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81._o a_o battle_n and_o to_o behold_v a_o direct_a space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o rank_n for_o that_o be_v the_o grace_n and_o beauty_n as_o i_o may_v term_v it_o of_o a_o phalange_n order_v for_o fight_n this_o proportion_n can_v be_v maintain_v without_o observe_v distance_n curious_o open_v order_n be_v six_o foot_n both_o in_o rank_n and_o file_n betwixt_o man_n and_o man_n every_o way_n if_o then_o any_o soldier_n in_o file_n gather_v up_o to_o his_o leader_n and_o stand_v at_o distance_n of_o three_o foot_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o his_o rank_n be_v thereby_o disturb_v and_o make_v uneven_a although_o the_o file_n continue_v straight_o contrariwise_o if_o he_o bear_v himself_o out_o of_o his_o place_n three_o foot_n towards_o either_o of_o his_o sideman_n by_o this_o mean_v he_o disorder_v his_o file_n and_o make_v it_o crooked_a this_o fault_n if_o it_o be_v commit_v by_o many_o a_o general_a disorder_n will_v follow_v in_o the_o body_n and_o therefore_o aelian_n well_o advise_v to_o keep_v the_o first_o distance_n especial_o till_o you_o be_v command_v to_o the_o second_o or_o three_o distance_n which_o will_v often_o fall_v out_o in_o the_o four_o motion_n of_o which_o facing_n be_v the_o first_o and_o the_o word_n of_o motion_n direction_n in_o it_o be_v these_o as_o before_o in_o aelian_n 12_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n 25._o that_o be_v face_n to_o the_o tight_a hand_n for_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o bear_v in_o the_o right_a hand_n 14_o face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o pike-man_n in_o the_o macedonian_a army_n bear_v target_n on_o their_o left_a arm_n or_o on_o the_o left_a side_n so_o that_o face_n to_o the_o target_n be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o word_n of_o command_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n 16_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n that_o be_v face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n but_o where_o he_o add_v move_v a_o little_a further_o he_o signify_v that_o the_o direction_n be_v not_o full_o accomplish_v and_o he_o will_v have_v the_o soldier_n continue_v their_o motion_n till_o their_o face_n be_v full_o come_v about_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o then_o he_o will_v they_o to_o stand_v so_o because_o they_o have_v gain_v their_o place_n these_o face_n here_o express_v by_o aelian_n be_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n other_o face_n of_o the_o part_n he_o have_v not_o set_v down_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v oftentimes_o of_o great_a use_n for_o say_v the_o enemy_n charge_v in_o front_n and_o rear_v your_o front_n must_v continue_v as_o it_o do_v but_o the_o word_n for_o the_o rear_n be_v phalange_n half_a file_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n if_o the_o enemy_n charge_v you_o on_o both_o flank_n then_o be_v the_o word_n of_o command_n phalange_n half_n rank_n face_n to_o the_o right_n halft_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n if_o in_o front_n and_o one_o flank_n the_o front_n stand_v firm_a and_o the_o word_n for_o the_o flank_n that_o be_v charge_v be_v half_a rank_n of_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v flank_n face_n to_o the_o hand_n name_v plesium_n if_o in_o front_n and_o both_o flank_n the_o front_n be_v to_o stand_v firm_a and_o both_o the_o flank_n to_o face_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o this_o be_v do_v in_o a_o hollow_a square_a or_o plesium_n and_o the_o word_n be_v flank_n face_n one_o to_o the_o right_a the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n if_o on_o all_o side_n or_o round_o about_o it_o be_v as_o before_o for_o the_o flank_n but_o for_o the_o rear_n the_o rear_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n now_o in_o countermarch_v of_o the_o rear_n the_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n be_v oftentimes_o command_v to_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o countermarch_n of_o the_o front_n the_o rank_n of_o bringer_n up_o must_v do_v the_o like_a as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o countermarch_v double_v be_v the_o second_o motion_n use_v in_o battle_n the_o precept_n motion_n of_o it_o in_o this_o in_o aelian_n 18_o double_v your_o depth_n the_o word_n in_o our_o exercise_n for_o this_o motion_n be_v double_v your_o file_n because_o cap._n file_n measure_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o rank_n measure_v the_o length_n this_o double_n be_v make_v many_o way_n the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o even_a file_n that_o be_v the_o 2._o 4._o 6._o 8._o 10._o file_n fall_v into_o the_o odd_a as_o if_o the_o double_n be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o right_a hand_n corner-file_n stand_v firm_a and_o be_v the_o first_o after_o double_v the_o three_o be_v the_o second_o file_n the_o five_o the_o three_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n in_o order_n but_o the_o manner_n be_v that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n fall_v direct_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n behind_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o first_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o two_o file_n the_o same_o order_n be_v for_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n when_o they_o double_v the_o odd_a file_n and_o the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o manner_n be_v when_o half_o the_o body_n of_o file_n convey_v itself_o into_o the_o space_n oâ—_n the_o other_o half_n of_o the_o body_n be_v it_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n according_a to_o direction_n give_v so_o that_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n which_o be_v to_o move_v fall_v into_o the_o space_n next_o after_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n that_o stand_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o half_a body_n that_o move_v and_o the_o word_n be_v half_n the_o body_n double_v your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o be_v when_o file_n be_v double_v by_o a_o countermarch_n as_o if_o the_o second_o file_n of_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o it_o be_v appoint_v countermarch_n and_o the_o leader_n of_o that_o file_n place_n himself_o behind_o the_o bringer_n up_o of_o the_o corner_n file_n to_o that_o hand_n to_o which_o the_o double_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n of_o even_a number_n behind_o those_o of_o odd_a number_n as_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o first_o the_o four_o behind_o the_o three_o the_o six_o behind_o the_o five_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o next_o word_n in_o aelian_n be_v double_a your_o length_n that_o be_v double_v your_o rank_n or_o front_n for_o as_o i_o before_o note_v the_o rank_n make_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n which_o likewise_o be_v many_o way_n do_v the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o rank_n of_o even_a appellation_n as_o the_o 2._o 4._o 6._o 8._o etc._n etc._n fall_v out_o into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a namely_o into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o 1._o 3._o 5._o 7._o etc._n etc._n which_o stand_v before_o they_o and_o place_n themselves_o even_o with_o they_o in_o rank_n the_o word_n be_v double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o way_n be_v when_o the_o bringers-up_a their_o half_a file_n follow_v they_o by_o countermarch_n advance_v up_o to_o the_o front_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o fileleader_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n according_o namely_o the_o nine_o rank_n in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o second_o the_o eight_o in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o three_o the_o seven_o in_o the_o four_o the_o six_o in_o the_o space_n of_o the_o five_o and_o the_o word_n be_v bringer_n up_o double_v your_o front_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n another_o be_v when_o the_o reare-halfe-file_n one_o half_a face_n to_o the_o right_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o divide_v themselves_o march_v out_o till_o they_o be_v pass_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n then_o face_v to_o the_o front_n sleeve_n up_o and_o front_v with_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n then_o the_o word_n be_v rear_n halfe-file_n double_v your_o front_n by_o division_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n another_o way_n be_v when_o the_o reare-halfe-file_n undivided_a face_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v and_o be_v beyond_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o body_n face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o sleeve_n up_o and_o join_v in_o front_n with_o the_o stand_a halfe-file_n the_o word_n be_v reare-halfe-file_n enter_v double_a your_o front_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o all_o these_o motion_n of_o double_a rank_n or_o front_n the_o soldier_n be_v to_o return_v after_o
their_o motion_n to_o their_o first_o posture_n which_o be_v do_v by_o face_v about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o then_o by_o move_v and_o by_o recover_v their_o first_o place_n the_o word_n be_v as_o you_o be_v countermarch_v be_v the_o three_o motion_n use_v in_o the_o change_n of_o a_o battle_n the_o use_n and_o necessity_n thereof_o appear_v in_o aelian_a before_o and_o that_o there_o be_v two_o motion_n kind_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n the_o word_n of_o command_n that_o he_o here_o set_v down_o be_v only_o of_o countermarch_n by_o file_n which_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o two_o kind_n viz._n the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o front_n and_o the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o rear_n that_o of_o the_o front_n have_v likewise_o two_o kind_n the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o the_o chorean_a that_o of_o the_o rear_n only_o one_o and_o it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v now_o aelians_n direction_n follow_v 20_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n and_o of_o the_o front_n the_o manner_n be_v that_o the_o fileleader_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o paâ—â—e_v beyond_o the_o rear_n their_o file_n follow_v they_o in_o our_o exercise_n the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o front_n to_o the_o right_n or_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n it_o be_v do_v after_o another_o sort_n also_o as_o when_o the_o bringers-up_a face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a body_n face_v about_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n pass_v through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o the_o nine_o rank_n begin_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n after_o one_o another_o place_n themselves_o every_o paticular_a man_n before_o his_o follower_n in_o the_o same_o file_n till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o word_n be_v bringer_n up_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n beginning_n at_o the_o nine_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a to_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o place_v every_o man_n himself_o before_o his_o follower_n as_o you_o be_v in_o aelian_n follow_v 22_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v we_o in_o our_o exercise_n term_v this_o countermarch_v of_o the_o rear_n and_o it_o be_v do_v in_o two_o manner_n first_o when_o the_o bringer_n up_o begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o their_o file_n follow_v pass_v through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o fileleader_n till_o the_o fileleader_n become_v the_o last_o of_o the_o file_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a body_n face_n about_o and_o stand_v the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o rear_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n face_n about_o to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n and_o stand_v the_o other_o when_o the_o fileleader_n face_n about_o to_o either_o hand_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n begin_v at_o the_o second_o rank_n successive_o pass_v through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o file_n leader_n to_o the_o hand_n appoint_v place_v themselves_o every_o man_n behind_o his_o next_o leader_n and_o face_v about_o as_o they_o do_v the_o word_n be_v fileleader_n face_n about_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a and_o place_n yourselves_o behind_o your_o next_o leader_n the_o next_o in_o aelian_n be_v 24_o the_o chorean_a countermarch_v this_o countermarch_v be_v of_o the_o front_n as_o i_o say_v but_o it_o keep_v the_o ground_n that_o the_o body_n have_v before_o the_o fileleader_n their_o file_n follow_v they_o remove_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o and_o the_o bringer_n up_o to_o the_o place_n that_o the_o fileleader_n have_v the_o word_n be_v fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o stand_v viz._n when_o they_o come_v to_o the_o bringer_n up_o other_o countermarche_n thereare_v which_o be_v not_o here_o set_v downeby_o aelian_n 28._o but_o be_v remember_v in_o his_o chapter_n of_o countermarche_n of_o which_o the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n of_o the_o whole_a battle_n be_v one_o the_o other_o be_v the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n in_o the_o part_n and_o as_o in_o the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o front_n or_o rear_v the_o rank_n first_o begin_v to_o move_v so_o in_o countermarch_v of_o the_o flank_n the_o file_n entire_a begin_v to_o move_v and_o as_o in_o the_o countermarch_v of_o the_o front_n or_o rear_v the_o rank_n follow_v one_o another_o by_o file_n so_o in_o countermarch_v of_o the_o flank_n the_o file_n follow_v one_o another_o by_o rank_n that_o be_v the_o soldier_n of_o every_o rank_n follow_v one_o another_o if_o you_o will_v countermarch_n the_o right_a flank_n so_o to_o change_v one_o side_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o the_o other_o the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o right_a flank_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n in_o countermarch_v the_o left_a flank_n the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v the_o left_a flank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o countermarch_n the_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n both_o the_o uttermost_a corner-file_n be_v to_o move_v towards_o the_o midst_n their_o half_a rank_n follow_v they_o and_o meet_v in_o the_o midst_n to_o stand_v there_o and_o face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o the_o word_n be_v countermarch_v your_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n observe_v that_o in_o countermarch_v by_o rank_n the_o three_o countermarche_n macedonian_a lacedaemonian_a and_o choraean_a may_v be_v practise_v as_o well_o as_o in_o countermarch_v by_o file_n if_o the_o flank_n near_o to_o the_o enemy_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v this_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n because_o it_o make_v a_o show_n of_o shift_v away_o if_o the_o flank_n further_a from_o the_o enemy_n begin_v it_o be_v the_o lacedaemonian_a in_o that_o it_o carry_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o but_o when_o one_o flank_n countermarch_v till_o it_o come_v just_a up_o to_o the_o other_o and_o no_o further_o it_o be_v the_o choraean_a because_o it_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n wheel_v be_v the_o four_o and_o last_o motion_n and_o it_o be_v 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brave_a mind_n and_o resolution_n who_o neither_o the_o fortification_n of_o the_o enemy_n camp_n nor_o the_o height_n of_o the_o mountain_n nor_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o town_n can_v hold_v back_o so_o much_o he_o reprehend_v their_o presumption_n and_o arrogancy_n in_o that_o about_o the_o victory_n and_o issue_n of_o thing_n they_o prefer_v their_o own_o conceit_n before_o the_o opinion_n of_o their_o general_n for_o his_o part_n he_o require_v aswell_o modesty_n and_o continency_n in_o a_o soldier_n as_o valour_n and_o magnanimity_n so_o caesar_n insinuate_v that_o obedience_n and_o heedfulness_n be_v two_o principal_a virtue_n in_o a_o soldier_n by_o the_o one_o to_o be_v ready_a at_o all_o command_n by_o the_o other_o to_o execute_v with_o discretion_n what_o be_v command_v by_o want_n of_o heedfulness_n they_o perceive_v not_o the_o sign_n of_o retreat_n which_o be_v propose_v unto_o they_o and_o mistake_v the_o mark_n of_o the_o heduan_o who_o they_o esteem_v for_o their_o foe_n by_o want_n of_o obedience_n to_o their_o officer_n they_o incur_v the_o danger_n and_o loss_n which_o they_o sustain_v diligent_a care_n therefore_o be_v to_o be_v have_v of_o sign_n by_o which_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o general_n in_o all_o direction_n be_v declare_v and_o as_o it_o be_v set_v before_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n the_o inventor_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o war_n be_v many_o the_o ensign_n be_v invent_v by_o the_o egyptian_n as_o i_o have_v show_v in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 9_o chap._n of_o this_o book_n where_o also_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o invention_n be_v give_v 7._o the_o order_n of_o a_o army_n the_o give_v of_o the_o sign_n the_o watch_n the_o watchword_n be_v invent_v by_o palamedes_n the_o trumpet_n by_o tirrhenus_n the_o son_n of_o hercules_n to_o give_v sign_n to_o a_o army_n pertain_v as_o i_o have_v show_v to_o he_o that_o be_v the_o governor_n thereof_o that_o be_v to_o the_o general_n the_o manner_n how_o sign_n be_v by_o he_o give_v appear_v in_o 25_o onosander_n i_o will_v recite_v his_o word_n let_v all_o sign_n quoth_v he_o he_o mean_v by_o voice_n and_o 〈◊〉_d by-signe_n be_v deliver_v to_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o army_n in_o asmuch_o as_o for_o a_o general_n to_o go_v up_o and_o down_o and_o proclaim_v the_o sign_n to_o all_o be_v the_o part_n of_o a_o unwise_a and_o unexperienced_a man_n and_o both_o time_n be_v lose_v in_o denounce_v it_o and_o it_o be_v often_o a_o cause_n of_o tumult_n while_o every_o man_n ask_v what_o the_o sign_n be_v beside_o one_o add_v something_o to_o the_o general_n word_n another_o diminishâ—th_v they_o through_o ignorance_n â—â—6_n leo_n have_v almost_o the_o same_o word_n at_o least_o the_o same_o sense_n and_o as_o i_o take_v it_o he_o borrow_v they_o from_o onosander_n 25._o onosander_n add_v it_o behove_v he_o to_o give_v the_o word_n to_o his_o high_a commander_n who_o be_v to_o deliver_v it_o over_o to_o the_o next_o to_o themselves_o and_o they_o to_o their_o next_o inferior_a officer_n till_o it_o come_v to_o the_o last_o for_o so_o shall_v every_o one_o speedy_o decent_o and_o quiet_o know_v what_o be_v command_v and_o this_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o grecian_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o thucydides_n who_o describe_v the_o usage_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n in_o give_v the_o word_n and_o sign_n of_o direction_n have_v thus_o and_o present_o the_o lacedaemonian_n â—_o order_v themselves_o in_o battle_n agis_n the_o king_n command_v as_o their_o law_n be_v for_o when_o the_o king_n lead_v all_o thing_n be_v under_o his_o command_n and_o he_o give_v direction_n to_o the_o polemarche_n they_o to_o the_o lochagij_fw-la who_o deliver_v it_o to_o the_o pentecoster_n and_o they_o to_o the_o enomotarche_n
and_o after_o in_o the_o 9_o ch._n he_o say_v you_o shall_v command_v the_o soldier_n to_o stand_v by_o know_v exact_o the_o sound_n of_o the_o trumpet_n &_o again_o to_o move_v by_o the_o sound_n of_o the_o trumpet_n so_o that_o although_o other_o sign_n be_v give_v for_o march_v &_o retreat_n yet_o the_o most_o common_a sign_n be_v by_o the_o trumpet_n semivocalia_n now_o we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o all_o sign_n give_v by_o sound_n to_o the_o ear_n except_o by_o the_o voice_n be_v call_v signa_fw-la semivocalia_fw-la because_o albeit_o their_o sound_n be_v loud_o and_o strong_a for_o the_o most_o part_n than_o the_o voice_n be_v yet_o they_o be_v not_o articulate_v as_o be_v the_o sound_n of_o the_o voice_n hitherto_o of_o sign_n that_o be_v give_v to_o the_o ear_n by_o the_o sound_n now_o be_v we_o to_o speak_v brief_o of_o mute_a sign_n or_o those_o that_o be_v set_v up_o as_o it_o be_v a_o mark_n for_o the_o eye_n mute_n sign_n swear_v of_o two_o kind_n for_o either_o they_o be_v simple_a and_o use_v by_o themselves_o as_o a_o object_n of_o the_o eye_n alone_o or_o else_o they_o be_v mix_v and_o join_v sign_n to_o sign_n of_o sound_n and_o so_o communicate_v both_o to_o the_o eye_n and_o to_o the_o ear_n of_o the_o second_o for_o be_v those_o whereof_o i_o have_v speak_v a_o little_a before_o and_o they_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d namely_o when_o a_o mute_a si_fw-fr ne_fw-fr be_v add_v to_o a_o vocal_a as_o when_o to_o the_o word_n in_o the_o night_n be_v join_v some_o special_a gesture_n of_o the_o body_n as_o hold_v down_o or_o nod_v of_o the_o head_n lift_v up_o the_o hand_n put_v off_o the_o hat_n heave_v up_o the_o skirt_n of_o the_o garment_n etc._n etc._n concern_v which_o see_v 26._o onosander_n and_o 24._o of_o the_o first_o kind_n be_v sign_n present_v to_o the_o eye_n alone_o which_o extend_v very_o large_o and_o serve_v where_o neither_o voice_n not_o trumpet_n can_v be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o remorenesse_n of_o the_o place_n these_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d sign_n proper_o and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d likewise_o because_o it_o be_v agree_v by_o the_o party_n who_o give_v and_o take_v they_o that_o they_o shall_v have_v such_o and_o such_o signification_n the_o word_n be_v different_a but_o the_o meaning_n and_o effect_n be_v all_o one_o for_o as_o no_o sign_n can_v be_v but_o there_o must_v be_v a_o giver_n and_o a_o taker_n of_o the_o sign_n so_o â—â—_o that_o respect_v the_o sign_n call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d by_o reason_n of_o the_o communication_n betwixt_o the_o giver_n and_o taker_n of_o the_o sign_n may_v apt_o also_o be_v term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o albeit_o i_o note_v before_o that_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o the_o watchword_n be_v call_v by_o no_o other_o name_n but_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d yet_o it_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d take_v often_o for_o a_o mute_a sign_n also_o many_o occasion_n be_v of_o give_v 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in_o the_o 24_o chapter_n rehearse_v short_o the_o appellation_n or_o word_n of_o military_a discipline_n he_o place_v these_o form_n after_o induction_n and_o deduction_n i_o take_v it_o therefore_o that_o their_o proper_a place_n be_v after_o the_o 37_o chapter_n the_o rather_o because_o all_o the_o form_n of_o march_n from_o thenceforth_o handle_v be_v either_o square_n of_o the_o one_o kind_n or_o other_o or_o else_o spring_v out_o of_o these_o square_n i_o 1â—_n note_v before_o that_o there_o be_v three_o kind_n of_o square_n one_o that_o have_v a_o long_a front_n than_o flank_n another_o that_o have_v a_o long_a flank_n than_o front_n the_o three_o that_o have_v the_o front_n and_o flank_v equal_a of_o the_o three_o aelian_n speak_v in_o the_o 42_o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o and_o second_o in_o this_o chapter_n of_o these_o two_o therefore_o i_o will_v treat_v in_o order_n and_o first_o i_o will_v handle_v the_o name_n than_o the_o use_v last_o the_o manner_n how_o to_o 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〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d so_o be_v a_o phalange_n term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o have_v a_o front_n stretch_v out_o in_o even_a length_n and_o oppose_v against_o the_o even_a front_n of_o the_o adverse_a battle_n of_o the_o enemy_n 2._o the_o length_n manifold_o exceed_v the_o depth_n aelian_n set_v not_o down_o express_o any_o proportion_n of_o the_o excess_n of_o the_o length_n above_o the_o depth_n only_o he_o say_v it_o must_v manifold_o exceed_v the_o depth_n we_o must_v take_v it_o then_o that_o the_o excess_n of_o the_o length_n must_v be_v at_o the_o least_o threefold_a for_o thrice_o fall_v into_o the_o appellation_n of_o manifold_a a_o macedonian_a fourfold_a phalange_n may_v just_o challenge_v phalange_n this_o name_n be_v 1024_o man_n in_o length_n only_o 16_o in_o depth_n and_o likewise_o a_o phalangarch_n lead_v several_o and_o by_o itself_o as_o have_v 256_o man_n in_o length_n but_o 16_o in_o depth_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o fourfold_a 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depth_n unequal_a as_o have_v the_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n yet_o must_v the_o depth_n manifold_o exceed_v the_o length_n which_o be_v contrary_a in_o the_o plagiophalange_n this_o say_v aelian_n proceed_v in_o 4._o a_o wing_n to_o proceed_v in_o a_o 9_o wing_n be_v to_o march_v on_o with_o a_o parcel_n or_o one_o body_n of_o the_o army_n namely_o with_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o file_n as_o with_o a_o file_n tetrarchy_n file_n taxis_fw-la or_o file_n syntagna_n and_o to_o follow_v with_o the_o rest_n in_o like_a manner_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a army_n hold_v no_o proportion_n of_o length_n or_o breadth_n to_o the_o depth_n that_o which_o be_v call_v by_o aelian_a orthiophalanx_n be_v call_v by_o 20._o diodorus_n siculus_n and_o by_o c._n arrian_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o deep_a phalange_n because_o the_o form_n of_o it_o arise_v out_o of_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o embattail_v as_o i_o have_v note_v upon_o the_o seven_o chapter_n this_o kind_n of_o march_v the_o greek_a writer_n express_v by_o the_o word_n of_o lead_v a._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o c._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v in_o a_o wing_n whereas_o the_o other_o kind_n with_o a_o large_a front_n i_o mean_v the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v say_v to_o be_v lead_v a._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o f._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o c._n in_o a_o phalange_n and_o b._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 26._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o front_n ibid._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o extension_n of_o breadth_n the_o word_n i_o recite_v to_o help_v they_o who_o although_o they_o be_v skilful_a in_o the_o greek_a tongue_n yet_o be_v not_o so_o well_o acquaint_v with_o the_o tacticke_n and_o may_v easy_o mistake_v or_o not_o understand_v the_o signification_n if_o they_o be_v not_o forewarn_v but_o because_o i_o have_v before_o in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o seven_o chapter_n touch_v this_o matter_n i_o will_v here_o use_v a_o 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see_v in_o the_o river_n and_o of_o the_o height_n and_o steepenesse_n of_o the_o bank_n as_o also_o for_o that_o the_o enemy_n horse_n order_v in_o a_o 〈◊〉_d phalange_n will_v be_v ready_a to_o charge_v we_o while_o we_o disorderly_a and_o 〈◊〉_d wingwise_o which_o be_v the_o weak_a kind_n of_o fight_n endeavour_v to_o scamble_v up_o the_o bank_n thus_o arrian_n use_v the_o word_n before_o recite_v and_o note_v the_o difference_n of_o both_o the_o form_n 26._o leo_n have_v the_o like_a passage_n instruct_v his_o general_n how_o in_o the_o night_n to_o surprise_v a_o enemy_n in_o his_o lodging_n his_o word_n be_v these_o in_o effect_n when_o you_o march_v say_v he_o to_o the_o intent_n that_o no_o tumult_n or_o confusion_n of_o noise_n be_v hear_v nor_o the_o stretch_n out_o of_o your_o battle_n into_o a_o great_a length_n breed_v error_n and_o inequality_n in_o march_v and_o hereupon_o cry_v and_o loud_a command_n arise_v so_o that_o the_o enemy_n may_v easy_o perceive_v the_o access_n of_o your_o army_n it_o behove_v you_o to_o march_v not_o in_o 〈◊〉_d front_n that_o be_v in_o a_o 〈◊〉_d large_a extension_n of_o breadth_n but_o 〈◊〉_d wingwise_o that_o be_v to_o say_v in_o a_o 〈◊〉_d deep_a form_n of_o embattail_v as_o if_o one_o file_n shall_v follow_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o another_o observe_v still_o to_o maintain_v the_o depth_n or_o horse_n thickness_n of_o the_o battle_n his_o meaning_n be_v that_o in_o the_o night_n a_o army_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v lead_v in_o a_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n because_o the_o place_n be_v way_n through_o which_o you_o be_v to_o march_v be_v sometime_o large_a sometime_o straight_o sometime_o rough_a sometime_o plain_a and_o so_o you_o can_v preserve_v a_o even_a front_n but_o must_v change_v the_o form_n and_o disorder_v it_o but_o in_o a_o hearse_n or_o deep_a phalange_n which_o will_v fit_v all_o passage_n and_o in_o the_o great_a inequality_n of_o way_n maintain_v the_o form_n of_o the_o battle_n entire_a and_o so_o much_o of_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n march_v in_o a_o wing_n and_o march_v in_o a_o phalange_n 5._o every_o thing_n be_v call_v parameke_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v a_o difference_n between_o parameke_n and_o heteromekes_n i_o think_v good_a to_o note_v it_o because_o aelian_n in_o diverse_a place_n mention_v both_o paramekes_fw-mi be_v the_o figure_n according_a to_o aelian_n wherein_o the_o length_n many_o time_n exceed_v the_o depth_n it_o may_v be_v heteromeke_n albeit_o it_o be_v but_o twice_o as_o long_o as_o deep_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a that_o 30._o euclyde_n name_v all_o four_o side_v figure_n that_o have_v right_a angle_n and_o unequal_a side_n heteromeke_n but_o aelian_n though_o he_o apply_v heteromeke_n sometime_o to_o the_o 46._o front_n sometime_o to_o the_o flank_n yet_o he_o give_v no_o more_o than_o a_o double_a proportion_n either_o of_o front_n to_o flank_n or_o flank_n to_o front_n 6._o orthion_n albeit_o the_o word_n orthium_fw-la properly_z signify_v thing_n rise_v in_o a_o height_n yet_o in_o military_a discourse_n it_o be_v apply_v to_o the_o dimension_n of_o the_o depth_n 〈◊〉_d of_o a_o battle_n and_o not_o of_o the_o length_n here_o a_o phalange_n be_v term_v orthia_n and_o in_o leo_n in_o the_o place_n last_o by_o i_o cite_v mention_n be_v make_v of_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d â—_o deep_o embattail_v and_o in_o xenophon_n â—_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o company_n stretch_v out_o in_o depâ—â—_n 〈…〉_z polyen_n also_o and_o arrian_n and_o appian_n â—_o polyen_n have_v beside_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d for_o a_o army_n that_o be_v cast_v into_o a_o great_a depth_n and_o into_o a_o narrow_a 〈…〉_z therefore_o as_o parameke_n signify_v the_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o orthion_n signify_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o flank_n of_o any_o battle_n order_v as_o be_v aforesaid_a thus_o much_o of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o two_o battle_n it_o remain_v to_o show_v the_o use_n of_o they_o and_o how_o one_o may_v be_v transform_v into_o the_o other_o the_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battle_n bring_v most_o hand_n to_o fight_v with_o conveniency_n and_o therefore_o be_v account_v the_o better_a form_n and_o as_o near_o hearse_n as_o opportunity_n of_o ground_n will_v give_v leave_n the_o ancient_a general_n principal_o affect_v and_o seek_v to_o put_v this_o form_n in_o ure_n it_o have_v the_o commodity_n to_o overfront_v the_o adverse_a battle_n and_o be_v safe_a itself_o from_o overfront_v unless_o the_o enemy_n bring_v a_o great_a multitude_n than_o you_o have_v to_o over-match_v your_o army_n the_o macedonian_a phalange_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o this_o form_n as_o all_o the_o field_n alexander_n fight_v evident_o declare_v so_o order_v he_o his_o troop_n at_o granicus_n so_o at_o issos_n so_o at_o gangamelos_n so_o in_o other_o place_n if_o the_o ground_n will_v serve_v this_o caution_n notwithstanding_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o depth_n hold_v proportion_n with_o the_o length_n otherwise_o the_o length_n profit_v not_o so_o much_o as_o the_o thinness_n of_o the_o depth_n hurt_v by_o give_v mean_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o break_v through_o and_o put_v the_o adverse_a battle_n in_o a_o rout_n i_o have_v note_v it_o before_o out_o of_o 10â—_o leo._n the_o hearse_n or_o deep_a phalange_n be_v think_v the_o weak_a kind_n to_o fight_v in_o 14._o parmenio_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a commander_n alexander_n have_v disinherit_v it_o as_o i_o have_v show_v a_o little_a before_o b._n cyrus_n the_o elder_a in_o the_o embattail_v of_o the_o egyptian_n deride_v it_o yet_o can_v the_o form_n of_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v so_o exact_o take_v up_o but_o that_o necessity_n will_v sometime_o force_v the_o other_o in_o straight_a place_n it_o have_v be_v often_o use_v so_o c._n darius_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o issos_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o straightness_n of_o ground_n be_v force_v to_o this_o form_n so_o boâ—ilâ—ar_v the_o carthaginian_a be_v fain_o in_o a_o straight_a place_n to_o make_v a_o narrow_a front_n of_o his_o phalange_n and_o to_o extend_v it_o in_o depth_n and_o a._n acilius_n glabrio_n the_o roman_a consall_n in_o the_o straits_n of_o thermopyle_n against_o antiochus_n and_o c._n p._n scipto_n in_o spain_n against_o the_o illerget_n therefore_o in_o large_a ground_n the_o first_o form_n be_v to_o be_v choose_v in_o narrow_a and_o rough_a place_n the_o other_o the_o hearse_n be_v also_o fit_a for_o march_n because_o in_o a_o march_n you_o be_v assure_v to_o meet_v with_o variety_n of_o ground_n sometime_o with_o wood_n sometime_o with_o bush_n sometime_o with_o straight_a way_n with_o river_n with_o hill_n with_o pit_n with_o bridge_n with_o ditch_n and_o such_o like_a impediment_n so_o that_o the_o front_n of_o your_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n must_v needs_o be_v dissolve_v whereas_o no_o difficulty_n of_o way_n can_v hinder_v the_o passage_n of_o a_o 45._o hearse_n the_o front_n whereof_o may_v be_v narrow_v according_a to_o the_o ground_n you_o march_v in_o as_o you_o list_v b._n alexander_n be_v to_o lead_v his_o army_n against_o the_o thracian_n that_o have_v plant_v themselves_o in_o the_o mount_n aemus_n be_v â—â—ine_o to_o narrow_a the_o front_n of_o his_o phalange_n according_a to_o the_o way_n that_o lead_v up_o to_o the_o mount_n the_o same_o do_v d._n agesilaus_n pass_v through_o the_o straits_n of_o mantina_n the_o history_n be_v by_o i_o recite_v before_o in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 26_o chapter_n 1._o panimenes_n likewise_o lead_v his_o army_n through_o phoâ—is_n toward_a â—hebes_n and_o find_v that_o the_o enemy_n have_v take_v and_o possess_v a_o place_n call_v philoâ—aeoton_n that_o have_v two_o straits_n lead_v towards_o it_o one_o of_o which_o the_o enemy_n hold_v with_o a_o guard_n cast_v be_v troop_n into_o a_o hearse_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d make_v the_o bulk_n of_o his_o army_n slender_a and_o â—it_a to_o march_v shape_v himself_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o though_o he_o mean_v to_o hold_v on_o to_o that_o passage_n the_o enemy_n therefore_o leave_v the_o left_a hand_n straight_o which_o they_o have_v in_o guard_n run_v with_o all_o speed_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o stop_v his_o passage_n but_o he_o take_v the_o opportunity_n speed_v hasty_o to_o the_o left_a and_o convey_v his_o army_n through_o without_o danger_n many_o like_a example_n of_o hearse_n accommodate_v to_o straight_a way_n where_o a_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n can_v march_v be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o history_n the_o orthiophalange_n or_o hearse_n be_v also_o muchâ—sed_v in_o a_o ascent_n against_o a_o hill_n which_o the_o enemy_n possess_v and_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d deep_a company_n take_v in_o the_o greek_a writer_n especial_o when_o a_o
enemy_n if_o the_o enemy_n come_v sudden_o upon_o we_o he_o must_v direct_v himself_o either_o against_o our_o front_n or_o our_o rear_n or_o our_o flank_n if_o front_n against_o our_o front_n we_o need_v no_o other_o motion_n then_o that_o whereby_o we_o may_v strengthen_v our_o front_n which_o be_v usual_o do_v by_o double_v of_o rank_n we_o march_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o a_o hearse_n in_o which_o form_n there_o can_v come_v many_o hand_n to_o fight_v and_o that_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o it_o be_v account_v the_o weak_a form_n to_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n rank_n double_v of_o rank_n help_v that_o defect_n and_o bring_v as_o many_o hand_n to_o fight_v as_o the_o proportion_n of_o force_n will_v allow_v if_o against_o the_o rear_n rear_n and_o time_n straight_o you_o not_o and_o your_o battle_n be_v in_o open_a order_n you_o have_v the_o use_n of_o countermarch_v countermarch_n which_o bring_v the_o best_a hand_n to_o fight_v for_o the_o fileleader_n be_v esteem_v the_o flower_n of_o the_o army_n your_o battle_n be_v in_o order_n or_o close_a order_n you_o be_v to_o wheeling_n wheel_v it_o about_o to_o your_o right_n or_o left_a cap._n 32._o the_o action_n of_o wheel_a cap._n 32._o the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v the_o first_o posture_n close_v of_o file_n close_v of_o rank_n forward_o the_o front_n cap._n 33_o os_fw-mi cloinge_n close_v to_o the_o midst_n the_o front_n after_o close_v yâ—_z right_n action_n close_v to_o yâ—_z leave_v â—and_v close_v to_o yâ—_z right_n â—and_v the_o front_n before_o close_v the_o front_n of_o yâ—_z battle_n before_o close_v hand_n and_o so_o to_o oppose_v the_o front_n against_o the_o enemy_n but_o in_o both_o these_o motion_n the_o caution_n of_o aelian_n be_v that_o the_o enemy_n surprise_v you_o not_o while_o you_o be_v in_o the_o a_o 〈…〉_z ion_n of_o countermarch_n or_o wheel_a lest_o take_v his_o advantage_n he_o charge_v you_o be_v in_o disorder_n therefore_o if_o he_o come_v so_o near_o that_o you_o have_v no_o liberty_n to_o countermarch_n or_o wheel_n your_o only_a refuge_n be_v to_o facing_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n for_o so_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o give_v upon_o your_o back_n if_o the_o enemy_n appear_v upon_o any_o flank_n countermarch_n of_o the_o front_n will_v not_o avail_v much_o less_o double_v against_o the_o flank_n of_o rank_n or_o file_n but_o you_o must_v either_o wheel_v your_o front_n to_o the_o flank_n or_o if_o you_o have_v not_o time_n enough_o so_o to_o do_v you_o be_v to_o face_v your_o battle_n to_o that_o hand_n the_o use_n of_o these_o motion_n have_v be_v handle_v in_o their_o several_a chapter_n more_o at_o large_a of_o the_o sign_n of_o direction_n which_o be_v to_o be_v givin_v to_o the_o army_n and_o of_o their_o several_a kind_n chap._n xxxv_o 1_o we_o be_v to_o acquaint_v our_o force_n both_o foot_n and_o horse_n perfect_o with_o the_o 2_o voice_n and_o perfect_o with_o 3_o visible_a sign_n that_o whatsoever_o be_v fit_v may_v be_v execute_v and_o do_v as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v 4_o some_o thing_n also_o be_v to_o be_v denounce_v by_o the_o trumpet_n for_o so_o all_o direction_n will_v be_v full_o accomplish_v and_o sort_n to_o a_o desire_a effect_n 5_o the_o sign_n therefore_o which_o be_v deliver_v by_o voice_n be_v most_o evident_a and_o clear_a if_o they_o have_v no_o impediment_n 6_o but_o the_o most_o certain_a and_o least_o tumultuous_a sign_n be_v such_o as_o be_v present_v to_o the_o eye_n if_o they_o be_v not_o obscure_v the_o voice_n sometime_o can_v be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o clash_n of_o armour_n or_o trample_v or_o ney_v of_o horse_n or_o tumult_n of_o carriage_n or_o noise_n and_o confuse_a sound_n of_o the_o multitude_n the_o visible_a sign_n also_o become_v many_o way_n uncertain_a by_o thickness_n of_o air_n by_o dust_n by_o rain_n or_o snow_n or_o sunshine_n or_o else_o through_o ground_n that_o be_v uneven_a or_o full_a of_o tree_n or_o of_o turn_n and_o sometime_o it_o will_v not_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v out_o sign_n for_o all_o use_n occasion_n eftsoon_o present_v new_a matter_n to_o which_o a_o man_n be_v not_o accustom_v yet_o can_v it_o not_o so_o fall_v out_o that_o either_o by_o voice_n or_o by_o signal_n we_o shall_v not_o give_v sure_a and_o certain_a direction_n note_n 1_o the_o ordinary_a motion_n in_o a_o phalange_n be_v all_o represent_v by_o aelian_n now_o come_v he_o to_o speak_v of_o sign_n which_o direct_v and_o be_v mean_n of_o effect_v all_o these_o motion_n and_o without_o which_o the_o army_n be_v no_o army_n but_o remain_v a_o body_n ungovernable_a and_o may_v apt_o be_v resemble_v to_o a_o ship_n that_o have_v no_o rudder_n for_o as_o a_o ship_n in_o a_o tempest_n be_v drive_v by_o all_o wind_n toss_v by_o wave_n throw_v every_o way_n upon_o rock_n upon_o sand_n upon_o dangerous_a shore_n that_o be_v not_o guide_v by_o the_o master_n who_o stand_v and_o move_v at_o the_o helm_n so_o a_o army_n not_o direct_v by_o sign_n and_o forecast_v of_o the_o general_n be_v carry_v away_o through_o ignorance_n and_o violence_n of_o affection_n sometime_o of_o anger_n sometime_o offeare_n sometime_o of_o revenge_n and_o other_o unbridled_a desire_n and_o break_v or_o else_o fall_v into_o confusion_n through_o disorder_n work_v little_a against_o the_o enemy_n may_v rather_o give_v he_o mean_n of_o a_o certain_a victory_n the_o ship_n be_v like_o the_o army_n the_o general_n like_o the_o master_n the_o word_n of_o direction_n like_o the_o rudder_n guide_v all_o and_o every_o motion_n of_o the_o army_n for_o the_o army_n be_v a_o body_n of_o many_o head_n whereof_o every_o one_o have_v a_o several_a sense_n hang_v together_o not_o by_o the_o natural_a coherence_n and_o knit_n of_o one_o member_n to_o another_o but_o by_o artificial_a join_n of_o man_n to_o man_n file_n to_o file_n body_n to_o body_n whereby_o it_o be_v gather_v together_o into_o one_o mass_n and_o figure_v into_o many_o member_n and_o joint_n and_o rule_v not_o by_o the_o reason_n and_o judgement_n of_o itself_o but_o by_o the_o reason_n and_o understanding_n of_o the_o general_n so_o that_o no_o man_n be_v to_o demand_v why_o this_o or_o that_o be_v command_v but_o be_v to_o execute_v it_o alone_o for_o this_o cause_n because_o it_o be_v command_v the_o general_n then_o be_v to_o command_n and_o direct_v the_o action_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n aught_o to_o find_v out_o mean_n to_o speak_v and_o discourse_v with_o they_o all_o at_o once_o in_o such_o a_o language_n as_o it_o be_v that_o all_o may_v understand_v at_o once_o for_o the_o occurrence_n of_o war_n be_v oftentimes_o sudden_a and_o once_o slip_v by_o irrecoverable_a require_v sudden_a mean_n of_o speedy_a direction_n that_o nothing_o fall_v out_o so_o unlooked_v for_o but_o the_o army_n may_v have_v notice_n how_o to_o prevent_v and_o avoid_v or_o else_o to_o turn_v it_o to_o their_o most_o advantage_n the_o rather_o because_o in_o war_n safety_n and_o life_n come_v in_o question_n in_o loss_n of_o which_o no_o pardon_n of_o negligence_n can_v be_v admit_v and_o see_v there_o be_v two_o principal_a sense_n of_o advertisement_n the_o ear_n the_o one_o the_o other_o the_o eye_n the_o ear_n to_o hear_v all_o manner_n of_o sound_n the_o eye_n to_o discern_v all_o manner_n of_o colour_n and_o shape_n it_o have_v be_v the_o witty_a invention_n so_o ancient_a general_n to_o inform_v their_o army_n by_o the_o one_o and_o by_o the_o other_o by_o the_o eye_n when_o there_o be_v no_o use_n of_o the_o ear_n by_o the_o ear_n when_o the_o eye_n can_v not_o be_v inform_v the_o true_a observation_n and_o use_n of_o these_o sign_n avail_n much_o in_o war_n 5._o vegetius_n say_v that_o nothing_o profit_v more_o to_o victory_n then_o to_o obey_v the_o admonition_n of_o sign_n former_a experience_n have_v teach_v that_o the_o neglect_n or_o error_n of_o sign_n have_v bring_v in_o great_a inconvenience_n and_o quite_o overthrow_v the_o enterprise_n in_o hand_n â—_o polybius_n remember_v it_o in_o aratus_n the_o elder_a a_o general_n of_o the_o achaean_n cratus_fw-la say_v he_o the_o general_n of_o the_o achaean_n seek_v to_o get_v the_o cyâ—ethian_a city_n by_o a_o plot_n agree_v with_o those_o of_o his_o party_n within_o the_o city_n upon_o a_o certain_a time_n to_o come_v by_o night_n to_o the_o river_n that_o run_v by_o cynethe_v there_o refresh_v and_o stay_v his_o army_n a_o while_n and_o that_o those_o within_o take_v their_o time_n shall_v send_v about_o midday_n out_o of_o the_o gate_n secret_o one_o of_o their_o companion_n to_o stand_v in_o a_o cloak_n by_o a_o hill_n appoint_v which_o be_v not_o far_o from_o the_o city_n to_o give_v advertisement_n to_o aratus_n to_o
both_o â—â—_o greek_a and_o latin_a these_o be_v the_o sign_n use_v in_o the_o battle_n and_o in_o the_o camp_n without_o the_o camp_n be_v set_v sentinel_n both_o horse_n and_o foot_n to_o forewarn_a and_o give_v adverrisement_n to_o the_o general_n of_o the_o enemy_n approach_n to_o sixpence_n these_o oftentimes_o the_o general_n give_v a_o sign_n among_o themselves_o and_o they_o by_o sign_n signify_v what_o be_v do_v abroad_o for_o the_o manner_n of_o place_v these_o sentinel_n see_v aeneas_n the_o sign_n themselves_o be_v such_o as_o may_v be_v discern_v by_o the_o eye_n and_o of_o that_o kind_n and_o form_n whereof_o i_o have_v make_v mention_n already_o of_o march_v and_o of_o the_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n and_o first_o of_o the_o right_a induction_n of_o the_o caelembolos_fw-la and_o of_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xxxvi_o 1_o be_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o march_v i_o will_v first_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o 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to_o be_v change_v nor_o any_o number_n of_o soldier_n to_o be_v transport_v to_o other_o place_n than_o they_o have_v for_o hereof_o tumult_n and_o confusion_n will_v straight_o arise_v and_o the_o enemy_n will_v easy_o take_v advantage_n of_o such_o as_o be_v not_o ready_a or_o fallout_v to_o be_v disorder_v i_o have_v say_v that_o the_o latin_n and_o grecian_n differ_v in_o the_o name_n of_o this_o battle_n howbeit_o they_o agree_v both_o about_o the_o form_n which_o may_v here_o appear_v by_o aelian_n who_o resemble_v it_o to_o the_o letter_n v_n neither_o can_v there_o a_o better_a resemblance_n be_v make_v for_o as_o the_o letter_n v_n consist_v of_o two_o line_n which_o be_v open_a in_o the_o top_n close_o in_o the_o bottom_n so_o do_v this_o form_n of_o battle_n of_o two_o side_n which_o in_o front_n be_v void_a open_a and_o dissever_v in_o the_o rear_n join_v and_o close_v fast_o together_o if_o you_o will_v therefore_o frame_v this_o battle_n you_o must_v first_o make_v a_o 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caelembolos_fw-la reserve_v the_o three_o for_o all_o accident_n so_o this_o square_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o phalanges_fw-la but_o have_v no_o third_n set_v the_o one_o against_o the_o right-hand_a battle_n of_o the_o peristomus_fw-la the_o other_o against_o the_o left_a for_o by_o this_o opposition_n they_o inhibit_v the_o enemy_n from_o attach_n their_o flank_n of_o this_o form_n i_o find_v not_o many_o precedent_n in_o the_o greek_a history_n i_o will_v receit_n only_o 609._o one_o out_o of_o arrian_n concern_v alexander_n which_o if_o it_o hit_v not_o this_o form_n in_o every_o point_n yet_o it_o have_v full_o the_o effect_n of_o that_o which_o be_v intend_v by_o aelian_n alexander_n be_v to_o deliver_v battle_n to_o porus_n a_o king_n of_o part_n of_o india_n lie_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n hydaspes_n find_v his_o enemy_n army_n to_o be_v thus_o embattle_v he_o have_v place_v his_o elephant_n in_o the_o front_n 100_o foot_n distant_a one_o from_o 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be_v wont_a to_o offend_v in_o that_o kind_n i_o have_v before_o entreat_v of_o sign_n and_o show_v that_o in_o the_o observe_n of_o direction_n consist_v the_o great_a help_n of_o victory_n in_o neglect_v they_o the_o chief_a mean_n to_o take_v a_o overthrow_n and_o be_v defeat_v for_o as_o direction_n be_v execute_v give_v life_n unto_o warlike_a action_n to_o effect_v that_o which_o the_o commander_n desire_v so_o whatsoever_o hinder_v the_o receive_n of_o direction_n must_v needs_o cross_v the_o design_n of_o the_o commander_n and_o by_o consequence_n frustrate_a and_o disannul_v that_o which_o be_v think_v by_o he_o most_o fit_a to_o be_v put_v in_o practice_n either_o for_o the_o good_a order_n or_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o army_n or_o else_o for_o the_o gain_v of_o victory_n a_o man_n that_o be_v not_o attentive_a can_v mark_v the_o command_n deliver_v nor_o can_v he_o be_v attentive_a that_o while_o it_o be_v deliver_v busy_v his_o head_n with_o other_o thought_n or_o else_o entertain_v his_o next_o stander_n by_o with_o talk_n a_o mean_n to_o divert_v aswell_o the_o speaker_n as_o the_o hearer_n from_o that_o heed_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v give_v to_o direction_n in_o asmuch_o as_o no_o man_n have_v the_o ability_n to_o hear_v another_o man_n speech_n and_o himself_o take_v at_o the_o same_o instant_n or_o at_o the_o same_o time_n to_o discern_v two_o man_n several_a speech_n which_o be_v deliver_v together_o all_o general_n have_v hold_v silence_n a_o principal_a point_n of_o warlike_a discipline_n and_o therefore_o in_o command_n they_o make_v it_o the_o first_o leos_n precept_n be_v this_o when_o the_o troop_n be_v draw_v together_o and_o order_v for_o exercise_n let_v the_o crier_n â—â—â—_o for_o every_o company_n have_v then_o a_o crier_n give_v these_o
direction_n do_v what_o you_o be_v command_v with_o silence_n keep_v your_o place_n every_o man_n follow_v your_o colour_n and_o in_o another_o place_n he_o write_v thus_o when_o your_o army_n go_v out_o to_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n 63._o there_o ought_v to_o be_v a_o deep_a silence_n for_o that_o both_o preserve_v the_o army_n from_o disorder_n and_o also_o make_v the_o direction_n of_o the_o commander_n to_o be_v hear_v with_o more_o attention_n and_o again_o thus_o there_o aught_o to_o be_v as_o much_o silence_n as_o may_v be_v in_o the_o army_n and_o if_o 79._o the_o bringer_n up_o of_o any_o file_n hear_v but_o a_o whisper_n of_o their_o fellow_n in_o the_o file_n they_o be_v to_o prick_v the_o party_n with_o the_o point_n of_o their_o pike_n and_o so_o to_o redress_v the_o fault_n d._n alexander_n when_o he_o be_v return_v from_o the_o country_n of_o the_o taulantian_o into_o which_o he_o have_v make_v a_o inroad_n find_v his_o way_n beset_v with_o enemy_n and_o be_v to_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o form_n of_o battle_n to_o fight_v he_o first_o command_v â—_o a_o absolute_a silence_n and_o then_o proceed_v to_o other_o direction_n and_o for_o the_o effect_n of_o silence_n our_o own_o story_n have_v a_o memorable_a example_n of_o the_o army_n of_o edward_n the_o four_o in_o barnet_n field_n as_o for_o the_o silence_n here_o prescribe_v by_o aelian_n it_o extend_v not_o only_o to_o exercise_v and_o fight_v but_o oftentimes_o to_o the_o march_v of_o a_o army_n and_o to_o the_o camp_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o last_o example_n and_o by_o leos_n precept_n in_o his_o eleven_o 2d_o chapter_n and_o yet_o this_o precept_n of_o silence_n be_v not_o inviolable_o to_o be_v keep_v in_o a_o army_n at_o all_o time_n for_o there_o be_v a_o time_n when_o the_o soldier_n ought_v to_o give_v a_o general_a shout_n and_o cry_v through_o the_o whole_a army_n to_o the_o end_n to_o terrify_v the_o adverse_a battle_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o that_o time_n have_v always_o 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