the viewing the subsequent Figure you shall the better understand the manner of performing this motion of Square Facing Face Square and March Proper Front Front accidentall Front accident all The Front of the Reere The Words of Command commonly used to produce this precedent Figure are these as followeth if they be 10 in depth and 20 in Ranke The first three Rankes stand The three last Rankes face about The rest of the Body face to the Right and Left then March all To reduce them to their first Order Face all about to the Right March and close your Divisions Face all to your Leader who then stands at his Front proper Another way of facing Square and Marching upon it The Front proper The Front of the left Flanke The Front of the right Flank The Front of the Reere The words of Command customarily used to produce this Figure are these as followeth Musquetiers face to the right and left Halfe-files of Pikes faces about to the right then March all To reduce them to their former order Face all about to the right March and close your Divisions Face all to your Leader In the next Chapter I shall shew the manner of Opening and Closing both of Files and Rankes and then some instructions of doubling them with their use and parts CHAP. LXXXI The manner of opening and closing both of Rankes and Files and how to double them with the use and parts thereunto belonging IN the opening and closing of Rankes and Files there are divers things considerable as first in the motion of Files you are to observe your Leader Secondly in your motion of Rankes you are to observe your right-hand 〈◊〉 Thirdly when Files open to the right the left-hand-Left-hand-file must stand fast every 〈◊〉 taking 〈◊〉 distance from the File next his left hand Fourthly when they open to the Le then the right hand File stands every File taking his distance from the File next his Right hand Fiftly in closing of Files if it be to the right then contrary to the opening the Right-hand-file stands the rest closing to the right taking then Distance from their next right hand-file Sixthly if you close to the left then the Left-hand-file stands the rest of the Files closing to the left taking their distance in like manner Seventhly when Files close to the right and left then they close inwards taking their distance from the Files within them neerer to the middest of the body Eighthly note when Files are commanded to open to the right and left or by division it must be outward Likewise you must observe when Rankes open forwards then the last Ranke stands every Ranke taking his distance from the Ranke next behind him Secondly when they open backwards then the first Ranke is to stand and every Ranke is to take his distance from the Ranke next before him Thirdly if Rankes close to Front and Reare then the first and last Ranke stands the other taking their distances from them Fourthly if they close Rankes towards the Center or middest then they close towards their two middlemost rankes Lastly you are to observe that in opening of Files and Ranks you are in the acting of it either to face to the right or to the right about these things being considered and you hauing commanded them to even their Rankes and straighten their Files you are to use these words of Command following Rankes and Files to your close order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your Order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your open order Files open to the right Rankes open forwards to your double distance Files close to the Right Rankes close forwards to your open order Files close to the right Rankes close forwards to your order Files close to the Right Rankes close forwards to your close order Files open to the Left Rankes open backwards to your order Files open to the left Rankes open backwards to your open order Files open to the left Rankes open backwards to your double distance Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your open order Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your order Files close to the left Rankes close backward to your close order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your open order Files Rankes open to the right and left front and reare to your double distance Files Rankes close to the right and left inward middest to your open order These motions being performed by the Souldiers fairly and with out mistakes you may proceed to exercise them in their doublings and shew them their use and parts as the following Chapter will direct CHAP. LXXXII How an Officer shall exercise his Company in doubling of their Rankes and Files with the use thereof and the severall parts and branches thereto belonging THe use of doublings were invented for the strengthening of any part of the Battell according to the discretion of the wise Commander and are distinguished into these two generalls viz. doublings of length and doublings of depth Doubling of Rankes doth make the number double so much as was before whereby the length of the Battell is extended to the double proportion of ground Doubling of Files or Flankes doth likewise double the number in depth as the former did in length and before wee proceed to particularize these doublings let us take notice of these observations following First that in this motion of doubling there is one part of the body stands firme and the other part moves viz. the standing part is to be doubled the part moving are those that double Secondly observe that the distance for particular and divisionall doublings is open Order in Ranke and File Thirdly observe that the ordinary doublings of Rankes and Files is or ought to be performed by three steps viz first stepping forth with that foote which is next unto the place named Fourthly in the reducement to your former station you must returne by the contrary hand Fifthly observe in doubling of Rankes and Files viz if you double Rankes either to the right or left hand if you double your Files to the contrary hand reduceth them into their former station or in doubling of Files to either hand doubling of your rankes to the contrary will reduce them Lastly observe the severall parts or branches of doublings which are Doublings of First Rankes Secondly halfe-Halfe-Files Thirdly Bringers up Fourthly The Reare Fifthly Files Sixthly Halfe-Rankes The first is doubling of Rankes which is performed when every Even-ranke is doubled into the Odde The second is when the halfe Files double their Rankes forwards into the Front The third is when the Bringers-up double their Rankes forwards into the Front The fourth is when the Front halfe Files doubleth the Reare these first foure being doublings of Rankes causeth the length of the Battell to be extended either simply in number
or both in number and place The fift is the ordinary doubling of Files viz. every one of the even Files being inserted into the odde Files accounting from the hand named The sixt and last is the doubling of halfe Rankes which is to be understood when one Flanke doubles the other either by passing through Counter-march doubling entire or divisionall The words of Command most properly used for doublings Rankes to the Right Left double Rankes as you were Files to the Right Left double Files as you were Bringers up double your Rankes forward to the right Bringers up face about to the left march forth into your places Bringers up double your Rankes forward to the left Bringers up face about to the right march forth into your places Files to the right and left double Outward Inward Files as you were Halfe Files double your Rankes forward to the right Halfe Files face about to the left march forth into your places Halfe Files double yur Rankes forwards to the left Halfe Files face about to the right march forth into yrur places Front halfe Files face about to the Left And double the Reare to the right March forth into your places Front halfe Files face about to the right And double the Reare to the left March forth into your places Front Halfe-files double the Reare to the Right by Counter-march Front Halfe-files face about to the left March forth into your places Front Halfe-files double the Reere to the left by Counter-march Front Halfe-files face about to the right March forth into your places Halfe Rankes to the Right by Counter-march double your Left Flanke Halfe-rankes that doubled face to the Right March forth into your places Halfe-Rankes to the left by Counter-march double your Right flanke Halfe-rankes that doubled face to the Left March forth into your places Halfe-rankes of the Right double your left flanke Halfe-rankes that doubled face to the right March forth into your places Halfe Rankes of the left double your right flanke Halfe-rankes that doubled face to the left March forth into your places Halfe-files double your front to the right intire Halfe-files face about to the left March forth into your places Halfe-files double your front to the left intire Halfe-files face about to the right March forth into your places Halfe-files double your front inward intire Halfe-files face about to the right March forth into your places Halfe-files double your front by division Halfe-files face about to the right and left March forth into your places Front halfe-files double your Reare by Division Front halfe-files face about to the right and left inward March to your places Front halfe-files double your reare to the right intire Front halfe-files face about to the left March forth into your places Front halfe-files double your Reare to the left intire Front halfe-files face about to the right March forth into your places Halfe-rankes of the right double your left flanke intire to the right Halfe-rankes that doubled face about to the left March forth into your places Halfe-rankes of the left double your right flankes intire to the left Halfe-rankes that doubled face about to the right March into your places Halfe-rankes of the right double your left flanke by Division Halfe-rankes that doubled face about to the right and left inward March forth into c. Double your Rankes to the right intire Rankes that doubled face to the left March forth into your places Double your Rankes to the left intire Rankes that doubled face to the right March forth into your places Double your Rankes by Division Rankes that doubled face to the right and left inward March forth into your places Double your Files to the right intire advancing Files that doubled face about to the left March forth into your places Double your files to the left intire advancing Files that doubled face about to the right March forth into your places Files double your depth intire to the Right Left Files that doubled as you were Files double your depth to the Right every man falling behinde his Bringer-up Files that doubled as your were Thus have I runne over the Words of Command whereby the doubling both of Rankes and Files are produc'd and also the aptest way and termes to reduce them to their first forme and station as for demonstrating them by Figure it would bee too tedious in regard I am to discourse of all the parts belonging to the Body of Warre wherefore I shall onely exemplifie them by discourse in the following Chapter CHAP. LXXXIII Directions how to performe those severall kindes of doublings and how to reduce them againe according to the fore-going Words of Command for producing and reducing them HAving spoken briefly in the fore-going Chapter concerning the severall kindes of doublings and mentioned both the words of Command which produceth them and also the words of Direction for the reducing of them to their first Forme and Station In this Chapter I shall endeavour to set downe briefe directions how they may best be performed with the readiest way for the executing of them The Words of Command you shall finde in the Margent which produceth each severall motion of doubling both of Rankes and Files Rankes to the Right double This doubling of Rankes to the Right is naught else but the inserting of the Even-rankes into the Odde-rankes wherein you must note that in the doubling of Rankes the Even-rankes are to double into the Odde beginning alwayes to reckon from the first Ranke so that the second Ranke doubles into the first entring in upon the Right hand of him that stands in the Ranke right before him and so stands even a-Brest with them The fourth Ranke after the same manner doubles upon the right hand of him that stands before him in the third Ranke The sixt Ranke after the same manner doubles into the fifth Ranke The eighth into the seventh and the tenth into the ninth So that the Right-hand man of that Ranke that doubleth to the Right is alwayes to take his place upon the outermost side of the Right-hand man of that Ranke that was doubled the rest of his Ranke doing accordingly After the same manner it is to be performed to the Left hand onely now you are to take the left hand of him that stands in the Ranke before you after the same manner as before you did the Right For the reducing of them those Rankes that doubled must turne off to the contrary hand of that they doubled unto The Command is Rankes as you were Or otherwise you may reduce them by commanding the Leaders to draw out their Files viz. those Rankes that doubled are to stand firme and those that were doubled are to march out untill their last Ranke be a pretty distance before the first Ranke of them that doubled and then they are to step into their Even distances and stand even in Ranke and File as before Files to the Left double The words of Command which produceth this
onely differing in hand The Words of Command which reduceth it are Front halfe-halfe-Files face about to the left March forth into your places Halfe Ranks of the right double your left Flank intire to the right This doubling of the left Flank by advancing the right Flank and placing it before the Leaders of the left Flank which is a doubling both of number and place being very usefull for the strengthning of any Flank where it shall seem needfull And if you desire to have your Musketires to double even with the Musketires of the contrary Flank then you must first cause the half Ranks of the right Flank to march forth-right untill the Rear-Rank of the right Flank be advanced about 3 foot before the Front of the left Flank and then cause that Flank so advanced to counter-march their Ranks to the right and then all your Musketires will be together and the Pikes likewise by themselves The manner of performing this motion according to the words of Command in the Margent is as followeth First the left Flank stands and the right Flank marcheth forth-right untill the Rear of the right Flank be advanced before the Front of the left Flank as before is shewed then face them to the left and cause them to march untill the Pikes are even in Rank with the Musketires which perfects the doubling For the Reducement let the halfe Ranks that doubled face about to the left and march untill they are cleer of the left Flank then cause them to face to the right and to march straight down into their places then the Commander being at his first Front faceth them all to him which reduceth them as at first The left Flank may also double the right Flank intire after the former manner only changing the hand the Command for reducement is Halfe Ranks that doubled face about to the Left march forth into your places Half Ranks of the left double your right Flank by division This motion of doubling Flanks by division doth make a strong form of Battell to give fire three severall waies at once The manner of performing it after the word of Command is given as followeth The Rear half-Files of the left Flank face about to the right and then both the Front half-Files and Rear half-Files march forth-right untill they are clear of that part of the body that stands then each division faceth that way which they are to double which the Front half-Files must do to the right and the Rear half-Files to the left so march forth-right untill the doubling be performed For reducement if the Commander stands at the right Flank which is the part that was doubled then the reducement is as followeth the half Ranks that doubled are to face about inwards and march forth-right untill they are clear of the right Flank which stands then the Front half-Files face to the left and the Rear half-Files to the right and then close their division The Commander going to his first Front and facing the whole body to him they are reduc'd as at first If that the right Flank would double the left Flank by division the way is the same only differing in the hand The words of Command to reduce it are Halfe Ranks that doubled Face about inwards March forth into your places Double your Ranks to the right intire This doubling of Ranks intire to the right is a doubling both of number and place and in some sort worketh the same effect as the doubling of half Files doth to the right intire but differeth in regard of the parties which are the doublers and in the distance left after the doubling The motion of this doubling ought to be thus performed After the word of Command is given for the doubling to the right as in the Margent is exprest then every even Rank faceth to the right The right hand man of each Rank becoming the Leader of his Rank likewise leading them forth and in their March of moving forwards a little bending to the left that when the left-hand man of each Rank which are the bringers up of the motion are clear of the standing part of the body by only facing to the Front they may stand even in Rank with the rest of the Company For reducement of this doubling you must observe that the left-hand men are the Leaders of the motion wherefore command the Ranks that doubled to face to the left and march forth-right into their places Or you may command the halfe Ranks of the right to face to the left and double the left Flank this will work the same effect with the former To double Ranks to the left intire is to bee done after the same manner onely observe the difference of the hand This kind of doubling may also be done by division The words of Command used for this reducemeâ—t are Ranks that doubled face to the left march forth into your places Double your Files to the right intire advancing This kind of doubling of Files intire to the right advancing is also a doubling both of number and place for it increaseth the depth to double their former proportion of number as from ten to twenty It also gaineth so much ground the more before the Front as formerly the Battell did contain by transferring the even Files of the body into the ground before the Front of the odd Files But this doubling doth diminish the number of the length of your Battell although it preserves their place The manner of performing this motion of doubling is thus to be done first the word of Command being given as in the Margent is specified the odd Files are to stand beginning your account from the outmost File to the hand named the Musketires and Pikes of the even Files are to advance their Arms and follow their File-Leaders every File-Leader leading his File forth-right before his next File to the right untill the bringers up of the even Files are orderly placed before the Leaders of the odd Files For reducement Let the Files that doubled face about to the left the bringers up of each File leading them forth-right downe the distance or spaces which are on their left hand untill they are come even with the Rear and then stand and face about to their Commander and they will bee in their first forme and station The doubling of Files to the left intire advancing is after the same manner only differing in the hand The words of Command used for this reducement are Files that doubled face about to the left march forth into your places Files double your depth to the right every man falling behind his Bringer up This kind of doubling of the depth of Files to the right doth sympathize with the former doubling last discourst of both for number and place only it differeth from the other both in the manner of executing and in some sort of the matter executed for whereas the other doubling by advancing of Files did
great Ordnance it serves also for a guard for any great Personage or Commander to passe through It is also commonly used for the Lodging of the Colours The manner to performe this motion is the same with the last precedent motion differing only in this that whereas in the former all the whole Ranks turned to the right behind their right-hand men in this motion the left Flank or half-Ranks to the left fall into the outmost File to the left and the halfe-Ranks to the right behind their severall right-hand men For reducement the word of Command for it is Files Rank to the right and left inwards as you were viz. the Ranks which before inverted into Files now are to convert into Ranks as they were The nature of this motion which is performed by conversion produceth Ranks as the former motion of Inversion did Files Wherefore you may use this word of Command Ranks Ranke 3. 5. 7. or 9. to the right 4. 6. 8. or 10. to the left By increase 2. 4. 6. 8. c. to the right By increase 1. 3. 5. 7. c. to the left Intire to the right into the Front Intire to the left into the Front By division into the Front The word of Command to reduce these into their former station is Rank Ranks as you were Ranks Wheel to the Right Left Right and left Files Rank 3. 5. 7. or 9. to the right 4. 6. 8. or 10. to the left By increase to the right 1. 3. 5. 7. c. By increase to the left 2. 4. 6. 8. c. To the right To the left into the Front The word of Command to reduce these into their former station is Ranks File as you were Now observe that the severall parts of this motion which is distinguished by the name of Conversion consists of Ranks Ranking In equall parts In unequall parts Intire into the Front By division into the Front By wheeling to the Flanks Files Ranking By equall parts By unequall parts Intire into the Front First of Ranks ranking in equall parts it is thus to be understood when there are 12 or 20 more or lesse marching a Brest and the Commander finding his passage narrow or for any other intent commandeth his Ranks to Rank 3 or 6 a Brest or 5 10 or any other number every Rank holding equality of number Secondly observe that Ranks then Rank by unequall parts when they Rank by increase or decrease as for example when the first Rank shall be 3 the next 5 then 7 9 c. which is commonly used in triangular figures as the Horsemans-wedge or the Diamond-Battell Thirdly observe that Ranks then rank intire into the Front when the first Rank stands the second Rank placeth it self upon the right or left of the first the third by the second the fourth by the third and so forwards for all the rest untill all the Ranks according to their Cōmand either to the right or left are become one Rank in the Front Fourthly observe that Ranks then rank by division into the Front when the second Rank and all the rest of the Ranks behind open to the right left the one part going to the right and the other to the left ranking even with the first as is shewed in the former and all these being joyned together makes one intire Rank Fifthly observe that Ranks then rank to the Flank or Flanks when either the right-hand man of each Rank or left-hand man or both together are as it were the Hinge of the motion the residue of each Rank wheeling about them to the right or left or to each hand by division untill that every Rank bee brought into the distance which was before the Rank between the right-handman of the Rank next before and the right-hand man of the same Rank you stand in If it bee to the left then they wheel into the distance between the left-hand Leaders of each Rank If it bee by division then halfe the Rank wheeleth to the right and the other halfe to the left which produceth two Ranks Sixthly observe that Files then rank by equall parts when they rank 3 4 or 5 a Brest be it more or lesse still keeping the number of men in Rank of due proportion If you rank three a Brest either to the right or left and your Files be but ten deep then the first nine men makes three Ranks and the fourth Rank must be made up by the Leader and the next that follows him of the second File and so for all the rest If you rank five and the Files be ten deep then every File makes two Ranks c. Seventhly observe that Files then rank by unequall parts when they either rank by progressionall increase or by decrease as when every Rank exceeds the Rank before it by two three or foure bee it more or lesse or else that each Rank decreaseth after the same manner Eighthly observe that Files then rank intire into the Front when there is so much distance between File and File as will contain each File Rank-wise every man in the File marching forwards to the right or left as shall bee commanded untill he stand even in Rank with the Leader of his File which brings the body into one Rank As for Ranks wheeling by Conversion to the right and left or Ranks ranking to each Flank by wheeling it differeth from Ranks filing both in manner and matter In differs in manner thus whereas in Ranks filing to the right and left the right and left-hand File-Leaders preserve and continue their places in this wheeling by Conversion to the right and left you shall find it contrary to Ranks filing for the innermost File-Leaders become the outmost men in that part where the Front stood the other File-Leaders rank even within them for when the word of Command is given for wheeling you are to wheel your aspects unto the hand or part named whereby you either become a Rank or Ranks and not Files This way of wheeling is a very speedy motion for a great body if they have their due distance to give fire to one or both Flanks The manner or performing it follows Ranks wheele to the right and left by division To perform this wheeling by division the right and left-hand men of every Rank are to become the hinges of the motion the rest of each Rank wheeling by equall division to the right and left about and above the right and left-hand Leaders untill they become Ranks to the Flanks If you will avoid mixture of Arms then place all your Muskets in Front or Rear or else wheele only your Muskets and leave your Pikes standing or else it may be done the body marching at length the Muskets being in the Front Rear division The word for the reducemēt is Ranks Rank as you were which is performed by facing to the Rear and then to wheel back into their places then face to their Leaders and they will be in their former station
Now it remains to demonstrate the way and manner of Files ranking by Conversion in equall parts the word of Command is Files Rank â—our to the left To performe this motion the right-hand File-leader leadeth forth his File the three next men behind him move forwards to the left hand of each other untill they rank even a Brest with their File-leader The next four in like manner ranking to the left do make the second Rank they being but eight deep The File-leader of the second File placeth himselfe next after him that was the half-File-leader of the first which now is become the right-hand man of the second Rank the three next men behind him makes up his Rank and so in like manner for all the rest untill the motion be quite perfected This converts each File into two Ranks and brings all the proper File-leaders and half-File-leaders to make the outmost File to the right The Bringers up both of the Front and Rear half-Files maketh the outmost File to the left For the reducement of this motion of Files ranking four to the left is thus to bee performed first cause your Ranks to file or invert to the right which being done command every File-leader to lead up his File to the left and so every man will bee in his first station CHAP. LXXXV How an Officer is to exercise his souldiers in three manner of Countermarches which are to be performed two manner of wayes viz. one by File the other by Rank THe next thing to bee performed after you have exercised your men in the doubling of their Ranks and Files is to teach them how to countermarch Wherefore you may first begin with intire Countermarches by File The word of Command which produceth it followeth Files to the right-hand Countermarch As soon as the word of Command is given if they be to countermarch to the right then all the File-leaders are to step forwards with their right-legs and face about to the right-hand every File-leader with his File following him passing down towards to the Rear through the Intervall on his right hand still observing to keep even in Rank with his right-hand man and note That no man must turne untill hee come to the ground where at first his File-leader began the Countermarch This motion is performed when the Bringers up have attained unto the place where before their File-leaders stood Files to the left-hand Countermarch To countermarch to the left-hand worketh the same effect and is done after the same manner only differing in hands For reducing them into their former stations If you countermarch to the right by countermarching again to the left brings them into their first forme Files to the right-hand Countermarch every man turning after his Leader on the ground he stands This Lacedaemonian Countermarch is to be performed as followeth the File-leaders of each File are to step side-waies to the right-hand and therewithall to face about to the Rear and so march even in Rank down together between the Intervalls or spaces of ground between File and File no man advancing a foot forwards but turning off the ground they stand on after their Leaders when they are past by them still observing to keep their due distance and so Rank after Rank still turning off to the right untill the motion be performed Files to the left-hand Countermarch every man turning after his Leader on the ground hee stands To countermarch to the left-hand worketh the same effect and is to be performed after the same manner only differing in hand For reducing them into their former stations If first they countermarcht to the right-hand by countermarching again to the left brings them into their first forme Bringers up face about to the right the rest passe through to the Rear and place your selves before your Bringers up This Lacedaemonian Countermarch doth lose the ground also whereon it formerly stood and takes the ground behind the Rear The manner of the motion is as followeth viz. the last Rank of Bringers up face to the Rear and stand the rest of the Body facing about in like manner and passing through or between their bringers up and placing themselves even in Rank before them The Motion is begun by the Rank next the Bringers up and so continued successively by the rest untill the Countermarch be ended It is to be reduc'd by performing the same motion to the contrary hand or the next subsequent motion following will reduce this into its former station Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your Bringers up This Lacedaemonian Countermarch by which the former may be reduc'd is thus to be performed The last Rank or Bringers up are to stand firm and the rest of the Body are to face to the Rear and passe through to the right place themselves behind their Bringers up contrary to the Countermarch last shown in which they plac'd themselves before The motion is also begun by the second Rank from the Rear the rest following successively until the File-leaders are become the Bringers up then face them about after their proper File-leaders and they are reduc'd File-Leaders face about to the right the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your Leaders The motion of this Macedonian Countermarch is from the Rear to the Front quite contrary to the Lacedaemonian whose motion was from the Front to the Rear This Macedonian Countermarch makes semblance in the Rear of flight but presently produceth a setled Front when perhaps the enemy with a too early pursuit hath broken the order of array The way to perform this Countermarch is as followeth The File-leaders or first Rank face about to the right the rest of the body passe through between the Intervals or distance betwixt Files to the left and place themselves behind their Leaders every Rank beginning with that next the File-leaders passing through successively and taking their places untill the Countermarch be fully executed This may be reduc'd as the former were by doing the same to the contrary hand or as formerly is said by any intire Countermarch of File or it may bee reduc'd by another Macedonian Countermarch which in the next place shall be described File-Leaders face to the Rear the rest of the Body passe through to the left following your Bringers up placing your selves behind your Leaders By this Macedonian Countermarch the precedent Countermarch may be reduc'd to its former station and it is thus performed The first Rank or File-leaders face to the Rear then the last Rank begin the Countermarch passing forwards between the Intervalls the seventh Rank following the eighth the sixth following the seventh and so likewise the rest untill the whole body bee trans-ferred into the ground before the Front and then joyntly together facing to the right about after their Leaders the Countermarch is ended For reducement take this for a Rule that any intire Countermarch of File
divisionall Countermarches of Files Only observe by the way that as the Front half-Files emptieth the spaces of ground between the Leaders and the halfe-File Leaders placing themselves in the ground before the Front So in the mean time their places are to be replenisht by the Souldiers of the Rear halfe-Files who are to march up and supply their roomes File-Leaders and Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders and Bringers up This divisionall Lacedaemonian Countermarch makes semblance of falling on or charging the enemy both to Front and Rear and leaves all the ground whereon they stood transferring them into the ground before the Front and behind the Rear the ground or place of their former standing being vacant The motion is thus to bee performed The Rear halfe-Files are commanded to face to the Rear and then the Front halfe-Files passe through to the right placing themselves before their Leaders the second Rank before the first the third before the second the fourth before the third c. The Rear halfe-Files at the same instant passing through to the Rear placing themselves before their bringers up To reduce this motion into their former stations if you have not closed their distance you may face them about and so let them returne into their places or else by doing the same Countermarch over againe or to the contrary hand or any such like way will reduce them Note if you reduce them by another Countermarch you must first close their divisions File-Leaders face about Bringers up stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves behind your File-Leaders and Bringers up This divisionall Macedonian Countermarch doth little differ from the last onely that turned the aspect outwards to the Front and Rear but this Countermarch turnes the aspect inwards toward the midst placing the best souldiers in the midst with a large lane or distance betwixt them through which any great Personage may bee conducted crosse the length of your Battell whereby the bravery of the souldiers may be seene This motion is thus to bee performed The first Rank or File-Leaders face about the last Rank stands the Rear halfe-Files face about and so the Front-division passe forwards and place themselves behind the File-Leaders and the Reare halfe-Files behinde their bringers up Note that when the Rear halfe-Files face about the last Rank which are the bringers up are still to keepe their standing The way to reduce this motion is to bee done either by the same word of Command which produced it or else by any of the precedent divisionall Countermarches Front halfe-Files interchange ground with the Reare passing through to the right This Bastard Countermarch of enterchanging ground is not truely derived from any one particular ground of Countermarch but rather participating of them all and yet in it selfe it differs from them all for whereas the other Countermarches of Files in division did bring their Front and Rear into the midst yet their Front half-Files continued still on the same part and their Rear halfe-Files did not alter into the place of the other But this contrary to any other of the divisionall Countermarches transfers the Front halfe-Files into the ground or place of the Rear halfe-Files and them into the contrary part bringing the File-Leaders and bringers up together into the midst For the performing this motion you must cause the Front halfe-Files to face about passing forwards to the right being led by the bringers up of the Front half-Files between the intervalls towards the Rear The Rear half-Files at the same instant in like manner marching forwards between the intervals on their right hands into the Front untill the Front-division have attained the place of the Rear and they contrariwise the place of the Front For the reducement of this countermarch do as much back again or if you would reduce it some other way you may first make an entire Countermarch of Files and then countermarch Front and Rear into the midst Under two Countermarches it cannot be reduced Countermarch your Flanks into the midst This Chorean Countermarch of the Flanks into the midst by bringing the outermost Files to be the innermost is thus to bee performed You must first command the whole body to face to the right and left hand by division The outermost Files by this facing becomming Ranks every man in the right-hand File being a Leader in his halfe Rank File-wise and so likewise in the left-hand File the same Then you are to countermarch the right Flank to the right and the left Flank to the lelft which you must alwaies observe to doe and your Flanks will meet just in the midst of your Battalia Lastly having faced them to their first Front the Countermarch is ended To reduce them you may either make use of the same Countermarch again or any of these following divisionall Countermarches of Flanks unlesse it bee that of enterchanging of ground Note that upon the Countermarching of Flanks into the midst the right Flank must alwaies observe to turne to the right hand and the left Flank to the left hand for if they should both turn off to the right they will meet wrong or if they turne off both to the left it will be as bad Outmost Files of each Flank face outward the rest passe through to the right and left placing your selves before your outside men This Lacedaemonian Countermarch of half Ranks or Flanks makes shew of charging the enemy with both Flanks but leaves a wast distance of ground unoccupied between the two outermost Files or midst of the Battell the way to performe this motion is after this manner First you must cause your right-hand File to face to the right and the left-hand File to the left the rest of the body faceth to the right and left the right Flank passing through to the right and placing themselves before their right-hand men the second File from the right begins the motion on the right Flank the left Flank in right manner passing through to the left and placing themselves before their left-hand men the second File accounting from the left begins the motion on the left Flank but you must note that the Files become Ranks with the facing For reducement if you will first face them to their proper Front you must command the two inmost Files to stand the rest are to passe through to the right and left-hand inwards and take their place or you may make use of a Chorean or a Macedonian Countermarch of Ranks by division and with a facing and closing their divisions they will bee in their first forme The out most File of each Flanke face inwards the rest passe through to the right and left placing your selves behinde your outside men This Macedonian Counter-March corespondes with the last onely it differs in turning the Aspct inwards whereas the former directed their Aspects outwards and it is thus performed The
Souldier should grouÌ„d his worth on The obedient behaviour of the Turkes in their warres Sixe speciall vertues required in a Souldier An Illustration of Authoritie by the draughts of Pictures How Souldiers must be obedient to thâ—r Officers bee they of never so low a degree Plato in lib. 1. de Legib There may bee use made of the Treason but the Traytor shall nere be trusted The duty of a Governour of a Garrison The office of the Maior of a Fort. A Corporall is to order his Watch by the burning of a peece of Match so many inches for an houre The Maior by the Governours commandement is to see every Captaine exercise his company twice aweeke at least in the Summer time and the Squadrons upon the guard in the Wintâ—â— every night In every Bulworke ought to be a Corps 〈◊〉 Guard and over each Port for the Souldiers to guard by night in The Mayor must see his store-house be fild with Ammunition and Victuals fit to entertaine a long Siege Note it is not above one or two Companies of a Regiment that guards in the out-workes at one time Vnlesse some trees or bankes may safegard them Hist. Italy Comines lib. 1. Pag. 22. Daniel 2. 28. Comines Deut. 4. 2. Ioshua 1. 7. and 7. 13. Pro. 30. 6. Revel 22. 18. Numb 16. 3. The bound him and cut off his eye-lids and set him in a hollow tree upright filled full of sharpe nayles there continuing in horrible paine till hee dyed Numb 10. 12. Lactantius Virgil. Tertul. Rom. 13. 1 2. Proverb 19. 12 Titvs 3. 1. Astra regunt homines Sed regit astra Deus Joâ—â—â—ille cap. 16. Licurgus his witty answer De Bello Gallico lib. 6. 1623. Tacitus Strab. lib. 3. of the Venet. Tacit. lib. 4. cap. 5. Aristot. lib. 4. de anim cap. 6. The wonderfull loyaltie and valour of Proâ—esâ—lâ—us Heylin Heylin Knollâ—s Xiphilinus Two things requireable in a valiant Souldier to make him fit to undergoe the greatest misery warre can reduce him unto The definition of griefe and sadnesse Three kindes of sadnesse which blemish the valour of a Souldier Philip de Comines Treasury of time Strabo lib. 7. Pezelin Slâ—id Heylin Vpon some occasions Souldiers ought not to misconster the forbearing to joyne Battell and take it as cowardise A second reason why a Generall may refuse Battell without the imputation of a Coward The third reason why a Generall may refuse Battell without the imputation of a coward The first observation of an Army indued with valour Second observation Third observation The fourth simptome of valour in an Army The fift simptome of valour in an Army The sixth Simptome The seventh Simptome The eight Simptome How valour may bee begotten and bred Ioshua 1. vers 6. 7. A safe argument to prove the lawfulnesse of duells Numb 5. 26 27. The Combat is denied to a Christian in action sufferance and right Miracles only pertaine to the power of God Murther may happen by Combats The act of Combat killeth charity Naturall equity is for the conservation of mankind and combat is for his destruction The two maine precepts of naturall equity are broken by the act of Combat King Iames his observation upon Comb. Pag. 2. Pag. 3. Ibidem Pag. 4. Pag. 6. Pag. 8. Pag. 9. Pag. 4â— The distinguishing of abuses from whence quarrels arise Pag. 45. The party offending is to be immediately committed The Lye ranckt with the highest Verball wrongs Pag. 50. pag. 52 pag. 53. pag. 54. pag. 56. pag. 57. Ibidem pag. 67. pag. 8â— pag. 86. pag. 87. 〈…〉 pag. 88. pag. 90. pag. 93. pag. 97. pag. 98. pag. 100. Pag. 17 Pag. 113. Pag. 114. What orders the Governour gives him in charge â—he is to let his Captaine understand of it If the Guard bee at a Port then the Serjant is to guard with his Holbert all the day with the Squadron and many times all night in times of danger Ensigne Epps at the Battell of Flanders c. If it bee in the darke or night season Note the Captaine is not to release any prisoner that is committed by any of higher authority without their consent Quem 〈◊〉 oderunt quenquisque odit perisse experit Many times the Captaines themselves are sent for to take the Word themselves and the Orders if they be of importance The Serjeant-Major is to draw the Billeâ—s from the Major Generall and the inferiour Officers to takâ— them from him He is to have a Catalogue of the just number of the Army together with the true sortment and division of every weapon and in his memory he must have the formes of all kind of Battells Some have held that the Earle Marshall iâ— chiefest in the Generalls absence and ought to have the principall command of the Armie In the Discourse of the marching of an Army you shall more fully reade how to dislodge a Campe by night The especiall Officers named for the private councell of Warre The three usuall words of command in time of Service Note the Musquetiers of the right Flanke are to make the Van. Note that betweene each division in march there ought to be 12 foote distance viz. 6 foote before the Officeâ— and 6 foote behind Note in march the Files must be at order and the Rankes at open order Note in all the Postures of a Musquet the hand and foot must move at one instant for the better grace of the posture Note the Musquet is rested when this Posture is to be performed The Musquet being shouldred it is to bee poised as I have shewed you in the first Posture here mentioned at Resting your Musquet Note after the Musquet is setled on the shoulder the Rest must hang almost perpendicular towards the ground Note here they begin to make ready which they may doe eyther standing or marching This Posture is as usually done when the Musquet and Rest is joyned together Note you ought to take the Peece in such an even ballance that the butt-end rests not against the ground Note the Souldiers must be placed in their distance for Motion sixe foote both in Ranke and File When your Souldiers begin any motion let them advance their Armes when they come to a stand and have performed their motion let them order their Armes As for the causing your Souldiers to face to the right and left or to the right and left inward or to the right angle or left angle or to the foure Angles I leave it to the discretion of the Commander either to doe it or leave it and the like for the facing of halfe files It is nccessary for Souldiers to move 10. or 12. paces upon every motion of facing whether entire or Divisionall Of the several distances you shall reade before The manner of doubling of Files described The manner of doubling of Rankes by the Bringers-up described The manner of doubling of Files outward and inward described Of doubling Files to the right and left inwards The manner of doubling of Rankes by
wresty Horse goe forwards How to make a shie horse gentle How to make a horse hardy and bold in the warres By trotting the Ring you may embolden your Horse The Dragoones are the fittest to give the on set because they doe their execution at a further distance The Firelocke is â—â—rest to give fire and not so apt to be out of 〈◊〉 besides they will indure Spâ—nd 24. houres together without â—urting them Description of a Ranke Description of a File Twentie in length That the Troope may move orderly and keepe their distances truely let the whole Troope move all at an instant viz. when the Front moves then the Reare to be ready so shall they bee seldome found to erre In Marching or Trooping through a Towne forget not to have your Peeces spand and holding them in your hand with their mouthes upwards and the butt end resting upon your thigh The Figure of the foure Divisions drawne into Battallia The distinctions of the sounds of Trumpet described The proportion of powder usually required for a true charge of any peece is almost halfe the weight in powder of the bullet Some will not have a Cuirassiere to give fire untill he hath plac't his Pistoll under his enemies armour You may place the Pumâ—ell of your Sword upon your right thigh and directing it with your right hand to the place you intend to hit viz. the belly or arme pits or his throat They must be taught to be excellent marks-men for the manner of handling them the directions of the Pistoll may serve for instruction Edmunds observation upon Câ—sars Com. In those Kingdomes that are fortified with strong Garrison Townes there shall neede no such armâ— for those townes are ready to performe the same Office that this Armie should doe * The forme of their standing in Battalia ready for exercise To cause them to face to the right hand is performed by commanding * To the right hand This motion is performed by turning all at once and the same time to the right hand Thus the Front is where the right Flanke was To reduce them to their first forme the word of command is This is performed by turning to the left hand from thence to face them to the left you command This is performed by turning towards the left from hence they are to be reduced by commanding Which they doe by turning to the right Now to face them to the Reare though it be most proper to doe it by the right hand yet for the more ready way you must command This is performed by turning towards the left hand untill their faces Front to that place which was before the Reare To reduce them to their first forme the word of Command is Every other ranke passeth into the rank before them upon the right hand of his leader To reduce them the word of Command is Which is best done by causing those rankes which doubled to stand and those which stood to advance This motion differs nothing from the former onely where as before they doubled to the right now they double to the left hand of their Leaders To reduce them the word of Command is To performe this the second File passeth into the first every man behinde his sideman this must be done throughout the Company at one instant the o are the places where the Files that removed did stand They are reduced by commanding The difference betweene this and the former motion is the difference of hands so that those Files that before moved are now to stand view the Figure They are reduc't by commanding To performe this the middlemen double the first ranke on the right hand the other two Rankes double the two folowing Rankes as is manifest in the Figure To reduce them the word is But in regard of the combersomnesse of the horse in turning to cause them that double to stand and the first division to advance This motion onely differs from the former in the hand The reducing of them is shewed in the former motion In this motion the last Ranke passeth into the first and so successively as the Figure demonstrates it They are reduced by saying For the convenient turning of the horse it is best to beginne with the left hand This Figure is after the Corean manner There are divers other formes of countermarching which are to be performed as well by Rankes as by Files as the Lacedemonian and Macedonian but in regard of brevity they are here omitted All the Files are to close from the right and left towards the middle of the body Note when you intend to wheele your Files must first be closed and then the Rankes and when you command them to open againe the Rankes are first and then the Files To performe this all the Rankes move forwards saving the first which standeth the second ranke being advanc't up to its distance stands so all the rest When the horses are to wheele the Commander must take a reasonable Compasse for they cannot possibly doe it in such exact manner as the foote for they must be allowed a farre greater space in regard of the combersomenes of the horse To performe this motion all the body moveth to the left upon the left file leader as the Center The wheeling to the left hand is the readiest way unlesse some impediments hinders wherefore that is first nominated although it bee more proper to begin with the right the wheeling to the right is for brevity omitted To reduce them wheele to the right hand as you were There is also wheeling to the right or left about wheeling wings into the front they are here omited for brevitie To reduce them into their first order first the Rankes are to be opened then the files In opening the rankes the best way is to doe it by opening forwards It was attributed to Iason Foure kindes of Rhombes â— described Euelide defineth a Rhombe to be a square Figure that hath the sides equall but the Angles not right viz. the foure-sides of the square are of one and the same length but the points which make the Angles are two of them stretched out in length and become more sharpe the other two are more blunt than a Tetragonall square A Rhombe neither filing nor ranking The Thess alonians used this forme of imbattelling their Troopes The termes used by Commanders in former ages as Pâ—li l. 4. 217. A Rhombe ranking but not filing Leo Chap. 5. Sect. 3. and Cap. 6. Sect. 39. Leo Cap 7. Sect. 81 Cap. 14. Sect. 70. Leo Cap 14. Sect. 108 109. Plutarch in Liâ—urgo Leo Cap. 12. Sect. 4â— Their horse Troopes charged the Enemy in Phalang and not by rankes as we doe Leo ibidem reade Bingham upon Aliâ—ns Tacticks pag. 106. Caesar against Pompey did the like and Eâ—aâ—mondas against the Lacedemonians Soâ—e Generalls have 〈…〉 range 〈…〉 second 〈…〉 by a large 〈…〉 â—ront 〈…〉 but 〈…〉 Flank◠〈…〉 battell to 〈…〉 Inâ—anâ—ry Not to charge the enemies foote Troopes
is shewed If this Posture be to be performed Marching your Pike being shouldred then first steppe forwards with your right foote and let your left hand receive the Pike and equall distance from your right hand towards the butt-end of the same raising your Pike forwards with your right hand from your shoulder then at the same instant step forwards with your left foot and receive the butt-end of the Pike with your right hand just behind the side of your right thigh But to performe this Posture â—rooping and your Pike advanced then you are only to step forwards with your left foot and with a little shogge of the shoulder and drawing backe the butt-end of your Pike in your right hand will cause the Pike to fall forwards where your left hand is at the instant to be ready to receive it betweene the Thumbe and the forefingers at a convenient distance Charge to the Horse Note in charging to the Horse it hath beene in former ages used to place the but-end of your Pike in the ground by the inside of your right foot and so to draw your Sword over your left arme and divers Rankes of Musquetiers plac'd to shoot over their heads behind them No question it is a very good way for your Bow-pikes but the former charging is most in use Charge to the Reare You may by the precedent Posture conceive how to charge your Pike either to the right or left hand But for the charging to the Reare the Pikes being either shouldered or advanced is somewhat difficult Therefore you may please to observe that if the Pike bee advanced you must with your left hand take it in his proper place up towards your head then suddenly turning your body about towards your left hand and being faced about you are to thrust backe your right hand with the butt-end of the Pike in it and withall your right leg is to be set out with it this will bring you into the right Posture But if your Pike be shouldered and you are to charge to the Reare then you must take the Pike in your left hand a good distance from your right hand towards the butt-end and at the same instant with your right hand raise the Pike from your shoulder as high above your head towards your left side as possibly you may then standing firme with your left legge you are to bring about your right side and legge towards the left hand about and being halfe turned you are to let loose your right hand and with your left hand you are somewhat to advance the point of the Pike forwards so that the butt-end may bee drawne backe by your right side for your right hand to receive it your right foot also at the very instant being stept backe makes you stand fully charged Port your Pikes This Posture is performed by holding the Pike a halfe distance betweene advancing and charging and was only invented to case the hind most Rankes from the intollerable labour of continuall charging and to secure the Pikes from the Bullets which would have more power to breake them if they hold them advanc'd Besides it is the most aptest and comliest Posture for a Company to use in marching thorow a Port or Gate and most readiest for to charge upon a sudden Checke your Pike This Posture is to be performed at three Motions First if your Pike be shouldered you are to raise it with your right hand from your shoulder and with a ticke of your left hand you are to convey the butt-end of it by your right side then thrusting backe your right with the Pike in it so farre as conveniently may be you are to take a fathom with your left hand as farre towards the Speare end of the Pike as possibly you may then conveying the Pike in your left hand baackward as before you are againe with your right hand to take another fathome within a foot of your Pikes end Lastly stepping forwards with your left foote you bring your left hand withall which receives the Pike within a quarter of a foot of the Speares end Provided alwayes that in all the motions of the hands you suffer not the butt-end to touch the ground untill you have checkt it with your left hand Pikes as you were Trayle your Pikes This Posture is performed after you have used the Circumstances in checking as in the precedent Posture is shewed by bringing up your Right foot even with your left and by removing your right hand just before your left close to the end of the Pike then you are to withdraw your left hand and place it a-kimbo by your side and your right hand will hold the end of the Speare just above your right huckle-bone with your body standing full forwards Pikes as you were Lay downe your Pikes This Posture is to bee performed your Pike being advanced by stepping forwards with your right foot then your right shoulder with a small bearing forwards and with it a little jogge causeth the Pike to meet the left hand which gently conveyes the Speares end to the ground then turning about your right arme in a kind of Circle will cause the backe of your hand to bee next the outside of your right Thigh then leaning your body forwards you convey the butt-end to the ground close at the side of your right foot so as the Pike will lye in an even line from your foot forwards Recover your Pikes and charge This Posture is performed your feet standing even together only owing your body forwards you cause the backe of your right hand to bee put downe close by the out-side of your right foot then in the raising of the butt-end of your Pike you turne your hand with the Pike in it so that the inside of your hand will bee towards your right side Then your left hand in the raising taketh the Pike at a convenient place or distance and elevates it either to the Posture of charging or ordering as the Officer shall please to command The word of Command which the Officer is to use for the reducing of these Postures to their first station is Pikes as you were There are divers other Postures which I doe here omit referring you to the booke of Militarie discipline Composed by that worthy Gentleman Master William Barrife Lieutenant to the Artillery Garden who hath merited much honour in performing so Noble a worke in a most concise and exquisite way for the which our Kingdome is much bound to him CHAP. LXXVIII How the Commanders shall draw their Files both of Musquetiers and Pikes and joyne them in one body fit to be exercised in grosse YOu have seene every Souldier performe his Postures well then you must draw out the File-leader of the Right-hand-file with his whole File Commanding every File-leader successively to draw up his File either of other And being drawne into a body command them to advance their Pikes In the meane time the Lieutenant or some other Officer
they differ in circumstance After the words of command and direction are given as is exprest in the margent then the Front halfe Files are to face about to the left the Pikes being all advanced and the Musquetttiers all either poized or shouldred and so being led by the halfe File Leaders to the Reare they March directly forwards to the right of the other part of the body which stood faced in opposition vntill the Leaders of the doubling have ranked even in ranke with the bringers up the rest ranking even with the other standing Rankes according to their places If this doubling be used in service then the whole body is to face about to the reare being the part to be doubled but in way of exercise the Commander may keepe his place and the doubling being performed and the whole body faced to the leader Then for reducement you may command Files to the Right intire adllancing then every man falling before his Leader will reduce each man to his first station Or otherwise you may command Front Halfe-files face about to the Left march forth into your places which they performing accordingly will reduce them Front halfe-files double your Reare to the Right by Countermarch This kind of doubling of the Reare by the Front halfe Files is performed contrary to the former for it is done by way of the Lacedemonian counter-march and doth produce the same effect to the reare as doubling the Front by Bringers up doth into the Front the counter-march by which it is performed is a counter-march of losse of ground where note one part or moitie of the body countermarcheth thereby not altring the number of the length and depth of the figure but onely transferring one part into another You must further observe that if the reare be doubled to the right then the counter-march must bee to the left If the doubling be to the Left then the Countermarch must be to the Left If the doubling bee to the Left then the Countermarch must be to the Right The way to reduce them is if the Commander stand at the head of that part that is doubled to Command Front halfe-files face about to the Right March forth into your places But if he keepes his first standing and having faced them to him Then Front halfe-files march forth into your places To double the Reare to the Left is the same onely changing the hand Halfe Rankes to the Right by Countermarch double your left Flanke Halfe-rankes or Flankes are then sayd to be doubled when the depth of the Battalia is increased to double their former proportion of number or place or both this doubling of halfe-rankes to the left Flanke by Countermarch is a doubling of number and not of place for the depth still retaines the same proportion onely augmented by one man but the length of the Battalia is diminished both in number and place the right Flanke being wholly inserted into the left Flanke after the words of Command is given that produceth this motion which you shall finde plac'd in the Margent then the halfe Rankes to the Right are to face to the Right and then even in Ranke together they are to counter March betweene the Intervalls untill to the outmost File to the Right be come into the outmost File of the Left Flancke the body being 20 in Ranke or brest then the second into the nineteenth the third into the eighteenth the fourth into the seventeenth the fifth into the sixteenth and the rest in like manner The use of this doubling is to strengthen one of the Flanckes by bringing more hands to doe present execution the other Flancke being in more surety The way for reducement of this motion is after this manner the halfe Rankes last doubled being faced to the Right then they which were the Last which tooke their places in the motion now are the first which take their places in the reducement orderly Marching in Ranke together untill they come to their places then facing to their Leader they become Files againe The left Flancke may in like manner double the right by Counter-march the difference is this The right Flancke stands the left Flancke is inserted into the Right as before the Right was into the Left Halfe Files double your front to the Right intire If in this doubling of Halfe Files to the Right intire it should be performed as the body stands in an ordinary Square Flanked with Musquetiers then it would produce a mixture of Armes wherefore to avoid this before you enter upon this doubling of passing in through or betweene your halfe Ranckes Cause your halfe Files to double the Front to the Right intire which being performed you may then proceed to the doubling of your Flanckes any way you please without Mixture of Armes This doubling of the Front by Halfe-files to the Right intire is thus performed After the words of Command are given the halfe-files are to face to the Right then marching out forwards untill the left-hand File belonging to the Reere be marcht past the right halfe-file belonging to the Front then facing to the left they march up even abreast untill the File-Leaders of the halfe-files to the Reere bee plac'd even in ranke with the File-leaders of the Front all the rest of the rankes placing themselves even with the other rankes This manner of doubling halfe-files is a doubling both of number and place for the length of the Battell is not onely double so many a-brest as they were before but they also have extended their Length to double their proportion of ground which formerly they did occupie now you are to conceive that this doubling of Halfe Files which I have now discour'st of is performed for this purpose that when the Halfe Rankes of the Right double the Left Flanke there shall by this meanes bee no mixture of Armes Halfe Rankes of the right double your left flanke In the next place let us demonstrate the way how the Halfe Rankes of the Right should double their Left Flanke which is thus performed the Left Flanke stands the Halfe Rankes of the Right are to face to the Left and then the inmost File of the Right Flanke all the Files of the Right Flanke being by this facing become Rankes is the Leader of this motion marching forth Right to their Left hands betweene the Intervalls of the Rankes of the left Flanke untill the twentieth File accounting from the Right Flanke which now is become a Ranke have placed themselves orderly in the fortieth File which is the outmost File of the Left Flanke the nineteenth in the nine and thirty the eighteenth in the eight and thirty and so of all the rest this doubling is of number and not of place For reducement to both these doublings first cause the halfe Rankes which last doubled to face to the Right and so to march out into their places They that last tooke their place in the motion are the first
outmost Files of each Flanke are to face inwards and the rest of the body are to face to the right the left are to face outward those of the right Flanke passing through the right and placing themselves behind their right hand men those of the left Flanke passing through to the left and placing themselves behind their left hand men the motion is to be begun by the second File from each Flank For the reducement of this Counter-March you must first face them to their first Front then commanding the two innermost Files to face outwards and the rest are to passe through to the right and left inward placing themselves behind their right and left hand men which being done the whole body will stand faced to the right and left outwards then being faced to their Leaders they are reduced into their first stations Or you may make use of the Counter March next before or of the next following or of any other divisionall Counter-March of Rankes which doe not interchange ground The outmost file of each flanke stand the rest passe through to the right and left place your selves on the outside of your right and left hand men This divisionall Bastard Counter-March produceth the same effect which the other two next before it wrought onely differing in the Aspect for the Lacedemonian turned the Aspect outwards the Macedonian turned the Aspect inwards and this keepes the aspect still directed the same way To performe this motion you must command the outmost File of each Flanke to stand the rest of the body are to face to the right and left outwards viz the right Flanke passing through to the right and the left Flanke to the left those of the right Flanke placing themselves on the outside of their right hand men in like manner those of the left Flanke are to place themselves on the outside of their left hand men It may be reduced eyther by any of the foregoing divisionall Counter-Marches of Rankes or else being faced to any of the Flankes then the Rankes become Files And by divisionall Counter-marches of Files you may reduce devisionall Counter-marches of Rankes or by Rankes Files onely you must observe some facings yet you may reduce this motion by commanding the two inmost Files to stand the rest are to face to the right and left inwards and so march into their places Interchange Flanks This exchanging of Flankes or Bastard Counter-march is differing from all the other divisionall Counter-marches of Rankes for this transferres the right Flanke into the place of the left and the left Flanke into the place of the right it is very proper to receive a sudden charge from the horse for so soone as they shall bee commanded to enterchange their Flankes they face to the right and left inwards and then the inmost Files of the Pikes begins the motion the rest of each Flanke following orderly likewise the Pikes are to port so soone as they begin to move and are to charge as they see occasion if neede bee the Pikes may charge at the foot the Musquetiers giving fire over their shoulders if the Pikes have too large a distance they may close at their owne pleasures as soone as they have past through For reducement you may interchange ground againe or otherwise you may Counter-march your Flankes into the middest and then an intire Counter-march eyther of Rankes or Files will reduce them And this shall suffice to finish this discourse of Counter-marches wishing every commander to be ready and well verst in all of them but principally to make use of the three first intire Counter-marches of Files as also the same of Rankes for those you cannot possibly omit in your drillings the rest you may dispense with all at your pleasure And having thus exercised your men in these motions of Counter-march the next things you are to teach them are wheelings and they are of two kinds as in the next Chapter shall more fully be demonstrated CHAP. LXXXVI How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in the motions of wheeling with the description of their kindes and uses with their severall words of command placed in the Margent WHeelings are of two kindes viz. wheelings Anguler and wheelings on the Center and these are eyther intire or divisionall The use of intire wheelings is to turne the Aspect of the front proper eyther to the right to the left or to the reere eyther for the gayning of the Wind Sunne or some such like advantages or to entertaine their enemy with their best Souldiers and for your better performing of these motions of wheelings you must first close both your Rankes and Files to their order which is three foote both in Ranke and File and likewise upon all wheelings you must be sure to observe your Leader and follow him keeping your due distance your Musquets are all eyther to be poyzed or shouldred your Pikes are to be advanced further observe that upon the exercise of the motions whether it be distance facings doublings or Counter-marches or wheelings the Musquetiers ought to bee all upon one and the same Posture eyther poyzed or shouldred and the Pikes in like manner eyther shouldred or advanced the words of command followes in the Margent and the directions how to performe the motions right against them Wherefore first you are to command them to Wheele your Battell to the right This Anguler wheeling transferres the Aspect or Countenance of the front proper into that part which was the right Flanke it also remove the Battallia from the ground whereon formerly it stood and placeth it on the part before the front the Hinge of the motion is the right corner man which hath the leading of the right hand File he with a gentle motion moveth to the right and every man the more remote his place is from the right Angle the swifter must be his motion because he is to go a greater circumstance For reducement wheele your Battallia to the left in the like manner as it was wheeled to the right but withall note that this will not bring you backe into the same ground you formerly stood on because it hath advanced you the length of your Battallia before the place of your first Front wherefore to reduce you into the same place you stood on first you must face your Battallia to the right and being so faced whele your Battell to the left which being performed face to the left and then they are compleately reduced to their first forme and station This also is an Angular wheeling and transferreth the Aspect of the Front proper towards the Reere it is performed after the same manner of the former onely the motion is twise as much wherefore observe the directions in the former Note the ground you formerly did possesse will bee twise the length of your Battallia to the left of your left Flanke For the reducing them as well to their first ground as their first aspect you must
face them to the right and then wheele then to the left about which being performed face them again to the left and they are reduced perfectly to their first forme station Further observe that every following wheeling is a reducement unto that which is placed next before it and the wheeling next before may reduce that next following as to wheele your Flankes into the front by wheeling your Flankes into the Reere it is reduced or to wheele Front and Reere into both Flankes if you wheele both Flankes into the Front and Reere they are likewise reduced as before Wheele your Battaile to the right on the same ground This wheeling on the Center is more suddenly performed then the Angular wheelings and may be done in farre lesse ground for the left Flanke advanceth forwards still wheeling to the right the right Flanke contrariwise facing to the left and so falling backwards if you have an odde File then the middle File leader must be the Center of the motion but if you have an even number of files then the middlemost file leader from the left or if your wheeling bee to the left then the middlemost file-leader to the right must be the Center This hath beene used by the Grave van Nassaw in the Netherlands For the reducement you must wheele your battell to the left on the same ground and they will be in their first forme and station Wheele your Battell to the right about on the same ground This wheeling is also a wheeling on the Center or midst of the Front whereby the aspect of the Front proper is transferred towards the Reere and withall the Battell is remomoved from off the ground whereon formerly it stood and is placed upon the ground before the front it requires the very same action the former did onely the motion is double to the other To performe this motion every man of the left Flanke is to observe duly his right hand man and the right Flanke must keepe even and straight after their left hand man which becomes their Leaders filewise untill they have attained their ground after which they face as before making an even Front For the reducement wheele your Battell to the left about upon the same ground and they will be in their first forme Wheele off your front by division This motion of wheeling by division in great Battallias is very efficatious to oppose severall enemies at one and the same time with the front of your Battallia whereby your ablest Souldiers will bee first brought to action but if you wheele off your Battell by division and joyne them againe when they be in the Reere then all your Musquetiers are brought from the flankes into the midst of your Battallia and your Pikes will be upon the flankes this motion is easie to be performed for all the file-Leaders to the right flanke are to wheele about to the right the rest of each file following their Leaders the file-Leaders likewise of the left flanke are to wheele about to the left and then joyne or close their divisions To reduce them you must wheele them off againe by division or the wheeling next following will performe it Wheele your Front inwards to the Reere This divisionall wheeling of the Front inwards to the Reere may serve for a reducement unto the precedent wheelings and so it brings the Musquetiers to the flankes againe but if you performe this motion the company being first reduced then it brings the Pikes to the flankes if you chance to be anoyed with Horse in the Reere upon a March you having gayned some place of advantage as aside hill or the like then by wheeling your front inwards to the Reere you may perswade the enemy you are taking your flight but you shall be ready to entertayne his aproches with a setled orderly body for your shot will bee in the middest and the Pikes impaling their flankes so as the Horse can have no power over the shot to route them but they shall bee able to give fire upon them continually this motion is thus to bee performed The right hand file-Leader with all the Leaders of the right flanke are to advance forwards and so are to wheele about to the left every file still keeping close to their right hand file likewise the left hand file-Leader with all the Leaders of the left flanke are to advance forwards and wheele about to the right every file of the left flanke closing close to the left thus the outmost file of each flanke will meet and become the innermost the front being metamorphis'd into the Reere For reducement you may wheele them againe off to the right and left by division or else wheele your front inward to the Reere Wheele your Flanks into the Front This divisionall wheeling of the flankes into the front is Cosen-german to a doubling for by it all your shot are brought from both the flankes into the front and thereby so many shot more are brought to doe execution accordingly as the depth will permit This motion of wheeling your flankes into the front will not onely secure your shot but also is very proper to baricado up any passage with your Pikes so as the enemies horse will be defeated of their expectations upon the first motion of dividing every devision wheeleth about his owne angle untill the outmost file Leaders of each flanke meete together in the midst then facing to their Leader performes it For reducement of this motion wheele your flankes into the Reere or else foure times the same although the further way about Face all about to the Right and wheele your Flanks into the Reere This divisionall wheeling of the Flankes into the Reere is also neere akind to a doubling and is to be performed as the other in all respects for this wheeling brings your two outmost Files to be the first Ranke the bringers up of the right and left hand files meeting together the bringers up of the left flanke meeting face to face with the bringers up of the right flanke and so being faced to their Leader they which before were compleate files are now become halfe Rankes eyther to the right or left but you must note that before you beginne to wheele you must face your body about to the Reere and then the action will be all one as if you wheeled your flankes into the front It shall neede no further explayning in regard in the motion before this it is fully exprest But by the way take notice that in all wheelings you must observe to follow your Leaders which must be understood as well of those which are accidentally become Leaders by reason of facings as of those which be the first and propet Leaders as for example in this wheeling you must note that the bringers up are become the Leaders of the motion also you may further observe that the two middlemost bringers up are the Hinges of the wheeling For the reducement of this wheeling the
Commander being at his front accidentall may command them to wheele their wings into the reere and so passing through to that part where his proper file-leaders areâ— and then face them to him and they are in their first forme Or else when the Commander hath past through to the Reere and faced his company to him then his pikes being foremost let him wheele his flankes into the Front who being faced to their leader are reduced Wheele front and Reere into the right flanke This divisionall wheeling of the Front and Reere into the right flanke doth quadruple the depth as for example if the body of your Battallia be but ten in depth this wheeling to the right flanke makes them forty deepe in file and but five in ranke or brest you may observe how the Musqueteires of the left flanke are devided viz the one halfe of them wheeling to the front and the other halfe to the reere Likewise the Musqueteirs of the right flanke are to wheele together into the midst The Pikes are likewise divided those that were the front halfe files are to wheele into the midst of the front division of Musquetiers And those that were the Reere division of Pikes are to wheele into the reere division of shott After the word of Command is given to wheele front and reere into the right flanke you must cause your Souldiers for to face to the right that being done they are to wheele together about the fifth and sixth men in the right hand file which is the halfe file leader to the front and halfe file leader to the reere this motion being performed right the two halfe files to the right will be converted into the two midle rankes of the Battallia and the file-leaders to the front and the bringers of the reere will be the right hand file For the reducement there may be many wayes according as the body of the Battallia may be faced but suppose they stand faced in the same forme that this Battallia did before the Motion began and then the wheeling of front and reere into the left flanke will reduce them to their first station they being faced to their Leader Or if you please to face them that way which they wheeled in the Motion which was to the right then wheele your flankes into the reere and then facing them to their proper front they are reduced Wheele front and Reere into the left flanke This divisionall wheeling of the front and reere into the left flanke is a doubling of the depth as the former was and the nature of the Motion is the same with the precedent the difference is onely in the flankes wherefore first you must cause the Battallia to face to the left and then you must wheele them as before you did wheele the flankes into the front But suppose that all the shott are placed upon the right flanke before you begin this motion then this wheeling will bring the one halfe of them into the front and the other halfe into the reere and the motion being performed and they faced towards their Commander they will be 40 deepe in file and five in ranke as the precedent motion was For reducement the usuall way is to wheele the front and reere into the Right flanke or if upon occasion you have faced your Battallia to the same way they have wheeled which was to the left flanke and would give your Command from thence then you must cause them to wheele their flankes into the reere this being done you must passe to your first front then causing them to face towards you they are in the same forme they were at first Then cause the five files of shott to face to the left and then to passe through their places Lastly you must close their rankes and files to their due distance and all is performed Wheele both flankes into the Front and Reere This divisionall wheeling of both flankes into the front and reere doth double the depth making them from ten deepe to be twenty It doth also transferre the Musquetiers from both the flankes into the front and reere making a division betweene the front halfe files and the reere halfe-files So that of one Body flankte with shott it maketh two each having their shot in the front To performe this wheeling you must take these following directions The word of Command being given as in the Margent is exprest the first thing the Souldiers have to doe is for the halfe files to face about to the reere and then the front halfe files and the reere halfe Files are to wheele at one and the same instant The front division are to wheele about their two innermost file Leaders untill the file Leaders of the right flanke meete together in the midst with the file Leaders of the left flanke the residue of their divisions orderly following of them The halfe files in like maner being faced about the bringers up in the same order as the former did are to wheele together being now the leaders of the motion in the reere This being performed and the Commander standing at the place of his first front he is to cause them to face towards him then he is to Command them to close their division which being done all your file Leaders are in the two innermost files of the front division file wise and all the bringers up in the reere division of the same files For reducement you may face them to either of the flankes and then Command them to wheele both flankes into the front and reere then facing them againe to their proper front and closing their divisions they will be as at first or if you please the Subsequent motion of wheeling will reduce it Wheele front and reere into both flankes This wheeling of front and Reere into both flankes is also a doubling of depth So that from ten deepe it makes them twenty And by this motion the shot which in the precedent wheeling was placed upon the flankes by this motion of wheeling are transferd into the midst betweene the front and the reere of the Pikes and whereas in this former motion their wheeling was about the two midlemost file leaders and Bringers up This wheeling contrariwise is about the two halfe file leaders of the outmost files of each flanke In the other wheeling the file Leaders and bringers up made the Inmost file but in this they make the outermost file of each flanke This motion being performed it leaves a large Intervall or division from front to reere betweene the flankes which if the Commander passe into the midst betweene each division and face them all to him causing them to close their divisions and then he being marcht forth into his first place causing the souldiers to direct their aspects to him then will the Pikes be in the Front and Reere For the reducement of this Motion of wheeling to its first forme and station you must cause the Battallia to face
left so to give them roome to march up betweene them in the meane time the next File having given fire wheeleth off in like manner marching up on the left hand of the File that fired last before and so successively for all the rest of the Files of Musquetiers all which are to give fire and wheele off as before placing them still on the left hand of the Files which last fired wherein still is to be noted that the Pikes are still to open to the right and left for the receiving the shot betweene them after they have discharged This firing as well as all the former firings in Flank may be led off by their bringers up as well as by their File-Leaders and then the reducement will be answerable The shot having all given fire the Pikes may seeke to defend themselves by charging at push of Pike or at foote if there bee any Bow Pikes they may gall the enemy in the meane time or the shot may play over the shoulders of the Pikes as they charge at the foote one ranke giving fire after another for the formost Ranke having fired may kneele downe and there make ready againe untill the next Ranke behind hath also fired c. For reducement and to bring the Musquetiers into both flankes againe as they were before wee discoursed of these severall firings in Flankes you must first command your Pikes to face inwards and your Musquetiers to the right and left outward and so to passe them through and interchange ground then facing them to their Leader they will be reduced as at first You must observe that all these firings in flanke may as well be performed to the left hand and with the same words onely the words of right must be changed for left and left for right The next discourse shall be of divisionall firings CHAP. XCII How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in divisionall firings viz. front and reere upon a March. Musquetiers give fire to the Front and Reere and flanke your Pikes YOu may please to remember how that in the last foregoing firings in the flanke the Shot were placed in the middest of the Pikes and now before we can give directions for these divisionall firings in Front and Reere we must observe the way of reducing the Musquetiers into the Front and Reere of the Pikes from the forme wherein they last stood To performe this you must command the halfe Files of Musquetiers to face about which done let the Pikes stand and the Musquetires march untill they are cleare both of Front and Reere of Pikes then let them stand and face to their Leader then command your Pikes to close their divisions and the shot will bee one halfe of them in Front and the other halfe in the Reere in a readinesse to performe this firing which wee are now about to discourse of The Pikes being shouldred and the words of command and direction given as in the Margent is specified the first Ranke in the Front presents and the last Ranke faceth about to the Reere and doth the like and so by giving fire together wheele off by division viz. the one halfe of the Ranke following after the right hand man of the same Ranke the other halfe after the left hand man who leads them close downe by the sides or flankes of the Musquetiers untill they come to the Pikes The first Ranke of Musquetiers in the Front are to ranke even with the first Ranke of Pikes and the last Ranke of Musquetiers in the Reere are to ranke even with the last Ranke of Pikes leaving a sufficient distance betwixt them and their Pikes for the other Musquetiers to march betweene And by the way take notice that he that was outermost when they gave fire must likewise be outermost when they have taken their places on the Flanks the first and last Ranke having fired and wheeled off the next rankes the body marching on three or foure steppes are in like manner to present and give fire wheeling off by division and passing betweene the divisions there placing themselves they of the Front division are to place them selves behind those which fired last before them and they of the Reere division before them which fired last in the Reere behind them and thus they may continue to give fire after the same manner untill they have all given fire over once then may the body make a stand and the Pikes charge to the Front and Reere if occasion be or if the Commander would continue his firing to the front and Reere still upon this same forme then let the shot of the Front place themselves after they have given fire behind the Musquetiers of their owne division and those of the Reere division are to place themseleves betwixt the Reere of Pikes and the shot of their owne division and so the body moving but slowly forwards they may continue the firing Musquetiers give fire to the Front and Reere placing your selves betweene your divisions In the precedent discourse after fire was given to Front and Reere the shot flanked the Pikes now from this forme I will indeavour to shew you a second way of firing to Front and Reere which may easily be effected if the Souldiers be well instructed To performe this firing take these words of command and directions placed in the Margent which will produce this forme of firing following The command being thus given the first Ranke presents to the front likewise the last Ranke of Musquetiers in the Reere faceth about and presents towards the Reere then both at one instant gives fire wheeling off by division and placing themselves betweene the Musquetiers of their division These namely which were of the Front halfe files falling into the Reere of their owne divisions and those of the Reere halfe files contrary wise falling before their halfe File-Leaders and ranking even with the halfe File-Leaders of the Pikes the next Ranke successively firing and wheeling off after the same manner Having fired once over they are reduced every man to his place The Officer must take some paines in teaching his Souldiers these two last firings otherwise they will seeme very difficult at first for them to performe CHAP. XCIII How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving fire to the Reere and right Flanke marching and likewise to both Flankes at once marching and also to both Flankes standing Musquetiers give fire to the right flanke and reere placing your selves betweene the Pikes and your owne divisions THis kinde of firing in Reere and Flanke upon a march is very serviceable at such times as the enemy shall skirmish with the body to annoy them in their passage in Flanke and Reere at one time And this kinde of firing you may performe two severall wayes as first your Musquetiers being placed in their ordinary place upon the Flankes of their Pikes The second and more securer way for the Pikes will be to draw the Musquetieres from that flanke which is
least in danger crosse the Reere of Pikemen The words of command and direction you shall finde in the Margent which produceth this latter forme of firing the words of command being given to fire to the Reere and right Flanke The outermost File of Musquetiers presents to the right and the last Ranke of Musquetiers presents to the Reere and so both give fire the rest of the body in the meane time marching a reasonable pace The right hand File on the right Flanke and the last Ranke of the Musquetiers in the Reere of the Pikes having fired the File facech to the left after their File Leader and so marcheth up betweene the Musquetiers of the same division and the Pikes the Rankes also wheeling off to the right and placing it selfe next after the Reere of Pikes and if you please you may make an Intervall or space betweene the Musquetiers in the Reere that so one part may wheele off to the right on the outside the other part wheele off to the right and march up betweene the Intervalls into their places The first File file upon the Flanke and the first Ranke in the Reere that presented having given fire and wheeled cleare of the body the next File and ranke is to present and give fire after the same manner wheeling off and taking their places as aforesaid and so successively the rest both Files and Rankes gives fire observing the same order and having given fire once twice or oftner over they are still reduced to the same they were before the firing began then draw your shot from the Reere to the left Flanke againe and they will be in their first forme and station Musquetiers give fire to both Flankes marching up betweene the Pikes and your owne divisions This kinde of firing to both Flankes marching may be upon some occasions serviceable and the shot after they have given fire may be eyther placed betweene their owne divisions and the Pikes or betweene the midst of the Pikes for their better securitie the shot being placed upon both the Flankes of the Pikes as we left them in the former discourse you must make use of the words of command and direction which is placed in the Margent which will produce this forme of firing The command being given the outmost file of each Flanke presents outward the rest of the body still continuing of the march the presented Files in the interim giving fire then facing after their proper File-Leaders who are to leade them up betweene the Musquetiers of their owne divisions and the Pikes in the time of their wheeling away the next two outermost Files are to present firing after the same manner and leading up as before the rest successively doing the like untill they have fired all over which brings them to their former places Advance your Pikes and stand face to the right and left Musquetiers give fire and Flanke your Pikes This kinde of firing to both Flankes upon a stand is produced by the words of command and directions placed in the Margent onely observe the Musquetiers are placed upon both Flankes of the body of Pikes as you left them in the precedent discourse The words of command being given the whole body both of Pikes and Shot are to face to the right and left hand and then the formost Rankes of Musquetiers which before the facing were the outermost Files are to present and give fire and then wheele off by division Ranking even with the formost Rankes of Pikes and leaving sufficient Intervalls for the rest of the Musquetiers to march betweene them and the Pikes The next Ranke presenting and firing after the same manner but not advancing forwards onely firing upon the same ground and wheeling off by division afterwards passing downe betweene the Intervalls and so ranking after their Leaders but you must observe by the way that they that were outermost when they gave fire are likewise to be so when they have taken their places All the Rankes of Musquetiers having fired and wheeled off as before the Pikes if neede be may charge and the Musquetiers giving fire over againe wheeling off outwards and placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisious Having advanced your Pikes and faced your body to their first Front all your Musquetiers will be in Front and Reere and then if your halfe Files about and give fire after the same manner formerly discoursed of to the Front and Reere having faced them againe to their first Front they will be reduced as at first into their ordinary square CHAP. XCIIII How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in a Triple way of giving fire to the Front BY this triple firing to the Front the precedent forme of firing to both Flankes standing may be reduced for the Musquetiers of the Reere division opening to the right and left and sleeving upon the Flankes of the Pikes untill the Leaders of the Reere division who then were the halfe File-Leaders ranke even with the Front of Pikes and those in the front division are placed before the Pikes in the Front securely covering them from the enemy The word of command and directions that produceth this forme of firing is placed in the Margent Musquetiers of the Reere double your Front of Pikes by division The one halfe of the shot being placed before the front of the Pikes and the other halfe placed upon eyther flanke even with the first Ranke of Pikes and the word of command being given then the first Ranke of Musquetiers both of front and flankes presents to the front and gives fire wheeling off to the right and left by division The Musquetiers of the front division being wheeled off as aforesaid close by the flankes of their owne Musquetiers passe directly downe betweene the Intervals and place themselves even in Ranke behind the Musquetiers of the Reere division which are upon the flanks like wise the Musqueters that fired at the same time on the flankes wheele also off the right flanke to the right the left flanke to the left marching directly downe even with the reere Rankes of the Pikes and there place themselves againe even in ranke with the last ranke of Pikes this done the rest of the rankes successively give fire and doe the like every ranke taking his place after the ranke that fired last before them the other Rankes mooving one ranke forwarder the Musquetiers having given fire once over and falling off according to this direction they will all be reduced to the Flanke againe as at first View the figure in the next page The Figure of the Triple firing to the Front Front Serjeant Serjeant Serjeant Serjeant CHAP. XCV How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving fire three wayes at once viz. to the Front Reere and right Flanke IN performing this firing three wayes at once first you may suppose the Musquetiers to be placed upon eyther Flanke of the Pikes then by commanding the halfe Rankes of the left to double
their horses so that to everytroope of 120. there is 132. men allowed CHAP. CX How a single Troope of horse ought to be drawne into Ranke and File NOw it remaynes wee should make entrance into the discourse of Exercising a single Troope Therefore supposing our Troope to consist of one hundred and twenty horse wee must first order them into Rankes and Files Rankes are a number uncertaine and hapens according to the quantitie of souldiers be they more or lesse A File is a number certaine consisting of sixe persons viz a Leader two Middle men a Bringer up a Follower betweene the Leader and the Middleman to the Reare and a Follower betweene the Middleman to the Front and the Bringer up which is the last man in the File called the Reare A File differs from a Ranke because they stand face to backe and never above sixe deepe A Ranke differs from a File in regard they stand even a breast shoulder to shoulder and have no certaine extent The order of a File you shall see in this discription following 0 Leader 1 Follower 0 Middleman to the Reare 0 Middleman to the Front 1 Follower 0 Bringer up The description of a Ranke you shall understand by this demonstation following where you shall suppose twenty in Ranke and sixe deepe in File Sixe in File Reare CHAP. CXI What Orders and distances a horse Troope should observe in exercise NOw let us take notice what Orders or Distances these Files and Rankes are to observe in exercising where note that in horse Troopes there are but two sorts of distances or orders either in Ranke or File viz. close order and open order Close Order in Files is knee to knee Open Order in Files is sixe foote which is accounted a horses length Likewise close Order in Rankes is to the Horses crooper so that little or no distance remaines betweene the head of the Follower and the crooper of the Leader Likewise open order in Rankes is sixe foote above which they must never open CAAP. CXII The motions which the Cavalrie are to observe in their exercise THe Motions of the Cavallrie are of foure kindes as namely first Facings secondly Doublings thirdly Counter-Marches fourthly Wheelings The use of Facing is to make the company perfect to be suddenly prepared for a charge on either of the Flankes or the Reare Doubling of Rankes or doubling by halfe Files or Bringers up is used upon occasion of strengthening the Front Doubling of Files or Doubling by halfe Rankes serveth to strengthen the Flankes Counter-Marches serve either to reduce the File-leaders into the place of the Bringers up and so to have the best men ready to receive the charge of an Enemy in the Reare or to bring one Flanke into the place of the other or Front and Reere or either Flanke into the middle of the body The use of Wheeling is to bring the Front which is all wayes supposed to consist of the ablest men to be ready to receive the charge of the Enemy on either Flanke or Reere CHAP. CXIII The Manner how a Commander over 120. Horse besides Officers should Troope with them into the Field to be exercised NOw wee are to suppose this Troope of 120. horsemen are to be ordered in Ranke and File fit to draw into the Field for exercise where note they are five in Ranke and sixe deepe in File and every Officer marching in his due place as appeares by this subsequent demonstration Captaine Trumpet Cornet Eld. Corporall Second Corporall Yongest Corporall Livetenant Trumpet CHAP. CXIV How a Commander should draw this Troope of Horse into a body in manner of Battalia standing at their open Order or Distance of sixe foote YOur Troope of horse being drawne into the Field before you can exercise them you must draw up the dimissions into an even body in manner of Battallia viz. the first devision led by the Captaine being come to a convenient place of Exercise is to stand firme Then the Cornet is to leade up the second Division upon the left side of the former fronting even and keeping even destances both in Ranke and File Thirdly the Eldest Corporall is to leade up his Devision upon the left side of the Cornets fronting them even with the former Lastly the second Corporall brings up his last Division upon the left hand of the eldest corporall observing their due orders and proportions both in Rankes and Files And being thus drawne in Battallia there shall be consequently be in the Front the Captaine whose place is to stand upon the right hand before the Front of the first Division The eldest Trumpet and Cornet before the Front of the second Devisions The eldest Corporall before the Front of the third Division The second Corporall before the Front of the fourth Division And in the Reare the Lievetenant the youngest Corporall and youngest Trumpet Trumpet Second Corporall Eldest Corporall Cornet Captaine Front Reare Livetenant Trumpet Corporall CHAP. CXV How Souldiers are to be made to understand their Commanders intention in time of skirmish BEfore wee can proceede to the Exercising of this Troope of Horse wee must take notice how and by what meanes the souldiers should understand their Commanders 〈◊〉 that accordingly they may immediatly act and put in execution such things as are commanded And this is to be performed by the Commander three severall wayes First by the immediate command of the Captaine either so that every souldier heares the word of Command distinctly himselfe or by Tradition from inferiour Officers whose office is to eccho such commands throughout the Troope and this is termed vocall Secondly when the Captaine commands the Trumpet to sound such points of warre as are generally knowne to every particular souldier this is termed Semivocall The first point of warre the Trumpet sounds is Butte Sella this is the warning to clappe on the Saddles The second is Mountè Cavallo that is the warning for the souldiers to mount upon horse backe The third is Tucquet that is the warning for a March. The fourth is Carga Carga that is a command for to charge the Enemy The fift is Alâ— Standâ—rdo that is a command for to retreate to the Colours The sixt and last is Auquet that is a command for the souldiers to repaire to their Watch or Guards or for the discharging of the Watch or Guards In the third place when the Commander shall make such perfect signes pregnant to the sight as by charging with his Trunâ—ion or Pistoll or by holding up the colours whereby the souldiers take notice by the first to charge on and by the second to make a stand and this is termed Mute wherefore you may perceive it is a thing of great consequence to accustome your souldiers to these things without which a world of inconveniences and confusion must of necessitie betide you in times of skirmishing Further in regard the exercising a Troope of Horse is tedious and painefull for a
beene a powerfull Armie in the heart of the Kingdome to have kept them in obedience that they might have strengthned their dejected conceits upon their hope of victory which might possibly have beene gained by this Armie the Lords Spirituall and Temperall would never have yeelded themselves with the Citty of London to the mercy of the Conquerour but this is onely by the way Now these Troopes of Dragoones being well exercised and practised as they ought let any sensible man judge if they shall not prove in time of neede most usefull in regard of their speedy March CHAP. CXIX The Order of Exercising a Horse Troope in their Motions being drawne in Battalia TO pretermit all further circumstances presupposing that every Souldier is perfect in his postures it is now high time to draw out in Battalia as before is demonstrated that they may the better be exercised in Grose and the more commodiously taught their Motions which every Souldier using silence is to performe according as he shal be commanded as this following figure doth demonstrate where note there are â—20 horse drawne in Battalia ready to be exercised and standing at their open order of sixe foote being the space of ground allowed betweene horse and horse Front H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h Right Flanke Reare As you were To the left hand As you were Front H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H h h h h h H Reare To the left hand a-bout To the Right hand about as you were h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Rankes to the Right hand double Rankes as you were HhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Rankes to the left hand double Rankes as you were hHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhH o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Files to the right hand double Files to the left hand as you were 29 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ó H ó H ó H ó H ó H ó H ó H ó H ó H ó H H o H o H o H o H o H o H o H o H o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h Files to the left hand double Files as you were or Rankes to the right hand double 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 H â— H â— H â— H â— H â— H â— H â— H â— H â— H â— H o H o H o H o H o H o H o H o H o H o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o h o Halfe Files to the right hand double your Front Halfe Files as you were HhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHhHh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
the second ranke hath tenne this ranke makes two sides parrallell to the two former sides of the Rhombe as the Figure shewes the third must be 17. and so forwards to one the whole Battell hath in it 121. horse with the Officers the Figure followeth Front Reare CHAP. CXXII The Manner and forme of imbattelling the third kinde of Rhombe consisting of Files but not of Rankes THe third kinde of Rhombe which Files but Rankes not you are to order your Troope after this manner following First you must make a File of any Number the Captaine of the Troope being File-leader and the Reare Commander the last of the File To both the Flankes of this File you are to lay two other Files either of them one lesse in number than the first these you must begin to place even with the middest of the distances of the first file on both sides as suppose 11. in the first File the next file on either side must have 10. a peece and the next after them 9. a peece and still one the lesse in all the rest after plac't Files and so it shall prove to file but not ranke This forme is advantagious and profitable for turning of faces when neede shall require from one point of the Rhombe to another turning to the right hand is called turning to the staffe turning to the leâ—â— is called turning to the Raynes but in these our moderne warres we use to command them to face to the right or to the left hand as occasion shall offer the figure of this discourse followeth the Troope of horse consisting of 121. with the Officers The Front Reare CHAP. CXXIII The manner of imbattelling the fourth kinde of Rhombe which Rankes and Files not THis last kinde of Rhombe whose property is to Ranke and not to File is made by a conâ—rary way to the former The presedent Rhombe which shewed to File but not to Ranke began at the Front point and Reare point and proceeded to the Flankes This beginneth at the Flanke points and proceedth to the Front and Reare First therefore a Ranke is to be layed of what number you please to the distances of this Ranke you must lay two Rankes more one on either side whose number must be one lesse a peece than the former Ranke thus continue laying of Rankes towards the Front and Reare and in every paire of Rankes diminish one a peece untill you come to the points either of which have but one namely the Captaine and Lievetenant by this meanes the Rhombe will ranke but not file the figure followeth Front Reare CHAP. CXXIIII The manner of Framing the Battell called the Wedge or halfe Rhombe used by the Macedonians THe forme of this Battell called the Wedge plainely appeares in the Rhombe which both Rankes and Files for the halfe of that Rhombe is a Wedge Wherefore first you must beginne with a Ranke of an uneven number as suppose 15. horse before that Ranke you must place another Ranke of 13. having two lesse than the former and so you are to proceede untill you end with one which is the place of the Captaine this was the Invention of King Philip of Macedon who placed his best men before that by them the weaker might be held in and inabled to charge Elian giveth reasons why the Wedge was in those times accounted better than a Square forme which we now have in use in regard it is apt and proper artificially to breake the Enemies Square battels for he Compares a Square Battle to an Axe for although it be sharper than a Wedge yet having the edge drawne out in length it cannot possibly by strength be driven farre into the Wood but by redoubling of strokes The Wedge being once entred insinuateth it selfe the point being Narrow and it holdeth what it getteth untill at last it divides the Square forme in Sunder although never so tough Polybius reports lib 4. 278. that the Thessalians being Imhatteled in this kinde of forme they could not be resisted by the Gracians and Persian Squares Moreover the Wedge is of greater strength than the Rhombes because it bringeth more hands to fight for the hinder part of the Rhombe is of no use but to avoyde surprises for it avayleth nothing in charging whereas all parts of the Wedge are effectuall viz. the point to enter and the sides even to the flanke corners where the reare endeth doth dispart and dissever and utterly disorder the Enemie whereby victory is gained And questionlesse this forme of a Wedge were of excellent use in our warres especially when an enemie is charged in Flanke and Reare or Front and Flanke then this Battell in forme of a Wedge to come full upon the point of the enemies Battalia where they shall finde an easie place for entrance in regard the foote Troopes are constrained to make a double resistance both to Front and Flanke so that there will be a space open for entrance and then the sides of this Wedge battell will give such a Valley upon the point that of necessity they cannot be able to withstand it The Cornet in this Wedge forme of imbattelling is to take his place right before the Lievetenant in the second Ranke from the Reare the figure followeth this Troope consists of 121. Horse Front The Leivetenant CHAP. CXXV The reason why we retaine the custome of Ranking five deepe in File WEE have learned from Generalls in former ages the framing of Square Battels in regard they were oppinionated that forme was the easiest to be framed and best for Motion besides the ablest men were plac't in Front and had all the principall Commanders to lead them on to give the Enemie a charge the weapons which the Horsemen used were Speares of such a wonderfull length to to Match their Enemies Pikes which as Leo reports Chap. 25. that they were 16. Cubtis in length that is 24. foote and Livy verifies the same that their Pikes were very unwildy in regard of their bignesse and length and then they for the most part did order their horse Troopes eight deepe in File as Polybius speaketh plainely who was Generall of the Horse of the Achaeans besides Leo in his seventh Chapter writeth after this manner If there be many horse saith he viz. above twelve thousand then let them be ordred tenne deepe in File if but few then let it be no more than five further he saith too much shallownesse maketh a Battalia weake and ready to be broken by this we may conjecture that the filing of Troopes five deepe was not a thing inforc't of necessitie untill such times as they found the inconvenience of their over-long Speares so that the Macedonians caused their Speares to be but 15. or 16. foote in length and then five horse in depth was rather at the most then otherwise to make use of those short weapons to offend the Enemy in their charge They further aimed to order their Battells so that the Battalias might
Carabines as the Generall shall thinke best There must likewise be two other grand battells ordered the first is to be plac'd a hundred paces before the Front of the maine battell but not so forwards as the forlorne hopes by little more than halfe the distance these are to consist of Harquebuzires and Carabines and are to be ordered in competent Battalias which shall be neither too great nor too small but so as they may charge in sundry bodies the better to releeve one the other betweene each Battallia there must be certaine Files of Musquetiers drawne up in an even Front with them who shall give fire upon the enemies horse to disorder their Rankes as they shall approach to charge your Troopes these shotiupon occasion may retreate and fall in betwixt the distances of the maine Battell which are to advance forward to re scue the former Troopes being over charged The third battell which is called the Battell of Sucker is to be plac'd a good distance behinde the maine Battell and these ought to be all or the greatest part of them Cuirassiers and ordered in great Battalias then the Harquebuziers they are to be marshalled and disposed into divers Compertments or Divisions so that the Battalias of the maine battell may retreate betwixt them or being routed they may shelter themselves behinde them and reunite themselves againe and joyne with them in a desperate charge for this is the last refuge unlesse you draw out certaine Pikes to relieve them and unlesse your strength in horse doe much exceede the Enemies it will be to your disadvantage to strive to charge the Enemies foote Troopes unlesse there should be an unexpected advantage offered untill such time as you have either routed the Enemies horse or put them to flight and then you are to bend your full strength to assault them upon all quarters with your Harquebuziers and Carabines first and then seconded by your Cuirassires who are to presse in amongst the Enemy and breake their rankes but in the meane time they must leave a sleeve of horse upon each flanke of the wings of the foote Troopes to defend them from the Enemies charge who will adventure to doe it when they see them left naked If your Cavalry are by some accident to fight onely against some certaine foote Troopes of the enemies you must make choise of plaine fieldings as a place most advantagious for that purpose Likewise you must use all celerity and diligence to charge them before they can order themselves in Battell and upon these advantages you may venture although they should be farre more potent than your selfe But being drawne into battell expecting your assault and your forces being equall in power then you must command out certaine Troopes of Harquebuziers or Dragoones if you have any and with these you must charge them upon the Front Flankes and Reares these are to be seconded by certaine small Battalias of Cuirassiers who shall take the opportunity to fall upon such disorders as the Harquebuziers have caused If the Enemy have possest themselves in some place of advantage then the Cavalry are not to charge them although your forces were superiour in strength to them If it should so happen that one company of Cuirassirs should be to fight against another if the enemy doth charge you in full carriere your safest way is to devide your Troope by halfe rankes opening a large distance to the right and left hand so as the Enemy may passe through then facing your Troope inwards you are to charge them upon the Flankes you are to performe the like if you have a Battalia made of two Troopes and being charged by the Enemy they are to divide themselves as before but keepe each Troope whole and entire or you may cause three or foure files of each of your wings to advance forward on the sudden and to charge the enemie upon the Flankes and to equall your Enemies Front you may cause the halfe Files of your Body to double your Front to the right and left hand by divisions Note the Harpuebuziers are to give fire by rankes the first ranke having given fire is to wheele off to the left hand unlesse the ground will not permit it but that of necessity you must performe it to the right making ready and falling into the Reare the second ranke is to give fire upon the wheeling away of the first and so the rest successively The advantages which the Cavalry may take against the Enemy when hee shall thinke himselfe secure in his quarters in regard of his Potencie and the undervalluing of his adversaries disability may be very great for many times weake forces have atchieved great victories Wherefore there must first be gained true intelligence how the Enemy hath disposed his Troopes and also certaine knowledge of the situation of the Country Place or Village they are quartered in and how and in what places hee hath plac'd his Guards and set out his Sentinells An Enemies Quarters for the most part are ever strongest and best watch kept upon those passages which leades towards a suspected Enemy In this case you are to make use of the night fetching a compasse about by some by-wayes so that you may charge them in the Reare or Flankes of their Quarters before they be aware of you where you shall be most sure to finde them most negligent in those parts Every Horsman is to take up behinde him a Musquetire whose service will be excellent either to place behinde upon some passage of advantage to rescue your Troopes if they should be put to a retreate or to assist the horse in their discharge against the Enemy in his Quarters as I shall afterwards specifie Now let us presuppose that your Troopes are arrived neere the Enemies quarters every man having the Watch-word given him and also some distinction or marke of white whereby they my be knowne from the Enemy in the darke night and having laid a sufficient guard of Musquetires to make your retreate safe the next thing to be considered of is how you may best hinder the Enemy from uniting their Troopes into a body wherefore some few Musquetires or Firelocks are to be sent some by-way where secretly they must get betwixt the Guard and the Sentinells to cut off their retreate the residue of the Musquetires are to creepe to the Allarme place and there to place themselves neere the passage where the Enemy is to enter with his Troopes and having the advantage of some Hedges Bankes or pales for to hide and secure them from the Horse these shot shall give fire upon the Enemy as they come scattering into the Alarme place In the meane time one of your Troypes of Harquebuziers or Carabines shall advance secretly and without noise towards the Sentinell and suddenly surprise him by the helpe of the shot that lies behinde him then speedily they are to fall upon the guard and surprise them before
are best horst or those that are nimblest of foote so that they may the safer retire upon all occasions moreover they must not stay over long behind the Army but so as they may soone recover it for otherwise they will be cut off by the enemy If a retreat be wisely carried the enemy that shall follow may receive more dammage then they that retreat But on the contrary side if you perceive the enemy doth provide to steale from you it is wisedome to anticipate such passages as they must passe thorow sending secretly certaine troopes to fortifie at the entrance of them likewise to barricado up the way with trees and to have your Army alwayes in a readinesse to set out after them following them at the heeles but in this case the Army must keepe a very strict order in their Battallia's and march up close together commanding your horse to charge the enemy in the Reare which will bee a meanes to stay the hindermost part of the Army and then the Vantguard of your enemies Army being come to the passages that are blockt up it will so discourage the enemy that your Army marching up to them in Battell aray they will bee easily overthrowne as there hath beene divers examples to verifie this The lightest Ordnance are the best to pursue the enemy withall for which purpose Grave Maurice the Prince Van Nasaw had fifty or sixty small field peeces cast which hee used to place between his Battallions which were of great service in the time of fight for two or three men could weild one of them as they pleased both in advancing it forwards and drawing backe as occasion served and it were very fit and of excellent use to have such small peeces cast here in England for his Majesties service which may bee imployed many waies I have observed the Hollanders how they made use of these small Ordnances to place them in little vessels which they provided to safeguard their great rivers as the river Issel and the Rhine one of these had thirty or forty souldiers to man her and eight or tenne of these peeces whereby they prevented the enemy from marching over the said rivers likewise they were safeguards to the Army when they were convayed by Boates up those rivers or when they lay intrencht neere any great river they safeguarded the Reare of the qnarters from treachery also they safe conducted such Boates as brought Victuals and Ammunition to the Army If occasion should bee in our land which God forbid it should be they could not doe us lesse service than by experience they have done them besides such small vessels being made for service were of more worth to offend an enemy that should dare saile up in any of our great rivers than the greatest Ship of burden for it were impossible for our great Ships to make a fight in the river Thames but they will be more ready to hurt themselves than the enemy whereas these small vessels will lye under the shot and glide up and downe by the great vessels sides and gall them In the next place it remaines how an Army should March neere an enemies Battery to secure themselves from the shot in this you must observe the situation of their Batteries how they are flancked by which you may come to perceive in what direct liâ—e eâ—ch peece of Ordnance shall make her true shot and so accordingly either to open the files and ranckes for the passage of the shot or else to fetch a circumference in your March so as the shot shall not touch the files but only a ranke but the securest way is to March secretly by the most obscurest places so as the Ordnance may not discover you Lastly for conclusion if the enemy should assault your troopes in in some narrow passages or high wayes you are to demeane your selfe as followeth First you are to fill the passage or high way with your pikes if the breadth of your troopes be not sufficient to performe it then double your rancks whereby the Wings will extend themselves to the filling up of the passage these then charging your enemies hande or foote your Musketiers being in the Reare the Battell being thus ordered let the first ranke of Musketiers which are those next the pikes face to the right hand and march forth file-wise close up by the right flanke of the pikes untill he that is leader of the said file be even with the Front of the Pikes then he is to face to the right hand and lead them quite crosse the Front of the Pikes untill he hath attained the further part of the Front to the left hand which being performed they are to make a stand and couch under the Pikes and give fire upon their knees so as the Pikes may not be hindred to charge then are they to march downe by the left flancke and place themselves in the Reare of the shot and the next files in order are to advance into the Front after the same manner and performe the same service by this meanes continuall fire shall be given upon the enemy whilst this skirmish is in action Let there be drawne out certaine Pikes and Musketiers into the best inclosed fields either on one or both sides of the way where they may secure themselves from the enemies horse and there charge the enemy on the flancks or at least keepe them from charging your owne troopes that are in skirmish to maintaine the passage view the figure following in the next page The figure of the Battell Front Left flancke Right flanke Reare In this figure the Character p shewes how the Pikes are plac't their Fronts being doubled the other represents the Musketiers as you may perceive them marching up the right flancke and so plac't under the Pikes in the Front ready to give fire upon the enemy you may likewise perceive certaine shot drawne out into two closes upon each side of the high way whose duty is to give fire upon the enemies flancks as they are charching the Front of the Battell or if the enemy should draw out any forces to charge your Flancks then these shot having Pikes to joyne with them shall be able to encounter with them and prevent them Thus I hope I have collected sufficient instructions which may give any reasonable man satisfaction concerning the ordering of their March only if you please I will referre you to divers Modernâ— Authors which have write of this subject viz. Ierosme Cattamo pag. 133. Machiavill pag. 67. Bellay pag. 151. Barrit pag. 132. Edmonds pag. 39. Garrits Arte of Warre pag. 245. In the next place we are to discourse of the incamping of an Army and how to order the Guards and the Intrenchments Thus ends the sixteenth Section RVLES TO BE OBSERVED IN QVARTERING OR INCAMPING AN ARMY SECT XVII CHAP. IIII. How a Generall is to quarter his Army with the election of places of greatest security what Redoubts are to be raised
or Wings and those Troops of the Forlorn Hope that have given fire are to retrait betwixt the Wings of the Battell and the Troops of Horse that are plac'd along by the Wings So maintaining alwaies the Flanks furnished by this means they may maintain skirmish continually with fresh men and the Battell never the lesse impaled But after the enemies Battell begins to approach neer your own forces then the Forlorn Hope must withdraw themselves and the formost Battell must bear the brunt The six field-Peeces placed amongst the Shot after they have done their service are to be drawn back into the space betwixt the two Battalia's or may be drawn into the Wings and there may be guarded with those Troops of Shot where they may performe excellent Service But if the first main Battell should miscarry in the first encounter so that their Battalia's be broken by the enemy yet there are ample spaces betwixt the Battalia's of the second Battell to retrait into and there to make head and freshly to re-charge the enemy again betwixt each Battalia in the Rear there must retrait two Battalia's of the Front and upon each Flank one The Troops of Horse are thus disposed upon each side there are an hundred Horse to guard the Ordnance which with the assistance of the Pikes and Shot they are to secure themselves Now there remains five thousand and eight hundred Horse which are to bee divided into severall Battalia's upon each Wing are to bee placed two thousand and nine hundred and they are again to be divided into three Battalia's at the least View the Figure following being the eleventh Figure CHAP. XXIII The twelfth forme of imbattelling an Armie consisting of 12000 Foot and 3000 Horse partly imitating Monsieur Bellay in his militarie Discipline Pag. 75. THis forme of imbattelling which followeth in this Discourse was chiefly invented to deceive the enemy for whereas it seemeth of narrow Front at the first view yet the formost Battell being retraited within the second Battell and the Impalements upon each Flank with the Forlorn Hopes being doubled one Rank into another makes the Front of a farre larger extent so that the enemy having framed his Battell answerable as he may suppose to encounter with this forme hee shall find it otherwise for this Battell will over-Wing his and the Forlorn Hope being strengthned with Shot and fortified with a competencie of Pikes will soon hemm in the enemies Battalia's on the Flanks before they bee aware of it which by the help of those Troops of Curassiers and seconded by the Carbines will endanger to rout them The order observed in Marshalling this Battell is in this manner first there is on each Wing before the Front of the main Battell two Battalia's of Horse each consisting of 252 which makes forty two Files being ranged six deep so that in the four Battels are contained 1008 Horse The next is the main Battell of Foot consisting of five Divisions which hath in each five hundred and ten Pikes and Shot in all the five Battalia's are contained 2550 men The distance betwixt each Battalia or Division is 5 paces in breadth and they have 51 in Rank or Brest and 10 deep in File the breadth of the whole Front from side to side of either impalement the distances being added betwixt each Division is 1560 paces broad Next are three Battalia's plac'd 25 paces behind the first main Battell these have contained in each of them 510 as the former had so that the three Battalia's have 1530 souldiers in them You may delude the enemy in making him beleeve your Forces are more than they are by causing your second Battalia's to open their Files to their open order and then they will seem as many men in the second Battell as is in the first The Rear-Battel is likewise ordered 25 paces behind the second Battell and that consists only of 2 Battalia's and are plac'd upon the Flank as by the Figure you may see having a broad space to receive the two former Battels if they should be constrained to retrait these two last consist of 1020 viz 510 souldiers in each these two Rear-Battels may open their Files to their double distance to make them seem farre more than they are but when they are ready to charge the enemy they must fall into their order of three foot The Impalements of each Flank of the Battell marked with the figures of 1 and 2 consist of 5 in Brest 153 in depth so that each Wing of Impalement hath 665 Pikes Likewise by the outside of the Pikes are the same quantity of Muskets ordered 5 in Brest and 153 in depth which amounts likewise to 665 Shot it is marked with the figure 2. This Division of Shot is to be plac'd 5 paces from the Pikes they must likewise open their Files very wide that they may seem to equall the Front of the Battell these must double one within another as the main Battell shall retrait Next this impalement the Forlorn Hope is plac'd along by the side of it marked with the figures 3 and 4 and these are to consist of Shot and Pikes as the figures 1 2 did and first the Shot hath 8 in Rank and 153 in depth so that each Wing takes up 1224 Shot the Pikes you are to suppose are ranked next the Shot the outside 5 paces from the Shot they are 5 in Front or Brest and 153 in depth which amounts to in each 665 these are to dilate their Files as the former Beyond the Forlorn Hope are plac'd 700 Curassiers ten paces from the former as you may see at the figure 5. These are to order themselves in convenient Troops down by the â—lanks of the former And 5 paces beyond these Curassiers are 300 Carbines which must orderly range themselves in convenient Troops as at the figure 6. In the Rear are foure strong Redouts well Pallizado'd with field-Peeces in them in each severall Redout there are one hundred and fiftie souldiers The Shot belonging to the main Battell are placed before the Pikes to shelter them and to hide the Ordnance amongst them When the enemy are within distance then those Files of Shot which stand before the Ordnance are to divide themselves upon either hand so that the Ordnance may suddenly give a volley upon the enemies Troops and when they have done their best they are to be drawn into the Rear of the Battell View the Figure following CHAP. XXIIII A forme of imbattelling containing 15000 Foot and 2000 Horse with twenty field-Peeces the Pikes girdled with two Ranks of Musketires round about the residue of the Shot are ordered in 188 Maniples IN this forme of imbattelling you may perceive the Pikes to be drawn into twentie four Divisions each Division or Battalia containing three hundred souldiers with convenient distances betwixt them They are first impaled or girdled round under the Pikes with one hundred and eighty Shot which makes two Ranks these are to give fire
18250 1095 6 6570 1098 1830 10 18300 1098 6 6588 1101 1835 10 18350 1101 6 6606 1104 184â— 10 18400 1104 6 6624 1107 1845 10 18450 1107 6 6642 1110 1850 10 18500 1110 6 6660 1113 1855 10 18550 1113 6 6678 1116 1860 10 18600 1116 6 6696 1119 1865 10 18650 1119 6 6714 1122 1870 10 18700 1122 6 6732 1125 1875 10 18750 1125 6 6750 1128 1880 10 18800 1128 6 6768 1131 1885 10 18850 1131 6 6786 1134 1890 10 18900 1134 6 6804 1137 1895 10 18950 1137 6 6822 1140 1900 10 19000 1140 6 6840 1143 1905 10 19050 1143 6 6858 1146 1910 10 19100 1146 6 6876 1149 1915 10 19150 1149 6 6894 1152 1920 10 19200 â—152 6 69â—2 1155 1925 10 19250 1155 6 â—â—30 1158 1930 1â— 1930â— 1158 6 6948 1161 1935 10 19350 1161 6 69â—6 1164 1940 10 19400 1164 6 6984 1167 1945 10 19450 1167 6 7002 1170 1950 10 19500 1170 6 7020 1173 1955 10 1955â— â—173 6 7038 1176 1960 10 19â—â—â— 1176 6 7056 1179 1905 10 1905â— 1179 6 7074 1182 1970 10 19700 1â—82 6 7092 1185 1975 10 19750 1185 6 7110 1188 1980 10 19800 â—188 6 â—â—28 1191 1985 10 19850 1191 6 71â—6 1194 1990 10 19900 1194 6 â—â—64 1197 1995 10 19950 1â—â—7 6 7182 1200 2000 10 20000 120â— 6 7200 2400 4000 10 40000 2400 6 14400 3000 5000 10 50000 â—â—00 6 18000 4000 6667 10 66670 4â—â—0 6 24000 5000 8333 10 83330 5000 6 30000 The use of the precedent Table described THis precedent Table is divided into seven Columes each Colume having its proper use set above it In the first Colume towards the left hand you shall find the number of paces Geometricall vizâ— foot to each pace placed In the second Colume you shall find the just number of men which those paces may contain in Brest or Rank â—â—cording as the first Colume shall point to you viz. each man taking up three foot for his particular station In the third Colume you shall find our ordinary way of placing our men 10 deep in File fit for skirmish The fourth Colume points to you the whole number of men being ordered 10 deep in File The fifth Colume shews how many Horses may bee plac'd upon so many paces of ground as the Colume of paces demonstrates viz. each Horse takes up five foot for his station in Rank The sixth Colume shews the manner of placing of them six deep in File The seventh Colume shews the just number of Horse being ordered six deep in File As for example You have paced out 1002 Geometricall paces which is 2004 of your ordinarie going paces taking but two foot and an halfe to each step Now if you would know how many men these forenamed paces may contain in Rank you must first enter the Table and in the first Colume of the last Table-Page right under the superscription of Paces Geometricall you shall find 1002 and just against it in the second Colume towards your right hand you shall find that 1670 men may be plac'd in Rank or Brest and in the next Colume being the third you shall find they are plac'd 10 deep in File then casting but your eye into the fourth Colume you shall find the whole number of them to be 16700 men Likewise if you would know how many Horses may be plac'd in Brest or Rank upon the fore-named quantitie of paces by casting your eye into the fifth Colume you shall find 1002 Horses and if they be ordered six deep in File then look into the seventh Colume and you shall find the whole number to bee 6012 Horses after the same manner you may find out any other number If you intend to order your Horse but five deep in File then to know how many bee of the whole number you must multiply the number in the fifth Colume by 5 and the product is the whole number After the same manner if you intend to impale the Flanks or Rear of your Battell after you know the number of paces as for example Suppose it to be 801 paces enter the Colume of paces and you shall find that 801 paces must have 1335 men to make one Rank for the Impalement now if you would have seven Ranks then you must multiply 1335 by 7 and the product will be 9345 the just whole number that the Impalement will take up being it consists of seven Ranks The reason why I have set down the paces Geometricall in the first Colume after a progressionall way one number exceeding another by three is because it fits even with the quantitie of feet each Foot-man and Horse-man occupyeth for his proper station in Rank or Brest otherwise there would be odd feet as in 2 paces which consists of 10 feet there can bee but 3 Foot-men plac'd who must take up but 9 feet so that there is an odd foot remaining which would put all out of order But in 3 paces there is 15 feet contained wherein may be 5 men plac'd Also in 3 paâ—es there must be even 3 Horses plac'd for a Horse taketh up in Brest or Rank an 〈◊〉 pace containing 5 feet Vale. FINIS God wins Rom. Ant. * Pedro Mexia in Lodoâ—â—â— Bavaro how by the death of Constructio the Emperour the designe against Florence was lost Paulus Emil. in Carolo by a schisme betweene Vrbat and Clement the Armie was ruined Sigon de regno Itallico Anno 896. how Rome was surprised by Arâ—ulphus the Emperour through a sudden fear Paulus Emâ—l in Phâ—lipo secundo Nauclerus in Croâ— the Christians overthrew the Soldan through a sudden feare Osorius in lib. 7. cap. 36. divers Battells lost by divers accidents Guic. lib. 5. the French were overthrowne by a word mistaken Titus Livius in dec 3. lib. 2. dâ—c 4. lib 7. Pedro Mexia in vita Imp. Adolph Guic in lib. 8. what victories hath beene lost by Sun wind and raine c. Esay 42. 13. Psal. 18. 34. Ezek. 33. Ver. 3 4 5. Pax Dei Col. 3. 13. 2. Kings 19. 37. Ester 1. 1. Chroriâ—â—r Carionis Lib. 2. 〈…〉 Centum millia peditum deâ—â—m millia equituÌ„ Carâ—on Lib. 2. Sexcenta millia Iustin. Lib 2. Iustin. Lib. 2. Chron. Cario Lib. 2. Iustin. Lib. â— Dan. 11. 2. â—â—ren Carionis Lib. 2. Iustin. Lih. 9. Plut. invita Alexquando omnes opes suas inter 〈◊〉 distribuâ—ssâ—t hic peâ—dâ—â— dicent◠〈◊〉 Rex reliquam erit spes sâ—la respondit In omni praelio non taâ—◠〈◊〉 et virâ—â—â—â—docta quam ars excrâ—â—tum solent traeslare victorum vegetius Lib. 1. 〈◊〉 â—acilius reâ—â—â—â—tur quâ—m expellantur 〈◊〉 Plut. in vita Alexand. Iustin 400000. Plutarch in vita Alexander decies centena militum millia Iosephus Lib. 11. Ant. Iud. cap. 8. Iustin. Lib. 11. Ab hoc enim quis non â—â—â—it 〈…〉 Chron. Carionis Et sia multitudine victus gloria tamen omnes vicit Chronicon Carionis Iustin. Lib. 12. Sibi Regem â—orum privatum â—â—stem
57 4 59 5 61 6 Further we may observe another ready way to levell mount and imbase a Peece by a Holbert Linstocke or any other staffe which Mr. Norton hath beene very industrious in making and inventing of it the manner of performing it is in this kinde First marke from one end of the staffe a distance equall unto the pummell or height of the Caskable of the Peece being placed levell upon the platforme Next you must take the distance betwixt the Center of the Truanâ—oâ—s and the pummell oâ— Caskable which make or imagine a Semi-diameter of a circle and divide it by diagonalls and paralells or otherwise into 1000. equall parts Thirdly you must repaire to the Table of Sines and take the number answering unto every degree out of the sayd 1000. parts and set that distance from the sayd marke downewards and if the totall signe of the Table bee 100000 you must omit the two last figures of each number thereof towards the right hand and if it chance to be 10000000 then you must omit 4 figures of each number you finde in that Table and the remaining number will shew how many of those 1000. equall parts are to be set downewards upon the staffe from the marke beneath the sayd levell for each severall degree Fourthly you must draw 10 paralells and diagonalls from the first degree to the second and from the second to the third successively continued from each to his next making every degree with arithmtticall Caracters by this you may from six minutes to sixe minutes by those right Sines mount your Peece This staffe being this framed and ordered the use of it is thus You are to bring down the Center of the pummell or Caskable of the Peece to any number or degree thereon so marked for the Peece you setting the lower end of the Staffe to the platforme which being performed the Axis of the Bore of that Peece will be found to be elevated unto the degree assign'd Further if all these instruments should be wanting yet the industrious Gunner by arithmeticall skill may by an Inch rule mount any Peece of Ordnance unto 10 de-degrees of the quadrant by measuring the just length â—f the Concave Cillinder or Barrell of the Peece then reducing that measure into Inches and double the same afterwards multiplying the number of inches so doubled by 22 and divide by 7 taking notice of the number of the quotient which last quotient being likewise divided by 360 the degrees contained in the whole Circumference of every Circle the last quotient Number will demonstrate the number of Inches and parts of an Inch that will make a degree in the quadrant for that Peece as Smith in his Art of Gunnerie demonstrates it by example of a Saker whose Concave Cillinder or Bore is just seven foot long if you would desire to know what parts of an Inch Rule will mount her to one degree of the quadrant you must worke it thus First reduce the seven foot into Inches and there ariseth 84 that 84 Inches being doubled makes 168 the which being multiplyed by 22 ariseth 3696 the which being divided by 7 the quotient will be 528 then againe dividing this quotient number by 360 that will yeeld 1 1 â— which is as much as one Inch 1 2 wanting 1 15 part of an Inch by this example you see it confirmed that any Peece of Ordnance whose Chase is but seven foot long being mounted by an Inch Rule unto one Inch and â— 15 parts that Peece shall lye just the height she would have done if you had mounted her unto one degree of the Quadrant Moreover if you would mount the same Peece unto two degrees of the Quadrant by the inch-Rule aforesaid then you must multiply the measure in your Rule last found being one inch â— â— parts by 2 in the order of Fractions and you shall have 4 â— the which 44 being the Numerator of the fraction being divided by the Denominator which is 15 the quotient being two inches 14 â— is your desire by this you perceive three inches wanting 1 1â— part makes two degrees of the Quadrant Lastly observe if you would have your Peece mounted by an inch Rule for to answer any number of degrees under 10 either you must Multiply that number by the number of inches and parts of an inch that makes the degrees of a Quadrant otherwise you may worke as you did the first Conclusion Multiplying the first product by the number of inches desired and dividing the product by the numbers before mentioned your last quotient will resolve you As for a further example the peece of Ordnance before mentioned you desire to elevate by an Inch rule to answer to 8 degrees of the quadrant first you reduce the length of the Bore into Inches as formerly is shewed doubling that measure it makes 168 as in the first conclusion which 168 Inches multiplyed by 22 yeelds 3696 Inches the which Product being now multiplyed by 8 ariseth 29568 which sum divided by 7 the quotient is 4224 the same divided by 360 yeelds in the Quotient 11 Inches 1 15 parts of an Inch. So many Inches and parts of an inch must the same Peece be elevated unto with an Inch-Rule to answer unto 8 degrees of the Quadrant But to lay your Peece point-blank without instrument you must bring the height of the Mettle at the mouth equall with the Horizon and then the Concave Cillinder will lye point-blanke But Master Norton doth mislike Master Smiths wayes in shooting by the Mettall or Mira Comune and he hath beene very zealous in finding out a more perfect way and Sayes to shoot with any Peece by the Mettall or Mira Comune the difference or mount about the levell which the Mettall causeth being considered and exactly examined will shew the angle of the Peeces Mounture with the which you must repaire to the precedent Table of proportionall Mountures for the severall Randons upon each point or degree of the Gunners quadrant in page 127 which is thus to be appropriated unto any Peece first having made one shoot with her at the Mounture of a certaine marke assigned and finding her dead range for the same which being reverted to the given elevation will soone yeeld the range required the example is after this manner given That suppose by examination it be found out that by reason of the eminencie of the Mossell Ring and length of the Chase of the Peece the directions of the Mettall at the breech and the Mossell ring to mount the Peece higher then it would if the assise of her Bore were duly directed by a true desparte unto any Marke assigned by six degrees and let it bee imagined that the Marke is elevated six degrees above the Horrizon so found by the Quadrant and observing that at the mounture the Peece did shoot 850 paces for her dead range the question is how farre the same Peece would convey the like shotte with the like
of the thing you measure adding from the ground to your eye The contrary Shadow shewes to measure all Altitudes without the length thereof first multiplying the length of the shadow by the Point or division of the Scale where on the Plumb-line falleth then dividing the Product by 12 the quotient thereof is the true height of the Altitude In measuring any Altitude without shadow you must goe as neere to the same that you perceive you are within the length thereof then lifting up your Quadrant orderly going to or from the same untill you espie the top of the Altitude through the Visuall holes then the threed falling upon the part 12 standing upright with your body at the middest of your foot make a marke then goe directly backwards from the same untill through the visuall sights you espie the highest part againe the plumb-line falling on the part sixe of contrary shadow and as before make another marke the distance betweene these two markes the height of your eye from the ground being put to it is the true height of the altitude Further observe if the plumb-line fals on the part 6 of contrary shadow and at the second station on the part 4 the distance betwixt these two markes is the height of the altitude adding as before Or if the plumb-line fals on the part 4 of contrary shadow at the first station then upon the part 3 at the second you shall finde the distance betweene your two stations to be the just height and the furthest station is foure times the length or height thereof Or suppose your Plumb-line falls upon the part 2 of contrary shadow and at the second station it falls on the part one then the space betweene the two standings will be six times the length or height of that Altitude or the sixt part of the measure is the height of it and your further station will be twelve times the height thereof In the next place we must observe some rules for the taking of distances from the Platforme or Batteries your Ordnance are planted on to any Marke you are to shoot at And to performe this you must lay your Quadrant flat upon some steady thing as a stoole or staffe firmely and perpendicularly set up then placing your Quadrant upon the same and turning the edge of the Rule to the marke you desire to measure the distance of then espying the Marke through the Visuall sights at that place or station set up a Staffe then turning your body round not altering neither Rule nor Quadrant by the Line of levell then through the Visuall sights make choyce of some other Marke athwart the â—rst and set up the second Staffe the distance whereof suppose to be 60 feet then comming to the first station where the Quadrant is placed viewing through the visuall sights upon the Rule some other marke in a straite line backe from the first station the distance whereof suppose to be 100 feet and there place a third Staffe so as the first and the third Staffe will be in a straite line with the marke then removing the Quadrant to the third station turning the right Angle or Line of levell overthwart towards the second station so as the Visuall line may be paralelled to the Line that crosseth from the first station to the second there you must place a fourth Staffe so as the Visuall line passing from the same and running by the second Staffe may crosse the marke or end in a point there with the first Visuall line The distance between these two last stations suppose to be 65 feet The Staves being thus orderly placed you must abate 60 feet the distance between the first and second Staffe or station from 65 the distance between the third and fourth Staves or stations the remainder is 5 for your Devisor then multiply the said 65 by 100 the distance from the first to the third there ariseth 6500 the which divide by 5 the quotient is 1300 feet the distance from the first Staffe to the marke Observe this figure following where the Towre represents the marke the Vnit. 1. the first Staffe or station the figure 2 the second Staffe the figure 3 the third Staffe and the figure 4 the fourth Staffe Or you may finde out the distance to any marke neere hand by the quadrant and Gunners Staffe divided into even portions First placing the angle of the quadrant upon the toppe of the Staffe it being erected perpendicularly and then through the sights of the rule view the marke you desire to measure letting a long thred fall to the ground from the center of the quadrant whereon the plum-line hangs which thred must be drawn alongst the Line of levell or edge of the quadrant to the ground observing where the thred points at on the ground and beholding the marke through the visuall sights and looking what proportion that part of ground betweene the Staffe and where the thred points at hath to the Staffe the same proportion shall the length to the marke have to the height or length of the Staffe as by this subsequent Figure more plainely appeares Wherefore observe the Gunners Staffe A. B. is to be supposed eight foot long and the distance betweene the Staffe and the ground where the thred points you to being the space C. B. is but eight Inches Therefore looke what proportion C. B. beareth to the length of the Staffe which being reduc'd into Inches will be 96 Inches the same proportion shall the length to the marke D. have to the Staffe which by making use of the Rule of three will discover unto you in this manner for example If eight Inches yeelds 96 what will 96 Inches if you multiply 96 by 96 the product is 9216 Inches and this divided by 8 yeelds in the quotient 1152 Inches the true distance from the Staffe to the Marke Moreover by the quadrant you may foresee whether Waters or Springs may possibly bee brought to any place desired which indeed is a thing of much consequence in the Warres Wherefore observe that by going to the head of the Spring or Waters and by setting your quadrant to your eye being in height equall with the Water so that the plum-line falls preciesely on the Line of levell now if you may see above the place through the sights then you may judge the Water is possible to bee brought but if you sight falls under then it is impossible It commeth commonly to passe when the place to the which you would have Water conveyd is of any great distance from the head of the Spring or Rivers banckes the Hills Vallies and such like impediments hinder the visuall Line from having its free course wherefore observe this remedie At the head of the Spring or River-bancks you intend to cut out you shall looke through the sights of the instrument as before and take notice of some marke in in the next Hill towards the place then goe to that
of your right foot with the Stocke towards you your right hand holding it somewhat more than halfe way towards the mouth you stand with a full body boult upright with the Musquet in the same manner by your right side 53 Lay down your Musquet Rest. Match This Posture is performed by stepping forwards with your right foot your selfe and Peece standing as in the precedent Posture then declining with your body you lay it downe gently with the mouth in a right line from you and and the locke upwards after the same manner also your Rest and Match is to be disposed of 54 Take off 55 Lay down your Bandeliers After your hands are free from your Musquet Match and Rest you may with your left hand take off your Hat which may hinder you and with your right hand neatly convey them over your head and so as before lay them downe along by the side of your Musquet but so as the Match may not fire them 56 March from your Armes This is principally used to make the Souldiers apt and ready to finde their owne places againe and to be quicke in re-arming themselves upon a suddaine Allarme The Sentinell Posture is no otherwise then having your Musquet rested primed and charged with powder and Bullet for your better ease and readinesse to give fire upon the Enemy to make an Allarme you stand at that Posture with the But end of your Musquet at your right huckle bone with a light match cockt the mouth of the Peece somewhat mounting and your hand grasping the Stocke with your finger upon the Seare And this shall suffice for the Postures of the Musquet onely you are to draw your Files into an even body againe fit to joyne with the Body of Pikes CHAP. LXXVII How aâ— Officer is to 〈◊〉 himselfe in the 〈◊〉 of the Pikes and 〈…〉 Souldier â—s to imitate him punctually from Posture to Posture THe Officer having disposed his Piâ—â—emen as before is shewed and standing in the midst of the Ring with a Pike in his hand after he hath â—â—â—â—â—â—ded silence and being presupposed that the Souldiers stand with their Pikes advanc'd The Officer commands them to Order your Pikes This Posture is performed the Pike being advanc'd by drawing in your left heele towards the small of your right foot and at the same instant raising your left hand as farre as you can indifferently stretch it you graspe the Pike in it towards the top of your head then loosening your right hand which holds the But end of the Pike and withall sinking your left hand with the Pike in it as low as your skirts you againe raise up your right hand and guiding the Pike with your left you place the But end of it by the out-side of your right foot your right hand holding it even with your eye and your thumbe right up then removing your legge to his former station your left arme being set a kimbo by your side you shall stand with a full body in a comely Posture Advance your Pikes The Pike being ordered as in the former Posture is shewed without changing of your hold you must with your right hand lift the Pike a little from the ground and taking it suddainly againe with the left hand towards the 〈◊〉 end leaving so much length below as you can afterwards reach well with the right hand where it is stayed in the fist at the full length of the arme hanging right downewards your fore-finger and thumbe close at the But end resting it close to your thigh and bearing against the shoulder close to your breast causeth it to stand firme and upright without wavering Shoulder your Pike This Posture may be performed eyther when the Pike is advanc'd or ordered If advanc'd then your left hand is to be brought about to your right side and being stretcht upwards you are to take hold of the Pike towards the top of your head then loosening your right hand which holds the But end the left hand sinkes the Pike downewards sloping in a right line forwarns so that the right hand receiving the second hold as high as it can conveniently reach and graspes the Pike with the thumbe long-wayes upon the Pike and underneath it Then your left hand leaving its former hold immediately graspes the Pike just below your right hand and so both hands being joyned together they gently conveyes it unto the right shoulder leaving the right fist close prest to the Plate bone thereof with your right elbow close downe by your side and your left elbow set a kimbo you stand with an upright full body Note that in acting this Posture your feet are not to bee removed eyther backwards or forwards but occasionally side-wayes as the hands are imployed in the executing this Posture some never stirre any foot at all I leave it as a thing indifferent Levell your Pikes This is performed the Pike being shouldered by bringing your left hand to the Pike and grasping it close under your right hand and withall at the same instant drawing in your left heele towards the 〈◊〉 of your right foot then with an even motion of both your hands you are to raise the butte end of your Pike untill it lyes levell upon your shoulder then returning your hand and foot to their due places you shall stand in a faiâ—â— Posture This may bee performed without moving the foot but then it hath not the like grace with it Slope your Pikes This Posture is performed in the same kind the former was only the hands presseth downe the butte end of the Pike within halfe a foote of the ground which causeth it to lye right sloping Charge your Pikes to the Front This Posture may be performed either when the Pike is advanced or shouldered wherealso you must further observe whether it be to be acted standing or Marching If so be your Pike bee advanced and you are to act this Posture standing Then you must only slip backe your right hand and your right foote a good stride placing your foote side-wayes from your body Then with your left hand you are to receive the Pike about a yard from the butte end holding your elbow in an even distance from your body with your hand close to your breast so that the Pike may have the more freedome to play forwards and backwards just breast-high of a man your left knee being bent for wards and your body yeelding towards the point of the Speare so as you may not easily be thrust back by the Enemy If your Pike be shouldered then you must receive the Pike in your left hand a pretty reach downewards tâ—wards the butte end of the same at the same instant you are to raise the Pike with your right hand from your shoulder and with your left hand draw in the butt end of the same towards the outside of your right thigh then slipping backe your right foote and hand you receive the butt-end of it you charge it as before
is to divide the Musquetiers they being drawne into a body as aforesaid into two equall parts or Divisions if there should bee an odde File in one of the Divisions it makes no matter Next you are to draw up your body of Pikes betweene those Divisions of Musquets fronting them with the Musquets in an even line Or otherwise you may draw your Musquetiers upon the left wing of your body of Pikes their Front and Rankes being placed even one against another you are to command the Pikes to open their Rankes and to order their Pikes the Musquetiers are to have all their Musquets Rested Then commanding the right-hand-division only to shoulder their Musquets and to face to the Right-hand Then commanding them to March even through the Rankes of the Pikes an ordinary distance beyond them and causing them to face to the left-hand will bring them into true order with the Pikes Next you are to command the residue or left wing of Musquets to shoulder their Peeces and to face to the right hand and advance them forwards to the side of the Pikes observing their distance betwixt them then facing them to the Left hand makes them stand even with the Pikes Or if you please you may make use of a third way to draw your Musquetiers upon either Wing of your Pikes Your Pikes being first drawne into a square body and your Musquetiers in a like square body being drawne up to the reare of the Pikes You may command them to double their Front to the Right and left hand by Division which is in this kind performed One halfe of the Files of Musqueteirs are to face to the right hand and the other halfe to the left hand either Division marching after they are turned right forwards about sixe foot beyond the flankes of the Pikes Then that Division of Musquetiers which marched towards the left-hand you are to command them to face to the right hand And the division of Musquetiers that marched to the right hand you are to command them to face to the Left Then both the divisions of Shotte at one instant in an even order are to March up by the side of the Pikes untill they front even with them These things being thus performed you are to command your Musquetiers to shoulder their Musquets and slope them You are likewise to command your Pikemen to advance their Pikes and then begin to exercise them in their Motions as followeth having first ordered them in their distance for Motion at six foote both in Ranke and File CHAP. LXXIX How a Commander shall exercise his Company in grosse in their proper Motions after hee hath drawne the Shotte upon either Wing of the Body of Pikes with the words of Command for the performance thereof as also for the reducing them to their first station HAving duly performed those Circumstances specified in the former Chapter and now standing in the head of your Company the Lieutenant in the Reare and the Serjeants upon either Flanke after you have commanded silence and also to stand right in their Rankes and Files you shall command them to Faces to the right hand This Motion is performed only by turning your body to the place where your right hand stood not moving your right foot at all but turning it a little upon the ball and to reduce them to their former station you must use this word of Command As you were so turning to the left hand againe brings them to their former station Faces to the left hand This motion is performed by turning your body to the place where your left hand stood bringing your left legge somewhat about and onely turning your right foot a little upon the Ball and to reduce them to their former station you must use this Word of Command As you were so turning off to the right hand brings them to their first Station Faces to the right hand about This motion is performed by turning of your body round about by the right hand so that your face stands where your back parts did and to reduce them to their former station you must use this Word of Command To the left hand about as you were so turning backe againe by the left hand brings them to their first Station Faces to the left hand about This motion is performed by turning of your body round about by the left hand so that your face stands where your backe parts did and to reduce them to their former Station you must use this word of Command To the right hand about as you were so turning backe againe by the right hand brings them to their first Station These motions of facing being perfectly done you shall command the whole Company to front to the right hand and cause them there to begin anew the aforesaid motions where ten to one you shall finde them anew to seeke so fronting them from hand to hand round about will make them perfect otherwise they will be to seeke as oft as you alter your Front CHAP. LXXX Of Facing Square and how to performe it The usefulnesse of Facings and the severall parts thereof FAcings are so usefull and necessary that a Commander may as well dispence with any one of the grounds of Discipline as with them for upon all occasions in Service they are usefull and not onely sooner executed than any other of the motions but may be needfull when wheelings and Counter-marches cannot be used as in a strait There are no more than foure faces intire besides Angular as in the precedent Chapter is shewed But as for your divisionall there be divers which I have omitted Intire Facings are so called when the aspect of the whole Companie is directed one way Divisionall Facings are so called when the aspect of the Souldiers is at one and the same time directed divers wayes as to the Front and Reare the Right the Right and Left or to all foure at once c. Angular Facings are so called when the Aspect of the Companie is directed to the right Corner man which is the right Angle or to the left Corner man which is the left Angle or to the foure Corner men which are termed the foure Angles These Angular Facings amongst the Grecians were of great use for they made use of them by reducing out of the Square a Diamond Battell and from the Diamond they reduc'd two Triangles by cutting or dividing the same in the middest at the two flat Angles and of two Triangles they framed a Sheere Battell and of three or foure Triangles they framed their Saw-Battell c. Now for the instructing of your Souldiers how to Face Square if the body bee but eight in depth you must command the two first Rankes to stand fast likewise the two last Rankes are to face about the rest of the Body are to face to the Right and Left if the Body be deeper then you must command more Rankes to the Front and so likewise to the Reare and in
doubling of Files is placed in the Margent And the way to performe it is as followeth First each of the even Files doubleth into the odde Files beginning from the hand named as in this doubling of Files to the Left The Left-hand-file stands fast and the second File doubleth into it by stepping behinde his Left-hand-man at three steppes The fourth File doubleth into the third and so for the rest If your Command be to double your Files to the right then contrariwise the Right-hand-file stands fast the rest of the even Files doubling into the odde accounting from the Right as before from the Left And by the way observe that as in doubling of Rankes any way you are to observe your Right-hand leader So in doubling of Files you are to observe your File-leader so that as neere as possibly may bee you may either in Ranke or File be altogether in one motion Also take notice that this kind of doubling is a doubling of number and not of place for the depth of the Battel is not thereby extended the words of Command used for the reducing of them is Files as you were Bringers up double your Rankes forward to the Right In this doubling of Rankes by Bringers-up as likewise in all other of like nature they that are to move are first to advance their Armes in the next place they must bee sure to observe their Right-hand-men This doubling of Rankes by Bringers-up differeth from the other doubling of Ranks before demonstrated both in quantity and qualitie In quantitie it differeth in regard the other leaves a large distance betweene Ranke and Ranke being double the distance they formerly stood at This contrariwise continuing and preserving the same distance they formerly stood at betweene each Ranke It differeth also in quality because it brings the best and second sort of Souldiers together into the Front The words of Command and direction whereby this motion is produced is placed in the Margent The manner of performing this Motion is thus the tenth or last Ranke which are the bringers up are to passe forwards even in ranke through or betweene the Intervals to the right of them that stand before them untill they come even in Ranke with the Front the ninth Ranke following those which marched from behind them placing themselves in the second Ranke The eight eight Ranke in the third The seventh Ranke in the fourth The sixt ranke or Halfe-files in the fifth or reare of the front halfe-files This doubling maketh a very able Front in bringing the ablest Souldiers together and although the depth of the Battell bee diminished yet the length of it is double in number this doubling is in quantity of number not of ground When you march into your places you must not forget that the Ranke which last toke his place in the execution of this Motion must first march into his place in the way of reducement for as they are led forth by their bringers up contrariwise they are led off by their halfe-file Leaders As for the doubling the Front to the Left hand by Bringers up it is the same onely differing in this that whereas it was to the Right this must bee performed to the Left The Words of Command and direction for reducement of this motion is Bringers up face about to the left march forth into your places Files to the right and left double outwards I will in the first place describe the manner of doubling of Files outwards which worketh the same effect as to double Files to the right and left for the right Flanke is to double to the right and the left Flanke to the left by this doubling of Files to the right and left outwards both the Flankes at one instant are strengthened by doubling their number in depth but it weakeneth the inward part where it taketh two Files cleane away leaving a large intervall in the midst after the word of command is given the outmost File of each Flanke stands and the second File doubles into them the third from each Flanke stands and the fourth File doubles into the third the sixt into the fift and so likewise of all the rest Note that in doubling of Files you must alwayes step behinde the side-man that you are to double into If you would double Files to the right and left inwards it is to be done the contrary way for whereas in the precedent doubling the outmost Files stand and the other doubling outwards in to them Contrariwise in this the two inmost Files shall stand and the rest are to double inwards to them and whereas in the other there is a larger distance in the midst then in any other part but in this doubling inwards the midst will be as close as any other part the words of Command for the reducing of them into their first forme is Files as you were Then the Files which doubled inwards upon the right Flanke are to turne off to the right and those of the left Flanke to the left and so step into their places This doubling of rankes forewards by halfe-files is a motion generally approved of to be very serviceable It differeth from the other doublings by Bringers-up in quality though not in quantity for in quantity they keepe one and the same proportion In quality it differs thus the doubling by Bringers-up doth bring the best and second sort of Souldiers together into the Front the fourth and third sort into the Reare so that the Reare is 4 7 worse then the front But this doubling by halfe-files brings the best and the third together into the front and leaves the second and fourth in the Reare so that the Front is made more able then the Reare by 1 3. Halfe-Files double your Rankes forwards to the right It differeth like wise in motion thus for whereas in the other doubling by Bringers-up the motion was begun by the last ranke ever ranke following the ranke which came from behind him But this contrariwise is directly led forth by the sixt ranke from the front they being ten deepe in File and so is executed more surely and suddainly After the words of Command are give as you see placed in the Margent then the sixt ranke passing up into the first the seventy ranke into the second the eighth Ranke into the third and so for the rest For the reducement the words of Command are Halfe-Files face about to the left march forth into your places Then as the motion was led on by the halfe File Leaders so in the Reducement they are led off by the Bringers up You may double your halfe-Files to the left after the same manner of the former only changing to the contrary hand Front halfe Files face about to the left and double your reare to the right This doubling the Reare by front halfe Files is differing from the doubling last discourst of more in manner then matter For they both correspond in Substance onely
transferre all the even Files into the ground before the Front contrariwise this doubling doth transfer them into the ground next behind the Rear And as in the other doublings half the File-Leaders did remain in the Front and the other halfe were halfe-File-Leaders Now in this doubling halfe the File-Leaders are to remain in the Front and the other half are brought down and plac'd in the last Rank of the Rear and those which were Bringers up are now in this motion become the middlemost Ranks The manner of performing this doubling is thus first having given the word of Command that produceth this motion as is specified in the Margent then every man falling behind his Bringer up the even Files accounting from the hand named immediately are to face about to the right and the Bringers up of each of the even Files are to turne behind the Bringers up of the odd Files that stand And so every man as hee commeth downe to the Reare turneth to the left behind him that marcheth down the next before him untill those that were Leaders of the even Files are become the Bringers up to those that were the odd Files The reducement is thus to bee performed according to the words of Command used for that purpose Bringers up that now are double your Ranks forwards to the left The instructions for this doubling the Ranks forwards by the Bringers up into the Front is discourst of in the beginning of this Chapter where you shall find in the Margent the manner of doubling of Ranks by the Bringers up described In the next Chapter following I shall endeavour to shew the difference between Inversion and Conversion with the words of Command and Reducement belonging to those motions CHAP. LXXXIIII Of Inversion and Conversion with their words of Command whereby those motions are produc'd and the way of reducing them described FOR Etymologie of these words you may be pleased to observe that Inversion doth alwaies produce File or Files and Conversion Rank or Ranks Inversion consists of the Files filing or of Ranks filing but Coversion consists of Ranks ranking to the right or left Or by increase of Files ranking by even or uneven parts and of Ranks wheeling to the right or left But in performing these motions there is a larger distance of ground required than in any other motion The words of Command with their severall reducements are as followeth Files File on to the Right Left This word of Command is performed by causing the right-hand File to march away single the second File from the right falleth into the Rear of the first the third behind the second the fourth behind the third so consequently all the rest of the Files fall into the Rear of their next right-hand Files untill all the whole Company become one File This was invented to passe narrow Bridges or straight Paths in Woods where but one at once can passe for the reducing of these into their former stations the word of Command is File-Leaders Lead up your Files as your were which is performed every File-leader leading up his File to the left of him that marcheth before him until all the File-leaders are even in Rank together and their Files orderly following of them For the Files filing on to the left may bee performed after this precedent manner only altering the hand c. This filing by division is to bee performed after the same manner the precedent was onely this difference that Files File to the right and left by division The right-hand File of the Companie and the left-hand File of the same begin to leade forth at one and the same time in their severall places viz. The Files of the right Flank falling likewise behind the right-hand File the Files of the left Flank falling in like manner behind the left-hand File so that if the bodie of Pikes bee flankt with Musketires then this filing by division bringeth all the Musketires into the Front-division and the Pikes into the Rear of them The word for reducement is File-Leaders Leade up your Files as you were Ranks File to the Right Left To performe this all the Ranks are to bee inverted to the outmost File to the right Wherefore let all your Files bee closed to their order or close order and your Ranks opened either forwards or backwards to double distance or twice double distance according to your number of men in Rank Then let every Rank move after his right-hand man untill all the Ranks stand right in one File after the right-hand Leader of his Rank If the Commander will performe this upon a March then the Ranks shall not need to bee opened to any distance but let them take their distance in the execution of it which is the easiest way thus to performe it viz. The right-hand man of the first Rank marcheth forth-right all his Rank facing to the right and marching likewise after him The right-hand man of the second Rank falling immediately after the left-hand man of the first Rank all his Rank in like manner following of him The right-hand man of the third Rank falleth into the File after the left-hand man of the second his Rank likewise following of him and so of all the rest of the Ranks untill they become one File this kind of filing by Ranks is sooner performed than Files filing and is readier to bee reduc'd to make resistance against any opposition in the Front The word of Command to reduce them is Files Ranke as you were The manner to performe this reducement is if they were ten men in the formost Rank then the first tenne men rank to the left into the Front as they were at first The next ten men next after them which makes the second Rank The third ten men ranking to the left makes the third Rank and so of all the rest untill they be reduc'd into their first forme or station As for Ranks filing to the left c. it is to be performed after this very same manner only it differeth in the hands for in this the left-hand man of the first Rank marcheth forth-right and all his Rank facing to the left marcheth likewise after him and so of the rest If you desire to avoid the mixture of Armes you may march forwards your Musketires of each division and close them before the Pikes and invert them first or you may march forwards your Pikes first and leave the Muskets to come in the Rear or you may invert the Front-division of Shot then the Pikes and last the Rear-division of Shot Ranks File to the Right Left Ranks filing to the right and left is a doubling of the depth by an unequall proportion for in other doublings either the number of length or depth is augmented But this doubling of Inversion makes their depth so many times more in number as there are Files to double or halfe so many if it be done by division the use of it is to avoid the Shot of
may bee reduc'd by another intire Countermarch by File of what kind or to what hand soever File-Leaders stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders This Bastard Countermarch being partly derived from the Macedonian and Lacedaemonian Countermarches is thus to be performed The File-Leaders stand the rest of the Body advance their Armes The second Rank first passing through to the right and placing themselves before the first Rank the third Rank before the second the fourth before the third and so forwards for all the rest untill the last Rank or Bringers up are become the formost which perfects the motion You may reduce it by countermarching to the contrary hand or if you please you may reduce it by another like it selfe Ranks to the right-hand Countermarch This Chorean Countermarch of Ranks is an altering or changing of one Flank for the other the Battalia still keeping the same ground only the right Flank becomes the left and the left is changed into the right To performe this motion you are to command your Company to face to the right by which the Ranks are become now Files then countermarching them down the Intervalls or distance between Rank and Rank marching forth-right unto the part which was the left Flank with their Ranks File-wise following them Being come unto their ground they face as before and the Countermarch is performed For the reducement let them countermarch to the left-hand back again and they will be in their first station Ranks to the right-hand Countermarch every man turning after his right-hand man on the ground he stands This Lacedaemonian Countermarch of Ranks is a falling on upon the left Flank the motion being begun by the right it leaves all the ground the Battalia stood on and assumes in place thereof the ground besides the left Flank turning the aspect to the left It is thus to bee performed The whole Body faceth to the right and then the right-hand File being faced becomes a Rank begins the Countermarch turning down the Intervalls of the Ranks which by this facing is made the distance between the Files and so marcheth forth-right beyond the left Flank every man following of him that was his right-hand man but not stepping forward one foot of ground untill the Countermarch be performed For the reducement of this Countermarch you must command them to countermarch again to the left and they will be as at first or if you please you may reduce it by another of the same kind as followeth Right-hand File face to the right the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Right-hand men This Lacedaemonian Countermarch of Ranks makes a falling on upon the right Flank the motion being from the left Flank to the right leaving all the ground whereon the Battalia stood and in lieu thereof takes the ground besides the right Flank It is performed after this manner The right-hand File faceth to the right and passeth through the Intervalls or Spaces to the right placing themselves before their right-hand men until the left-hand File become the formost Rank if you do this Countermarch by it self then for reducement first face them to their Front proper then let the left-hand Files face to the left and do as much to the left and they will be in their first station Right-hand Files face to the left the rest passe through to the right placing your selves behind your right-hand men This Macedonian Countermarch of Ranks is contrary to the former for it dismarcheth from the enemy upon that Flank where he approaches presents the contrary Flank to receive the Charge It is performed after this manner The outmost File to the right faceth to the left the rest of the Body or Battalia faceth to the right every man passing through to the right and placing themselves behind their right-hand men For the reducement of this Countermarch do but command them to doe as much to the left as first they did to the right and they will be in their first forme Or if you please you may make use of this following Bastard Countermarch to performe the same Right-hand file stand the rest passe through to the right placing your selves on the outside of your right-hand man This Bastard Countermarch of Ranks doth alter both ground and Flank still reserving the Aspect without alteration the manner of acting it followeth The outmost or right-hand File standeth the rest of the Body facing to the right passe through to the right every man placing of himselfe on the right side of his right-hand man and so standing even in Rank the motion still continuing untill the left-hand File is become the right and the right-hand File the left If you command this Countermarch to bee performed alone then to reduce it you must cause the left-hand File to stand then do as much to the left as before you did to the right and they will be in their first forme Countermarch Front and Rear into the midst This divisionall Chorean Countermarch brings your File-Leaders and Bringers up together in the midst and the Ranks that were in the midst into the Front and Rear Every man is to march up into his Leaders ground before he faceth about to countermarch To performe this you must cause the halfe-Files to face about then the File-Leaders stepping forwards with the right legge are to face about to the right passing down the Intervalls upon the right hand the rest of the Front half-Files following their Leaders and not turning untill they come to the ground where their Leaders turned down before them The Bringers up with the Rear half-Files at the same instant are to turn down their Intervalls upon the left-hand the rest of their division following them untill the File-Leaders and Bringers up meet together in the midst of the Battell and then having faced all to their Leaders the motion is performed You may reduce it by doing the same thing over again or any other divisionall Countermarch of File File-Leaders half-File-Leaders stand the rest passe through to the right and place your selves before your Leaders This Bastard Countermarch doth bring the Leaders and Bringers up together into the midst and saves two facings and is more readily performed than the former The way to performe the motion is as followeth The first Rank stands and the halfe-File-Leaders stand then those of the Front half-Files are to passe through their Intervalls to the right placing themselves before their File-Leaders the second Rank are to place themselves before the first the third before the second the fourth before the third c. The Rear half-Files at the same instant are to perform the like placing themselves before their half-File-Leaders as the other did before their File-Leaders This motion may either bee reduced by acting the same over againe to the contrary hand or else by countermarching the Front and Rear into the midst or by any other
by way of Counter-march and is an oblique firing for whereas in the other firing by Rankes in the Diamond Battell each Ranke fired by increase of two beginning with one and ending with 15. 17. or 21 c. according to the quantitie of your Souldiers in a Ranke this second kind of firing contrary wise may beginne with 15. 17. or 21 c. and end with one still decreasing two and to performe this firing your Files must be at open order because the Musquetiers must Counter-march downe betweene the Intervals of their owne Files to the right every Musquetiere that findes him-himselfe without a Leader being to present and give fire and then to Counter-march to the right and to place himselfe in the Reere of his owne File behind the Pikes when the first Ranke if it consists but of 15. have given fire then the next Ranke of 13. is to present give fire and Counter-march still placing themselves in the Reere of their owne files next there fireth 11. then 9 c. And in this manner of firing they that fire together stand neither in Ranke nor File but obliquely when all the shot have fired and are Counter-marcht into the Reere of their owne Files then the Rankes will become two and two of a number Your men standing in the forme before described if you please you may produce another forme by facing them all to the Reere then command your Musquetiers to march ten or twelve paces your Pikes to stand and your Musquetiers will make resemblance of a hollow wedge and your Piks of a sollid wedge Lastly to reduce all these severall formes into the first proper square battell first let the sollid wedge close forwards into the hollow of the other then let the shot make ready present and give fire as before viz. every Musquetiere that findes himselfe without a Leader is to give fire and Counter-march to the Reere of his owne File and the rest doing the like successively when they have all fired and are all Counter-marcht cleare let the Pikes charge and then the body of your Battallia will have the forme of a Diamond againe Next face them all to the Reere and command the Rankes to file 8. c. to the right which being done passe the shot through which belongs to the left flanke into their places and close the Musquetiers to the right Flanke to their due distance and then they will stand in their proper reducement Wheele your Flankes into the front and face the body to one of the flanks and wheele your battell into a Convex halfe Moone The manner and use of the severall wayes of firing belonging to this forme of the Convex half Moone or semi-circuler Battell is a forme which our Schoolemaster in the rudiments Julius Casar did highly esteeme of it makes shew but of a few Souldiers in regard of the rotunditie of it yet being drawne out in Length it makes a very long Front it may be for the Landing of Souldiers in the enemies country or being secured in the Reere with Rivers Bogges Ditches or the like it hath beene accounted very prevalent to be opposed against an Armie of greater power It may be framed either with the shot outermost or innermost or lined If your battell be in forme of a Hearse then wheele them to the right and left about untill they have attained this forme of a Semicircle but if in a square then you must make use of those words of command plac'd in the Margent which will produce this Convex forme Having brought your Souldiers into this Semicircle you may face them all inwards the better to heare such speeches or orations as shall be by the Commander delivered unto them but for to receive a charge from the enemy you must face them outwards there must be certaine intervalls or distances betwixt each division for the shot to wheele off and march downe in The outmost Arch or first ranke of each division is to present and give fire those of the right Flanke wheeling off to the right and the left Flanke to the left placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisions of Musquetiers still making good their Leaders ground the rest of the Rankes are to doe the same until they have all given fire Never the lesse if the enemies horse should bee too potent then let them give fire by division as is shewed before passing quite through their intervalls and placing themselves in the Reere of the Pikes every ranke is to make good his Leaders ground Thus also are the rest of the Musquitiers to give fire placing themselves in the concave part of the body as aforesaid following the Pikes which now makes good the Musquetiers ground the Pikes may eyther charge over hand or upon occasion at the foote drawing forth their Swords over their left arme and couching downe their heads by which meanes the Musquitiers may play over their shoulders for the first ranke having fired may kneele downe and charge againe and so the second ranke may give fire and kneele in like sort making ready againe and so all the rest untill the first ranke riseth up with the rest and give fire over againe So the skirmish may be continued the Pikes still opposing the Horse Pikes stand Musquetiers face to the reere and march until your are cleere of your body of Pikes Then face inwards and close your division then face to your Leader and double your Rankes For the reducement of this forme and to bring every Man to his place Let your shot either by firing or passing through be brought into the place they were in before they first gave fire then face the whole body to one of the flankes and march them untill they have evened their Rankes and straitned their Files this done then if all your Pikes be upon the right flanke wheele your right flanke into the midst if on the left flanke wheele Front and Reere into the left flanke This being preformed the Commander must passe to his proper file-Leaders and face the whole body to him and they will be in their first forme This way of firing by extraduction is also a firing in Front it is of singuler good use in a Strait or narrow passage where the wings and Reere may be secured from the fury of the Enemies Horse you must fill the mouth of the Passage with your Pikes and if the length of your Company be not sufficient to doe it then double your Rankes and your Pikes being charged Your Musquetiers being in the Reere are to march up into the Front and give fire as in the next place shal be demonstrated onely first by the way observe the words of directions placed in the Margent which produceth this forme The battel being ordred as a foresaid Let the first Ranke of Musquetiers which are those that followes next after the Pikes face to the right and march forth File-wise up close by the right flanke of Pikes untill he that is
the conductor of them become into the Front of the Pikes then he is to leade them quite crosse the Front of Pikes untill he have attained the further part of the Front to the left which being done they are all to stand present and give fire You must observe withall that he in this firing that was the right hand man of the Ranke and was the Leader of the motion now becomes the left hand man when he gives fire and when they have fired they are to wheele off to the left close by the left flanke of Pikes and so to fall into the Reere of the Musquetiers In the Interim whilst that the Ranke that first fired is wheeling away the second ranke is marching into their places to give fire And in this maner they may maintaine their skirmish so long as they please the Pikes either porting or charging all the while The Musquetiers in their time of their crossing the Front are to couch or stoope under their Pikes that they may be no impediment to them in their charge There is another way of firing by extraduction which is that the Right hand Leader of Musquetiers placeth himselfe before the right File Leader of Pikes the rest all faling beyond him but this is a more imperfect way then the former and not worth the further describing For Reducement you must command your Pikes to stand and your Musquets to double their Front by division But if you want roome to doe it then first double your Files to the contrary hand of that which you doubled your rankes and so having doubled by division as a foresaid they will be reduced as at first Wheele your flankes into the front face to your Leader The firings belonging to a broad fronted battell are of singular use either offensive or defensive The words of direction that produceth this forme is in the Margent and the maner of performing it is thus first cause your Pikes to stand and your Musquetiers to march untill the reere ranke of Musquetiers be advanced a little space before the Front of the Pikes then let the Musquetiers face inwards or in opposition and close their division and then face to their Leaders And if you would bring more hands to fight double rankes to any hand But the speediest way to produce thus forme is to wheele both flankes into the Front For the manner of firing there are Intervalls made for each division to the right that so they may either fall into the reere of the shot and there continue the firing or else fall into the reere of the Pikes and be thereby secured from the enemies horse Wherefore be pleased to observe the words of Command whereby this forme is produced which is placed in the Margent For the performance of this firing the first ranke is to present and give fire then wheele off to the right all passing downe the Intervalls to the right and placing themselves in the reere of their owne shot the Musquetiers making good their Leaders ground Likewise after the next rankes have fired they are after the former Manner to wheele off and to place themselves This way they may give fire once or twise over and then make use of a second way And that is to place themselves in the reere of the Pikes either standing or advancing Or if neede be the Pikes may close their divisions and charge at the foote the Musquetiers giving fire over them For Reducement If you make this forme of battell by wheeling your flankes into the front and there having given fire as foresaid Then you must cause them to give fire over againe and so fall into their former places for you must observe that the second firing will cause the body to face to the Reere which then becomes a Front accidentall and then by wheeling your Flankes into the Front againe and facing them about to the right will bring them into their first station or if you would reduce them without giving of fire over againe then you must Command your shot to double their Front by division that being done you are to wheele both Flankes into the Reare then facing to their Leaders you must againe Command the Musquetiers to double their Front by division and they will be in their first forme and station CHAP. XC How a Commander shall exercise his Souldiers in giving fire to the Reere with the severall wayes there to belonging and how they ought to be performed HAving in the former discourse shewed the diverse and sundry wayes of giving fire in the Front It seemes now requisit I should doe the same Office in demonstrating the severall wayes of giving fire in the Reere Wherefore after the Commander hath taught his Souldiers these wayes or at least the chiefest of them in giving fire in the Front he must performe the like paines in exercising them in their firings in the Reere And first having Commanded them to face about into the Reere or wheele them about or performe it by Counter marching The Company we presuppose stands in Battallia with the wings of shot upon each flanke of the body of Pikes the Pikes being shouldred you may cause them to march easily forwards the Enemie being supposed to appeare in the Reere Command your last ranke of Musquetiers to face about present and give fire wheeling off by division File-wise marching uptoward the Front and there placing themselves before the foremost ranke of shot the outmost man of each ranke being the Leader up of those which have fired where first taking their place on the outside the rest wheeling about them and ranking even with them on the inside ever observing that they ranke even with the second ranke of Pikes the rest of the shot also doing the like and in this manner to continue the firing as occasion shall require This kinde of firing may easily be performed if Souldiers will but observe these following directions viz when the last ranke of Musquetiers have presented to the reere and are giving of fire then the ranke which marcheth next before them must blow open and present at three motions still keeping along even with the body of Pikes untill that lastly they present to the reere by which time the ranke that last fired will be wheeled away The next ranke so soone as the other hath presented is likewise at three motions to doe the same and so successively for all the rest every ranke observing upon each rankes firing to loose one and to march one ranke neerer to the reere of the battell that so that part may still be kept absolute Captaine Swan at the giving over of Deventer in Gilderland by Stanly and Yorke did defend himselfe from the enemies Horse by giving fire in the reere untill he had gained a place of strength which honorable performance will never be buried in oblivion But suppose the Enemies horse shall still pursue your troopes in the reere you having gained some straight or place of aduantage
so successively each file having fired marcheth up next unto the right flanke of Pikes when all your shot hath given fire once over they are reduced as at first Musquetiers give fire to the right wheeling off after your bringers up and placing your selves betweene your divisions The third way of giving fire in flanke differeth nothing from the former But onely their manner of wheeling off and placing them doth differ for you remember in the former that the File of Musquetiers after that they had given fire were led off by their proper File-Leadere but this must be led off to the contrary by their bringers up and this indeede if the body bee upon a slow march is the readiest and quickest way and doth more speedily secure the shot after they have given fire The Pikes and Shot being placed in Battallia as before is described you may take the words of command and direction which produceth this firing as it is placed in the Margent and the way of performing this firing is as followeth Frst you must presuppose your body to be marching as before is shewed upon all these firings in Flanke with their Pikes shouldred The command being given the outmost File presents to the right and gives fire then faceth to the right after their bringers up who leadeth them off crosse the Reere of Musquetiers marching them up betweene the divisions the bringers up supplying the File-Leaders place and marching even in Ranke in the Front with the File-Leaders and the file Leader of the same File becomming the bringer up in the Reere The Files of Musquetiers or Pikes according as the Command shall be given are as they march to open thereby giving way to the Musquetiers after they have fired to come up betweene the divisions and so soone as the first file that fired is cleare from the right Flanke the second File is then to present and give fire and in like manner to wheele off as before and so to march up betweene the Pikes and Musquetiers every File successively giving fire and wheeling off as aforesaid This firing may be performed as often as the Commander pleaseth Never the lesse if it be twise performed the men are reduced as at first every man possessing his right place There is another way for the bringers up to wheele off and each of them to leade off his File untill he comes to the Reere of his division which is betweene the Musquets and the Pikes and there hee is to stand and ranke with the bringers up the rest that follow passing on forwards by way of introduction and every man ranking before him that was his Leader in the wheeling off untill the proper File-Leader be come into his place againe and after this way they may give fire each firing being his owne reducement Musquetiers give fire to the right placing your selves on the outside of the left Flank of Pikes The fourth way of giving fâ—re in the Flanke differeth nothing from the former but in the manner of placing the Files that they may be the better defended from the fury of the enemies Horse after they have given fire upon them in the Flanke for the same purpose therefore after the shot have fired they are to be drawne up on the outer-side of the left Flanke of Pikes for their safeguard if there bee any Rivers Ponds Ditches Hedges Marish grounds or the like whereby the Horse may be disabled from performing any execution against them and then the Pikes are to make their best defence if neede be charging at the foote closely seried together with their Swords drawne so that the shot may give fire over them Now by the way you are to presuppose that the shot and Pikes are ranged in forme as before is described in the former wayes of firing in the Flanke and taking with you the words of command and direction placed in the Margent you shall perceive the manner of firing and placing of the men as followeth First the outermost file having presented to the right the rest of the body continueth the march whilst they in the meane time are giving fire which being done and the body cleare the next outmost File presents The File that last fired in the interim facing to the left after their proper File-Leader who leadeth them crosse the Reere both of Musquets and Pikes a good round pace sleeving them upon the outside of the left Flanke of Pikes the next File having in like manner fired doth also troope up on the outside of the File led off before Every File having given fire and placed â—â—â—mselves as before is described then the Pikes may charge Having â—â—â—en fire to the right Flanke and drawne all your shot upon the left â—â—nke you may cause them in like sort to give fire on the left Flanke 〈◊〉 bring them back againe to the right Flanke by which meanes they will be reduced into their first forme Or if you would reduce them without firing then either passe your Musquetiers through betweene your Rankes of Pikes or else let your whole division of shot be drawne crosse eyther the Front or Reere of Pikes into their places Or if you please your shot may give fire in Flanke by division the first fire sleeving on the left Flanke the rest of the Files still falling betweene the Pikes and the Musquetiers that wheeled off before the last before them and this is a very good way of firing and may be reduced with doing the same way backe againe Musquetiers give fire to the right marching up betweene the midst of the Pikes The fift way of firing in a Flanke and bringing them off betweene the midst of the Pikes is to be used at such times when as you would secure your shot from the enemies Horse there being no other naturall strength to defend them and upon occasion you may draw three or foure Files of Pikes more or lesse according to your number or the danger crosse the Musquetiers both in Front and Reere which 〈◊〉 in the midst betwixt the Pikes which may serve for an impalement 〈◊〉 defend the shot both in Front and Reere as in Flanke The forme â—f this battell is after this manner the shot are placed upon the right â—â—ing of the Pikes as is described in the former firings and the Pikes are divided in the middlemost File leaving such a proportionable distance as may conveniently receive all the Files of shot after they have fired The word of command and direction you shall finde placed in the Margent The command being given for the outermost File to present to the right as formerly is shewed in the other firings in the Flanke the rest of the body still marcheth on untill that the outermost File hath fired and is faced to the left againe following their Leader He now leading them off to the left marched up in the distance which is made betweene the middlemost Files of Pikes who are then to open to the right and
their right Flanke by division then the Reere halfe Files of the left Flanke are to face about to the right and then both the Front halfe Files and the Reere halfe Files are to march forthright untill they are cleere of that part of the body that stands then each division faceth that way they are to double which the Front halfe Files must doe to the right and the Reere halfe Files to the left and so march forth right untill the doubling be performed then the Reere division that doubled is to face to the Reere and the Front division is to face front proper and the right flanke that stood is to face to the right hand whereby they are fast ready to give fire three severall wayes at once the manner of firing is thus performed the formost Rankes of Musquetiers on each part having fired they wheele off to the right or to the right and left according as they shall bee commanded placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisions the next Ranke in the meane time moving forwards into their Leaders ground there in like manner firing wheeling off and placing themselves as before the rest of the rankes performing the like successively for reducement face them all to their Front proper then command the halfe rankes that doubled to face to the left and so to march into their places the figure of this precedent discourse followeth in the next Page Front proper Serjeant Serjeant Front of the right Flanke Serjeant Front of the Reere There are divers other wayes of firings which I am forced to omit desiring you to turne into the excellent book of Millitary discipline composed by Lievetenant Barriff wherein you may be further instructed and see the Poligons or Figures belonging to most of these instructions which I have briefely discoursed of wishing you by all meanes not to omit any of them in your exercises if time and patience may give you leave and if you should passe by any let them be onely your divisionall Motions as for your intire motions eyther of doublings Counter-marches or wheelings c. you must be very circumspect and carefull to performe them all otherwise all your paines will be to no purpose Now for the marching out of the field your Company standing in a square forme viz. the shot upon each flanke of the Pikes the Lievetenant leads away the first division of shot with a Serjeant attending him the Drumme beating betweene the third and fourth ranke of the same division of shot the Ensigne is to march before the first division of Pikes following a pritty distance behind the first division of shot with the Drum placed as before The eldest Serjeant is to march before the second division of Pikes The second Serjeant marcheth before the last division of shot with the Captaine in the Reere of all and being marcht to the place where the Colours should be lodged let them as they march invert to the right and left viz. the rankes are to file to the right and left by division then all the Musquetiers are to face in opposition to cocke their matches guard their Pans and rest their Musquets the Pikemen in the meane time are to advance their Pikes and close their Rankes and Files to their order which being done the Drum beating a Troope at the head of the Pikes All the chiefe Officers in their due places are to passe through this guard into the appointed place for the Allodgement of the colours then the Serjeant is to cause all the Musquetiers to face about to the right and present and upon the first beate of the Drum they are all to give fire in one volley then the Drum beating a call and makes proclamation of silence the captaine is to deliver them such orders as he hath in charge to acquaint them with all eyther from the Lord Lievetenants or the Counsell which being done he is to dismisse them untill the next summons for their appearance In the next discourse I shall intreate about the exercising of Horse-Troopes and so make a generall discourse of all the parts belonging to the body of Warre THE DRILLING OR EXERCISING OF HORSE TROOPES SECT XII CHAP. XCVI Of the preheminency and dignitie of Officers for the avoiding of disputes with a short Declaration of the high Office of the Generall of the Horse HAving finished those instructions concerning the exercising of foote Companies by which meanes they may be fitted and prepared for Service And before we can come to intreate either of Marching Incamping or Imbattelling It is necessary wee should shew some briefe instructions for the Drilling and exercising of Horse troopes in regard no Army can be compleate in power and strength for the exercising of such things of Importance as the cause may require unlesse compounded of Foote and Horse otherwise it must of necessity hault and make use of the stilt of some peculiar place for advantage and safetie and not to looke the Enemy in the face in all places And in regard divers Nations are diversly opinionated some esteeming the Infantrie better than the Caualliary as our English hath done others esteeme the Cavalliarie better than the Infantry as the French yet according to the nature and situation of the country or place the Army is to be imployed in whether Inclosures or Champion accordingly it must be compounded of more or lesse of th' one or th' other But for the avoiding of disputes which may arise amongst the Officers of either part for place of preheminencie and dignitie you shall finde by this Aphorisme amplified with the authority of the Ancient Sages that in profession either Civill or Millitary those are more honourable which have greater charge or require greater knowledge as to rule a State is more noble than to governe a Cittie and this more eminent than to order a Family In which respect though the true end of Horse and foote be one and the same to defend aright and redresse a wrong and per case that of foote be generally more usefull yet this of Horse is the more honorable Service because his vertue and knowledge is exercised as well in Managing and defending of his Horse as of himselfe upon whose safegarde his life and honour depends as well as in immediate defence of his owne person thus much for the dignity of place As for the Officers of the Cauallrie I wil onely with all brevitie touch such things for instruction as are most naturall in every particular Office and then transferre them to the taking of a practicall Surveigh of what is commended to the Generall of the Army and to the rest of the Officers of the Infantrie for if it were possible there ought to be no difference in experience Wisedome and Valour amongst all Officers if they could attaine unto it The Generall of the Horse hath the eminent controule and commande of all the Cavalrie or Horse Regiments of what nature or composition whatsoever
three or foure Pistols to be discharged first a good distance off then neerer hand according as your horse beginneth to abide them during which time forget not to make much of him Likewise every morning before he is drest discharge a Musket or two and sound a Trumpet and beate a charge with your drumme and then when he is patient feede him and cherish him the Groome may sometime dresse him in bright armour hee may be used to eate his Oates from off the Drumme head you may ride him against an armour plac't upon a stake that he may overthrow it and trample it under his feete Every horseman that doth not observe these briefe observations and fit himselfe and his horse in all respects before hee come to be trayned they will prove both unfit for service neither would I wish any Captaine to approve either of man or horse that in some reasonable manner hath not attained to this perfection for an Oxe well Managed may in possibility doe better service than an ill ridden wresty horse neither can any security or reputation bee expected by any service they shall undertake if the Officers be not diligent to see their Troopes well ordered and demeaned Thus premising every Horseman is or will be in this nature qualified wee will proceede to the Exercising of private Troopes and breefely shew all their Postures and how they ought to be imbattelled but first it is necessary to give a touch about the severall kinde of arming both of Curassiers Harquebuzires Carabines and Dragoones as followeth CHAP. CVII How the horse Troopes ought to be devided and distinguished by their severall armes apt and fit for divers services and what proportion of Cavalry ought to be joyned with the Infantry WE are to understand how our Generalls of late ages have divided their horse Troopes into foure severall kindes proper for divers Services and accordingly their armings are sutable to their Offices as The arming of the Câ—irassier Harquebuzier Carbine Dragoone is chiefely Defensive Offensive Offensive and Defensive The light armed which are the Harquebuziers Carabines and Dragoones are imployed to begin a charge against the Infantry upon flanke and reare at once the Front is dangerous if the two armies of foote be ready to joyne then the heavie armed viz. the Cuirassiers shall take the advantage of such disorders as are procured by the light armed for their compleate arming is efficatious to defend their bodies from the push of pikes the better to thrust in amongst them The light armed are also more apt and fit to be sent upon services that require expedition which the heavie armed are unfit to performe for the Cuirassier is to be compleately armed Capapè with a good Buffe coate to preserve his body from the pinching of his pondrous armour his horse is to be fifteene hand high and upwards he is also to have his Bedee Nagge and a Boy to carry his Armes and Snapsacke and to get him forrage for his horses his Saddle and Bitte must be strong and good whereunto must be fixed upon each side of it a case of good Firelocke Pistolles the barrell being full eighteene inches long and the bore of twenty or twenty foure bullets in the pound with his Spanner and flaske boxes a good sword and a scarffe over his armes to distinguish him from the enemie His service in the warres is chiefely defensive As for the proportion which the horse should beare to the foote there are divers of sundry opinions but the Prince of Orange used to allow three to tenne or twelve at most viz. 3000. horse to 1000. or 12000. foote and every troope consisting of five score horse which are ordered twenty in ranke and five deepe in file the which custome they use the rather because of the scarsitie of their horse and againe they are opiniated that in regard each horse man hath two Pistolles they may perfect their fight as well as a Troope of Musquetiers that are tenne deepe in â—yle having but one Musquet apeece but from this hath proceeded many inconveniences as Captaine Beumount hath observed wherefore his advice was to have the horse Troopes consist of sixe score so they may be ranked twenty in breast and sixe deepe in file they being then more apt and proper to double their rankes whereby their front may be extended or if being in skirmish with the enemy any shot should be drawne out to give fire upon them in the reare then the two hindmost rankes of a horse may peckiere about and put them to retreate and the foure foremost rankes in the front may be the better able to prosecute their fight wherefore my discourse shall be to shew you how the Troopes consisting of 120. horse ranked twentie in brest and sixe deepe in file shall be exercised and fitted for the warres and leave it to the judicious Commander to take his choyse CHAP. CVIII How the Harquebuziers and the Carbines ought to demeane themselves THese kinde of horse men are to be armed with an open Caske Gorget backe and brest more than Pistoll proofe with good Buffe coate to preserve their bodies from bruising Their Harquebuzes are to be two foote and a halfe in length their bores of seventeene bullets to the pound about their neckes a strong leather Belt with a Swivell to hang the Ring of their peeces upon a Flaske and Touch boxe and Pistolls like to the Cuirassiers Their horses ought not to be under the size of fifteene hands in height when they passe by the Generall or Troope through the streetes of a towne they place the but end upon their right thigh and their right hand grasping the barrell towards the middest of it the locke towards their bodies otherwise in their march if the enemy be not neere they hang downe by their sides Likewise the Carbine requires a smaller horse a faire Buffe coate his Carabine twentie seven inches long the bore of twentie foure bullets to the pound and he is to demeane himselfe upon all points like the Harquebuze having his sword in a strong belt Flaske and touch boxe CHAP. CIX How the Dragoones ought to arme and demeane themselves THe Dragoones are no lesse than a foote company consisting of Pikes and Muskets only for their quicker expedition they are mounted upon horses they are of great use for the guarding of passages and fordes in regard of their swiftnesse they may prevent the enemies foote and gaine places of advantage to hinder their passage Their Pikes are to have thongs of leather about the middle of them for the easier carriage of them The Muskets are to have a broad strong belt fastened to the stocke of them well neere from one end to the other whereby he hangs it upon his backe when hee rideth holding his match and bridle in his left hand any horse if he be swifâ— will performe this service in regard they alight and doe their service a foote so that when tenne men alight the eleventh holdeth
Captaine to performe it shall prove very convenient to take some extraordinary paines in making every File-Leaders most perfect in their Postures and Motions and then every particular File-Leader shall teach and instruct the residue of his File in the same manner from whence will arise such an emulation betweene each File who shall be most expert and make the best performances that in a short space they will transcend in their Millitary discipline These things being thus performed and the Troope drawne in Battallia as beforâ— is deciphered then the Commander at his ease and pleasure may exercise them in grosse in this Subsequent forme CHAP. CXVI The Description of the Postures for the Cavalry which every Officer is to teach his Souldiers before they can be fit for Service FOrmerly I have shewed you how to backe your Horse to use his Raines to ride him in the best and aprovedst way for Service now it remaines before you exercise them in their Motions to shew them first their postures and premising that a Horseman cannot fit himselfe for exercise or to execute any Service unlesse he be first mounted on horsebacke compleately armed as formerly is taught therefore I will omit those things and begin with the first posture according to the Netherlandish rules the words of command follow viz. 1. Vncap your Pistols This posture is performed by turning downe the Caps of the Pistoll cases with your right hand 2. Draw forth your Pistoll You are to draw your Pistoll out of the case with your right hand the left Pistoll first in regard it is most trouble some for the right hand to draw and at first there is most time to performe it being drawne mount the Muzzell of it 3. Order your Pistoll You are to sinke your Pistoll into your Bridle hand and instantly remove your right hand towards the midst of it and then rest the But end upon the right thigh 4. Span your Pistoll This is performed by sinking the Pistoll into his Bridle hand and taking the Spanner in his right hand to put it upon the Axeltree and winding about the wheele till it sticke and then to returne the Spanner to his place which most usually'st hanges about their neckes in a silken string or plac't in the case 5. Prime your Pan. Your Pistoll being held in your Bridle hand not farre above the locke you are to take your priming boxe in your right hand and pressing the spring with your fore finger to open the boxe to put powder into the Pan. 6 Shut your Pan. You are to presse in your Pan pin with your right thumbe whereby it will easily close 7. Cast about your Pistoll You are to assume the Pistoll in your bridle hand and casting it about against the left side erecting the mouth of it 8. Gage your Flaske You are to take the flaske into your right hand and with your fore finger pull backe the Spring and turning the Mouth of the Flaske downeward you are to let goe the Spring 9. Lade your Pistoll Having gaged your Flaske as in the former posture you are to presse downe the Spring which openeth the Flaske with your fore finger then placing the mouth of it in your Pistoll give it a shogge to cause the powder to proceed 10. Draw out your Rammer You are to draw out your Gunsticke with your right hand turned and to shorten the great end of it against your brest whereby you may the easier put it to the mouth of your peece for to ramme it 11. Lade with Bullet and Ramme home Holding your Rammer head in your right hand as before you are to take the Bullet out of your mouth with your Thumbe and fore finger and so put it into the mouth of the Pistoll and immediately ramme it home 12. Returne your Rammer You are to draw forth your Rammer with your right hand turned and shortning it against your brest as before returne it to it's place 13. Pull downe your Cocke You are to bring backe the Pistoll with your Bridle hand towards your right side and placing the Butt end upon your right thigh you may pull downe the Cocke 14. Recover your Pistoll You are to take your Pistoll in his due place with your right hand bearing up the Muzzell 15. Present and give fire Having your Pistoll in your right hand with your finger upon the tricker you are to incline the Muzzell with a steady eye towards the Marke not suddenly but by degrees according to the distance you ride before a necessity of discharging shall be you are not to give fire directly forwards the horses head but in a diameter line by his right side turning his right hand so as the locke of the Pistoll may bee upward and having a true view of the Marke draw the tricker and let flye 16. Returne your Pistoll You are to returne the Pistoll into the Case and speedily draw out your other Pistoll if occasion commands making the same performances as before 17. Bend your Cocke Now in regard our English Pistolls differ from the firelocke Pistoll I will briefely touch two or three postures that are Heterogenâ—all to the former And as before is taught the holding of your Pistoll in your bridle hand now to performe this posture you are to place your two fore fingers of your right hand upon the vice pin that skâ—ues in the stone and by it to draw up the Cocke 18. Guard your Cocke With your Right hand you are to pull downe the backe locke and then be carefull in securing the Cocke from striking downe 19. Order your Hammer You are gently to draw downe your steâ—ele upon the Pan with your right hand provided alwayes there be a good flint and that it be evenly measured least it under or over reacheth which may hazard the firing 20. Free your Cocke You are to thrust backe your backe locke with your thumbe and fore finger of your right hand so as the Cocke may be let downe without danger of staying it from giving fire CHAP. CXVII Of the exercising of the Harquebuz and Carabine with the Postures to them belonging and diuers breefe rules appertaining to the use of them as also to Cuirassiers HAving discourst of the managing of the Pistoll in his severall postures it will seeme convenient here by the way to observe some briefe notes concerning the use and managing both of Pistols Harquebuzes and Carabines and then onely name the Postures belonging to the Harquebuz and Carabine that goe with Snaphanes The quickest and most compendious way of charging either the Pistols belonging to the Cuirassiers or other Peeces of what kinde soever is by using of Cazrouches which are made of white paper after this manner following First you are to have a former of wood of the just widenesse of your Pistols bore about this you are to winde a Paper which shall containe the true charge of powder and Bullet the ends must be tyed with a thred and in the midst betwixt the
to march before the Foot and before them certain Spies to discover for fear of the enemies Ambushes If marching from an enemy the Horse-Troops are to follow in the Rear of the Army to charge the enemy if he offers to pursue An Army marching through straight lanes must order their men into so many Files as may well march a Brest An Army being to march over Heaths or Plains then they must march by divisions as namely three or four Companies a Brest that they may the readier and more suddenly be drawn into Battalia An Army is commonly divided into three divisions viz. the Vant-guard Battell and Rear-guard every Colonell ought to march according to his antiquitie one before another after like manner every Captain of every Colonels Regiment is to doe the same That Regiment which marcheth in the Vant-guard the first day ought to come to their quarters very timely then the Battell must march forwards and be quartered beyond them then the Rear-ward is to march up beyond the Battell and there to bee quartered so that the next morne it may bee ready at the discharging of the warning peece to march Note that Regiment which marcheth the first day in the Van the day following is to march in the Rear and they are daily thus to take their turns if the March continues long We are further to observe whether we are to march in the day time or in the night and accordingly we are to demean our selves If by day The manner now in use is to send out before the Army by a sufficient trusty Guide which knows wel the passages of the Countrey certain Fire-locks Dragones and Musketires to discover the enemy and the Horse are to represse the enemies incursions these are likewise to surprize straight waies Bridges and Foords Next after these are the Pioners to march with a good guard to mend the waies and to cut through passages so as the Ordnance may be drawn safe and the Army march the best and neerest way The Foot of the Vant-guard or right Wing is in the next place to follow every Battalia thereof in their due order the one halfe of the Horse of the Army before them and all their baggage or carriage behind them in the Rear The Battalions of the Battell are in the next place to follow in the same equipage the former did viz. with all their baggage and carriage in the Rear Lastly the Battalions of the Rearward or left Wing are to follow in March with all their baggage and carriage behind them also and every one of these Battalions are to have their shot before and behind and the residue of the Horse are to bring up the Reare The Ordnance are to be distributed as the Carriage is viz. both behind the Vantguard the Battell and the Rear-ward the better to secure against all attempts But this kind of ordering the Horse the Ordnance and the Baggage is most commonly used when the enemy is not at hand As for the marching of an Army by night all the baggage and carriages are to bee sent before the Armie with a sufficient guard next after them your Pike-men then the Musketires and all the Horse in the Rear so that by break of day they may come all together to their Rendevou This way an Army in the night is best and easilyest kept together and is soonest espied if it faulters but this is also to bee used when the enemy is not neer Wee are to observe that in a March both Colonels Captains and other inferiour Officers are called from the leading of their own Regiments and Companies to command in another Regiment or Company which many times happens in regard the Generall will have the eldest Colonels by him to discourse and advise of things Materiall about the Warres So that a Lieutenant Colonell commands a Regiment and the eldest Captain the Colonels Company also a Lieutenant to command a private Company and these are thus ordered and disposed as it shall please the Serjeant-Major to give commandement An Army being thus orderly marcht to the place of their inquartering the Generall his field-Martiall and Serjeant-Major generall are to be very wise and circumspect in placing the Horse-guards outermost of all upon speciall passages where they must set out their Horse-sentinels a good distance from the guard that they may the better discover and give warning of the enemies approaches by making an Alarme by the discharge of their Pistols so that the whole Army may presently bee in armes The Foot-sentinels are to stand upon some passages neerer to the Quarters than the Horse are Upon Alarme given all the Companies of the Army are speedily to march into some convenient place appointed by the Generall over night where every Company is to be drawn into Battalia fit to charge the enemy And as before I have said how the Foot should march in divisions over a Heath or Plain after the same proportion the Horse-troops also are to march in divisions viz. two four or six Cornets in a division neither divisions of Horse nor Foot are to march in far distance one from the other but so as the whole Army suddainly may joyn in Battell if the enemy should approach At every stand the Army makes upon a Heath or Plain every single division is to march up and front with the next division before it upon the left hand of the same and if the stay bee long and the place dangerous then successively all the divisions are to bee drawne into a compleat Battell After this very manner the Army must be demeaned in marching off from a Heath or Plaine if the enemy chaseth them in the Reare thinking to take an advantage when the Army shall be drawne out by Companies to march through some narrow passages lanes or high-wayes the Horse are to be drawne in Battalia in the Reare of these Troopes to receive the charge of the enemy untill such time as all the Foot Troopes are marcht through those straights where having convenient ground they are to re-imbattell themselves to entertaine the enemies charge if he dares adventure to follow But the safest way is if an Army cannot eschue but must breake his aray to march from an enemy through a straight he being ready to take his advantage to charge them then to give them Battell if your Army be equivalent in strength is the safest way if not then to intrench the Army securely waiting an opportunity and making use of some pollicy to get safely from them If an Army be weaker in Horse than the enemies Army is it is very dangerous to march over the Plaines but rather take some hilly rockie way whereby the enemies horse shall be unprofitable The enemy being neere at hand the best way is to have the Artillery and Baggage to march on the contrary side from the enemy in all straights and in Champions to be plac'd in the midst of the Army In extremity of hot weather the
two severall demonstrations The first shall be as before is spoken of when the Rear of the Camp is secured by some great River or Arme of the Sea The second a square incampment upon the Champion where no naturall strength can afford us help For the first of these two when the place affords such naturall strength that the Rear of the Army may be secured by some River or Arme of the Sea provided alwayes that the enemy cannot come with shipping to annoy you the Front of this Camp must be towards the enemy where a certain Brest-work must bee raised four or five foot high upon the most eminent ground and about the same breadth the ditch about six foot broad and four foot deep this must run if the ground will give leave with some nooks and angles the better to flanker some part of this intrenchment as by the following figure you may perceive marked A. From this Brest-work inwards into the Camp must bee a space left sixty or eighty Paces broad if the conveniency of the ground will give way for the Souldiers to draw into Battalia or to Parado in marked O. In the next place marked B. every Captain and Colonell are to have their Hutes or Tents stand in an even Line viz. every Colonell before the head of his own Company being quartered upon the right hand of his Regiment and each Captain successively according to their antiquities In the next place there is a space eight paces broad marked with the letter C. this is for the chief street and runs in an even line from one side of the Quarter to the other From this chief street downwards towards the Rear of the Quarters are the inferiour Officers and Souldiers to be quartered as at the letter D. and in this are divers things to bee considered as first the street which goes down between the Hutes ought to bee ten foot broad and four hundred foot deep in regard each Hute is to bee eight foot square and in every Hute two Souldiers are to bee lodged so that upon each side of the way there is to bee fiftie Hutes built which are to hold an hundred Souldiers upon a side At the top of the street upon the right hand is the Lieutenants Cabbin who is to bee allowed twelve foot and upon the left hand is the Ensignes Cabbin of the same bignesse the Serjeants are to have upon each side their Cabbins in the Rear of the Quarters thus a Company of two hundred are conveniently quartered In the Reare of these Hutes is another street or space of ground which runneth from one side of the Quarters to the other marked E. being six paces wide upon the foremost side of which are the Sutlers Butchers and Shop-keepers behind these is a wast place next the water for the off all filth and draffe to be conveyed away as you may perceive at G. The space or distance of ground which is betwixt Regiment and Regiment ought to be twenty or thirty foot broad as you may see at H. The Generall ought to have his Tents in the midst of all the Quarters and the Colonells according to their dignity upon each hand of his Pavilions The Passages into the Campare to bee plac'd in the most convenient places and strong Ports made to open and shut at pleasure as you may perceive at I. Also if need requires there may bee posterne passages made in divers places of the Brest-work for single persons to goe in and out with a turne-pike to secure it as at K. The Ordnance is to bee plac'd in a halfe Moon made next the water-side in the most convenient place of the Camp the residue may bee plac'd either upon the Brest-work or else before the halfe-Moon as at L. View the figure following and at M. is the Bridge for the Army to passe over the River The other manner of fortifying a Camp is now to be discourst of The Lord high Marshall having made choice of a place convenient being attended by the Quarter-Master Generall and the inferiour Quarter-Masters about the midst of the ground where you intend to incamp set up the Generalls Standard and about the same stake out a square place of ground for the Generalls Pavilion fourty paces square directly from this towards the North runneth one main street fourty paces broad which divides the Horse-Camp from the Foot-Camp and on either side of the Generalls Tents runneth two other crosse wayes thirty paces in breadth which divide the armed Souldiers from the Pioners and Waggons these two wayes embrace two long squares of ground fourty paces broad and five hundred and fifty paces long apeece these may either of them bee divided into five Lodgings of an hundred paces in length and fourty in breadth leaving between them certain passages of ten paces in breadth so that the Souldiers upon every sudden alarme may the more readily repair to the place of Assembly One of the Lodgings next the Generalls Tent is appointed for the high Marshall and his retinue and the other on the other side for the Treasurer the rest may be assigned at the Marshals discretion to the other Officers of the field and for such Noblemen and Gentlemen Voluntires as follow the Warres at their own charge In the North-east Quarter of the Camp are the Horse-men lodged in the Northwest the Foot-men either of these Camps are divided into three parts by streets running East and West these streets are twenty paces in breadth and five hundred and eighty paces long in every of these three spaces of the Foot-Camp are lodged a Regiment of 10000. men and in the Hors-Camp the middlemost of them shall serve for 1500. Lances or Curassiers with their Beedets the North space for the Harquebuziers on the other side of this street are the Lodgings assigned for the Colonels of every Regiment and their Officers every space being thirty paces broad and one hundred and seaventy long By these Characters following you may understand the description of this Camp the better as in the figure following A. stands for the Captaines of the Harquebuziers B. for the Captaine of the Lances or Curassiers and C. for the residue of the Carbines and Dragones Likewise D E F. is the place for the Leaders of three principall Regiments of Foot-men the which are to be distingūished by their antiquities or by the usuall name of Vantguard Battell and Rear-ward the Vantguard lies next to the Generalls Tent and answers to the Harquebuziers the Battell answers to the Curassiers and the Rear-ward to the residue of the Carbines and Dragones Every of these principall Regiments you may if you please divide againe into five smaller Regiments by streets of ten paces broad running North and South So have you fifteen lesse Regiments in the Foot-Camp and five apeece in every of the Horse-Camps and every of these Regiments are one hundred paces broad and one hundred and seventy paces in length and shall contain every of
them in Foot-men 2000. of Curassiers 300. of Harquebuziers 400. the residue of the Carbines and Dragones 500. with their Colonels and their Officers The Colonels and Captains of the Cavalliary may be quartered at the head of their Regiments as you may behold in the figure of the Camp Those marked G. are for the Colonels of the Foot H. for the Captains of the light-Horse-men or Harquebuziers I. for the Captain of the Curassiers or Lances K. for the Captain of the residue of the Carbines and Dragones So there remaines Regiments of an hundred paces broad and one hundred and fifty paces long for the Souldiers to bee quartered in which may by small streets of five paces broad be divided into as many spaces as there are severall Bonds in every Regiment These last divisions of Bonds are omitted in the figure because in so small a plot it would breed confusion This must be observed that the shot bee lodged towards the outside of the Camp that they may bee in readinesse to answer the alarm the which may be done by dividing the utmost seven Regiments into halfe as you may see in the figure by the pricked lines leaving the seaven spaces marked with L. for 7000. Shot and the other with M. for 7000. Pikes all the other Regiments marked with N. are likewise for Pikes and Muskets to the number of 16000. Thus you see in the North moytie of this Camp is quartered all the Foot and Horse the other halfe of this Camp must serve for the quartering of the unarmed as Pioners Carters Carpenters Smiths Sutlers Butchers and all sorts of Mechanicall Artificers together with a large place of assembly for the Souldiers to retire unto to put themselves in order upon any alarm as also to exercise themselves in sundry sorts of activity You shall therefore from the South side of the Generall Pavilion six hundred paces Southward extend out your first main street of fourty paces broad and crosse it againe with another street running East and West three hundred and sixty paces distant from the South side of the Generalls Pavilion this street needs bee but thirty paces in breadth Againe extend the second narrow street that runs paralell to the first main street untill you come to this crosse street last made so have you O. your place of Assembly three hundred and thirty paces broad and five hundred and fourty paces long P. shall be appointed for the Munition and Officers attending upon the Artilery Q. is the Marke-place and round about this Market-place may bee lodged the Butchers Bakers Cooks and Victuallers of all sorts About the place of the Assembly may be the Tents of all such as furnish the Camp with things needfull for the Souldiers as Armourers Taylors Shoo-makers and the like There still remains two long squares of earth either of them 540. paces long and 190. paces broad here the Carts and Wagons with the horse and oxen for the Carriages themselves must alwaies impale that part of the Camp that is not fortified either by nature or art the Pioners likewise may be quartered in this Camp Lastly you shall line out 60. paces distant from all these Regiments and Quarters already set down and there raise the circumference of the intrenchment of the Camp making a good Trench eight or ten foot wide and raise a good Parapet or Brest-work of five or six foot thick and as high with a foot-bank to make the Souldiers of height sufficient to give fire over it your Ordnance is to be plac'd on the same But if the enemy be near and of greater force than your selfe then you must make your Trenches very large and deep with a Rampart and Brest-work of a great height and thicknesse with a Bulwark at each corner and in the midst of the Curtain View the figure following where the line the Ordnance is planted upon demonstrates the sleight Trench and Brest-work which is to be made the enemy being a far distance from you The outmost line with the Bulwarks is the figure of the strongest Intrenchment for security when the enemy is at hand For the Guards and manner of watching I have discoursed of in the beginning of this Discourse and more fully in the latter end of the Discourse of Fortification I intend in the next Chapter to shew you the manner of the Swedes Incampings which I rather affect than this CHAP. V. How the King of Sweden in the late Emperiall Warres used to incamp his Army with Figures to explaine the same THe Swedes in their late German Warres have been very curious in their Incampings in regard of the potency of their enemies and the multiplicity of their Armies and were able by their excellent order and good discipline to performe as great atchievements with their Army of 16000. Souldiers as their enemie could with 20000. For that famous Generall never filed his men above six deep and never above 126. in a Company besides the Officers and in a Regiment but eight Companies which he might the better doe in regard his Souldiers were no novices but admirable apt and pregnant in their exercisings and performances this was one reason of this his only and peculiar way of imbattelling and incamping Likewise the fewnesse of men in his Companies made the more Divisions and Cohorts and the more Officers which he found by experience stood him in great stead and lesse charge to maintain them His incampments were different both from the ancient Romans and our modern Hollanders as you may see by this discription following how he used to enquarter his Regiments of Foot as by the sequent figure you may perceive in the head of the Quarters nine large Square at the upper end of the figure marked with the letter A. all which are the due places for the Colonell and Captains to pitch their Tents upon where you see the word Colonell written and the Captains according to their degrees in seniority and dignity of Office as you may perceive by their Hutes or Tents marked each on the head of his owne Company The number over the Colonells Hutes or Tents shew it to be 48. foot broad viz. twice as broad as any of the Captains Cabbins which are marked with 24. at each end of these rowes of Squares you see the number 30. marked which shews how many foot long each of these great Hutes are Now whereas the King of Swedens discipline was usually to have but eight Companies to a Regiment so many Hutes you see on the top of the Quarter four on each side the Colonels And the reason why this famous Warriour had so few in a Regiment as 1008. and consequently so few in a private Company as 126. those 1008. being divided amongst eight Captains was that he might have the more places of preferment and the more Officers to command these few men This is a greater advantage than our Ancestours were aware of and it were happy if our English Companies were reduced into 126. men
Army consisting of twelve thousand Foot and foure thousand Horse the Ordnance being plac'd covertly in the midst and also upon the Wings IN this first figure following you may perceive at the letter A foure hundred Shot upon either Flank before the maine Battell these are to surprise the enemies Ordnance which is to bee supposed are planted upon a Hill further you may observe sixteene Battalia's the Ordnance being planted in the maine Battell betweene the divisions thereof having foure hundred Musketiers ordered before them and by them obscured and as soone as the enemy is approacht within distance those Musketiers are to divide themselves on either hand so that the Shot may have free passage to disorder the enemies Troopes upon which advantage the other Battalia's are to advance forwards and furiously to charge the enemy in his disorders The Horse are oblique-wise plac'd upon either Flanck Note before the Horse gives their charge the Musketiers at A are to sally forth to surprise the Ordnance Likewise the Shot before every Battalia are to make their passage through the Intervalls downe the sides of the Battalia's into the Reare of all and from thence to charge upon the enemies Flanks if occasion offers otherwise aide their owne men in the skirmish all the Shot before the Battali'as are in number twelve hundred If according to the King of Swedes Discipline these Battalia's were ordered but six deepe in file then there would bee sufficient men spare to Impale this Battell whereby it would be of a farre greater strength besides there would be a quantity spare to line the Horse-Troopes which is a thing of great consequence and very prevalent as is formerly shewed and by this following figure you may see CHAP. XVII The sixt way of Imbattelling an Army consisting of twelve thousand Foot and foure thousand Horse with the Ordnance planted on the Hilles before the Battell as also on the Reare and Flankes being fit for all attempts IN this subsequent Battell which we are now to describe you may perceive fifteene Battalions of Foote ordered in Marshall array in the right Wing or Vantguard are three Battalions containing 500 in each of them Flankt with Musketiers before every one of which are also ranged ten files of Musketiers three in the right Angle three in the left and foure in the midst just before them every File containing ten men in depth these Shot are to make their way through the spaces of the Battalions in the Reare of all and so from thence to charge upon the enemies Flanks in the maine Battell are three Battalions containing three thousand men viz. in each a thousand these are Flankt with Musketiers and have also Musketiers before them in the same forme with the rest in the Reare-ward or left Wing of the Battell are likewise three Battalions containing 500. men a piece Imbattelled as the rest with Musketiers before them also behind these Battalia's are foure other Battalia's plac'd and have also in each of them 500. a piece with Musketiers advanc'd before them these are for seconds as you may perceive them Martialled just against the Intervalles or Spaces of their opposite Battallions these Spaces are 200. foote distance in breadth so that the said foure Battalions may passe through them these likewise have Shot before them in the same manner the former had These with the rest may March forth to skirmish with the enemy or stand firme to second them upon their retreat or remaining in the Reare they may sally out and charge the enemy upon the Flanks or if occasion be they may assist the Horse if they be too weake for the enemy The rest of the Battalions are but twelve foote distance one from the other and at three foot order The divisions of Musketiers are allowed six foot that they may the better fall through having given fire In the Reare of all are two Battallions of a thousand in either of them standing just behind the three Battalia's of the maine Battell About a Furlong wide of the Flanck of these are 800. Horse marked B viz. 400. in each placed oblique-wise the better to start forth and inviron the enemy in like manner are the Horse Marshalled in the outmost Flanks of therest but in greater numbers as by this following figure you may see By the Wings of these two Battalia's are two field-Peeces plac'd ready turned and bent to the Rear these are to discharge upon the enemy if he should with Horse or Foot give upon that part if not then may these Peeces with ease bâ—e brought to some other place which may be more apt to annoy the enemy The rest of the Ordnance are planted upon two hills opposite against the enemies Flanks these are to break their order and distresse them and for their better security there are seven hundred Musketires to guard them and if need be there must be a greater Force There should be a slight Trench raised before them or pallizado'd about the better to defend them from the enemies Horse and Foot These forms of imbattelling I found in the Prospective-glasse of Warre and have here inserted them for the benefit of the ingenious Souldier CHAP. XVIII A seventh forme of Imbattelling an Army consisting of fifteen thousand Foot and five thousand Horse impaled with Redouts and a Ditch of combustible stuffe to prevent the Horse from assaulting either the Flanks or Rear THis figure following represents to your view an excellent forme of imbattelling very strong and secure the principall Strength of the Armie are brought to fight at the first encounter Wherefore first observe the main-Battell to consist of five Battalia's in each of them are one thousand six hundred Pikes and Muskets the Muskets are orderly ranged before the Pikes each Battalia hath one hundred and sixty Files and ten deep which amounts unto in all the five Battalia's eight thousand men After the main-Battell is a second Battell plac'd which is termed the Battell of succour and that consists of four lesser Battalia's and hath in each of them seven hundred Pikes and Shot Betwixt the said Battalia's there is a convenient space or distance of ninety six paces for the main Battalia's to retrait into when they shall be overcharged with the enemy The manner of retraiting is thus all the first five Battalia's are evenly and easily to retrait with their face towards the enemy holding them play with their Shot upon the right and left Flank of the second Battell are the two outter most Battalia's of the first Battell to retrait on also the other three Battalia's are to enter into the spaces betwixt the four Battalia's of the second Battell and there to stand even with them in Front whereby there will be nine Battels to re-charge the enemy afresh for these two thousand eight hundred fresh men will bee a great heartning and strengthning of the rest which were wearied and discomfited in the first encounter But if it should so happen that the enemy should over-wing