Selected quad for the lemma: hand_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
hand_n	charge_v	left_a	pike_n	7,428	5	13.5786	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A31706	The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.; De bello civili. English	Caesar, Julius.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Observations upon Caesars commentaries of the civil warres.; Hirtius, Aulus. De bello Gallico. Liber 8. English.; Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622. Manner of our modern training or tactick practise.; Caesar, Julius. De bello Gallico. English.	1655 (1655)	Wing C199; ESTC R17666	660,153	403

in the rere who as in his proper place seeth all things executed accordingly as the Captain shall command It shall be unpossible to performe any thing herein unlesse first every one do exactly observe his leader and his sideman and to this purpose it is often commanded Keep your files Keep your ranks Of Marches IN champains there needs no great labour to marshall particular troups for their after-marches because they may march either by whole divisions observing onely their course of indifferency that every division may every third day have the vantgard or else in such form and fashion as the Generall hath proposed for a day of battell according as the danger of an expected enemy shall give occasion But because all countries will not afford a champain for the marching of an army and therefore not possible to march far with many troups in front nor many files of any one troup or division by reason of often straights and passages betwixt hills woods or waters It is provided though by long induction the whole army shall be extended into a thin length and few files yet the souldiers well disposed shall be as readily able to defend themselves and offend the enemy on their flanks from whence only in such streights the danger is imminent as if they were to affront an enemy with an entire battallion in a champain country First therefore a division or Battallion being ordered and drawn before the Quarter into one even front of just files ten in depth the musketiers equally divided on the right and left slanks of the pikes all standing in their order that is to ●ay six feet distant in files and ranks the Captain carefully provideth that the first fifth sixth and tenth ranks be alwayes well filled and furnished with his most able and best-armed souldiers Which done he commandeth first the middlemen or half files to come a front with their leaders so that the division becometh but five in depth Next he commandeth to turn faces to the right or left hand as direction shall be to march from that quarter and so the whole division resteth ready in his fashion to march five in front the one half of the musketiers in the vantguard and the other in the rere the pikes in the battell and both flanks well furnished with the ablest best men to offend or defend as there shall be occasion that is to say the right flanks with the first and fifth ranks and the left with the sixth and tenth ranks If occasion afterwards shall be given of a halt in a champain or before the quartering the Captain commandeth first unto all they being first closed into their order Faces as you were next unto the half files Faces about and march out and fall again upon your files By which means the division becometh again reduced into the same front and fashion from whence it was first transformed ready to encounter an enemy or to be drawn into the Quarter When pikes are to charge pikes in a champain it useth to be performed two severall wayes First the whole division being commanded into their close order the five first ranks charging their pikes every follower over his leaders shoulder directeth his pike as equally as he can the first rank shall have three feet of his pike over the formost shoulder The other five ranks with their pikes advanced follow close up in the rere either ready to second the formost or to be employed in the rere as occasion shall be offered Otherwise and most usuall when the whole depth of the files throughout the division shall charge together all fast locked and united together and therefore most able to make the strongest shock offensive or defensive provided alwaies that none mingle their pikes in others files but the whole file one in anothers shoulder In charging with musketiers it is observed no way convenient that there should be too many in a rank or that the ranks should be too long For the first rank is commanded to advance ten paces before the second and then to discharge and wheeling either to the right or left hand falleth into the rere and so the second advancing to the same distance dischargeth and wheeleth as before and likewise the third and so forward as long as the Officer shall be commanded Which shall not so well be performed the ranks being extraordinary long because it will require so long a time to wheel from the front that the second may succeed unlesse by direction the rank may divide it self the one half to the right hand and the other to the left in wheeling to the rere In the retreat the whole ranks having turned their faces about are to march three or four paces forward their chief officer coming in the rere first commandeth the last rank to make ready and then to turn faces about discharge and wheel about to the head or front of the division and being clearly passed the next rank to perform as much and so the rest in order Where the passages are narrow and the division cannot come to charge in front as between two waters or woods the manner of charging is different for there being five or ten files led in the induction that file which flanketh the enemy dischargeth first onely and the rest marching continually forwards it standeth firm untill the last rank be passed and then sleeveth it self on the left flank and makes ready and so the second file and the third so long as the enemy shall continue there being a continuall discharging by files as before by ranks Unlesse it be in the pases of Ireland meeting with an irregular enemy where they use to intermingle their files of shot with pikes that the one may be a defence for the other when the enemy shall come up to the sword as they use there very often How directions are delivered in the warres ALl directions in the wars have ever been delivered either by signes subject to the eye by word of mouth or the sound of a drumme or some such warlike instrument Concerning those visible signes displayed unto the souldiers the falling of mists the raising of dust showers of rain snow the beams of the Sun hilly uneven and crooked passages by long experience have found them to be most doubtfull and uncertain as also because as it was a matter of great difficulty to invent different signes upon all sodain occasions so it is almost an impossibility that the common souldier who oftentimes is found scarce capable of the understanding of plain words distinctly pronounced should both apprehend and understand sodainly and execute directly the true sense and meaning of his Commanders signes The Drum and Trumpet are yet used But because many different sounds are not easily distinguished in souldiers understanding without some danger of confusion we onely command by the inarticulate sounds to arm to march to troup to

his due and proper composition What then is the cause that the Romans do overcome and that those that do use the phalanx are voyd of the hope of victory Even from hence that the Roman Armies have infinite commodities both of places and of times to fight in But the phalanx hath onely one time one place and one kind whereto it may profitably apply it self so that if it were of necessity that their enemy should encounter them at that instant especially with their whole forces it were questionlesse not only not without danger but in all probability likely that the phalanx should ever carry away the better But if that may be avoyded which is easily done shall not that disposition then be utterly unprofitable and free from all terrour And it is farther evident that the phalanx must necessarily have plain and champain places without any hinderances or impediments as ditches uneven places vallies little hils and rivers for all these may hinder and disjoyn it And it is almost impossible to have a Plain of the capacity of twenty stadia much lesse more where there shall be found none of these impediments But suppose there be found such places as are proper for the phalanx if the Enemy refuse to come unto them and in the mean time spoil and sack the Cities and country round about what commodity or profit shall arise by any Army so ordered for if it remain in such places as hath been before spoken of it can neither relieve their friends nor preserve themselves For the convoies which they expect from their friends are easily cut off by the Enemy whiles they remain in those open places And if it happen at any time that they leave them upon any enterprise they are then exposed to the Enemy But suppose that the Roman Army should find the phalanx in such places yet would it not adventure it self in grosse at one instant but would by little and little retire it self as doth plainly appear by their usuall practice For there must not be a conjectur of these things by my words only but especially by that which they do For they do not so equally frame their battel that they do assault the Enemy altogether making as it werebut one front but part make a stand and part charge the Enemy that if at any time the Phalanx do presse them that come to assault them and be repelled the force of their order is dissolved For whether they pursue those that retire or fly from those that do assault them these do disjoyn themselves from part of their Army by which meanes there is a gap opened to their Enemies standing and attending their opportunity so that now they need not any more to charge them in the front where the force of the phalanx consisteth but to assault where the breach is made both behind and upon the sides But if at any time the Roman Army may keep his due propriety and disposition the phalanx by the disadvantage of the place being not able to do the like doth it not then manifestly demonstrate the difference to be great between the goodnesse of their disposition and the disposition of the phalanx To this may be added the necessities imposed upon an Army which is to march through places of all natures to encamp themselves to possesse places of advantage to besiege and to be besieged and also contrary to expectation sometimes to come in view of the Enemy For all these occasions necessarily accompany an Army and oftentimes are the especiall causes of victory to which the Macedonian phalanx is no way fit or convenient forasmuch as neither in their generall order nor in their particular disposition without a convenient place they are able to effect any thing of moment but the Roman Army is apt for all these purposes For every souldier amongst them being once armed and ready to fight refuseth no place time nor occasion keeping alwayes the same order whether he fight together with the whole body of the Army or particularly by himself man to man And hence it happeneth that as the commodity of their disposition is advantageous so the end doth answer the expectation These things I thought to speak of at large because many of the Graecians are of an opinion that the Macedonians are not to be overcome And again many wondered how the Macedonian phalanx should be put to the worse by the Roman Army considering the nature of their weapons Thus far goeth Polybius in comparing the weapons and embattelling of the Romans with the use of Arms amonst the Macedonians wherein we see the Pike truly and exactly ordered according as the wise Gracians could best proportion it with that form of battel which might give most advantage to the use thereof so that if our squadrons of Pikes jump not with the perfect manner of a phalanx as we see they do not they fall so much short of that strength which the wisdome of the Grecians and the experience of other nations imputed unto it But suppose we could allow it that disposition in the course of our warres which the nature of the weapon doth require yet forasmuch as by the authority of Polybius the said manner of imbattelling is tied to such dangerous circumstances of one time one place and one kind of fight I hold it not so profitable a weapon as the practice of our times doth seem to make it especially in woody countries such as Ireland is where the use is cut off by such inconveniences as are noted to hinder the managing thereof And doubtlesse if our Commanders did but consider of the incongruity of the Pike and Ireland they would not proportion so great a number of them in every company as there is for commonly half the company are Pikes which is as much as to say in the practice of our wars that half the Army hath neither offensive nor defensive weapons but onely against a troup of horse For they seldome or never come to the push of pike with the foot companies where they may charge and offend the enemy and for defence if the enemy think it not safe to buckle with them at hand but maketh more advantage to play upon them afarre off with shot it affordeth small safety to shake a long pike at them and stand fair in the mean time to entertain a volley of shot with the body of their battalion As I make no question but the pike in some services is profitable as behind a rampier or at a breach so I assure my self there are weapons if they were put to triall that would countervail the pike even in those services wherein it is thought most profitable Concerning the Target we see it take the hand in the judgement of Polybius of all other weapons whatsoever as well in regard of the divers and sundry sorts of imbattelling as the quality of the place wheresoever for their use was as effectuall in small bodies and centuries as in grosse troups and great

thus commanded at sometimes to turn his face to the right or left hand or about the Battallion standing in order that is according to the distance before named so the whole Battallion being reduced into their close order is commanded to turn as one body to the right or left hand It is performed thus Imagine the Battallion stand first in order it shall be commanded that they close their files to the right hand when the right file standing still the rest turning their faces to the right hand march into their close order and return as they were next that they close their ranks from behind when every follower marcheth forward to his leader unto his rapiers point as is said before This done the leader of the right file standing immoveable all the rest as the body of a ship or a great gate turn about that leader as about the hinge or center every one keeping the same distance and order wherein they were first placed as if they were but one entire body When the same Battallion is to be restored into the same station wherein it was first it is commanded Faces about to the left hand and march into your order from whence you were closed Then let your leaders or first ranks stand still and the rest turning faces about march ranks in order as before then turn as you were and you are restored When the whole Battallion being in their close order should turn about and make the Rere the Front it is done by a double turning or declination and commanded to wheel about which is answerable to the former faces about or mutation There is also another wheeling in this sort when the front changeth the aspect thrice for as wheeling about maketh the Front the Rere so this wheeleth from the right hand to the left or contrariwise which fashion is so seldome used that we scarce afford it a name In all such motions and alterations it is most fit that all men perform their directions with their pikes advanced being in that sort most easie to be commanded as also lesse troublesome to their followers and leaders Countermarching Files and Ranks THere is also another means to prevent the enemy his assaulting us in the rere or flank lest he should find our worst men least able to make resistance and this is performed by countermarching both files and ranks three divers wayes apiece The first was used by the Macedonians after this fashion First the leader turneth his face about towards the right or left hand and so the next follower marching behind his leader turneth also and so the third and fourth untill the bringer up have carried himself out into a new place in the rere further from the enemy as he was before next unto him But this neither was nor is accounted safe or secure because it doth somewhat resemble a flying or running away from the enemy which might give him no small incouragement and therefore it is not much in practise Only at some times the bringers up marching throughout beyond the leaders untill they possesse the same space before them which they did behind them all turning their faces about make their leaders to affront the enemy who were before farthest from them The Lacedamonians used the contrary as it were pursuing the enemy the bringer up first being turned face about and so the next marching before him and so the third untill the leader himself became also turned and in the foremost front unto the enemy Which with us is somewhat otherwise but yet both affronting and as it were pursuing the enemy because our leaders first begin this motion and so countermarching through on the right or left hand become in the front in a new space of ground who were before in the rere The third and last was invented by the Persians whom when the place or near approch of the enemy would not suffer to change their ground they were wont to countermarch the front to the right or left hand and being come unto the depth of the bringers up to stand still untill the other half file had likewise marched forth and fallen upon their leaders in every file In all these it is especially commanded to march still in the same distance and by whole ranks to prevent confusion which especially the enemy at hand must needs be most dangerous and therefore carefully to be avoided In like sort the ranks may countermarch when either the right wing would be strengthened by the left or the left by the right alwayes marching by whole files towards the right or left hand according as they shall have the direction either changing the ground or upon the same ground as in the former countermarches There is used also another kind of strengthening both the front and flank when occasion shall be offered viz by doubling either files or ranks And this either by doubling the number of souldiers in the same files or ranks keeping still the same breadth and depth of ground or else by doubling the ground keeping the same number of souldiers The files are doubled when the second file shall insert it self into the first the leader thereof putting himself a follower unto the leader of the first and the next follower follower to the next in the first file and so forwards And likewise the fourth file inserting it self into the third and the sixth into the fifth And this is to be performed when the Battallion standeth in his order To double the place or depth is when the same number of men shall put themselves out of their order into their open order either by advancing forward or by falling backwards as they shall be commanded The ranks are doubled two manner of wayes either by inserting the second into the first to the right or left hand as before in the files or else the enemy being at hand by joyning whole troups together to the right or left wing according as occasion shall be offered and this is held to be the safest when the enemy is near to avoid confusion It is performed either in the same ground or by doubling the ground when either we desire to exceed the front of our enemy his battallion or to prevent lest we our selves be included The terms to both are Double your files or ranks to the right or left hand and when you would have them return again into their proper places it is commanded As you were The ordinary directions which are especially given in these martial exercises are first that no man in the time of exercising or marshalling shall be lowder then his Officer but every one attending to his place when he is commanded shall diligently hearken to such directions as shall be given The Captain in the front shall speak and the Sergeants in each flank shall give the word unto the Lieutenant or Ensigne

charge and to retreat with all which severall notes the souldier is so familiarly to be acquainted that so soon as he hears them beaten he may be ready sodainly to put them in execution as if he heard his Captain pronouncing as much The directions by word of mouth are infinite according to the different occasions which shall be offered yet alwayes with this caveat that they be short yet perspicuous without all ambiguity and plainly pronounced first by the Captain then derived by the Sergeants through the division or Battallion Though infinite yet the most usuall are these To your armes Keep your files keep your ranks Follow your leader Leaders look to your files Keep your distance Faces to your right hand Faces to your left hand Close your files Close your ranks Stand as you are As you were Faces about to the right hand Wheel about to the right or left hand Double your ranks Double your files Leaders countermarch through to the right or left hand Leaders countermarch to the right or left hand and stand Middlemen come forth and fall upon your leaders Besides many fit terms commanded in managing particular armes as pikes and muskets which are omitted And thus much touching the Tactick practise of our modern wars which I have the rather added in regard that diverse souldiers as unacquainted both with the manner and the value thereof do think a heap of people unmartialled to be as available for a great designe as any other number distinguished in files and parts and disposed for facile and easie motions according to the powerfull circumstances of time and place Wherein howsoever the practise of the Turk and the Hungarian may seem to give warrant to that opinion yet the use of Armes amongst the Graecians and the Romans whose conquering armies are pregnant witnesses of the excellency of their militarie discipline shall speak sufficiently for order and Tactick motion as most necessary parts in a well-ordered war FINIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lib. 3. Salu●● de bello Jogur Suitzers M●tron● S●quara Curardum vi●in●s populis 〈…〉 in●●r 〈◊〉 ●opulos col 〈◊〉 Caesar * S●voyards The omission in the Helvetian expedition Caesar * Rome Caesar * So ne 〈◊〉 The manner of their watch Caesar Caesar 〈…〉 Places o● advantage in the Romane wars Their manner of victualling Caesar The manner of their imbattelling By triple● A●ies Lib. 1. de bello Civili Lib. 3. de bello Civili Lib. 5. de militia Romana A Phalanx d●●●ribed Caesar Speeches of incouragement before they gave battel Lib. 7. de bello Gallico The Roman Pile described Lib. ● de militia Romans Lib. 5. Salus● The Ensignes of the Romans The division of their day Caesar Langres Periculum 〈…〉 Caesar Caesar Caesar Tthe authority of the Roman Generals Liv. lib. 8. Lib. 3. de bello Civili Caesar Caesar le Doux Caesar Whether men have greater co●rage in their own or in a stra●gers Country Caesar Footmen intermingled amongst horsemen Lib. 6. Lib. 3. de ex●id Lib. 3. De bello Africano Caesar Caesar Caesar The use of lots Caesar Caesar a The countrey about B●auvois b The countrey about So●ssons c The people about Tournay d Arras e Amiens f Vermandois g Tervenne h Liege 308000. in all * La Disne Caesar A legion what it was Lib. 4. De vita Romuli Liv. lib. 22. Taci●us ● hist Velites Hastati Principes Triarii Lib. 〈◊〉 Lib. 1. de mil. Rom. The use of this division The distinction of their companies Manipuli Ordines Cohors Lib. 3. de re ●ust A legion ranged in battell The first order 3 De bello civili Prima cohor● The benefit of this discipline The benefit of small battalions and the disadvantage of great squadrons * Bray in the county of Re●ell To take a town by surprise A Testudo described Lib. 44. Lib. 4● The necessity of good discovery * Now England The order which is to be observed in discovery Slingers with their art and use Lib. ● Lib. 2. 〈◊〉 quest 〈◊〉 Caesar * No●on Caesar * Soyssons Agger or mount Towers or Turrets described Caesar The Bellovaci taken to mercy The Ambiani yield up themselves The Nervii * Sambre near Namur The manner of the Roman march The two respects which Caesar had in ordering a m●r●h 1 Safety 2 Conveniency Agmen quadratum * Lib. 8. de bel Gall. * 60. Epist Lib 6. Agmen longum Lib. 5. de bello Gall. The use that may be made of this in our modern wars Caesar The descript on of the Roman Camp with all the parts belonging unto it The lodging of the legions Quintana Principia The tents of the Tribunes The space between the tents and the rampier Contubernium The ditch and the rampier Agger Vallum Praetoria porta Portae Decumana Portae principales Laeva Dextra Castra Aestiva Hiberna The commodity of this incamping The ceremonies which they used in their preparation to battel Caesar And therefore I rather take it be something else then a word The place and offices of 〈◊〉 Primipile The Target described Lib. 16. cap. 40. Caesar Lib. de Militia Ju. Cae. * Either Doway or Bolda● in Brabant Caesar Circumvallatio In the seventh Commentary Aries or the Ram. Cales Aries simplex Aries composita To give notice of an Alarme by fire Lib. 25. The punishments which the Romans laid upon a conquered Nation Caesar Of this suppli●●tion I ●ill speak in the latter end of the fourth book Caesar Caesar The force of novelty turning the fortune of a battel Caesar * Savoyards * Le Perche * Cornoaille in Bretaigne 〈◊〉 * Vannes The weaknesse of our judgement in●eg●●rd of the knowledge of 〈…〉 The Authority of example Caesar * Lig●ris The grounds of that reverent opinion which is held of Embassadours Caesar Lendriguer Lisieux Nantes Auren be Le●●do●● Cities in Little Britain * Triers Caesar The causes of the ebbing and flowing of the sea Spring●ides The manner of their shipping Lib. 28. The manner of sea-sights Lib. 2. de bello civili Caesar The force of industry * La Perch● Caesar * Roane * Eureux The use which the Romans made of a counterfeit fear Lib. 5. Caesar * Evocati Evocati Lib. 7. de Bello Gall. Caesar Sertorius Two meanes to atchieve victory and to over-master our enemies Tuba 〈◊〉 by war and Naamah by the floud Not to forgoe an advantage The place where suspected forces are best bestowed in battel Caesar Lib. 3. Avertimen to secundo Lib. de bello Gallico Caesar * T●roane * Cl●ve and 〈◊〉 * Those of Zutphen * Of Hassia Caesar Caesar * Geldres and Cleve Salust Tacit. 1. Annal. Caesar * Liege * Co●o●ia Agrippina * Wael Vincitur haud gratis jugulo qui provocat hostem Liv. lib. 9. Liv. lib. 7. Caesar Caesar Csar Lib. de Machin Caesar Caesar Caesar * 〈…〉 Monstr●ul Caesar Ans●er to the first objection The answer to the second reason The

Luc. lib. 4. Imprudentium fiducia est fortunam sibi spondere Seneca de beneficiis Incauta semper nimia praesamptio sui negligens Eg●sip lib. 1. de Instit Cyri. Caesar Thucyd. lib. 7. Caesar ●aetis h●nc n●mine rebus Ciescendi posuere modum Lucan Eodem ubi laserunt navigia forbentur Seneca Epist 4. Non est in b●llo bis pecca●e Plu●a●ch Nullo contectus Curio busto Luc. Homer Iliad 8. Caesar Lib. 6. de comitiis Lib. 5. Anno 〈◊〉 701. Liv. lib. 7. Liv. lib. 9. * Four gallons and a half Plin. l. 35. cap. 12. * Lib. 39. Lib. 1. offic Nec enim 〈◊〉 vehementius rempub conti●t quam sides Lib. 2. offic In the life of Julius Caesar Lib. 7. Lib. 7. 2. Offic. Vetus urbi foenebre malum seditionum discordiarumque crebe●rima causa Annal. 6 Tull 2. offic Pecuniae qu●ren●●● ratio naturae consentanea omnibus est à fructibus animalibus de repub lib. 1. cap. 10. Caesar Gen Latinae Feriae Lib. 4 de Antiquit. Rom. Lib. 4. cap. 2 Appian lib. 4. Caesar Iliad 6. 12 Metam Iust lib. 1. Herodot lib. 2. Trebell Pol Sigism Ba●in Musc●● Quod Fonestias quam ●xo●i●m levamentum 〈◊〉 Tac. l. 3. Annal. Vix praesenti custedia manere illaesa conjugi● ●odem Iudg. 9. Anno 1595. Caesar Qui sapiunt bellum absolvunt celeriter pace fru●ntur quam possant d●utissime Appian Leges à victoribus 〈…〉 a victis lib. 4. 〈◊〉 in aeq●abi itate mot●m in inaequalitate s●mper constit●im●s In Tim●o Caesar Timendum ne sub pacis nomine involutum bellum Cicero 〈◊〉 7. Poedus Pacis Foedus Commercil Foedus mutu● Aux●lii 1. Reg. 22. In Ve●rem The publication of their se●ul●r Pla●es was cri●d in these words Convenice ad Iudos sp●ctand●s quos n●q●e spectavit quisquam nec spect●tutus est Sue●on in Claudio Nolente● amicum c●pere difficile Xenoph. de factis dict Socrat. Caesar Frustra sapit qui sibi non sapit Aeneid ● Lib. 16. Successum fortuna experientiam laus sequitur Va●r● ex Gellio Salust Caesar * Rostra Omnia 〈◊〉 facilias quam 〈…〉 De Mechani●is Livie lib. 8. Plutarch Caesar Incertae sunt res bellicae Thucyd. Caesar Aeneid 2. Homer 9. Iliad 〈◊〉 lib. 8. de bello Gallico Uladislaus Audaces fortuna iuvat Virtus omnia potest Virtute faciendum est quicquid in rebus bellicis est gerendum Plutarch 6 Metam●● Nunquam ita quilquam bene subducta ratione ad vitam fait quin res aetas usus sen 〈◊〉 aliquid 〈…〉 T●ren 〈◊〉 Multi homines pau●i vi●i Herod lib. 7. 〈◊〉 saith that the Romans 〈◊〉 the siege of Ve●ente being out of humane hope turned their eies to Fate and the hope they had in Destiny Caesar Caesar A hill separating Syria from Cilicia Columnaria Osti●●● Propter Aurum Argentum nunquam pacem facit Ferrum lib. 14. Epist 93. Ferrum omnis artis instrumentum Aurum atgentum mortis mancipia Epictetus Capitatio Ostiaria Columnariae 31 ad Atticum Epist 1. In the Pa●pacy of Sixt. Quin●us Fiscus reipub lien quod eo c●escente artus reliqui tabescunt Sext. Aurelius Victor In Parae●et 2 de Offic. Plutarch Bella sustentantu● pecuni●rum 〈◊〉 Dion 〈…〉 6. Ann. l. 13. Caesar Quae libera appellabatur * Lep●nto In Macedonia quae velint sibi candida nasci ad Halia●monem ducere quae ●ugra 〈◊〉 ad Axium Caesar Caesar * Biremes 〈◊〉 hostium discessiones semper suspectas habere cap. 5. 5 Cyropaed Caesar 〈…〉 Petram Lucan Actus activorum in patientis sunt dispositione Arist Metaph. Caesar ex sub●●actis cen conibus Contemprares est homo nisi supra humana se ●rexit 〈◊〉 ratione i 〈…〉 i●● Caesar Caesar Pl●ta●ch Lib. 3. c. 59. Labor militiae assidua fr●ga itatis con●●●tudine factlior est Iustin Cy●us contented with bread and water Xenophon Aequalem oportet semper esse Imperatoris animum m●tari enim pro terum varie●atibus mentis instabilis argumentum efficitur Agap●tus Unus homo nobis cunctando restitute Rem Enn. Lib. 6. de Cyropaed There is a great part of the history in this place omitted Caesar Al●ae sunt Legati par●es atque Imperatoris ●vocati Millibus ducentis aeris Prin●ipilus Solon Plat. ● de 〈◊〉 Livi● lib. 4. Lib. 6. In vita Cae●●is In repub multo praestat beneficii q●●m ma●●ficii immemorem esse bonus segnior ●it ubi negligas m●●as improbior Sal. Iug●r Caesar Et mor●u spoliare nemus lethumq●e minantes Vellere a● ignotis dubias radicibus ●erbas Si bonam dederitis fidam perpetu●m 〈…〉 diutur●●m Li● lib. 8. 〈◊〉 est quod non exp●gnet pert●n●●x opera intenta diligens cura Senec. lib. 6. Epist 51. Plin. lib. 4. cap. 4. Caesar Poenam semper an●e oculos versari putent qui peccaverunt Cic. ●n ●rat 〈◊〉 Milone Lib. 5. Cy●op Caesar Arma alienasse grave ●rim●n est ●a poe●a de●ertioni ex●quatur utique si tota alien●vit Lib. 14. § de re militari Vir virtute ex mi●s aliqu●ndo fortuna semper●a imo maximus Caesar * E●itius Sapiens non semper it● uno gradu 〈…〉 Herodot 〈◊〉 omnia expensa omnia feruntur accep●a●● in tota ratiore mortalium s●la utt●●que paginam facit Plin. lib. 2. cap. 7. Caesar Humana●um rerum ●●●culus est qui ro●atus semper ●osdem fortunatos esse non sinit Herodot lib. 1. Habet has vices conditio mortalium ut adv●rsi ex secundis secunda ex adversis nascantur P●in in Paneg. Herodot lib. 1. L●●vento è spesso judice non imperito delle cose Guic● lib. 5. Caesar The Philosoph●● C●ator was wont to say that 〈…〉 occasion of an ill 〈◊〉 is a great comfort in any 〈◊〉 of adv●●sity Pla● in c●ns Apo. 〈…〉 Prae ●orum del●cta 〈◊〉 non ac●●piunt Ve●●t lib. 1. cap. 14. Finem dolendi qui consilio non fecerit tempore invenit 〈◊〉 Epist 64. Lib. 2. Livie 31. Livie 27. Lib. 2. de bello Civili Front lib. 1. cap. 1. Caesar Lib. 5. de Milit. Ro. cap. 14. Lib. 1. cap. 1 Caesar Human●tum actionum fel● itas infeli 〈…〉 rerum particulis quae multae sunt varie sed ex eventis judi intu● Dionys Hal. lib. 9. Caesar After three of the clock in the afternoon Lib. 5. Obsidio ejus urbis quam cito capere velis utgenda premenda Lib. 6. de Instit Cyri. Bello lex acquirendi justissima Dionys 〈◊〉 in exper legat Polyb. lib. 8 Caesar Comineus In orat pro Pla●●o Virtus felicitatis mensura non fo●tuna Dio. H●licarn lib. 2. Caesar Prima egregiorum ducum sapientia victoriam si●e periculo comparare Polyae lib. 1 stratag Lib. 7. Lib. 3. Excid 2. Offic. 〈◊〉 In manibus vestris quantus sit Caesar habetis Lucan lib. 7. Lib. 2. cap. 3 Singulas cohortes detraxit Lib. 2. cap. 3. Caesar Plutarch Lucan lib. 4. Homer Iliad 3. Lib. 4. cap. 2. Lib. 7. Lib. 4. cap. 7. In the life of Pompey Florus Lib. 4. Infelix quanta Dominum virtute para●●● Caesar Utilis tuta res dilato Dionys Halicar lib. 8. Non commitruntur reg●●is trire●es aut loca aut legiones aut arces sed verba tempora Demost de falsa legatione 1. Labor in n●gotio 2. fortitudo in periculo 3. indu●tria in agendo 4. celeritas in consiciendo were Caesars properties Caesar Interd●● majores copiae sternuntur à minoribus 〈…〉 lib. 8. Lib. 8. Caesar Pompeius Trogus lib. 6. Lib. 8. Caesar Pomp●ius 〈…〉 esse non po●et risi beneficio servitutis 5. de 〈◊〉 16 5. Polit. Nil nimium cupito was writ in golden letters at Delphos Justum bellum esse iis quibus nisi in armis spes nulla est Machiav Nusquana g●ntium r●peritur qui possit penibus approbart Mors omnium par est per quae venit diversi sunt id in quod defini●unam est Epist 67. Homines sicut pomi a●t matura cadu●t aut 〈◊〉 Plut. in vi●a Rompeii Mors Naturae lex est Mors tribu●um officiumque mortalium Sene●● natural quaest ● Fabius dictus Maximus Scipio magnus Polyaenus lib. 8. Epist 100. This tha●● f●lloweth seemeth of another stile The Prie●ts of Egypt said That whensoever the Axe and the bundle of Rods came into Alexandria the power of their Kings should presently case according as it was written in a Columne of gold at Memphis Lib. 2. Ep. 8. Lib. 15. cap. 18. Lib. 5. cap. 9. A File The Leader Battallion A Rank or Front Sidemen The number of souldiers in a Battallion un●●rtain The length Breadth o● depth Dignities in places to be observed The first rank The bringers up or Tergiductores or last rank The second and ninth ranks The fifth and sixth ranks Files The right-hand file The left-hand file Distances between files and ranks Open order Order Close orde● pouldron to pouldron The manner of c●arging with five ranks Stand in front In arrectostate Faces to the right or left hand Declinate in hastam vel in scutum Faces about to the right or left hand Duplicat● declinatio or mutatio Wheel to the right or left hand Conversio in hastam vel scutum As you were Revolutio Reversio Wheel about Inflexio militum Reflex●o Files From the rere 〈◊〉 ●volutio Macedonica From the front through Laconica evolutio From the front and stand Cho●ica evolutio Countermarching of ranks The doubling of files to the right or left hand By men Duplicare altitudinem By ground Doubling of ranks by inserting or adding new troups Duplicare longitudinem Silence to be kept In a champain In streights or narrow passages How to 〈◊〉 a division for such a ma●ch To reduce them 〈◊〉 in into the●r first front The manner of cha●ging pikes with pikes Five ranks onely By the whole depth To charge with musketiers There must not be too many in a rank In the retreat The manner of charging by ●iles in narrow passages In the pases of Ireland By signes By drum or trumpet By word of mouth The most usual directing terms in exercising a ba●●allion or division

but all being triviall and imaginary we forbear further disquisition and passe to our observations upon his MEDALLS Observations upon CAESAR'S MEDALLS Vpon the first Medall THe effigies of Venus Genitrix with a globe or world before her without any inscription though Occo and Vrsinus mention one inscrib'd with L. BUCA the other side hath Venus giving Anchises a meeting near Mount Ida this it should seem Caesar caused to be done out of flattery to himself in that it served both to make his originall more illustrious and as a monument of that happinesse and good fortune which this Goddesse had procured him in all his enterprises For it was his ambition to have descended in a right line from Anchises and Venus by whose indulgence he had conquered the Universe as being his directrix in all his designes as is represented by the globe or world whereof this Goddesse was thought to be in some sort the Protectresse as being esteem'd the Sovereign Genius of Generation according to Solinus Tu foetibus auges Cuncta suis totus pariter tibi parturit orbis And her worship was questionlesse very ancient For it was the head of Venus Genitrix that the Saracens and Ishmaelites worshipped alledging that Abraham had by the means of it enjoy'd Hagar from whom proceeded a great generation as Enthymius Zigabenus in his table of the opinions of that Nation and the anonymous Greek Authour of the Saracen History have observed So have we here the same Goddesse accosting that great Heros to have issue by him The Genius destin'd to further the establishment of the Roman greatnesse hath a Scepter in his hand to signify the future Majesty of that Monarchy The second Medall L. SEPULIUS MACER Venus standing with a Victory in her right hand and a pike in the other being the otherside of that which bore the effigies of Caesar and the starre of this Goddesse Servius quoting an observation of Varro sayes upon the first of the Aeneids that when this Heros lest Troy looking up into the sky he presently perceives Venus in the day-time she shining then purposely to direct him to Laurentum the place for which the Destinies had design'd him The Aegyptians represented this starre by the figure of a most beautifull woman it being thought the brightest in the firmament whence it was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pulcherrima being nam'd in the morning Phosphorus or Lucifer in the evening Vesper This starre therefore that was Aeneas's conductresse was no other then that midwife of the Light Venus being the same which the Saracens call Cubar or Kabar which word signifies great being also otherwise called Astarte Vrania or Coelestis by all which names is meant no other but this Genetrix under which epithet the Lacedemonians ador'd and invok'd her as an advancer of Generation The Romans in the Circensian games brought forth the statue of Caesar in pompe having the Planet Venus on his head Now this Vrania because of her procreative influence was held in particular devotion by the women as divers Medalls of the Empresses discover being commonly inscrib'd Veneri coelesti and having that Starre Gualterus furnishes us with an inscription of a certain priestesse of hers out of the ancient monuments of Sicily 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Diodotus Titieli filius Appeiraeus sororem suam Minyram Artemonis filiam Sacerdotem Veneris Coelestis She was also inscribed Venus Coelestis Augusta possibly in favour of some Empresse as also Invicta Coelestis The third Medall CAESAR DICT PERP. Caesar perpetuall Dictator A Venus Victrix naked holding an Helmet and a Buckler There is before her a Pillar upon which is plac'd an Eagle and behind a military Ensign The meaning is this We have Venus here naked with a Helmet in her hand to signify her victorious over Mars by her charming attractions as if that God had quite lost all courage delivering up his Armes and rendring himself her Prisoner Thus Menelaus casts away his pike sword and buckler having had but a glimpse of the delicate breast of the fair Hellen. But in this Medall Venus denotes that she had so fortunately assisted Caesar the minion of all her progeny in all his warlike enterprises that he had obtained absolute Victory over all his enemies whereof the Helmet Buckler and military Ensign being the marks Caesar had consecrated them to her in acknowledgement of her favours The Eagle pitched upon a pillar signifies that his Victories have assured him the Roman Empire which should be his eternally The Eagle denotes Empire and Royalty and presages and signifies absolute Victory It signifies also that the Empire shall be assur'd to him maugre all the force and opposition of the Galles and Germans or any other whatsoever whom he should despise as this bird doth thunder for that of all creatures it can ascend above the clouds where it can suffer no injury The fourth Medall GERMAN INDUTI III. A River lying by a mountain side pours out his water having a boat or bark near him This Medall seems to have been stampt purposely to exercise our divinations We conceive it should be read GERMANA INDUTIA and that the number three stands for nothing else but the year taking the word INDUTIA to signify a Colony of Germans disposed into that place by Caesar's order This name indeed is not found among the Geographers onely Pliny mentions a Town called INDUSTRIA situated along the Apennine upon the famous River of Po. Now there is a great conformity between the situation of this Town and this Medall and possibly it may be an erratum in Pliny and that it should be read INDUTIA instead of INDUSTRIA which is not so likely to be the name of a City For the three points III. they may signifie the year of the establishment of that Colony or of the foundation of the City There is another Medall hath four IIII. denoting the fourth year but it hath withall the devise of an Ox with his head stooping and his knee bent which posture implies the establishment and foundation of a City In this posture doth Nonnus describe the Oxe of Cadmus Upon both these Medalls there is a Venus Victrix on one side and what is before recited on the other whence it is inferr'd that the planting of this Colony happened after Caesar's most remarkable Victories against the Germans The fifth and sixth Medalls WE have these two Medalls from Goltzius whereof one in Greek hath a Tripod and two starres the inscription of the head the other side is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caesar Imperator Pontifex maximus Augur This Tripod of Apollo hath something in it more particular Apollo Augur or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who is here design'd by one of the starres which accompanies that of Venus Genetrix or Coelestis shewes that Caesar was assisted in his charge of Augur and his study of Astrologie and presaging whereof the Lituus and

Target was of such reputation among the Roman Armes and challenged such interest in the greatnesse of their Empire let us enter a little into the consideration of the use commodity thereof which cannot be better understood then by that comparison which Polybius hath made between the weapons of the Romans and the Macodonians and therefore I have thought good to insert it in these discourses And thus it followeth Of the difference of the Roman and Macedonian Weapons I Promised in my sixth book that I would make a comparison between the weapons of the Romans and Macedonians and that I would likewise write of the disposition of either of their Armies how they do differ one from another and in what regard the one or the other were either inferiour or superiour which promise I will now with diligence endeavour to perform And forasmuch as the Armies of the Macedonians have given so good testimonies of themselves by their actions by overcoming the Armies as well of Asia as of Greece and that the battels of the Romans have conquered as well those of Africa as all the Eastern countries of Europe it shall not be amisse but very profitable to search out the difference of either especially seeing that these our times have not once but many times seen triall both of their battels and forces that knowing the reason why the Romans do overcome and in their battel carry away the better we do not as vain men were wont to do attribute the same to fortune and esteem them without reason happy victours but rather looking into the true causes we give them their due praises according to the direction of reason and sound judgement Concerning the battels between Hannibal and the Romans and concerning the Romans losses there is no need that I speak much For their losses are neither to be imputed to the defect of their Armes or disposition of their Armies but to the dexterity and industry of Hannibal But we have intreated thereof when we made mention of the battels themselves and the end it self of that warre doth especially confirm this our opinion for when they had gotten a Captain equall with Hannibal even consequently he with all his victories vanished And he had no sooner overcome the Romans but by and by rejecting his own weapons he trayned his Army to their weapons and so taking them up in the beginning he continued them on unto the end And Pyrrhus in his war against the Romans did use both their weapons and order made as it were a medly both of the cohort and phalanx but notwithstanding it served him not to get the victory but alwayes the event by some means or other made the same doubtful concerning whom it were not unfit that I should say something least in being altogether silent it might seem to prejudice this mine opinion But notwithstanding I will hasten to my purposed comparison Now touching the phalanx if it have the disposition and forces proper to it nothing is able to oppose it self against it or to sustain the violence thereof as may easily by many documents be approved For when an armed man doth stand firm in the space of three foot in so thick an arraie of battel and the length of their pikes being according to the first basis or scantling sixteen foot but according to the true and right conveniency of them fourteen cubites out of which are taken four allowed for the space between the left hand which supporteth the same and the butt end thereof whiles he stands in a readinesse to attend the encounter being thus ordered I say it is manifest that the length of ten cubites doth extend it self before the body of every armed man where with both his hands he doth advance it ready to charge the Enemy By which meanes it followeth that some of the pikes do not only extend themselves before the second third and fourth rank but some before the foremost if the phalanx have his proper and due thicknesse according to his naturall disposition both on the sides and behind as Homer maketh mention when he saith that one target doth enclose and fortify another one head-piece is joyned to another that they may stand united close together These circumstances being rightly and truly set down it must follow that the pikes of every former rank in the phalanx do extend themselves two cubites before each other which proportion of difference they have between themselves by which may evidently be seen the assault and impression of the whole phalanx what it is and what force it hath consisting of sixteen ranks in depth or thicknesse The excesse of which number of ranks above five forasmuch as they cannot commodiously couch their pikes without the disturbance of the former the points of them not being long enough to enlarge themselves beyond the foremost ranks they grow utterly unprofitable and cannot man by man make any impression or assault but serve only by laying their pikes upon the shoulders of those which stand before them to sustain and hold up the swayes and giving back of the former ranks which stand before them to this end that the front may stand firm and sure and with the thicknesse of their pikes they do repell all those darts which passing over the heads of those that stand before would annoy those ranks which are more backward And farther by moving forward with the force of their bodies they do so presse upon the former that they do make a most violent impression For it is impossible that the foremost ranks should give back This therefore being the generall and particular disposition of the phalanx we must now speak on the contrary part touching the properties and differences as well of the Armes as of the whole disposition of the Roman battel For every Roman souldier for himself and his weapon is allowed three foot to stand in and in the incounter are moved man by man every one covering himself with his target and mutually moving whensoever there is occasion offered But those which use their swords do fight in a more thin and distinct order so that it is manifest that they have three foot more allowed them to stand in both from shoulder to shoulder and from back to belly that they may use their weapons with the better commodity And hence it cometh to passe that one Roman souldier taketh up as much ground as two of those which are to encounter him of the Macedonian Phalanx so that one Roman is as it were to oppose himself against ten pikes which pikes the said one souldier can neither by any agility come to offend or else at handy blowes otherwise annoy And those which are behind him are not only unable to repell their force but also with conveniency to use their own weapons Whereby it may easily be gathered that it is impossible that any battel being assaulted by the front of a phalanx should be able to sustain the violence thereof if it have

Afranius in the compasse of a few daies triumphed of Caesar's overthrow and fled away for fear of his power Whence we may note the advantage coming to a party when they shake off any eminent distresse for as the extremity thereof threatneth ruine and destruction so the alteration bringeth with it an opinion of victorie And surely such is the condition of all sorts of Miserie that when the storm is over and the bitterness of the affliction alaid good times come redoubled upon the Patients as though the vicissitude of things did inforce contrary effects And therefore a Commander knowing the advantage of such an opportunity must indeavour to improve the same as may best serve to a speedy end CHAP. XXI The Enemy setteth forward and is staied by Caesar THe Enemy thereupon thought it expedient for him to make the more haste and therefore leaving two Auxiliary cohorts for the safe keeping of Ilerda he transported all his forces over the River Sicoris and incamped himself with the two legions which formerly he had carried over There remained nothing for Caesar to do but with his Cavalrie to impeach and trouble the enemy in their march And forasmuch as it was a great compasse about to go by the bridge whereby it would come to passe that the Enemy would get to Iberus a farre nearer way he passed over his horsemen by the foord About the third watch as Petreius and Afranius had raised their Camp upon a suddain the Cavalrie shewed themselves in the rere swarming about them in great multitudes began to stay and hinder their passage As soon as it began to be day-light from the upper ground where Caesar lay incamped it was perceived how the rereward of the enemy was hard laid to by our Cavalrie and how sometimes they turned head again and were neverthelesse broken and routed sometimes their Ensignes stood suddenly still and all their foot troups charged our horse and forc't them to give way and then turning back went on their way again The souldiers walking up and down the Camp were grieved that the enemy should so escape their hands whereby the matter would consequently be spun out into a long war and went unto the Centurions and Tribunes of the souldiers praying them to beseech Caesar not to spare them for any danger or labour for they were ready and willing to passe the River where the horse went over Caesar moved through their desire and importunity albeit he feared to expose his Army to a river of that greatness yet he thought it expedient to put it to triall and therefore commanded that the weakest souldiers of all the Centuries should be taken out whose courage or strength shewed a disabilitie to undertake that service and these he left in the Camp with one legion to defend the same bringing out the other legions without carriage or burden and having set a great number of horses and cattell both above and below in the river he transported his Army over Some few of the souldiers being carried away with the stream were succoured and taken up by the horsemen insomuch as not one man perished The Army carried thus over in safety he ranged them in order and marched forward with a three-fold battell Such was the endeavour of the souldier that albeit they had set a circuit of six miles to the foord and had spent much time in passing the river yet by the ninth houre they did overtake the enemie that rose about the third watch of the night Assoon as Afranius and Petreius had discovered the legions afarre off being terrified with the noveltie of that pursuit they betook themselves to the upper ground and there imbattelled their troups In the mean time Caesar refreshed his Armie in the field and would not suffer them being wearie to give battell and as the enemy tried again to go on in their march he followed after and staied them whereby they were forced to incamp sooner then was purposed for there were hills a little before them and for five miles together the passages were very difficult and narrow By which means being advanced between the hills they hoped to be free from Caesar's Cavalrie and by keeping the passages to hinder the Armie from following after to the end they themselves might without perill or fear put their forces over the river Iberus which by all means was to be effected Neverthelesse being wearied with travailing and fighting all day they put off the business to the next morning Caesar also incamped himself on the next hill and about midnight some of their partie being gone out from the Camp somewhat far off to fetch water were taken by the horsemen By them Caesar was advertised that the Enemy with silence began to remove and to lead their troups out of their Camp Whereupon he commanded the signe of rising to be given and the cry dislodging and trussing up their baggage to be taken up according to the discipline and use of souldiers The Enemy hearing the cry fearing least they should be impeached in the night and forced to fight with their burdens on their backs or to be shut up in those straight passages by Caesar's horsemen staied their journey and kept their forces within their Camp OBSERVATIONS THis passage over Sicoris was in the same manner as he carried his Armie over the River Loire in the seventh Commentarie of the war of Gallia Vado per Equites invento pro rei necessitate opportuno ut Brachia modo atque Humeri ad sustinenda arma liberi ab aqua esse possent disposito equitatu qui vim fluminis frangerent incolumem exercitum transduxit The horsemen having found a foord indifferent convenient in regard of the necessity they were put to to the end that the souldiery might have their arms and shoulders at liberty and not be hindered by the water from carrying their weapons he so disposed his horse that he broke the force of the river with them and so carried his Army over in safety The horse that stood above brake the force of the water and those that were below took up such as were overcome with the stream and withall gave courage to the souldier to venture with better assurance seeing the passage impaled in on each side to keep them from miscarrying His attempt upon Sicoris to abate the swelling pride of that River by dividing it into many streams was in imitation of the first Cyrus who taking displeasure at the River Cyndes next unto Euphrates the greatest River of Ass●ria drew it into three hundred and threescore channels Croesus not finding the River Halis passable by a foord and having no means to make a bridge sunk a great trench behind the Camp from the upper part of the River and so drew all the water behind his Army Vegetius hath a particular discourse of passing an Army over a River whether it be by bridge or boat or by wading or swimming

who came with such a 〈◊〉 upon Pompey's horsemen that none of them were able to stand before them but turning their backs did not onely give place but fled all as fast as they could to the highest Hills whereby the Archers and Slingers being left naked without succour were all put to the sword And with the same violence those Cohorts incompassed about the left Cornet notwithstanding any resistance that could be made by Pompey's party and charged them behind upon their backs At the same time Caesar commanded the third Battell which as yet stood still and were not removed to advance forward by means of which fresh and sound men relieving such as were faint and weary as also that others did charge them behind upon their backs Pompey's party were able no longer to endure it but all turned their backs and fled Neither was Caesar deceived in his opinion that the beginning of the victory would grow from those Cohorts which he placed in the fourth Battell against the horsemen according as he himself had openly spoken in his incouragement to the souldiers For by them first the Cavalry was beaten by them the Archers and Slingers were slain by them Pompey's Battell was circumvented on the left Cornet and by their means they began to flie As soon as Pompey saw his Cavalry beaten and perceived the part wherein he most trusted to be amused and affrighted and distrusting the rest he forthwith left the Battell and conveighed himself on horseback into the Camp And speaking to the Centurions that had the watch at the Praetorian gate with a loud voice as all the souldiers might hear he said Keep the Camp defend it diligently to prevent any hard casualty that may happen In the mean while I will go about to the other Ports to settle the Guards of the Camp And having thus said he went into the Praetorium distrusting the main point and yet expecting the event THE FIRST OBSERVATION POmpey so carried himself in the course of this war as he rather seemed a sufferer then a doer never disposing his Army for any attempt or on-set but onely when he brake out of the place wherein he was besieged at Dyrrachium And accordingly he gave order that in the main action point of triall his souldiers should suffer and sustain the assault rather then otherwise But whether he did well or no hath since been in question Caesar utterly disliked it as a thing contrary to reason Est quaedam saith he animi incitatio atque alacritas naturaliter innata omnibus quae stud●o pugnae incenditur hanc non reprimere sed augere Imperatores debent There is a certain incitation and alacrity of spirit naturally planted in every man which is inflamed with a desire to fight Neither should any Commander represse or restrain the same but rather increase it and set it forward Agreeable whereunto is that of Cato the Great that in cases of battell and Enemy is to be charged with all violence And to that purpose it is requisite to put the souldiers at some reasonable distance into a posture of vaunting and definance with menaces and cries of terrour and then to spring forward in such manner as may make them fall upon their enemies with greater furie As Champions or Wrastlers before they buckle stretch out their limbs and make their flourishes as may best serve to assure themselves and discourage their adversaries according as we read of Hercules and Antaeus Ille Cleonaei projecit terga Leonis Antaeus Liby●i persud●t membra liquore Hospes Olympiacae servato more Palaestrae Ille parum ●idens pedibus contingere matrem Auxilium membris calidas infudit arenas The one throws by 's Cleoncan Lion's skin The other 's Libyan and ere they begin The one anoints himself from top to toe As the Olympian Gamesters use to do Not sure his foe would let his feet touch ground Himself with sand Antaeus sprinkles round Howbeit forasmuch as all men are not of one temper but require severall fashions to tune their minds to the true note of a battel we shall find severall Nations to have severall usances in this point The Romans as appeareth by this of Caesar were of ancient time accustomed to sound Trumpets and Hoboies in all parts of the Army and to take up a great clamour and shout whereby the souldiers in their understanding were incouraged and the Enemy affrighted Whereas contrariwise the Greeks went alwaies with a close and silent mouth as having more to do then to say to their Enemies And Thucydides writing of the Lacedemonians the flower of Greece for matter of Arms saith that instead of Trumpets and Cornets to incite them they used the sweet harmony of Flutes to moderate and qualify their passions least they should be transported with unbridled impetuesity It is reported that Marshall Biron the Father seemed to dislike of our English march hearing it beaten by the Drums as too slow and of no encouragement and yet it so fitteth our Nation as Sir Roger Williams then answered as we have divers times over-run all France with it Howsoever the event of this battel is sufficient to disprove Pompey's errour herein and to make good what Caesar commanded THE SECOND OBSERVATION THese six Cohorts which made the fourth battel did so encounter Pompey's Cavalry that they were not able to withstand them It is said that Caesar gave them order not to sling their Piles as commonly they did but to hold them in their hands like a Pike or a Javelin and make only at the faces of those Gallants and men at Arms on horseback For the holding of them in their hands I do not understand it and cannot conceive how they could reach more then the next ranks unto them in that manner But for making at the faces of the Cavalry Florus saith that Caesar as he galloped up and down the ranks was heard to let fall bloudy and bitter words but very patheticall and effectuall for a victory as thus Souldier cast right at the face whereas Pompey called to his men to spare their fellow-Citizens Eutropius in his Epitome of Suetonius affirmeth the same thing both of the one and of the other and Lucan seemeth to averre the same concerning that of Caesar Adversosque jubetferro contundere vultus He bids them strike just at the Enemies face Frontinus hath it thus C. Caesar cum in partibus Pompeianis magna equitum Romanorum esset manus eaque armorum scientia milites conficeret ora oculosque eorum gladiis peti jussit sic adversam faciem cedere coegit Pompey having in his army a great company of Roman Knights who being well-skill'd at their weapons made an end of their enemies Caesar commanded his men to make at their faces and eyes and thereby compelled them to turn away their faces THE THIRD OBSERVATION AMongst these memorialls Crastinus may not be forgotten being the first man that began the battel