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at_o on_o time_n 500_o elephant_n the_o name_n of_o military_a motion_n express_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n xxiv_o thus_o have_v we_o set_v down_o in_o particular_a the_o kind_n of_o perfect_a force_n together_o with_o the_o several_a name_n of_o every_o body_n which_o be_v premise_v it_o seem_v cap_n 25_o 〈…〉_z face_n turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n câ—â—s_n or_o one_o turn_v of_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n the_o first_o stand_v the_o front_n fit_a to_o deliver_v the_o word_n of_o exercise_n that_o when_o the_o commander_n shall_v will_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v the_o soldier_n in_o daily_a experience_n acquaint_v before_o with_o the_o signification_n of_o every_o of_o they_o and_o with_o the_o move_n in_o each_o figure_n may_v easy_o perform_v and_o execute_v whatsoever_o be_v command_v there_o be_v a_o motion_n call_v clisis_fw-la whereof_o one_o kind_n be_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n another_o be_v call_v metabole_n 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armour_n and_o furniture_n and_o distinguish_v they_o into_o military_a body_n and_o imbattail_v they_o and_o teach_v the_o distance_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o hold_v in_o fight_n it_o follow_v now_o that_o he_o speak_v of_o motion_n military_a which_o be_v the_o life_n of_o a_o army_n and_o only_o give_v mean_n of_o victory_n and_o without_o which_o all_o preparation_n of_o force_n be_v vain_a and_o avail_v nothing_o in_o the_o field_n nor_o to_o the_o end_n for_o which_o they_o be_v levy_v this_o chapter_n than_o contain_v the_o name_n of_o those_o motion_n the_o follow_a chapter_n the_o particular_a explication_n of_o they_o to_o which_o we_o will_v note_v what_o we_o find_v in_o ancient_a writer_n for_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n i_o refer_v they_o to_o the_o several_a chapter_n where_o they_o be_v expound_v of_o turn_v and_o double_a turn_v the_o soldier_n face_n as_o they_o stand_v embattle_v chap._n xxv_o 1_o clisis_fw-la or_o turn_n of_o the_o face_n be_v the_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o soldier_n decline_v his_o face_n either_o to_o his_o pike_n that_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o to_o his_o target_n that_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o flank_n 2_o to_o encompass_v our_o wing_n or_o else_o to_o charge_v we_o or_o for_o some_o other_o cause_n whereof_o i_o will_v speak_v in_o convenient_a place_n 3_o two_o turn_n of_o the_o face_n towards_o the_o same_o side_n transfer_v the_o sight_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o this_o kind_n of_o motion_n be_v call_v metabole_n be_v also_o use_v either_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o to_o the_o target_n in_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o move_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n towards_o the_o pike_n be_v call_v clisis_fw-la the_o second_o move_v the_o same_o way_n
defence_n of_o their_o country_n and_o only_o two_o narrow_a way_n betwixt_o he_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o hollow_a plinthium_fw-la or_o square_a and_o lead_v it_o against_o the_o left_a hand_n passage_n whither_o all_o the_o theban_n flock_v for_o defence_n but_o he_o turn_v about_o face_n from_o the_o rear_n haste_v away_o and_o gain_v the_o other_o passage_n where_o no_o man_n be_v present_a to_o resist_v and_o enter_v spoil_v the_o country_n and_o return_v without_o impeachment_n 4_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n before_o be_v rehearse_v two_o kind_n of_o turn_n of_o face_n about_o one_o to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n here_o be_v add_v two_o more_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o other_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v all_o one_o indeed_o and_o differ_v only_o in_o name_n what_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o these_o turn_n shall_v be_v i_o be_o in_o doubt_n aelian_n expound_v they_o one_o way_n suidas_n a_o other_o aelian_n esteem_v they_o by_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v hand_n suidas_n albeit_o he_o have_v that_o signification_n also_o esteem_v they_o by_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v therefore_o suidas_n define_v the_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n to_o be_v a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o rear_n that_o against_o the_o enemy_n a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o front_n aelian_n will_v have_v the_o first_o to_o contain_v two_o turn_n towards_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o second_o two_o turn_n towards_o the_o left_a i_o for_o my_o part_n assent_v rather_o to_o aelian_n for_o touch_v the_o turn_n of_o suidas_n i_o can_v yet_o understand_v why_o turn_v towards_o the_o rear_n shall_v be_v a_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n or_o towards_o the_o front_n a_o turn_n to_o the_o enemy_n consider_v that_o whether_o soever_o you_o turn_v face_n the_o enemy_n be_v imagine_v to_o be_v there_o face_n and_o weapon_n be_v to_o be_v oppose_v always_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v the_o only_a end_n of_o turn_v aelians_n opinion_n seem_v to_o have_v more_o probability_n in_o it_o at_o least_o if_o i_o conceive_v the_o right_a reason_n for_o i_o take_v it_o thus_o that_o see_v the_o grecian_n as_o the_o roman_n likewise_o be_v targeteer_n and_o carry_v their_o target_n on_o their_o left_a side_n and_o in_o fight_n advance_v that_o side_n always_o near_o the_o enemy_n which_o they_o seek_v to_o cover_v with_o their_o target_n that_o therefore_o the_o turn_n about_o to_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v turn_v to_o the_o target_n as_o contrary_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a side_n on_o which_o side_n the_o pike_n be_v carry_v and_o which_o be_v naked_a of_o such_o defensive_a arm_n be_v call_v apeâ—un_fw-la the_o open_a side_n and_o therefore_o further_o remove_v from_o the_o enemy_n may_v for_o the_o same_o cause_n be_v term_v turn_v from_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o i_o take_v turn_v about_o to_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n to_o be_v all_o one_o as_o also_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o pike_n howsoever_o the_o name_n differ_v this_o be_v my_o conjecture_n which_o i_o shall_v imagine_v to_o be_v true_a till_o i_o find_v some_o man_n that_o will_v be_v please_v to_o give_v i_o a_o more_o probable_a reason_n i_o only_o add_v now_o the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o this_o motion_n as_o you_o be_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o figure_n show_v the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble-wheeling_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvi_o 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v so_o close_v that_o no_o man_n can_v turn_v or_o twice_o turn_v his_o face_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n of_o man_n to_o man_n it_o whole_o and_o joint_o wheel_v as_o a_o ship_n or_o some_o other_o body_n carry_v about_o the_o order_n thereof_o remain_v undissolue_v when_o the_o wheel_a be_v to_o the_o pike_n we_o warn_v the_o right-corner-file-leader_n to_o stand_v still_o as_o it_o be_v the_o hook_n of_o a_o door_n hinge_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o battle_n proceed_v forward_o to_o turn_v about_o the_o same_o file-leader_n like_o the_o door_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v wheel_v to_o the_o target_n it_o may_v be_v thus_o define_v epistrophe_n be_v when_o shut_v the_o battle_n by_o gather_v close_o the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n we_o turn_v it_o whole_o as_o the_o body_n of_o a_o man_n towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n it_o be_v carry_v about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n as_o about_o a_o centre_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o front_n transfer_v the_o countenance_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n every_o one_o remain_v in_o file_n and_o rank_n as_o before_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v i_o will_v show_v hereafter_o anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v the_o restore_n of_o the_o wheel_a to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o battle_n first_o stand_v close_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o wheel_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o two_o wheeling_n so_o that_o thereby_o the_o front_n come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rear_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o three_o wheeling_n so_o as_o when_o it_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o front_n come_v about_o to_o the_o left_a flank_n when_o to_o the_o target_n it_o come_v about_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n this_o chapter_n have_v a_o diverse_a kind_n of_o turn_v from_o the_o other_o mention_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n which_o for_o distinction_n sake_n be_v call_v epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v the_o other_o turn_v no_o more_o than_o the_o soldier_n face_n every_o man_n yet_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n be_v have_v before_o this_o wheel_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o as_o there_o be_v in_o the_o turn_n of_o face_n a_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v clesis_n and_o a_o other_o turn_v about_o call_v metabole_n so_o be_v there_o in_o this_o a_o general_a wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v epistrophe_n and_o a_o other_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o rear_v call_v perispasmos_n but_o let_v we_o hear_v the_o description_n 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n shortly_n epistrophe_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o first_o turn_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o do_v whereof_o first_o the_o file_n must_v be_v close_v to_o the_o hand_n you_o mean_v to_o wheel_n than_o the_o rank_n then_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n on_o the_o same_o hand_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n keep_v their_o file_n and_o rank_n close_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o same_o hand_n joint_o about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n circlewise_a who_o be_v to_o move_v by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o he_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n to_o that_o side_n which_o be_v intend_v and_o when_o the_o first_o rank_n be_v even_o with_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n wheel_v enough_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n they_o be_v to_o stand_v still_o the_o word_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v plain_a enough_o in_o aelian_a i_o need_v use_v no_o exposition_n now_o because_o in_o exercise_n we_o rely_v not_o upon_o one_o form_n of_o motion_n alone_o but_o acquaint_v our_o soldier_n with_o all_o the_o kind_n it_o be_v necessary_a to_o bring_v the_o body_n again_o to_o the_o first_o place_n to_o the_o end_n we_o may_v proceed_v in_o the_o rest_n this_o reduce_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v call_v anastrophe_n by_o which_o the_o battle_n return_v but_o by_o a_o contrary_a hand_n to_o that_o to_o which_o the_o epistrophe_n be_v make_v and_o but_o for_o change_v the_o hand_n the_o wheel_a back_n again_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o wheel_a forward_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o how_o it_o be_v do_v to_o bring_v the_o battle_n to_o have_v the_o front_n where_o the_o rear_n be_v you_o must_v use_v a_o double_a wheel_a and_o that_o be_v call_v perispasmos_n which_o come_v of_o two_o epistrophe_n and_o be_v make_v either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n only_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o if_o the_o perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o anastrophe_n or_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n must_v be_v to_o the_o left_a contrary_a it_o be_v if_o the_o perispasmos_n be_v to_o
threefold_a gate_n or_o door_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxxii_o it_o follow_v to_o show_v how_o a_o battle_n may_v be_v turn_v or_o wheel_v and_o how_o after_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o station_n cap._n 30._o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o brode-fronted_n phalange_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o hearse_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_v the_o front_n lâ—â—halanx_n or_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n cap._n 31._o hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a entaxis_fw-la or_o insertion_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_a cap._n 32._o the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v the_o first_o posture_n close_v of_o file_n close_v of_o rank_n forward_o the_o front_n but_o in_o case_n we_o desire_v to_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n we_o command_v the_o left-hand-file_n to_o stand_v still_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o move_v forward_o close_o up_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v then_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o hinder_a rank_n then_o to_o wheel_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o stand_v and_o so_o be_v it_o do_v that_o be_v command_v but_o if_o restitution_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v needful_a we_o must_v do_v as_o we_o do_v in_o return_v from_o the_o right_n for_o every_o man_n must_v turn_v about_o his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n then_o the_o whole_a battle_n wheel_v about_o the_o left-hand-corner-file-leader_n must_v return_v to_o the_o place_n it_o have_v then_o all_o the_o fileleader_n stand_v firm_a and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n open_v their_o rank_n in_o move_v forward_o and_o make_v alte_fw-la then_o the_o left_a hand_n file_n be_v to_o stand_v firm_a for_o it_o have_v the_o place_n it_o first_o have_v and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o open_v their_o file_n and_o move_v forward_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o and_o so_o shall_v every_o man_n be_v in_o his_o first_o posture_n now_o if_o we_o will_v wheel_v the_o battle_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n we_o be_v to_o make_v 2_o wheeling_n to_o the_o same_o side_n so_o will_v it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o fileleader_n shall_v in_o the_o change_n have_v their_o face_n turn_v to_o the_o rear_n where_o before_o they_o have_v they_o look_v out_o from_o the_o front_n but_o in_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v it_o to_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n that_o be_v we_o give_v it_o two_o wheeling_n more_o the_o same_o way_n so_o the_o fileleader_n will_v have_v their_o face_n set_v as_o at_o first_o then_o we_o command_v the_o fileleader_n to_o stand_v firm_a and_o the_o rest_n to_o open_v their_o rank_n behind_o then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n about_o then_o the_o right_a hand_n file_v to_o stand_v still_o for_o it_o have_v the_o right_a place_n and_o the_o rest_n turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o march_v on_o till_o the_o former_a distance_n be_v regain_v then_o to_o make_v alte._n so_o be_v the_o battle_n reduce_v to_o the_o first_o station_n if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o battle_n turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n you_o be_v to_o give_v contrary_a direction_n that_o be_v in_o stead_n of_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n to_o command_v a_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n then_o by_o make_v two_o turn_n the_o contrary_a way_n to_o use_v the_o like_a change_n we_o speak_v of_o before_o there_o be_v likewise_o a_o treble_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n when_o it_o turn_v thrice_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n namely_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n the_o double_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n transfer_v the_o soldier_n face_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o back_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o pike_n bring_v his_o face_n to_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o treble_a wheel_a to_o the_o target_n contrariwise_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n before_o in_o the_o 26_o chapter_n aelian_n discourse_v of_o wheel_a and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v be_v reserve_v for_o this_o place_n i_o need_v not_o therefore_o remember_v any_o thing_n else_o beside_o the_o word_n of_o command_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o epistrophe_n the_o uttermost_a file_n on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o side_n purpose_v and_o march_v up_o to_o the_o file_n stand_v firm_a face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o rank_n forward_o wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o when_o you_o have_v your_o ground_n stand_v return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n wheel_n back_o the_o body_n to_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n open_a to_o their_o first_o place_n face_n about_o to_o which_o hand_n you_o will_v the_o corner_n file_n to_o which_o the_o turn_n be_v stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n open_a to_o their_o first_o ground_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o wheel_v about_o the_o same_o word_n to_o close_v the_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v use_v which_o be_v use_v in_o epistrophe_n there_o remain_v no_o more_o then_o to_o say_v wheel_n about_o your_o body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n return_v to_o your_o first_o posture_n the_o same_o form_n be_v use_v that_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o former_a return_v unto_o the_o first_o posture_n for_o open_v rank_n and_o file_n ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a in_o this_o motion_n the_o same_o course_n be_v hold_v that_o be_v in_o the_o wheel_a but_o only_o that_o you_o command_v a_o treble_a wheel_a and_o the_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n or_o anastrophe_n be_v all_o one_o but_o for_o the_o same_o difference_n of_o close_v the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n xxxiii_o cap_n â—â—_o of_o change_v the_o front_n after_o close_v close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n in_o action_n close_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o middle_a close_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n before_o close_v the_o front_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d before_o close_v if_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v close_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n must_v turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o target_n and_o the_o diphalange_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n their_o face_n towards_o the_o pike_n then_o move_v forward_o towards_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n then_o after_o their_o true_a distance_n gain_v to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v and_o to_o gather_v up_o the_o rank_n behind_o when_o we_o will_v reduce_v the_o phalange_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o command_v to_o turn_v face_n about_o then_o to_o open_v the_o rank_n and_o all_o to_o move_v on_o but_o the_o first_o rank_n then_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n again_o and_o the_o right_a diphalange_n turn_v to_o the_o pike_n and_o the_o left_a diphalange_n to_o the_o target_n to_o follow_v their_o leader_n till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o distance_n then_o to_o set_v their_o face_n as_o they_o be_v this_o rule_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o all_o turn_n about_o of_o face_n when_o they_o be_v make_v out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v advance_v lest_o they_o hinder_v the_o soldier_n in_o make_v his_o turn_n the_o lightarmed_n be_v to_o be_v teach_v and_o exercise_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n note_n in_o the_o 11_o chapter_n the_o distance_n that_o aught_o to_o be_v betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n be_v particular_o treat_v of_o this_o chapter_n show_v how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v gain_v that_o be_v how_o we_o be_v to_o proceed_v out_o of_o one_o distance_n into_o another_o and_o because_o the_o open_a order_n be_v it_o that_o be_v common_o begin_v withal_o it_o be_v here_o teach_v how_o from_o thence_o to_o pass_v to_o the_o rest_n and_o to_o return_v to_o it_o again_o the_o end_n of_o closing_n be_v speak_v of_o before_o in_o regard_n of_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n one_o to_o the_o wing_n right_a or_o left_a the_o other_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n i_o can_v express_v the_o manner_n better_o then_o by_o set_v down_o the_o word_n of_o command_n or_o direction_n which_o be_v these_o in_o close_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v according_a to_o
the_o distance_n require_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v behind_o to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n and_o proceed_v to_o your_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n close_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n it_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o other_o but_o that_o the_o move_a be_v to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o right-wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n each_o move_v up_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o stand_v at_o the_o distance_n name_v face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o the_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n the_o first_o rank_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v the_o rank_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o file_n next_o the_o middle_a section_n stand_v fast_o and_o the_o right_a wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v on_o till_o the_o first_o distance_n recover_v face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v the_o pike_n we_o may_v not_o forget_v aelians_n general_a rule_n for_o turn_v of_o face_n out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o advance_v for_o when_o you_o come_v up_o to_o the_o closeness_n require_v the_o pike_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n will_v hardly_o admit_v turn_v of_o the_o face_n the_o like_a fall_v out_o when_o you_o will_v open_v from_o the_o close_v the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n xxxiv_o these_o precept_n of_o turn_v about_o of_o face_n of_o wheel_v and_o double_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o of_o reduce_v it_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o sudden_a approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n whether_o he_o show_v himself_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o in_o front_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o our_o march_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o countermarche_n of_o which_o the_o macedonian_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o for_o this_o cause_n either_o to_o have_v name_n according_o the_o history_n witness_v that_o philip_n who_o much_o enlarge_v the_o macedonian_a kingdom_n and_o overcome_v the_o grecian_n in_o battle_n at_o cheronea_n and_o make_v himself_o general_n of_o greece_n and_o likewise_o his_o son_n alexander_n that_o in_o short_a time_n conquer_v all_o asia_n make_v small_a account_n of_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n unless_o necessity_n force_v it_o and_o that_o they_o both_o by_o the_o use_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a become_v victorious_a over_o their_o enemy_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n the_o enemy_n fall_v upon_o the_o rear_n be_v cause_n of_o great_a confusion_n in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o hindermost_a dismarch_v towards_o the_o front_n and_o make_v a_o show_n of_o run_v away_o it_o more_o encourage_v and_o embolden_v the_o enemy_n to_o follow_v for_o fear_v and_o pursuit_n of_o the_o enemy_n ordinary_o deny_v that_o kind_n of_o countermarch_n but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v of_o contrary_a effect_n for_o when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o leader_n with_o their_o follower_n brave_o advance_v and_o oppose_v themselves_o it_o strike_v no_o small_a fear_n and_o terror_n into_o their_o mind_n cap._n 30_o the_o fileleader_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n a_o right_a induction_n the_o front_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la or_o hollow_a front_a wedge_n the_o front_n the_o right_a induction_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o left_a wing_n the_o right_a wing_n the_o front_n the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o coelmebolos_fw-la the_o forbear_n phalange_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o soverall_a kind_n chap._n xxxv_o we_o be_v to_o acquaint_v our_o force_n both_o foot_n and_o horse_n partly_o with_o the_o voice_n and_o partly_o with_o visible_a sign_n that_o whatsoever_o be_v fit_v be_v execute_v and_o do_v as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v some_o thing_n also_o be_v to_o be_v denounce_v by_o the_o trumpet_n for_o so_o all_o direction_n will_v be_v full_o accomplish_v and_o sort_n to_o a_o desire_a effect_n the_o sign_n therefore_o which_o be_v deliver_v by_o voice_n be_v most_o evident_a and_o clear_a if_o they_o have_v no_o impediment_n but_o the_o most_o certain_a and_o least_o tumultuous_a be_v such_o as_o be_v present_v to_o the_o eye_n if_o they_o be_v not_o obscure_v the_o voice_n sometime_o can_v hardly_o be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o clash_n of_o armour_n or_o trample_v and_o neigh_v of_o horse_n or_o tumult_n of_o carriage_n or_o noise_n and_o confuse_a sound_n of_o the_o multitude_n the_o visible_a sign_n also_o become_v many_o way_n incertain_a by_o thickness_n of_o air_n and_o dust_n or_o rain_n or_o snow_n or_o sunshine_n or_o else_o through_o ground_n that_o be_v uneven_a or_o full_a of_o tree_n or_o of_o turn_n and_o sometime_o it_o will_v not_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v out_o sign_n for_o all_o use_n occasion_n eftsoon_o present_v new_a matter_n to_o the_o which_o a_o man_n be_v not_o accustom_v yet_o can_v it_o not_o fall_v out_o that_o either_o by_o voice_n or_o by_o signal_n we_o shall_v not_o give_v certain_a and_o sure_a direction_n of_o march_v and_o of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n and_o first_o of_o the_o right-induction_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la and_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xxxvi_o be_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o march_v i_o will_v first_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o some_o kind_n of_o march_n be_v a_o right-induction_n other_o some_o a_o deduction_n on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o that_o in_o a_o single_a or_o double_a or_o treble_a or_o quadruple-sided-battaile_n in_o a_o single_a when_o one_o enemy_n be_v fear_v in_o a_o double_a when_o two_o in_o a_o treble_a when_o three_o in_o a_o quadruple_a when_o the_o enemy_n purpose_v to_o give_v on_o on_o all_o side_n therefore_o the_o march_n be_v undertake_v sometime_o in_o a_o single_a phalange_n sometime_o in_o a_o twofold_a phalange_n or_o else_o in_o a_o threefold_a phalange_n or_o in_o a_o fourfold_a phalange_n a_o right-induction_n be_v when_o one_o body_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n follow_v another_o as_o if_o a_o xenagy_a lead_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v xenage-wise_a or_o a_o tetrarchy_n lead_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v according_a to_o that_o form_n it_o be_v so_o call_v when_o the_o march_n stretch_v itself_o out_o into_o a_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o wedge_n coelembolos_fw-la which_o be_v frame_v when_o the_o antistomos_n phalange_n diphalange_n disjoin_v the_o leading-wing_n close_v the_o rear_n in_o manner_n of_o the_o letter_n v_o as_o the_o figure_n after_o place_v do_v teach_v in_o which_o the_o front_n be_v dissever_v &_o the_o rear_v join_v and_o knit_v together_o for_o the_o right-induction_n point_v at_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n battle_n the_o coelembolos_fw-la quick_o open_v before_o serve_v both_o to_o frustrate_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o front_n and_o to_o clasp_v in_o and_o circumvent_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o right-induction_n furthermore_o a_o phalange_n triphalange_n be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la one_o phalange_n fight_v against_o one_o wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o second_o against_o the_o other_o and_o the_o middle_n and_o three_o forbear_v and_o expect_v a_o time_n fit_a to_o charge_v of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n xxxvii_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n be_v when_o the_o phalange_n proceed_v in_o a_o wing_n not_o by_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n have_v the_o commander_n or_o fileleader_n either_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o right-hand-deduction_n or_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o left-hand_a deduction_n for_o the_o phalange_n march_v in_o a_o double_a treble_a or_o quadruple-side_n accornd_v to_o the_o place_n and_o part_n it_o be_v suspect_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v on_o and_o both_o the_o paragogy_n begin_v the_o fight_n in_o flank_n do_v make_v the_o length_n double_a to_o the_o depth_n this_o form_n of_o fight_n be_v devise_v to_o teach_v a_o soldier_n to_o receive_v heedful_o the_o charge_n of_o
of_o the_o horse_n in_o general_n chap._n 20_o the_o diligence_n to_o be_v use_v in_o choice_n and_o exercise_n of_o the_o best_a form_n of_o battle_n chap._n 21_o of_o chariotts_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o the_o commander_n chap._n 22._o of_o the_o elephant_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o their_o ruler_n chap_n 23._o the_o name_n of_o the_o military_a motion_n express_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n 24._o of_o turn_v and_o double_a turn_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n as_o they_o stand_v embattle_v chap._n 25._o of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n and_o of_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 26._o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 27._o of_o counter_a march_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v chap._n 28._o of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n 29._o of_o the_o broadfronted_a phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n chap._n 30._o of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n 31._o the_o manner_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n 32._o of_o close_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n &_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n 33._o the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n 34._o of_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o several_a kind_n chap._n 35._o of_o march_v of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n of_o the_o right_a induction_n of_o the_o coelembole_n and_o of_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o coelembole_n chap._n 36._o of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n 37._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v amphistomus_fw-la chap._n 38._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 39_o of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 40._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n 41._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v himoiostomus_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n 42._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v heterostomus_fw-la chap._n 43._o again_o of_o the_o horsebattaile_n call_v the_o rhombe_n and_o the_o foot_n halfmoon_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 44._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n heteromeres_n and_o the_o broad_a front_a foot_n battle_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 45._o of_o another_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n for_o horseman_n and_o of_o the_o epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 46._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v cyrte_n which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la chap._n 47._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n which_o be_v square_a in_o ground_n and_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 48._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v plaesium_n and_o the_o sawefronted_a foot_n battle_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 49._o of_o overfront_v the_o enemy_n battle_n and_o overw_v it_o and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n 50._o of_o the_o lead_n of_o the_o carriage_n of_o the_o army_n chap._n 51._o of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n &_o of_o certain_a rule_n to_o be_v observe_v therein_o chap._n 52_o of_o silence_n to_o be_v use_v by_o soldier_n chap._n 53._o the_o manner_n of_o pronounce_v the_o word_n of_o command_v chap._n 54._o the_o author_n that_o have_v write_v tactic_n of_o this_o book_n and_o of_o the_o profitt_a of_o the_o arte._n chap._n i._n homer_n the_o poet_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o first_o at_o least_o we_o read_v of_o that_o have_v the_o skill_n of_o imbattail_v a_o army_n and_o that_o admire_a man_n endue_v with_o that_o knowledge_n as_o appear_v by_o mnestheus_n of_o who_o he_o write_v he_o like_o no_o live_a wight_n be_v find_v nor_o any_o age_n do_v yield_v to_o martial_a troop_n of_o horse_n or_o band_n of_o foot_n in_o bloody_a field_n concern_v homer_n discipline_n military_a the_o work_n of_o stratocles_n &_o of_o 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n in_o our_o time_n be_v to_o be_v read_v 2_o aeneas_n perfect_v the_o theory_n thereof_o at_o large_a publish_v many_o volume_n of_o warfare_n which_o be_v abridge_v by_o 3_o cyneas_n the_o thessalian_a likewise_o 4_o pyrrhus_n the_o epirot_n write_v tactic_n and_o his_o son_n 5_o alexander_n and_o clearchus_n and_o pausanias_n and_o 6_o euangelus_n &_o 7_o polybius_n the_o megapolitan_a a_o man_n of_o great_a learning_n scipio_n companion_n &_o eupolemus_n and_o 8_o iphicrates_n 9_o possidonius_fw-la also_o the_o stoic_a set_v forth_o the_o art_n of_o war_n &_o many_o other_o some_o in_o introduction_n as_o brion_n some_o in_o large_a tactick_a volume_n all_o which_o i_o have_v see_v and_o read_v and_o yet_o think_v it_o not_o much_o to_o purpose_n to_o mention_v perticulerlie_o be_v not_o ignorant_a that_o it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n of_o those_o writer_n for_o the_o most_o part_n to_o apply_v their_o stile_n not_o to_o the_o ignorant_a but_o to_o such_o as_o be_v already_o acquaint_v with_o the_o matter_n they_o entreat_v of_o as_o for_o the_o impediment_n which_o present_v themselves_o to_o i_o when_o first_o i_o give_v my_o mind_n to_o the_o study_n of_o this_o art_n as_o namely_o neither_o to_o happen_v upon_o sufficient_a instructour_n nor_o yet_o to_o find_v light_n or_o perspicuity_n enough_o in_o the_o precept_n deliver_v i_o will_v endeavour_v as_o much_o as_o i_o can_v to_o remove_v out_o of_o other_o man_n way_n and_o as_o often_o as_o word_n shall_v fail_v to_o express_v my_o meaning_n i_o will_v for_o plainness_n sake_n use_v the_o direction_n of_o figure_n and_o pourtraict_n adjoin_v thereby_o the_o view_n of_o the_o eye_n as_o a_o aid_n and_o assistance_n to_o the_o understanding_n &_o withal_o retain_v the_o term_n of_o ancient_a author_n to_o the_o end_n that_o whosoever_o shall_v follow_v this_o book_n for_o a_o 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eupolemus_n stratocles_n hermias_n clear_a chus_fw-la pausanias_n albeit_o such_o name_n may_v often_o be_v find_v the_o rest_n be_v special_o mention_v and_o much_o commend_v of_o who_o i_o will_v set_v down_o what_o i_o find_v 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n i_o have_v before_o note_v some_o what_o of_o frontine_n we_o have_v of_o he_o as_o it_o be_v think_v other_o work_n beside_o his_o stratagem_n but_o this_o book_n of_o tactic_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v we_o have_v not_o i_o will_v only_o add_v the_o relation_n of_o â—_o vegetius_n towch_v frontine_n who_o write_v thus_o cato_n the_o elder_a albeit_o he_o have_v be_v both_o invincible_a in_o arm_n and_o often_o general_n of_o great_a army_n believe_v yet_o he_o shall_v more_o profit_v his_o country_n if_o he_o lay_v down_o in_o write_v the_o
be_v call_v thureo_n and_o be_v in_o form_n like_o a_o door_n from_o whence_o they_o have_v their_o name_n for_o thura_fw-la signify_v a_o door_n these_o the_o roman_n and_o gaul_n used_n albeit_o sâ—me_n what_o different_a in_o form_n the_o 12_o round_o have_v eight_o full_a handful_n in_o diameter_n as_o alien_a say_v and_o be_v term_v asâ—ides_v long_a target_n be_v much_o dislike_v by_o the_o grecian_n cyrus_n in_o xenophon_n deride_v they_o as_o both_o hinder_v the_o sight_n &_o be_v unwieldy_a philopoe_n and_o philopoemen_n change_v they_o into_o round_a target_n follow_v the_o macedonian_a manner_n the_o target_n of_o philopoemen_n 4â—4_n pausanias_n term_v argâ—lican_n target_n it_o may_v be_v because_o they_o be_v first_o use_v by_o the_o argive_n in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o 56_o acrisius_n danae_n father_n and_o praetus_fw-la who_o contend_v about_o the_o kingdom_n of_o argos_n of_o what_o matter_n these_o target_n be_v be_v a_o quaestion_n some_o take_v they_o to_o have_v be_v make_v of_o other_o matter_n &_o cover_v over_o with_o brass_n &_o that_o otherwise_o the_o soldier_n shall_v not_o have_v be_v able_a to_o have_v bear_v they_o for_o the_o weight_n i_o deny_v not_o that_o in_o ancient_a time_n some_o target_n be_v plate_v with_o brass_n the_o rather_o because_o i_o find_v that_o alexander_n to_o match_v the_o indian_a pomp_n cover_v the_o target_n of_o his_o soldier_n with_o plate_n of_o silver_n but_o that_o the_o ordinary_a macedonian_a target_n be_v so_o cover_v i_o deny_v 12_o aelian_n after_o call_v they_o chalce_fw-la brazen_a not_o epichalce_a cover_v with_o brass_n c_o polyb._n say_v that_o the_o macedonian_n in_o the_o time_n of_o k._n philip_n the_o son_n of_o demetrius_n be_v call_v chalcaspide_n brazen_a targeteer_n not_o epichalkitai_o by_o which_o name_n as_o hesychius_n have_v they_o be_v call_v that_o have_v their_o target_n cover_v with_o brass_n so_o likewise_o aemiliâ—_n in_o the_o time_n of_o perseus_n and_o the_o megapolitan_o who_o imitate_v the_o macedonian_a manner_n of_o arm_v be_v term_v chalcaspide_n 4_o in_o polybius_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v â—_o brazen_a target_n by_o the_o institution_n of_o lycurgus_n &_o that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o hero_n almost_o all_o armour_n be_v make_v of_o brass_n 56â—_n the_o target_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n that_o be_v slay_v at_o the_o battle_n of_o leuctra_n be_v brass_n and_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pausanias_n and_o the_o brazen_a target_n 123_o of_o pyrrhus_n which_o he_o leave_v at_o argos_n be_v there_o slay_v be_v keep_v in_o the_o temple_n of_o câ—es_n as_o for_o the_o weight_n it_o be_v not_o so_o great_a but_o it_o may_v become_v light_a enough_o by_o use_n and_o exercisâ—_n we_o see_v iron_n target_n in_o use_n at_o this_o day_n and_o not_o hard_a to_o be_v bear_v and_o albeit_o the_o weight_n be_v not_o for_o every_o man_n strength_n yet_o since_o it_o have_v be_v and_o be_v the_o manner_n to_o make_v choice_n of_o soldier_n and_o to_o fit_v they_o with_o arm_n according_a to_o the_o ability_n of_o their_o body_n i_o see_v no_o reason_n but_o the_o strong_a sort_n may_v well_o bear_v they_o another_o sort_n of_o target_n there_o be_v which_o differ_v from_o the_o macedonian_a not_o so_o much_o in_o form_n of_o roundness_n as_o in_o matter_n and_o manner_n of_o carieng_n they_o be_v make_v of_o wicker_n and_o bear_v in_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o our_o buckler_n which_o we_o use_v not_o long_o since_o and_o a_o some_o cover_v over_o with_o hide_n some_z not_o b_o xenophon_n say_v that_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a arm_a the_o persian_n with_o these_o wicker_n target_n &_o reko_n ning_v up_o the_o nation_n through_o who_o country_n the_o grecian_n pass_v in_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n &_o describe_v their_o arm_n b_o report_v that_o the_o chalybes_n taochi_n &_o phasian_o have_v target_n of_o this_o kind_n now_o that_o they_o be_v bear_v in_o the_o left_a hand_n be_v clear_a by_o the_o same_o xenoph._n e._n he_o write_v thus_o of_o the_o fight_n betwixt_o cyrus_n &_o croesus_n the_o egyptian_n &_o persian_n encounter_v together_o the_o fight_n be_v hard_a &_o sharp_a &_o the_o egyptian_n aswell_o in_o number_n as_o in_o arm_n have_v the_o advantage_n for_o they_o fight_v with_o stiff_a long_a pike_n &_o their_o large_a target_n better_a cover_v their_o body_n than_o cuirass_n or_o wicker_n target_n and_o be_v bear_v on_o their_o shoulder_n avail_v to_o joint-thrusting_a foreward_n serring_z therefore_o their_o target_n close_o they_o advance_v &_o run_v on_o the_o persian_n be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v the_o shock_n by_o reason_n they_o bear_v their_o wicker_n target_v at_o the_o arm_n end_n but_o retire_v by_o little_a &_o little_a &_o give_v &_o take_v blow_n they_o maintain_v the_o fight_n till_o they_o come_v to_o the_o engine_n so_o far_o xenophon_n out_o of_o which_o word_n a_o man_n may_v plain_o understand_v the_o manner_n of_o bear_v these_o wicker_n target_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o lightness_n may_v easy_o be_v hold_v out_o at_o arm_n end_v and_o as_o the_o egyptian_a target_n which_o reach_v down_o to_o the_o foot_n must_v needs_o be_v heavy_a and_o therefore_o have_v â—eed_o of_o the_o shoulder_n to_o support_v it_o so_o be_v it_o with_o the_o brazen_a target_n of_o the_o macedonian_n which_o be_v also_o weighty_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o matter_n they_o be_v make_v of_o these_o therefore_o be_v likewise_o carry_v on_o the_o shoulder_n plutarch_n witness_v it_o in_o the_o life_n of_o aemilius_n and_o the_o same_o plutarch_n rehearse_v that_o cleomenes_n the_o king_n of_o sparta_n teach_v his_o lacedaemonian_n in_o steed_n of_o a_o spear_n to_o use_v a_o pike_n with_o hoth_a hand_n and_o to_o bear_v theirâ—_n target_n upon_o the_o strappe_v not_o by_o the_o handle_n the_o word_n be_v obscure_a &_o need_v light_n which_o i_o will_v give_v as_o short_o as_o i_o can_v i_o find_v three_o word_n amongst_o the_o grecian_n all_o perteyn_a to_o 〈◊〉_d a_o target_n they_o be_v those_o telamonius_n ochane_n or_o ochanon_n and_o porpax_v telamonius_n in_o this_o sense_n for_o it_o signify_v otherwise_o a_o band_n be_v by_o all_o confess_v to_o be_v the_o broad_a strappe_v which_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o handle_n of_o the_o target_n &_o hold_v the_o target_n be_v cast_v about_o the_o neck_n unto_o the_o back_n of_o ochane_n &_o porpax_n be_v some_o variance_n ochano_n suidas_n say_v that_o ochanon_n be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o hold_n of_o the_o target_n ochaâ—o_o hesychius_n call_v it_o the_o porpax_n of_o the_o target_n &_o the_o band_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o porpax_n 〈◊〉_d hesychius_n say_v it_o be_v the_o handle_n of_o the_o target_n &_o take_v porpe_n iâ—_n the_o same_o sense_n make_v it_o the_o thing_n bear_v up_o the_o targett_v into_o which_o the_o hand_n and_o arm_n to_o the_o elbow_n be_v thrust_v porpax_n suidas_n say_v porpax_n be_v it_o that_o they_o hold_v the_o target_n by_o which_o be_v call_v ochane_n &_o again_o that_o some_o take_v it_o for_o the_o band_n of_o the_o target_n other_o some_o for_o the_o middel_n iron_n that_o go_v through_o the_o target_n on_o which_o the_o soldier_n take_v hold_v so_o that_o both_o hesychius_n &_o suidas_n agree_v that_o ochanon_n &_o porpax_n be_v sometime_o alone_o and_o signify_v the_o handle_n of_o the_o target_n in_o which_o sense_n 34_o herodotus_n &_o â—40_n pausanias_n take_v ochanon_n also_o hesychius_n further_o interprete_v it_o for_o the_o band_n of_o the_o target_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o signification_n better_a agree_v with_o the_o meaning_n of_o plutarch_n who_o make_v a_o apparent_a difference_n betwixt_o they_o report_v that_o cleomenes_n teach_v the_o lacedaemonian_n to_o carry_v their_o target_n by_o the_o ochane_n not_o by_o the_o porpax_n when_o he_o say_v by_o the_o ochane_n be_v mean_v by_o the_o strappe_v by_o which_o be_v fasten_v about_o the_o neck_n the_o target_n be_v throw_v over_o to_o the_o back_n &_o rest_v upon_o the_o left_a shoulder_n that_o which_o i_o say_v will_v better_o appear_v if_o we_o mark_v what_o the_o lacedaemonian_n do_v before_o &_o what_o cleomenes_n advise_v they_o unto_o before_o they_o carry_v a_o spear_n in_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o a_o target_n by_o the_o handle_n in_o the_o left_a so_o that_o both_o their_o hand_n be_v full_a the_o spear_n be_v not_o able_a to_o match_v the_o enemy_n pike_n for_o cleomeâ—_n cleomenes_n have_v often_o to_o do_v with_o the_o macedonian_n &_o achaean_n who_o both_o use_a pike_n &_o pike_n the_o lacedaemonian_n can_v not_o wield_v with_o one_o hand_n so_o then_o to_o give_v they_o liberty_n of_o both_o hand_n he_o counsel_v they_o to_o carry_v their_o target_n at_o their_o back_n by_o the_o strappe_v
or_o ochane_n which_o be_v the_o macedonian_a manner_n and_o not_o to_o hold_v they_o any_o more_o by_o the_o porpax_n or_o handle_v and_o so_o to_o free_v their_o left_a hand_n to_o apply_v both_o to_o the_o menage_n of_o a_o pike_n this_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o direct_a meaning_n of_o plutarch_n cleomenes_n then_o persuade_v they_o to_o leave_v their_o spear_n &_o take_v pike_n and_o leave_v the_o target_n in_o the_o left_a hand_n may_v prove_v a_o impediment_n to_o the_o use_n of_o a_o pike_n he_o think_v best_o they_o shall_v carry_v they_o at_o their_o back_n by_o the_o ochane_n to_o carry_v they_o then_o by_o the_o strappe_v at_o the_o back_n be_v to_o give_v free_a use_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n without_o which_o a_o pike_n special_o a_o long_a pike_n such_o as_o cleomenes_n advise_v they_o unto_o can_v be_v wield_v as_o experience_n will_v teach_v any_o man_n that_o list_v to_o make_v trial_n 4_o and_o long_a pike_n pike_n for_o the_o most_o part_n have_v be_v call_v by_o two_o name_n by_o the_o grecian_n doru_n and_o sarissa_n aelian_n name_v they_o dorata_fw-la both_o here_o and_o in_o other_o place_n of_o this_o book_n c_o xenophon_n speak_v of_o the_o weapon_n of_o the_o chalybes_n say_v they_o have_v dorata_fw-la of_o 15._o cubit_n long_o arm_v with_o iron_n at_o one_o end_n only_o tet_z be_v doru_n take_v for_o a_o spear_n oftentimes_o as_o in_o that_o place_n of_o plutarch_n 〈◊〉_d last_o recite_v where_o cleomenes_n persuade_v the_o lacedaemonian_n to_o change_v their_o dorata_fw-la spear_n into_o sarissas_n pike_n the_o like_a recount_v he_o of_o philo._n philopoemen_n who_o change_v the_o spear_n of_o the_o achaean_n into_o pike_n call_v the_o spear_n dorata_fw-la the_o pike_n sarissas_n and_o even_o in_o this_o place_n aelian_n term_v they_o not_o dorata_fw-la simple_o but_o with_o addition_n of_o perimekestera_fw-la of_o a_o longsise_n and_o after_o describe_v the_o arm_n of_o the_o peltaste_v he_o say_v their_o spear_n dorata_fw-la be_v 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so_o that_o the_o 4_o horseman_n embattle_v in_o that_o form_n neither_o file_n nor_o rank_n conceive_v that_o turn_n and_o other_o motion_n will_v be_v more_o easy_o perform_v in_o this_o figure_n nothing_o hinder_v before_o behind_z or_o in_o flank_n and_o first_o they_o place_v the_o leader_n then_o one_o at_o his_o right_n and_o a_o other_o at_o his_o left_a hand_n so_o distant_a that_o their_o horse_n head_n reach_v up_o to_o his_o horse_n shoulder_n as_o be_v say_v before_o and_o the_o first_o row_n they_o make_v of_o a_o uneven_a number_n as_o 11_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o troop_n stand_v in_o the_o midst_n and_o 5_o other_o be_v lay_v to_o he_o backward_o on_o either_o side_n so_o that_o this_o rank_n contain_v two_o side_n of_o the_o rhombe_n then_o the_o reare-commander_n be_v place_v direct_o behind_o the_o leader_n and_o to_o he_o be_v other_o join_v forward_o on_o either_o side_n and_o the_o number_n of_o every_o follow_a rank_n after_o the_o first_o be_v to_o be_v two_o 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two_o hipparchy_n 6_o a_o ephipparchy_n of_o 1024_o horse_n two_o ephipparchy_n 7_o a_o telos_n of_o 2048_o horse_n two_o telos_n make_v 8_o a_o epitagma_n of_o 4096_o horse_n note_n hitherto_o of_o square_n and_o rhombe_n usual_a horse_n battle_n among_o the_o grecian_n now_o follow_v the_o horse_n battle_n of_o the_o macedonian_n of_o which_o p_o aelian_n have_v thus_o afterward_o this_o form_n of_o horse_n battle_n be_v call_v a_o wedge_n by_o tactic_n and_o it_o be_v invent_v by_o philip_n king_n of_o macedonia_n who_o place_v his_o best_a man_n before_o that_o by_o they_o the_o weak_a may_v be_v hold_v in_o and_o enable_v to_o the_o charge_n as_o in_o a_o spear_n or_o sword_n the_o point_n whereof_o by_o reason_n of_o sharpness_n quick_o pierce_v make_v way_n for_o and_o let_v in_o the_o middle_n blunt_a iron_n i_o have_v speak_v somewhat_o of_o the_o wedge_n in_o the_o two_o last_o chapter_n aelian_n in_o this_o chapter_n show_v the_o number_n and_o manner_n of_o frame_v it_o 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swift_a of_o foot_n run_v cross_a against_o the_o young_a prince_n give_v he_o a_o deadly_a stroke_n and_o overthrow_v he_o his_o fall_n make_v the_o rest_n to_o fly_v and_o the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v the_o victory_n and_o follow_v the_o chase_n come_v into_o the_o champion_n ground_n still_o kill_v but_o not_o remember_v they_o be_v not_o follow_v with_o arm_a foot_n upon_o who_o pyrrhus_n have_v even_o then_o hear_v of_o and_o be_v much_o move_v with_o the_o death_n of_o his_o son_n wheel_v about_o the_o molossian_a horseman_n and_o himself_o first_o advance_v upon_o the_o spur_n imbrue_v himself_o with_o the_o slaughter_n of_o lacedaemonian_n he_o always_o seem_v mighty_a and_o terrible_a in_o arm_n but_o then_o he_o exceed_v himself_o in_o dare_v and_o valour_n for_o turn_v his_o horse_n upon_o eualcus_n who_o shun_v he_o shift_v a_o side_n and_o with_o all_o strike_v at_o his_o bridle_n hand_n as_o he_o pass_v by_o and_o want_v but_o little_a of_o cut_v it_o off_o but_o miss_v the_o hand_n he_o light_v upon_o the_o reins_n and_o carve_v they_o quite_o a_o sunder_o pyrrhus_n with_o all_o strike_v he_o through_o the_o body_n with_o his_o lance_n then_o leap_v from_o his_o horse_n and_o fight_v a_o foot_n he_o cut_v in_o piece_n the_o choose_v lacedaemonian_n that_o fight_v to_o recover_v the_o body_n of_o eualcus_n this_o be_v the_o fight_n that_o pyrrhus_n make_v by_o wheel_v about_o his_o horseman_n against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n that_o follow_v upon_o his_o rear_n another_o example_n of_o wheel_v about_o be_v report_v by_o polybius_n and_o it_o be_v of_o amilcar_n annibals_n father_n this_o be_v the_o history_n the_o mercenary_a soldier_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n revolt_v from_o they_o and_o overthrow_v some_o of_o their_o general_n and_o shut_v they_o up_o within_o the_o city_n of_o carthage_n possess_v both_o other_o straits_n that_o lead_v into_o the_o country_n and_o also_o a_o bridge_n lay_v over_o a_o river_n call_v macar_n which_o river_n be_v not_o passable_a but_o by_o that_o bridge_n beside_o they_o build_v a_o city_n for_o defence_n of_o that_o bridge_n amilcar_n seek_v to_o dislodge_v the_o enemy_n from_o that_o bridge_n and_o have_v no_o way_n to_o come_v at_o they_o convenient_o observe_v that_o when_o certain_a wind_n blue_a the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n towards_o the_o sea_n be_v common_o fill_v up_o with_o sand_n and_o will_v give_v passage_n sufficient_a for_o his_o army_n find_v then_o a_o fit_a time_n he_o put_v over_o his_o army_n in_o the_o night_n and_o before_o day_n or_o ere_o any_o man_n know_v of_o it_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o passage_n and_o present_o lead_v against_o they_o that_o hold_v the_o bridge_n spendius_n he_o be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a rebel_n hear_v thereof_o advance_v to_o meet_v amilcar_n in_o the_o plain_a and_o both_o ten_o thousand_o from_o the_o city_n at_o the_o bridge_n foot_n and_o fifteen_o thousand_o more_o from_o utica_n come_v out_o one_o to_o aid_v another_o think_v to_o wrap_v in_o the_o carthaginian_n between_o they_o who_o be_v not_o above_o ten_o thousand_o soldier_n of_o all_o sort_n and_o 70_o elephant_n amilcar_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n before_o be_v the_o elephant_n the_o horse_n and_o light_v arm_v follow_v next_o the_o arm_a foot_n come_v last_o and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n that_o follow_v his_o rear_n press_v hard_o upon_o he_o he_o command_v his_o whole_a army_n to_o turn_v about_o those_o that_o be_v in_o the_o vanguard_n of_o the_o march_n he_o will_v to_o return_v to_o he_o with_o speed_n the_o other_o that_o at_o first_o have_v the_o rear_n he_o wheel_v about_o and_o straight_o oppose_v against_o the_o enemy_n the_o lybian_o and_o mercenary_n imagine_v the_o carthaginian_n flee_v for_o fear_n fall_v upon_o they_o disorderly_o and_o bold_o come_v to_o hand_n but_o when_o they_o see_v the_o horseman_n be_v now_o turn_v about_o and_o come_v up_o near_o to_o the_o foot_n and_o already_o put_v in_o order_n make_v a_o stand_n they_o themselves_o by_o reason_n they_o look_v for_o nothing_o less_o fall_v into_o a_o fear_n turn_v their_o back_n flee_v present_o as_o before_o they_o give_v on_o unaduised_o and_o stragling_o and_o some_o of_o they_o fall_v upon_o their_o own_o people_n that_o be_v come_v on_o wrought_v both_o they_o and_o their_o own_o destruction_n othersome_a be_v trample_v upon_o and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o horse_n and_o elephant_n that_o follow_v the_o chase_n thus_o far_o polybius_n and_o thus_o far_o of_o wheeling_n the_o figure_n and_o word_n of_o command_n be_v reserve_v for_o the_o 32_o chapter_n where_o the_o manner_n of_o wheeling_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v set_v down_o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvii_o to_o file_n be_v when_o every_o particular_a man_n keep_v equal_a distance_n from_o other_o stand_v in_o his_o own_o file_n lineal_o betwixt_o the_o file-leader_n and_o bringer-up_a to_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v in_o a_o right_a line_n even_o with_o his_o sideman_n in_o the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o sight_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o same_o aspect_n he_o have_v before_o the_o first_o turn_v as_o if_o his_o face_n be_v at_o first_o towards_o the_o enemy_n be_v command_v to_o turn_v towards_o the_o pike_n and_o thence_o to_o return_v to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o be_v again_o to_o return_v his_o face_n towards_o the_o enemy_n note_n of_o file_v and_o rank_v enough_o be_v speak_v before_o 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n this_o motion_n differ_v from_o anastrophe_n before_o specify_v for_o anastrophe_n bring_v back_o again_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o first_o place_n after_o a_o wheeling_n this_o the_o soldier_n face_n
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n or_o change_v the_o right_a hand_n place_n or_o else_o the_o left_a hand_n place_n of_o the_o battle_n one_o of_o which_o must_v needs_o fall_v out_o and_o never_o fail_v note_n the_o two_o former_a motion_n be_v perform_v one_o in_o close_a order_n the_o other_o in_o all_o order_n epistrophe_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v shut_v so_o close_o that_o as_o aelian_n say_v a_o man_n can_v turn_v his_o face_n neither_o the_o one_o way_n nor_o the_o other_o clisis_fw-la in_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o two_o â—_o follow_v motion_n countermarch_v and_o double_v one_o be_v do_v in_o open_a 84._o order_n the_o other_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o open_a order_n too_o and_o yet_o sometime_o in_o order_n and_o close_a order_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o due_a place_n this_o chapter_n handle_v countermarche_n the_o next_o doubling_n countermarch_v be_v a_o motion_n whereby_o every_o soldier_n march_v after_o other_o change_v his_o front_n for_o the_o rear_n or_o one_o flank_v for_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n and_o the_o other_o by_o rank_n and_o each_o of_o these_o be_v again_o divide_v into_o three_o the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a or_o cretan_a a_o countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o leader_n of_o the_o same_o file_n by_o rank_n when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o sideman_n of_o the_o same_o rank_n in_o the_o countermarch_v 1_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o purpose_n of_o the_o commander_n be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n of_o his_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o withal_o to_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v say_v aelian_n because_o
happen_v a_o like_a to_o both_o they_o find_v a_o safe_a retreat_n within_o the_o battle_n of_o foot_n but_o when_o the_o army_n be_v come_v within_o 500_o pace_n one_o of_o a_o other_o scipio_n give_v a_o signal_n of_o retreat_n and_o open_v his_o battle_n receive_v all_o the_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n into_o the_o midst_n and_o divide_v they_o into_o two_o part_n placed_z they_o as_o seconds_z behind_o the_o wing_n now_o when_o time_n be_v come_v to_o begin_v the_o fight_n he_o command_v the_o spaniard_n who_o have_v the_o middle_a ward_n to_o march_v on_o leisurely_o and_o send_v a_o messenger_n from_o the_o right_a wing_n for_o he_o command_v there_o to_o syllanus_n and_o martius_n will_v they_o to_o stretch_v out_o the_o left_a wing_n as_o they_o see_v he_o stretch_v out_o the_o right_n and_o to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o horse_n before_o the_o middle_a ward_n may_v be_v able_a to_o come_v up_o and_o join_v the_o wing_n be_v thus_o stretch_v out_o 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principal_o in_o shift_v his_o best_a man_n the_o roman_n into_o the_o wing_n the_o spaniard_n his_o worst_a into_o the_o midst_n and_o in_o keep_v the_o spaniard_n aloof_o from_o join_v and_o in_o haste_v to_o try_v the_o day_n with_o the_o roman_n against_o the_o weak_a of_o the_o enemy_n hasdrubal_n way_n to_o meet_v with_o this_o stratagem_n have_v be_v to_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n half_a his_o carthaginian_n and_o african_n into_o one_o wing_n and_o half_a into_o the_o other_o and_o by_o that_o mean_v his_o spaniard_n shall_v have_v have_v the_o midst_n against_o the_o roman-spaniard_n and_o his_o old_a soldier_n carthaginian_n and_o african_n be_v oppose_v in_o the_o wing_n against_o the_o roman_n and_o latin_n and_o the_o advantage_n elude_v that_o scipio_n seek_v as_o the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n be_v of_o three_o kind_n so_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n namely_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o the_o choraean_a the_o macedonian_a begin_v to_o move_v at_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o enemy_n the_o enemy_n appear_v to_o either_o flank_n and_o therefore_o incur_v the_o same_o imputation_n that_o be_v lay_v upon_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n as_o seem_v to_o run_v away_o because_o it_o dismarch_v from_o the_o enemy_n yet_o be_v there_o use_v of_o it_o as_o well_o as_o of_o that_o by_o file_n for_o by_o this_o countermarch_n you_o may_v set_v the_o strong_a part_n of_o your_o army_n against_o the_o enemy_n and_o apply_v the_o weak_a to_o some_o river_n lake_n hill_n or_o such_o like_a so_o that_o the_o enemy_n can_v not_o come_v to_o encompass_v it_o it_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o contrary_a wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_a take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o that_o wing_n which_o be_v towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o bring_v the_o best_a man_n to_o be_v foremost_a against_o the_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o begin_v the_o move_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v when_o your_o force_n be_v such_o as_o be_v able_a to_o encounter_v the_o enemy_n and_o you_o desire_v to_o bring_v your_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v the_o choraean_a keep_v the_o same_o ground_n the_o battle_n have_v at_o first_o &_o bring_v one_o wing_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o or_o else_o the_o section_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o may_v have_v be_v do_v in_o the_o last_o example_n cite_v concern_v scipio_n and_o asdrubal_n the_o manner_n of_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o countermarch_n by_o file_n in_o countermarch_n by_o file_n the_o motion_n be_v in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o either_o the_o front_n remove_v towards_o the_o rear_n or_o the_o rear_n towards_o the_o front_n and_o take_v one_o a_o other_o place_n in_o this_o the_o motion_n be_v in_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n flanke-wise_a the_o wing_n either_o march_v into_o the_o midst_n or_o else_o clean_a through_o to_o the_o other_o wing_n in_o do_v it_o the_o soldier_n that_o stand_v uttermost_a in_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o wing_n must_v move_v first_o to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o every_o rank_n several_o follow_v they_o in_o order_n the_o figure_n will_v show_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o motion_n patritius_fw-la utter_o mistake_v the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n and_o ground_v himself_o upon_o a_o wrong_a principle_n namely_o that_o in_o all_o countermarch_v the_o fileleader_n must_v march_v towards_o the_o rear_n and_o the_o bringers-up_a towards_o the_o front_n and_o therefore_o in_o change_v the_o wing_n into_o section_n he_o make_v the_o wing_n to_o fall_v of_o behind_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o fileleader_n wheel_v about_o and_o there_o to_o join_v themselves_o as_o near_o as_o the_o middle_a section_n will_v give_v leave_n and_o the_o section_n fall_v back_o likewise_o to_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o flank_n of_o they_o that_o be_v the_o wing_n whereas_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o euolution_n be_v clear_o to_o leave_v the_o fileleader_n in_o front_n and_o bringers-up_a in_o rear_n as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o and_o albeit_o the_o fileleader_n than_o change_v their_o place_n yet_o change_v they_o their_o place_n with_o none_o but_o with_o file_n leader_n and_o the_o change_n be_v but_o a_o change_n of_o hand_n the_o right_a hand_n for_o the_o left_a or_o the_o left_a hand_n for_o the_o right_n for_o whereas_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n have_v before_o the_o right_a hand_n now_o in_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v transpose_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n they_o have_v the_o left_a hand_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o fileleader_n as_o likewise_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o other_o
bringers-up_a the_o word_n of_o command_n may_v be_v these_o for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n fileleader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o every_o file_n pass_v through_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o and_o place_n yourselves_o at_o your_o distance_n after_o your_o leader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o so_o stand_v for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n the_o first_o manner_n bringers-up_a turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o beginning_n at_o they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o the_o bringers-up_a countermarch_n and_o place_n yourselves_o in_o your_o distance_n before_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o one_o before_o a_o other_o till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o second_o manner_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o let_v every_o man_n file_n follow_v he_o and_o keep_v true_a distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o file_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o stand_v and_o let_v your_o file_n follow_v you_o keep_v their_o distance_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_n turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o orderly_o behind_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n cap_n 29_o dobling_n of_o rank_n the_o front_n before_o dobling_n of_o rank_n dobling_n of_o rank_n in_o action_n the_o front_n after_o dobling_n of_o rank_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o first_o manner_n the_o corner_n file_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n turn_v your_o face_n and_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o your_o sideman_n orderly_o keep_v your_o distance_n the_o second_o manner_n the_o right_a or_o left_a wing_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v not_o countermarch_n to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o all_o in_o the_o rank_n follow_v every_o man_n his_o side-man_n keep_v your_o distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o uttermost_a corner_n file_v of_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v wing_n countermarch_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a or_o right_a wing_n and_o stand_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v ranke-wise_a keep_v their_o distance_n of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n xxix_o 1_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v one_o of_o rank_n the_o other_o of_o depth_n or_o file_n and_o 2_o either_o of_o these_o double_a the_o number_n or_o the_o place_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o number_n when_o of_o a_o front_n of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v a_o front_n keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o 248_o file_n by_o insert_v in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n some_o of_o the_o follower_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o depth_n this_o be_v do_v to_o the_o end_n to_o thicken_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o we_o lift_v to_o recall_v they_o to_o their_o first_o posture_n we_o be_v to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v insert_v to_o countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o 4_o there_o be_v that_o mislike_v these_o doubling_n especial_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n and_o will_v have_v a_o show_n of_o double_v make_v without_o indeed_o double_v the_o phalange_n already_o order_v by_o stretch_v out_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o horse_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o length_n be_v when_o either_o we_o will_v over-wing_n the_o enemy_n or_o else_o ourselves_o fear_v to_o be_v over-winged_n the_o depth_n be_v double_v 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n into_o the_o first_o so_o that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v place_v next_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o four_o man_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o three_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o six_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o forth_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o whole_a second_o file_n be_v ingross_v into_o the_o first_o and_o likewise_o the_o four_o file_n into_o the_o three_o and_o all_o the_o even_a file_n into_o the_o odd_a doubâ—ing_v of_o the_o depth_n by_o countermarch_v be_v make_v either_o when_o the_o next_o side-file_n in_o several_a as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n the_o second_o and_o the_o four_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o place_n themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a file_n or_o else_o the_o file_n remain_v in_o their_o first_o place_n and_o number_n half_a of_o they_o divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a countermarch_n likewise_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o convey_v themselves_o behind_o the_o other_o there_o order_n themselves_o and_o so_o double_a the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n if_o we_o will_v return_v they_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o must_v recall_v those_o that_o be_v convey_v to_o stand_v behind_o to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o the_o countermarch_v note_n the_o former_a three_o motion_n alter_v not_o the_o form_n of_o the_o phalange_n for_o whether_o you_o turn_v face_n wheel_a or_o countermarch_v the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n and_o length_n remain_v one_o the_o motion_n to_o be_v express_v in_o this_o chapter_n induce_v a_o other_o shape_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o make_v it_o seem_v a_o different_a body_n from_o that_o it_o be_v before_o be_v by_o double_v extend_v either_o in_o length_n or_o in_o depth_n for_o double_v the_o number_n of_o man_n or_o the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n in_o front_n make_v the_o length_n twice_o as_o much_o 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nothing_o pertein_v to_o that_o argument_n i_o never_o make_v doubt_n be_v creep_v into_o the_o text_n and_o i_o be_o rather_o confirm_v in_o my_o opinion_n because_o i_o see_v it_o noteâ—_n with_o a_o asterisk_n in_o that_o aelian_a be_v of_o robortellus_n edition_n which_o the_o learned_a isaac_n casaubon_n have_v quote_v and_o purpose_v to_o set_v forth_o if_o untimely_a dâ—ath_n have_v not_o prevent_v he_o i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o the_o word_n because_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o aelian_n and_o may_v give_v some_o light_n to_o the_o manner_n of_o double_v it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v so_o be_v the_o word_n â—hat_n a_o phalange_n be_v double_v in_o person_n or_o place_n when_o we_o therefore_o take_v half_a the_o soldier_n from_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v file_n of_o they_o place_v they_o even_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o that_o of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v 248_o this_o be_v double_v of_o person_n in_o like_a sort_n we_o double_v 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sleeve_v they_o upon_o one_o side_n which_o you_o will_v may_v be_v use_v without_o danger_n as_o well_o when_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_o as_o when_o the_o fight_n be_v in_o as_o much_o as_o they_o disturb_v not_o the_o battle_n but_o advance_v fresh_a aide_n against_o the_o enemy_n on_o the_o flank_n of_o it_o 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n there_o be_v two_o manner_n of_o doubling_n of_o the_o depth_n or_o of_o file_n one_o in_o number_n the_o other_o in_o place_n in_o number_n when_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o another_o the_o leader_n or_o first_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n stand_v behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o second_o the_o three_o behind_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o of_o the_o rest_n or_o when_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o their_o leader_n place_v themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a their_o file_n follow_v they_o or_o which_o come_v all_o to_o one_o the_o file_n be_v whole_a they_o divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o part_n in_o the_o front_n and_o half_a countermarch_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o other_o file_n to_o file_v albeit_o the_o two_o last_o be_v doubling_n both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n and_o not_o in_o place_n alone_o the_o true_a double_v of_o the_o place_n alone_o be_v not_o aelian_a the_o insertion_n whereof_o i_o speak_v remedi_v this_o defect_n also_o there_o it_o be_v say_v that_o when_o 16_o man_n that_o be_v a_o file_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o possess_v as_o much_o length_n as_o 32_o shall_v do_v that_o be_v as_o 2_o file_n it_o be_v double_v of_o place_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o change_v of_o the_o soldier_n order_n into_o open_a order_n for_o in_o their_o order_n they_o have_v 48_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o their_o open_a order_n 96_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o this_o double_v of_o depth_n we_o must_v take_v heed_n that_o we_o make_v not_o the_o front_n of_o our_o army_n to_o narrow_a lest_o we_o give_v opportunity_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o encircle_v and_o encompass_v it_o polybius_n note_v this_o a_o great_a faulâ—_n in_o marcus_n atilius_n regulus_n at_o such_o time_n as_o he_o fight_v with_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o be_v take_v prisoner_n his_o word_n have_v this_o effect_n k_o the_o roman_n see_v the_o enemy_n order_v 1._o his_o battle_n march_v out_o against_o he_o fuâ—l_o of_o courage_n be_v notwithstanding_o somewhat_o appall_v at_o and_o foresee_v the_o elephant_n violence_n in_o come_v on_o they_o set_v their_o darter_n before_o and_o place_v many_o maniple_n of_o arm_v behind_o one_o after_o a_o other_o and_o divide_v the_o horse_n half_a into_o one_o wing_n half_a into_o the_o other_o then_o make_v the_o whole_a battle_n short_a but_o deep_a than_o they_o be_v wont_a they_o provide_v well_o against_o the_o elephant_n but_o not_o against_o the_o horse_n that_o far_o exceed_v they_o in_o number_n be_v now_o come_v to_o hand_n the_o roman_a horse_n overpress_v with_o multitude_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n quick_o flee_v from_o either_o wing_n but_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o left_a wing_n partly_o avoid_v the_o elephant_n partly_o contemn_v the_o mercenary_n fall_v on_o and_o charge_v the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o put_v it_o to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o and_o give_v chase_v even_o to_o the_o trench_n but_o of_o those_o that_o be_v place_v against_o the_o elephant_n the_o first_o sink_v under_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o beast_n perish_v be_v overturn_v and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o heap_n the_o body_n of_o the_o battle_n remain_v a_o while_n unbroken_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o they_o that_o be_v after_o place_v but_o when_o the_o rear_n of_o all_o encompass_v by_o the_o horse_n be_v force_v to_o turn_v about_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o and_o the_o other_o that_o have_v by_o force_n make_v way_n through_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o elephant_n and_o be_v now_o behind_o their_o back_n come_v up_o to_o the_o fresh_a phalange_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n stand_v in_o good_a order_n they_o be_v by_o they_o slay_v thus_o fortune_n be_v contrary_a on_o all_o side_n the_o roman_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o excessive_a might_n of_o the_o beast_n and_o the_o rest_n die_v with_o the_o dart_n of_o the_o horseman_n in_o the_o place_n where_o they_o fight_v the_o error_n of_o attilius_n regulus_n be_v in_o order_v his_o battle_n too_o deep_a by_o mean_n whereof_o it_o be_v easy_o encompass_v and_o distress_a by_o the_o carthaginian_a horse_n b._n appian_n likewise_o blame_v antiochus_n for_o order_v his_o phalange_n 32_o man_n in_o depth_n where_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n ought_v to_o but_o 16_o deep_a show_v that_o by_o that_o oversight_n it_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o overthrow_v i_o have_v touch_v the_o history_n in_o my_o note_n before_o many_o other_o example_n may_v be_v allege_v but_o these_o two_o be_v sufficient_a for_o our_o purpose_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o double_v of_o the_o length_n by_o number_n middle_a man_n double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n by_o this_o command_n the_o middle_a man_n with_o their_o half_a file_n march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o file_n and_o stand_v even_o with_o the_o fileleader_n and_o the_o rest_n even_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n double_v of_o the_o length_n in_o place_n stand_v in_o your_o open_a order_n one_o half_n open_v their_o file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a and_o stand_v six_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o double_v of_o the_o depth_n in_o number_n double_o your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n fall_v into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n double_o your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o fall_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o odd_a and_o place_n themselves_o lineal_o after_o they_o observe_v their_o first_o distance_n divide_v your_o file_n and_o double_v they_o by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n half_n the_o file_n divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a and_o countermarch_n out_o behind_o the_o rear_n then_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o place_n behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o stand_a file_n which_o remove_v not_o then_o march_v on_o and_o place_n themselves_o orderly_o behind_o they_o file_n to_o file_v then_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o double_v the_o depth_n in_o place_n rank_n open_v behind_o to_o your_o open_a order_n the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven-fronted_n phalange_n chap._n xxx_o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o deep_a phalange_n common_o call_v the_o hearse_n be_v that_o which_o procee_v by_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n in_o general_a speech_n every_o thing_n be_v call_v parameke_n which_o have_v length_n more_o than_o the_o depth_n and_o that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n more_o than_o the_o length_n orthion_n and_o so_o likewise_o a_o phalange_n the_o phalange_n loxe_n or_o uneven_a front_a be_v that_o which_o put_v forth_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v think_v fit_a towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o with_o it_o beginning_n the_o fight_n hold_v off_o the_o other_o in_o a_o convenient_a distance_n till_o opportunity_n be_v to_o advance_v of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la eutaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n xxxi_o parembole_n or_o insertion_n be_v when_o place_v soldier_n before_o we_o take_v off_o the_o hindmost_a and_o rank_n they_o within_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o first_o protaxis_fw-la or_o fore-fronting_a be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o make_v they_o forestander_n as_o the_o fileleader_n be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n behind_o it_o be_v call_v epitaxis_fw-la as_o it_o be_v a_o after-placing_a prostaxis_fw-la or_o adjoin_v be_v when_o to_o both_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o to_o one_o flank_n some_o part_n of_o the_o hindmost_a be_v add_v the_o front_n of_o they_o that_o be_v add_v lie_v even_o with_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n such_o addition_n be_v call_v prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la or_o insition_n be_v when_o it_o seem_v good_a to_o set_v the_o lightarmed_n within_o the_o space_n of_o the_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n man_n to_o man_n hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a be_v when_o you_o bestow_v the_o lightarmed_n under_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_v they_o in_o a_o embow_v form_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a figure_n resemble_v a_o
the_o enemy_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o flank_n of_o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la chap._n xxxviii_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la for_o it_o be_v so_o call_v because_o it_o have_v two_o front_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o battle_n that_o be_v set_v and_o advance_v against_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v a_o front_n see_v then_o in_o this_o form_n the_o middlemost_a be_v order_v back_o to_o back_n and_o those_o in_o front_n and_o rear_v make_v head_n against_o the_o enemy_n the_o one_o be_v commander_n of_o the_o front_n the_o other_o of_o the_o rear_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v amphistomus_fw-la it_o be_v of_o great_a use_n against_o a_o enemy_n strong_a in_o horse_n and_o able_a to_o give_v a_o hot_a and_o dangerous_a charge_n and_o principal_o practise_v against_o those_o barbarian_n that_o inhabit_v about_o the_o river_n ister_n who_o they_o also_o call_v upon_o amphippi_n because_o they_o change_v horse_n in_o fight_n the_o horse_n battle_n to_o encounter_v this_o form_n have_v a_o tetragonall_a shape_n be_v for_o the_o purpose_n divide_v into_o two_o broad-squares_a they_o be_v broad-squares_a that_o have_v the_o front_n twice_o as_o much_o as_o the_o depth_n and_o these_o square_n be_v oppose_v several_o against_o the_o division_n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n of_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n chap._n thirty-nine_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n antistomus_n be_v like_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la the_o form_n be_v a_o little_a alter_v so_o that_o it_o accustome_v the_o soldier_n to_o resist_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o incursion_n of_o horse_n all_o that_o have_v be_v speak_v concern_v the_o former_a phalange_n both_o for_o foot_n and_o horse_n agree_v with_o this_o figure_n also_o herein_o they_o differ_v that_o cap._n 37._o a_o four_o front_a phalange_n against_o all_o allempte_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o front_n of_o the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o right_a flank_n the_o front_n of_o the_o march_n the_o front_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n cap._n 38._o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la cap_n 39_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n front_n cap._n 40._o the_o horsmans_n wedge_n front_v a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n the_o amphistomus_fw-la receive_v the_o charge_n in_o front_n and_o rear_v the_o antistomus_n in_o flank_n but_o aswell_o in_o the_o one_o as_o the_o other_o they_o fight_v with_o long_a pike_n as_o do_v the_o alan_o and_o sauromatans_n and_o the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o soldier_n in_o the_o file_n turn_v their_o face_n forward_o the_o other_o half_o backward_o so_o that_o they_o stand_v back_o to_o back_o this_o form_n have_v two_o front_n the_o one_o before_o where_o the_o fileleader_n the_o other_o behind_o where_o the_o back-commander_n stand_v and_o be_v also_o divide_v into_o a_o diphalange_n it_o make_v the_o forefront_n with_o the_o one_o and_o the_o after-front_n with_o the_o other_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n chap._n xl._o a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o fileleader_n place_v not_o in_o deduction_n outward_o but_o inward_o face_n to_o face_n one_o against-an_a other_o and_o the_o reare-commander_n without_o one_o half_a in_o a_o right_n the_o other_o in_o a_o left-hand_a deduction_n this_o form_n be_v use_v when_o the_o horse_n give_v on_o and_o charge_v wedge-wise_a for_o the_o *_o wedge_n shoot_v forth_o into_o a_o point_n and_o have_v the_o commander_n follow_v in_o flank_n and_o endeavour_v to_o dissever_v and_o break_v the_o front_n of_o the_o foot_n the_o leader_n of_o the_o foot_n foresee_v their_o purpose_n place_n themselves_o in_o the_o midst_n with_o intent_n either_o to_o repulse_v they_o or_o else_o to_o give_v they_o a_o thorough_a passage_n without_o loss_n for_o the_o wedge_n fly_v upon_o the_o foot_n in_o hope_n to_o charge_v the_o multitude_n in_o the_o midst_n and_o to_o disorder_v the_o whole_a battle_n and_o the_o foot_n commander_n conceive_v well_o the_o fury_n of_o that_o kind_n of_o form_n leave_v a_o little_a space_n betwixt_o either_o front_n and_o stand_v like_o wall_n on_o both_o side_n and_o joint_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o midst_n give_v they_o a_o fruitless_a and_o empty_a passage_n this_o form_n of_o horsebattaile_n be_v call_v a_o wedge_n by_o tactic_n which_o be_v invent_v by_o philip_n king_n of_o macedon_n who_o place_v his_o best_a man_n before_o that_o by_o they_o the_o weak_a sort_n may_v be_v hold_v in_o and_o enable_v to_o the_o charge_n as_o we_o see_v in_o a_o spear_n or_o in_o a_o sword_n the_o point_n whereof_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o sharpness_n quick_o pierce_v make_v way_n for_o and_o let_v in_o the_o middle_n blunt_a iron_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n xli_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n *_o peristomus_fw-la proceed_v by_o deduction_n in_o a_o wing_n the_o oblique_a deduction_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v the_o fileleader_n without_o the_o left_a hand_n oblique_a deduction_n the_o reare-commander_n within_o the_o figure_n show_v the_o intent_n of_o they_o that_o fight_v so_o order_v for_o the_o battle_n go_v to_o charge_n have_v be_v at_o first_o tetragonall_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o oblique_a wing_n the_o right_n and_o the_o left_a of_o purpose_n to_o enclose_v the_o adverse_a square-battaile_n and_o they_o fear_v to_o be_v enclose_v transform_v themselves_o into_o two_o several_a marching-phalanges_a direct_v one_o against_o the_o right_n the_o other_o against_o the_o left_a wing_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v peristomus_fw-la as_o have_v the_o front_n bend_v against_o the_o enemy_n both_o way_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v homoiostomos_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n xlii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o homoiostomus_n be_v so_o name_v because_o a_o whole_a file_n that_o be_v 16_o man_n move_v by_o itself_o another_o file_n follow_v it_o and_o it_o be_v therefore_o call_v homoiostomus_n because_o they_o that_o follow_v follow_v in_o a_o like_a figure_n this_o kind_n be_v oppose_v against_o the_o plinthium_fw-la *_o plinthium_fw-la be_v a_o form_n of_o battle_n that_o have_v the_o side_n equal_a both_o in_o figure_n and_o number_n in_o figure_n because_o the_o distance_n be_v every_o where_o equal_a in_o number_n because_o there_o be_v as_o many_o man_n in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n in_o this_o foure-sided-battaile_n be_v none_o in_o the_o flank_n but_o arm_v without_o archer_n or_o slinger_n to_o help_v when_o therefore_o two_o phalanges_fw-la march_n together_o one_o by_o another_o and_o both_o have_v their_o leader_n either_o in_o a_o right-hand_a or_o left-hand_a deduction_n it_o be_v call_v a_o diphalange_n homoiostomus_n of_o the_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la chap._n xliii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o heterostomus_fw-la be_v that_o which_o proceed_v by_o deduction_n have_v the_o leader_n of_o the_o former_a phalange_n in_o a_o right-hand-deduction_n and_o of_o the_o follow_a phalange_n in_o a_o left-hand-deduction_n so_o that_o the_o battle_n march_v counterchangeable_o one_o have_v the_o leader_n in_o one_o flank_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o other_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n again_o of_o the_o battle_n call_v a_o rhombe_n and_o of_o the_o foote-halfe_a moon_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xliv_o the_o battle_n frame_v in_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n be_v first_o invent_v by_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a and_o be_v call_v i_o will_v after_o his_o name_n and_o to_o this_o form_n he_o exercise_v and_o accustom_v the_o thessalian_n it_o be_v of_o good_a use_n in_o that_o it_o have_v a_o leader_n at_o every_o corner_n at_o the_o point_n the_o captain_n of_o the_o troop_n the_o reare-commander_n behind_o and_o on_o either_o side_n the_o flanke-commander_n the_o foot_n battle_n fit_a to_o affront_v this_o be_v the_o menoide_n or_o crescent_a have_v both_o the_o wing_n stretch_v out_o and_o in_o they_o the_o leader_n and_o the_o midst_n embow_v to_o environ_v and_o wrap_v in_o the_o horseman_n in_o 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that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n double_a to_o the_o
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rank_n must_v never_o be_v more_o open_v than_o the_o open_a distance_n of_o 6_o foot_n and_o to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o troop_n may_v march_v in_o good_a order_n and_o observe_v well_o their_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o rank_n without_o that_o the_o last_o may_v be_v force_v to_o run_v or_o go_v to_o fast_o there_o must_v be_v heed_n take_v that_o so_o soon_o as_o the_o first_o rank_n begin_v to_o march_v all_o the_o troop_n and_o the_o rear_n also_o at_o one_o time_n march_v the_o word_n of_o command_n be_v open_v your_o rank_n open_v your_o file_n stand_v right_a in_o your_o rank_n stand_v right_a in_o your_o file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v so_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n about_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_n file_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v rank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_n rank_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n countermarch_n close_o your_o file_n close_o your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n wheel_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n wheel_n fault_n escape_v in_o the_o book_n pag._n 2._o in_o the_o margin_n beneath_o for_o spartionem_fw-la read_v spartianus_n pag._n 9_o lin_v 20._o for_o be_v be_v &_o lin_v 31._o for_o bircanna_n bircenna_n and_o in_o the_o marg_n lin_v 40._o for_o dipnoseph_n dipnosoph_n pag._n 10._o lin_v 26._o in_o marg_n for_o adrian_n arrian_n p._n 14._o l._n 11._o in_o marg_n for_o dipnoseph_n dipnosoph_n p._n 15_o l._n 18._o for_o marsilian_o massilian_n p_o 17._o l._n 47._o for_o pluime_n plume_n p._n 18._o l_o 49_o for_o conceit_a by_o conceited_o p._n 20._o l._n 45._o for_o thureo_n thureoi_n lin_v 48._o deal_n full_a p._n 22._o l._n for_o those_o these_o l._n 11._o for_o ochane_n ochane_n l._n 32._o deal_n then._n p._n 23._o l._n 12._o for_o divarate_v divarate_v p._n 27._o l._n 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