsoever it shall be especially observed that every follower attending what is commanded mark his next leader and accordingly move himself as he shall see him move first The Battallion therefore thus fronting if the enemy should suddenly either assault the right or left flank it shall be commanded to turn faces to the right or left hand when every souldier observing his leader shall turn his face and make his flank his front according to the direction There is also a doubled motion or declination to the right or left hand when every souldier observing his leader shall turn their bodies twice to the right or left hand and by that means become turned with their faces where their backs were as if they expected an enemy in the rere or being to perform some other motion that may be offered beginning this alteration from the right or left hand as shall be commanded As every particular souldier in the troup is

in the rere who as in his proper place seeth all things executed accordingly as the Captain shall command It shall be unpossible to performe any thing herein unlesse first every one do exactly observe his leader and his sideman and to this purpose it is often commanded Keep your files Keep your ranks Of Marches IN champains there needs no great labour to marshall particular troups for their after-marches because they may march either by whole divisions observing onely their course of indifferency that every division may every third day have the vantgard or else in such form and fashion as the Generall hath proposed for a day of battell according as the danger of an expected enemy shall give occasion But because all countries will not afford a champain for the marching of an army and therefore not possible to march far with many troups in front nor many files of any one troup or division by reason of often straights and passages betwixt hills woods or waters It is provided though by long induction the whole army shall be extended into a thin length and few files yet the souldiers well disposed shall be as readily able to defend themselves and offend the enemy on their flanks from whence only in such streights the danger is imminent as if they were to affront an enemy with an entire battallion in a champain country First therefore a division or Battallion being ordered and drawn before the Quarter into one even front of just files ten in depth the musketiers equally divided on the right and left slanks of the pikes all standing in their order that is to ●ay six feet distant in files and ranks the Captain carefully provideth that the first fifth sixth and tenth ranks be alwayes well filled and furnished with his most able and best-armed souldiers Which done he commandeth first the middlemen or half files to come a front with their leaders so that the division becometh but five in depth Next he commandeth to turn faces to the right or left hand as direction shall be to march from that quarter and so the whole division resteth ready in his fashion to march five in front the one half of the musketiers in the vantguard and the other in the rere the pikes in the battell and both flanks well furnished with the ablest best men to offend or defend as there shall be occasion that is to say the right flanks with the first and fifth ranks and the left with the sixth and tenth ranks If occasion afterwards shall be given of a halt in a champain or before the quartering the Captain commandeth first unto all they being first closed into their order Faces as you were next unto the half files Faces about and march out and fall again upon your files By which means the division becometh again reduced into the same front and fashion from whence it was first transformed ready to encounter an enemy or to be drawn into the Quarter When pikes are to charge pikes in a champain it useth to be performed two severall wayes First the whole division being commanded into their close order the five first ranks charging their pikes every follower over his leaders shoulder directeth his pike as equally as he can the first rank shall have three feet of his pike over the formost shoulder The other five ranks with their pikes advanced follow close up in the rere either ready to second the formost or to be employed in the rere as occasion shall be offered Otherwise and most usuall when the whole depth of the files throughout the division shall charge together all fast locked and united together and therefore most able to make the strongest shock offensive or defensive provided alwaies that none mingle their pikes in others files but the whole file one in anothers shoulder In charging with musketiers it is observed no way convenient that there should be too many in a rank or that the ranks should be too long For the first rank is commanded to advance ten paces before the second and then to discharge and wheeling either to the right or left hand falleth into the rere and so the second advancing to the same distance dischargeth and wheeleth as before and likewise the third and so forward as long as the Officer shall be commanded Which shall not so well be performed the ranks being extraordinary long because it will require so long a time to wheel from the front that the second may succeed unlesse by direction the rank may divide it self the one half to the right hand and the other to the left in wheeling to the rere In the retreat the whole ranks having turned their faces about are to march three or four paces forward their chief officer coming in the rere first commandeth the last rank to make ready and then to turn faces about discharge and wheel about to the head or front of the division and being clearly passed the next rank to perform as much and so the rest in order Where the passages are narrow and the division cannot come to charge in front as between two waters or woods the manner of charging is different for there being five or ten files led in the induction that file which flanketh the enemy dischargeth first onely and the rest marching continually forwards it standeth firm untill the last rank be passed and then sleeveth it self on the left flank and makes ready and so the second file and the third so long as the enemy shall continue there being a continuall discharging by files as before by ranks Unlesse it be in the pases of Ireland meeting with an irregular enemy where they use to intermingle their files of shot with pikes that the one may be a defence for the other when the enemy shall come up to the sword as they use there very often How directions are delivered in the warres ALl directions in the wars have ever been delivered either by signes subject to the eye by word of mouth or the sound of a drumme or some such warlike instrument Concerning those visible signes displayed unto the souldiers the falling of mists the raising of dust showers of rain snow the beams of the Sun hilly uneven and crooked passages by long experience have found them to be most doubtfull and uncertain as also because as it was a matter of great difficulty to invent different signes upon all sodain occasions so it is almost an impossibility that the common souldier who oftentimes is found scarce capable of the understanding of plain words distinctly pronounced should both apprehend and understand sodainly and execute directly the true sense and meaning of his Commanders signes The Drum and Trumpet are yet used But because many different sounds are not easily distinguished in souldiers understanding without some danger of confusion we onely command by the inarticulate sounds to arm to march to troup to