He pick'd out therefore the choicest of his Targateers and divided the Archers and Slingers and such like light-arm'd Men into two Bodies and deliver'd them to Nearchus with command to go before him and first secure the Streights and difficult Passes These being posted all along in the Way he himself led the Phalanx and Pitho commanded the Rear Ant. Ch. 314. They that were sent with Nearchus had endeavour'd to possess themselves of a few Watch Towers but being hindred and prevented of many and the most Necessary and Commodious Places they lost many of their Soldiers and being set upon on every side by the Barbarians they had much ado to make their way through them And as for those that follow'd Antigonus having enter'd the Streights they fell into dangers that were inextricable For the Natives being well acquainted with the Places and having before possess'd themselves of the Steep and Craggy Rocks cast down massy Stones upon the Soldiers Heads as they passed by and besides making use of showers of Arrows they so gall'd them that they were neither able through the inconveniency of the Place to annoy their Enemies nor avoid their shot And in regard the Passage was very craggy and difficult the Elephants Horses and heavy arm'd Men were involv'd both in Toils and Hazards at one and the same time and in no capacity to help themselves Antigonus being brought into these streights now repented that he did not follow the Counsel of Pitho who had advis'd him to have bought his Passage by Money But after the loss of many of his Men and the rest still in imminent hazard after nine Days troublesome march he came at length to the Inhabited Parts of Media One Mischief on the Neck of another thus falling upon the Army the intolerable Distresses Ant. Ch. 314. P. 682. they were brought unto stirr'd up the Soldiers to cry out against Antigonus insomuch as they gave him very harsh and bitter Words For in Forty Days time they had three several times been miserably slaughter'd but by fair Words and plentiful Provision of all things necessary he at length quieted them Then he commanded Pitho to go over all Media to get together Horsemen and Horses and Carriages which he easily perform'd the Country abounding with Horses and Cattle For Pitho return'd bringing along with him Two thousand Horsemen and a Thousand Horses ready furnish'd and so many loads of Munition as that the whole Army might be compleatly arm'd together with Five hundred Talents out of the King's Treasury Antigonus form'd the Horse into Regiments and distributed the Horses among those that had lost their own and gave the Draught-Beasts freely among those that wanted them whereby he regain'd the former Love of the Soldiers In the mean time the Governors of the Provinces and Captains of the Forces with Eumenes when they heard that the Enemy was in Media were in various Opinions what to resolve upon For Eumenes Antigenes and the rest who came up from the Sea-Coasts were for returning thither again But those who came from the higher Provinces upon the account of their Friends and Relations that were left at home were for defending those Parts The Contest waxing hot Eumenes considering that one part of the Army Eumenes comes to Persepolis which was now divided into two was not strong enough to cope with the Enemy comply'd with the Governors of the Upper Provinces Decamping therefore from Pasitigris he mov'd towards Persia and came to the Regal Seat of the Kingdom Persepolis Ant. Ch. 314. at the end of Four and twenty days march The Country in the first Entrance into it and as far as the Ladders as they are call'd The Description of Persia towards Persepolis is Flat and Low exceeding Hot and barren of Provision but the rest is higher of a wholesome Air and very Fruitful Wherein are many shady Valleys variety of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pleasant Gardens natural Walks bounded on either side with all sorts of Trees and water'd with refreshing Springs So that those that pass this Way many times stop here and solace themselves in these pleasant Places with great delight Here the Inhabitants brought in to Peucestes abundance of all kinds of Prey and Booty which he largely distributed among the Soldiers to gain their Favour and Good will In this Tract inhabit the most Warlike of the Persians being all Archers and Slingers and is far more populous than any of the other Provinces When they came to Persepolis the King's Palace Peucestes the Governor and General of the Province order'd a magnificent Sacrifice to the Gods and to Alexander and Philip and to that end sending almost over all Persia for Beasts to be sacrific'd and abundance of all other Provisions necessary for a Festival and publick Solemnity he Feasted the whole Army In this Festival the Guests were placed in four Rounds including one within another Pencestes Feasts the Army in Persia Ant. Ch. 314. the greatest surrounding all the rest which was ten furlongs in Compass and was fill'd with Mercenaries and Confederates The second Round was eight Furlongs in which were plac'd the * Argyraspides Macedonian Silver Targateers and the rest of Alexander's Fellow-Soldiers The other Circle was of four Furlongs and fill'd with inferior Officers special Friends Commanders and Horse-men That in the midst of all was two Furlongs wherein the Generals Masters of the Horse and the Nobility of Persia had their several Tents allotted them and in the midst of them were plac'd the Altars of the Gods and of Alexander and Philip. The Tents were made of green Booths of Trees cover'd with Arras and all sorts of P. 683. Tapestry Hangings Persia plentifully affording every thing for Pleasure and Delight The Rounds were at that convenient distance one from another as that the Guests found nothing of trouble or uneasiness but every thing that was prepar'd was near at hand All being thus gracefully manag'd with the general applause of the common Soldiers thereby expressing how great Peucestes was in their Favour and Esteem he was suspected by Eumenes conceiving that Peucestes did this to ingratiate himself with the Army and thereby to gain the Sovereign Command he therefore forg'd a Letter by which he rais'd up the Spirits of the Soldiers and made them more Courageous and brought down the haughty Spirit and Pride of Peucestes but advanc'd his own Reputation with the Army with the hopes of good Success for the future The Contents of the Letter were these That Olympias with Alexander's Son having kill'd Cassander had fully recover'd the Kingdom of Macedon and that Polysperchon with the main Power of the King's Army Ant. Ch. 314. Eumenes his Policy to forge a Letter from Olympias and his Elephants had put over into Asia against Antigonus and was then in Capadocia This Letter was writ in Syriack Characters in the Name of Orontes Governor of Armenia an intimate Friend of Peucestes
Alarms and vain and needless Fears which often occasions great Mischief and Prejudice And at that time the Passes being strait and rough the Drivers of the Carriages and other Servants and Attendants of the Army that were not of any Ant. Ch. 307. form'd Companies quarrell'd one with another for the Way and not being able to move forward by reason of the Throng some fell to down-right Blows so that many on each side coming in to help their several Parties a great Tumult Noise and Clamour ran through the whole Army Upon which the Syracusians who were posted at Euryclus understanding the approach of the Barbarians by their tumultuous March and having the higher Ground fell in upon the Enemy Some from the high Places where they were posted gall'd them as they came on with their Darts and Arrows and some prevented them by gaining the necessary Passes and so block'd up their Way Others drave those that fled Headlong down the Rocks for by reason of the Darkness of the Night and want of Intelligence they thought the Enemy was coming upon them with a mighty Army so that the Carthaginians by reason of the Disturbance and Tumult amongst their own Men * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 their Ignorance of the Ways and straitness of the Passages were at a stand and confounded and at last fled outright And because there was no room to give way great numbers of them were trodden under Foot by their own Horse and part of the Army fought one with another as if they had been Enemies led into the Error by the Darkness of the Night Amilcar indeed at the first receiv'd the Enemy's Charge with great Resolution and call'd out to the Colonels and Commanders to stand to it and valiantly bear the Brunt with the rest But afterwards being deserted by his Soldiers through the Consternation that was amongst them having much ado to save his Life * For that some made away even upon the appearance of the Enemy especially being penn'd up and in amaze through their Ignorance of the Places he fell into the hands of the Syracusians Here a Man may justly observe the Inconstancy of Fortune and the surprizing Events Men are overtaken with contrary to what they expected For Agathocles not inferiour to any for Valour and who had the Command of a great Army in the Battel at Himera was not only beaten by the Barbarians but lost the best and greatest part of his Army But those that were left and penn'd up within the Walls of Syracuse with a small handful of Men that had been before beaten not only routed the Army of the Carthaginians by whom they were besieg'd but took Amilcar the General one of the noblest of the Citizens of Carthage Prisoner And that most to be admir'd is that a small Body of Men by an Ambuscado and the Advantage of the Place should utterly rout Ant. Ch. 307. an Army of an Hundred and twenty thousand Foot and Five thousand Horse So that it 's very true what 's in every Body's Mouth Many things are vain and to no purpose in P. 748. War After this Flight the Carthaginians scatter'd and dispers'd far one from another scarce got together the next day But the Syracusians returning to the City with much Spoil deliver'd Amilcar to them that were resolv'd to revenge themselves of him They remembred what was foretold by the Augur That he should Sup in Syracuse the next day the Truth of which the Deity now confirm'd by the Event The Kindred therefore of them that were slain led Amilcar bound through all Parts of the City and after they had most horridly tormented him kill'd him with the greatest Scorn and Contempt imaginable Then the principal Men of the City sent his Head to Agathocles with an Express Amilcar Head sent 〈◊〉 Africa to give him an Account of the late Victory But the Army of the Carthaginians after their Defeat though they came to understand what was the Cause of such great Calamities and Misfortunes yet were scarce after all Ant. C 〈…〉 freed from their Fears And because they wanted a General Quarrels arose between the Barbarians and the Grecians The Exiles therefore and the rest of the Greeks made Dinocrates General over themselves And the Carthaginians intrusted the supream Command with those that were next in Dignity to the late General At this time when the Agrigentines The Agrigentines seek to Command Sicily perceiv'd that Sicily was now in that Condition as that it might be easily gain'd they began to seek after the Sovereign Command of the Island themselves For they suppos'd that the Carthaginians were not able to deal with Agathocles in the War and that Dinocrates who had none but a company of Fugitives about him might be easily vanquish'd and that the Syracusians who were grievously press'd for want of Provisions would not so much as attempt to gain the Sovereign Command And lastly that which was of greatest weight was That inasmuch as they took up Arms to free all the Greek Cities they concluded that all would readily concur both upon the account of the Hatred they bore against the Barbarians and the Natural Love and Regard they all had to the Laws of their own Country They created therefore Xenodicus General and sent him forth to the War with a considerable Army who forthwith makes to Gela and by some of his own Friends was in the Night let into the City and so gain'd both the Town more Forces and a great deal of Money at one and the same time The Geloans having thus 〈◊〉 Ch. 307. recover'd their Liberty join'd in the War with the whole Strength and Power of the City and most readily put to their helping Hands for the restoring all the Cities to their ancient Laws This Attempt of the Agrigentines being nois'd abroad throughout the whole Island a sudden itch of Liberty spread over all the Cities And first the Enneans sent Agents and deliver'd up their City to the Agrigentines who freeing this City march'd on to Erbessus a Garison of the Carthaginians Here was a sharp Engagement but the Citizens coming in to the Assistance of the Agrigentines the Garison was expuls'd and many of the Barbarians kill'd and Five hundred laid down their Arms and gave up themselves While the Agrigentines were busi'd in these Affairs some of Agathocles his Soldiers in Syracuse having taken Echetla wasted and harrass'd the Country of the Leontines and Camareans This Calamity grievously afflicted the Cities because the Country was laid wast and all the Corn and Fruits destroy'd Whereupon Xenodicus the General march'd into those Parts and drave the Enemy out of the Country of the Leontines and Camarenians and then retaking Echetla which was a very strong Fort he restor'd the Democratical Government to the City and struck a Terror into the Syracusians To conclude he march'd up and down to the several Garisons and Cities and freed them from the Carthaginian Government
of the Macedonians For some have broke off at Philip others at the Acts of Alexander and others at his Successors or Posterity And although many great and considerable Actions since those Times to these our Days have been upon the Stage yet no Historian has hitherto undertaken to set them forth in one intire Tract by reason of the Tediousness of the Work And in regard that in those Writings which we have the Times and Actions that have been comprehended in them are hudled together in several Volumes writ by various and several Authors it 's a very difficult matter either to understand or remember them Having therefore diligently perus'd and examin'd the Tracts of the several Authors I determin'd to compose one intire History from which the Reader might reap much Advantage with little Labour and Pains For he who endeavours to the utmost of his power to comprehend in his Writings the memorable Affairs and Actions of the whole World as of one single City bringing down his History from the most ancient Times to his own Age though he set upon a Work certainly very Laborious yet he 'll perform that which when finish'd will be undoubtedly most useful and profitable For hence every Man may as out of a common Fountain draw what is convenient and serviceable for his own private use For as to them that have a desire to imploy themselves in tumbling and turning over so many Authors first such cannot easily get so many Books together as are necessary for their use and then again by reason of the differing Relations and multitude of Authors they can scarcely understand the Matters related But one General History in one intire Tract as it may be quickly and readily perus'd so the understanding of the subject matter with far more ease goes along with the Reading Yea this sort of History excels all others as far as the Whole is more useful than the Part as the intire thing is more desirable than that which is divided and that which fixes the exact Periods of Time more than that which leaves the Time uncertain and unknown when things related were done Perceiving therefore that such a Work would be of mighty use and advantage but that it would require both a long Time and a great deal of Labour and Pains we spent Thirty Years time in the Composing of it and for that purpose travell'd through a great part of Asia and Europe with many Hazards and Difficulties that we our selves might be Eye-Witnesses of most of the Parts and Places that were necessary for the carrying on of our Design in this Work For through the Ignorance of Places not only common Writers but even those who are reputed the most Eminent have committed many Errors and Mistakes The chief cause and that which most helpt forward the Design which though thought impossible is now fully compleated and perfected was the strong and constant desire we had of Composing such a Work Many Helps likewise were afforded to us at Rome for the Carrying on of what we had undertaken in this Kind For that noble City whose Power is stretcht out as far as to the utmost Corners of the Earth being that we had been there a long time an Inhabitant furnished us with many things ready at hand for our purpose For being born in Agyrus in Sicily and having in a great measure learnt the Roman Language by means of the frequent Commerce of Romans in that Island I diligently collected out of their Ancient Records what I found concerning the memorable Actions of this Empire We have begun our History with the Mythologies handed down to us as well those of the Grecians as of the Barbarians seriously weighing and considering as far as we were able what every one of them have related of things done in Ancient Times Having now finish'd what was design'd though not yet expos'd to publick view before that be done we shall declare something briefly concerning the whole Work Our First Six Books comprehend the Affairs and Mythologies of the Ages before the Trojan War of which the Three First contain the Barbarian and the next following almost all the Grecian Antiquities In the Eleven next after these we have given an Account of what has been done in every Place from the Time of the Trojan War till the Death of Alexander In the Three and Twenty Books following we have set forth all other Things and Affairs till the beginning of the War the Romans made upon the Galls at which time Julius Caesar the Emperor who upon the Account of his great Atchievements was surnam'd A Divine Person or a God Divus having subdu'd the Warlike Nations of the Galls inlarg'd the Roman Empire as far as to the British Isles whose First Acts fall in with the First Year of the Hundred and Eightieth Olympiad when Herodes A. M. 3896. Isaacson was chief Magistrate at Athens But as to the Limitation of Times contain'd in this Work we have not bound those things that happen'd before the Trojan War within any certain Limits because we could not find any Foundation whereon to rely with any Certainty According to Appollodorus we have accounted Fourscore Years from the Trojan War to the Return of Heraclides From thence to the First Olympiad A. M. 2848. Three Hundred and Twenty Eight Years computing the Times from the Lacedemonian Kings From the First Olympiad to the beginning of the Gallick War where our History ends are Seven Hundred and Thirty Years So that our whole Work comprehended in Forty Books is an History which takes in the Affairs of Eleven Hundred Thirty Eight Years besides those Times that preceded the Trojan War We have been the more careful to premise these things that the Reader might have the clearer Prospect into the nature of the whole Tract and that those who commonly take upon them to polish and amend Books may be at least prevail'd with not to corrupt other Mens Works Whatever therefore through the whole History is writ well let no Man envy What Slips there are through Ignorance they that are more knowing are very free to amend And now having finish'd what we thought fit to premise we shall endeavour actually to perform what we before promis'd as to the Writing of the History THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK I. CHAP. I. Of the first Generation of Men. How the World first began Mens first manner of Life and who were the first Men. First Men in Egypt Who were the most antient Gods of Egypt Of their Demy-Gods Sol Saturn Rhea Jupiter Juno Vulcan reign'd in Egypt Of Osiris and Isis The Acts of Osiris and Isis Hermes his Inventions Osiris prepares for his Expedition through the World and to that end raises a great Army WHAT Notions they had of the Gods who first instituted Divine Worship and what is fabulously related of every one of the Deities because the Subject requires much to be said we shall distinctly set forth And whatever we
highly honour'd and dearly belov'd of the King and one of the greatest Statesmen in the Kings Council This Man taking some Offence at a Sentence pronounc'd against him by the King fled with three Thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse to the Cadusians where he marry'd the Sister of the most potent Man amongst them and not only rebell'd himself but perswaded the whole Nation of the Cadusians to a general Revolt and to stand up for their Liberties Whereupon he was presently upon the Account of his noted Valour made General of the War And now hearing that mighty Forces were preparing against him he rais'd no less than two hundred Thousand Men out of the Country of the Cadusians and pitcht his Camp upon the Borders of the Province and tho' King Arseus came against him with eight hundred Thousand Men yet Parsodes routed him and kill'd above fifty Thousand and drove the rest out of the Country Upon this Victory he was so honour'd and admir'd that the Inhabitants forthwith made him their King after which he vex'd and tyr'd out Media with continual Incursions and wasted and destroy'd all Places round about him His Name therefore being grown famous and now waxing old and drawing near to the End of his days he injoyn'd his Successor with the Denunciation of most dreadful Execrations never to make Peace with the Medes and if they did he wish'd that both the whole Nation of the Cadusians and his own Posterity might be rooted out and perish together And for this Reason the Cadusians were ever after Enemies to the Medes never subject to their Kings till Cyrus transferr'd the Empire to the Persians After the Death of * Arsaeus Artaeus Artynes was King of the Medes and reign'd two and twenty years after him Aâ—â—ibarnas fourteen years in whose Reign the Parthians revolted and deliver'd up both their City and Country into the Hand of the †A People of Scythia Sacae whereupon arose a War between the Sacae and the Medes which continu'd many years and after many Battles fought and great Slaughter on both sides at length Peace was made upon these Conditions That the Parthians should return to their ancient Subjection and that both sides should quietly whatever enjoy they did P. 85. before and should ever after be Friends and Confederates Zanara at that time was Queen of the Sacae a Woman of a warlike Spirit far exceeding any of her Sex among the Sacae for Courage and Activity in Martial Affairs For this Nation is remarkable for brave spirited Women that use to go out to the Wars as Fellow-souldiers with the Men and they say that this Virago was extraordinarily beautiful and admirable for Courage and Council in all her Affairs For she conquer'd the neighbouring Princes who had proudly oppress'd the Sacae and civiliz'd the most part of the Country and built many Cities and every way improv'd and inrich'd her People and therefore the Citizens after her Death in Gratitude for the many Advántages they injoy'd by her and to preserve the Memory of her Virtues built for her a Sepulcher far higher than any of the rest For they rear'd up for her a Pyramid Triangular from the Foundation Three Furlongs broad on every side spiring up in a sharp Point at the Top a Furlong in Height They plac'd likewise upon her Tomb a Colossus in Gold representing her and ador'd her as a Demi-Goddess and perform'd all other things with more State and Grandeur than to any of her Predecessors After the Death of Astibara King of the Medes who dy'd old in Ecbatana his Son Apandas whom the Grecians call Astyages succeeded who being conquer'd by Cyrus the Persian the Empire devolv'd upon the Persians Of which we shall write distinctly in its proper Place Having therefore said enough as we conceive of the Empire of the Assyrians and Medes and the Differences among Writers concerning them we shall pass over to India and give a particular Account of Things said to be done there INDIA is of a Quadrangular Form one side lying towards the East and India the other to the South inviron'd and washt by the great Ocean that side on the North is divided by the Mountain Hemodus from Scythia where the Sacae inhabit The Fourth part towards the West is bounded with the River Indus the greatest of all others next to the River Nile The whole Extent of India from East to West is Eight and Twenty Thousand Furlongs and from North to South Two About 3200 Miles and Thirty Thousand Furlongs The Extent of India being thus very large it seems most of any other part of the World to lye under the * When the Sun enters Capricorn it is their Summer Tropick of †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rather under the Equinoctial Line Capricorn And in many remote parts of India the Sun casts no Shadow neither is the North Pole seen there in the Night nor any of the * Arctus Constellation call'd Arcturus †Arcturus Charles ' s Wain i. e. towards the South in the utmost parts and for this reason they say the Shadows bend towards the South The Mountains of India abound with all sorts of Fruit Trees and the Fields every where cloath'd with Fruits of the Earth full of pleasant Plains watered with many Rivers so that the Country bears Two Crops in the Year It breeds likewise divers sorts of Creatures both Volatile and Terrestrial for strength and largeness remarkable above others It affords plentiful Pastures for multitudes of mighty Elephants in so much as those kind of Beasts which are bred there are far stronger than those in Africa And therefore many of them being taken in Hunting and inur'd to Martial Exercises are of great use and advantage to them for the obtaining of Victories And such is the plenty there of all sorts of Fruits that the Men are taller and bigger than any elsewhere and the Air is so pure and the Water so clear and wholsom that by the help of these natural Advantages the Inhabitants are very quick and ingenious in any Art or Profession As the Earth is fruitful in the producing plenty of pleasant P. 86. Fruits so in the Bowels of it are to be found all sorts of Metals For it abounds in Mines of Gold and Silver Brass Iron and Tin and richly affords all other things useful both as to Pleasure and Profit and likewise for Service in Times of War Besides Corn abundance of Millet grows there being richly water'd by the overflowing of the Rivers There 's likewise great store of all sorts of Pulse and Rice and that which they call Bosphorus and many other Fruits for the sustaining of Man's Life To all these may be added many other Fruits useful for Food and likewise as many fit for the feeding of Cattel of which it would be too tedious to write particularly And for this reason it 's said that there 's never any Famine in India or want
in great concord and amity without any Seditions or Tumults There are Beasts among them very small but of an admirable property as to their Flesh and the excellent virtue that is in their Blood Their A little Beast strange Bodies are round and something like to a Tortoise divided by Two Streaks which run down the Back at each end of every Streak they have an Eye and a Mouth so that they have Four Eyes to see with and Four Mouths to feed with but the Meat they eat is convey'd through one Throat and hence into the Belly the common Receptacle of all And so in like manner they have but one Gut nor but one of every other of the inner Parts They have many Feet plac'd round their Bodies and make use of them to go on what side they will There 's a marvelous virtue in the Blood of this little Creature for it presently at an instant closes all Cuts and gaping Wounds in every Body that has still life in it and if a Hand or any other Member of that kind that is not Vital be cut off by the application of this Blood while the Wound continues green it heals up again Each Society of these Inhabitants do keep many great Birds of a singular Nature Great Birds carry Children by which they try the Courage of their Children for they place them upon the Birds Backs and as many of them as sit fast when the Birds take their Flight they bring up but those that faint and are terrify'd they throw away as such that can never indure hardship any long time nor have any generous Spirit in them In every Tribe or Society the eldest governs the rest as King and all yield him perfect Obedience If the first put himself to Death according to the Law after he has liv'd a Hundred and Fifty Years the next to him in age succeeds in the chief Command and Authority The Sea that surrounds this Island is very rough and causes very great and high Tides but the Water is fresh and sweet The * The Pole Artick Bear Star and many other visible with us are never seen here These Islands are Seven in number equal in bigness one to another and of the Here seems something to be wanting Their Frugality same distance one from another and the same Laws and Customs are us'd in all of them And though these Islands afford plenty of Provision out of the natural growth of the Country to all the Inhabitants yet they use them not luxuriously but are frugal and gather only so much as will serve their turns They do indeed cook for themselves Flesh-meat and all other sorts of Victuals both rosted and boil'd but as for Sauces and other delicate Inventions of that kind by Cooks and the various Tasts and Savours contriv'd for curious Pallats they are altogether ignorant of them For Gods they worship especially the whole frame of Heaven because it comprehends Worship all things and next to that the Sun and then all the Celestial Bodies By various ways of Fishing and Fowling they catch Fish and Fowl of all sorts P. 99. There are among them abundance of Fruit-Trees and Vines and Olive-Trees whence they draw great quantity of Oil and Wine Here are exceeding great Serpents which yet do no harm to any nay their Great Serpents Flesh is good Meat and very sweet They make their Garments of a soft and fine Cotton contain'd in certain Reeds and Canes This Cotton they dye with the Shell-Fishes call'd Ostreses made up in Balls and mixt and wrought amongst the Wool and so with great pains make themselves Garments of a Purple Colour It produces living Creatures of different Natures from all others and even incredible because they are unusual Their way of Feeding is according to a prescrib'd Rule for they do not eat all Dyet sorts of Meats together at one and the same time nor the same always but upon some certain Days Fish other Fowl sometimes the Flesh of Land-Cattel at other times Olives and on other Days very low and mean Diet. They help one another in their Callings and Imployments by turns Some imploy themselves in Fishing others in Manufactures and others in other things useful and profitable to the Commonwealth Some at certain times do exercise publick Offices except those that are grown old Upon their Festival Days and times of Invocation upon their Gods they celebrate their Praises both in Acclametions and Songs especially the Sun to whom they devote themselves and their Islands Their Dead they carry to the Sea-shoar at the Fall of the Tide covering them Burials with a little Sand that at the time of Full Sea heaps of Sand may be rais'd higher upon them Those Canes whence they gather Fruit to eat are the Compass of a Crown in thickness they say that towards the Full of the Moon they increase and towards the New Moon they proportionably decrease The Water of their hot Springs is sweet and wholsom and ever continues warm never growing cold unless it be mixt with Wine or cold Water After Iambulus with his Companion had continu'd in this Island Seven Years they were as wicked and vile Fellows ejected Having therefore their Ship fitted out and furnish'd with Provision they set Sail and after they had continu'd their Voyage for above Four Months together they fell at length upon the Sandy shallows of India where Iambulus his Companion was drown'd and he himself was afterwards cast upon a certain Village and forthwith carried away by the Inhabitants of the Place to the King then at a City call'd Polybothia many Days Journey distant from the Sea where he was kindly receiv'd by the King who had a great love for the Grecians and was very studious in the liberal Sciences At length having obtain'd Provision from the King he first sail'd into Persia and thence safely arriv'd in Greece This Iambulus committed all these Adventures to Writing and gave an account of many things relating to the Affairs of India before unknown to Strangers But having now perform'd what we promis'd in the beginning of this Book we shall here make an end THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK III. The PREFACE P. 100. THE First of the Two Books preceding contains the Acts of the ancient Kings of Egypt and the Fabulous History of the Egyptian Gods Of those things reported of the River Nile of their Fruits divers kinds of Beasts the Situation of the Country and of their Laws and Courts of Justice In the Second are comprehended the Affairs of Asia the Acts of the Assyrians in antient Times and amongst them the Birth and Advancement of Semiramis how she built Babylon and many other Cities and invaded the Indians with a mighty Army We have treated there likewise of the Caldeans and their Art in Astronomy Of Arabia and the wonderful things there Of the Amazons And lastly of the Hyperboreans and the Island
Amazons by Hercules Perseus destroyed the Gorgonians in the time of Crideon An. Mund. 2657 before Christ 1291. at the time when he travell'd into the Western Parts and erected the Pillar in Africa For it was a thing intollerable to him who made it his business to be renown'd all the World over to suffer any Nation to be govern'd any longer by Women It 's reported likewise that by an Earthquake the Tract towards the Ocean open'd An Earthquake its Mouth and swallow'd up the whole Morass of Triton Merina likewise overran a great part of Africa and passing into Egypt made a League with Orus the Son of Isis who then reign'd there She made War also upon the Arabians and destroy'd many of them Afterwards having subdu'd Syria the Cilicians met her with Presents and submitted themselves whom upon the account they of their own accord gave up all into her Hands she by an Edict ordain'd to be a free People and for that reason they are call'd the free Cilicians to this Day Afterwards having conquer'd the Nations about Mount Taurus who were both Men of strong Bodies and stout Hearts she descended through P. 132. the greater Phrygia to the * The Mediterranean Sea thence passing through the Maritime Tracts she put an end to her Expedition at the River Caicus Out of her new Conquests she pickt out the most convenient Places for the building of Cities and built many there among others one after her own Name the rest she call'd after the Names of the chief Commanders of her Army as Cymes Pitanes and Prineia situated upon the Sea-Coasts others she built up higher into the Continent She possess'd her self likewise of several Islands particularly Lesbos where she built Mitylene calling it after the Name of her Sister who went along with her in the Expedition Whilst she was busie in taking other Islands she was endanger'd by a Storm at Sea where offering up her Prayers to the †Cybele or Vesta the Mother of the Gods Mother of the Gods for deliverance she was driven upon a certain Desert Island which she consecrated to the before-mention'd Goddess being admonish'd so to do by a Dream and there she erected Altars and offered magnificent Sacrifices This Island is call'd Samothracia which according to the Greek Dialect signifies the Sacred Island But there are some Historians that say it was formerly call'd Samos and from some Thracians that came to inhabit there Samothracia After that the Amazons were return'd into the Continent they fabulously report that the * Cybele Mother of the Gods being delighted with this Island plac'd there her Sons call'd the Corybantes In the Records of their Sacred Mysteries it 's declar'd who was their Father and she her self they say taught them the Rites and Mysteries that are now in use in that Island and instituted and appointed a Sacred Grove and an inviolable Sanctuary About these times they say one Mompsus a Thracian banish'd by Lycurgus King of Thrace with an Army invaded the Country of the Amazons His Associate was one Sipylus who was likewise Banish'd out of Scythia bordering upon Thrace They with Sipylus and Mompsus overcame the other in a Battel in which Merina the Amazon Queen and many more of the Amazons were slain In process of Time after the Thracians had overcome them in several Engagements they say that those that remain'd of the Nations of the Amazons retir'd into Lybia And such was the end of the Amazonian Expedition out of Africa And now since we have made mention of the Atlantides we judge it not impertinent to relate what the Atlantides fabulously report concerning the Genealogy of the Gods not much differing from the Fables of the Greeks The Atlantides inhabited a Rich Country bordering upon the Ocean and were Atlantides the Gods born among them esteem'd to excel all their Neighbours in civil Reception and Entertainment of Strangers and they boast that the Gods were born amongst them and say that the most famous Poet amongst the Grecians does confirm this their Assertion where he brings in Juno speaking thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The utmost bounds of Earth far off I see Where Thetys and Ocean boast to be The Parents of the Gods They say that Vranus was their first King who caus'd the People who then Vranus Heaven or Coelum or Coelus wandred up and down to dwell in Towns and Cities and reducing them from a lawless and savage Course of Life taught them to use and lay up the Fruits of the Earth and many other things useful for Man's Life It 's said he had under his Dominion the greatest part of the World especially towards the West and the Northern Parts And that being much addicted to Astrology he prognosticated many things that were come to pass in the World and measur'd the Year according to the Course of the Sun and the Months according to the Motion of the Moon and divided the Days into Hours and therefore the People as at that time ignorant of the constant motion of the Stars did so admire his Prognostications P. 133. that it grew into a common Opinion among them that he was a God and when he was dead by reason of his Deserts and Art in Astronomy they honour'd him as a God The Starry Heaven was call'd after his †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ouranos Name because that he was so familiarly acquainted with the Rising and setting of the Stars and other things hapning in the Etherial World and for that his Merits transcended all the Honours that could be attributed to him he was call'd the Eternal King of the Universe They report that this Vranus had Five and Forty Children by several Wives and Eighteen of these were by one Titea who had each of them a peculiar Name but all in Common call'd Titanes from their Mother Titea who for her Wisdom The Titanes and Beneficence was after her Death reputed a Goddess by those whom she had oblig'd by her Kindnesses and was call'd Terra Of Vranus and Titea were born several Daughters of whom Two were most famous above the rest Basilea and Rhea by some call'd Pandora Basilea being the Eldest and most Prudent and Discreet bred up her Brothers with the care and affection of a Mother and therefore was call'd the Great Mother After the Death of her Father by the general Suffrage of the People and Consent Basiled of her Brothers she was elected Queen being as yet a Virgin and remarkable for her Modesty and Chastity She was long unwilling to marry but afterwards desiring to leave Heirs of her own Body to succeed in the Kingdom she marry'd Hyperion one of her Brothers whom she most dearly lov'd by whom she had two Children * Helio that is the Sun Helio and †Selene that is the Moon Selene who for their Beauty and Modesty were the Admiration of all her other Brothers they say partly
first taken from her her Belt After this a Tenth Labour was impos'd upon him by Eurystheus and that 10 Gâ—ryon's Oxen. was to drive away the Oxen of Geryon that pastur'd in Iberia near to the Ocean Hercules perceiving he could not perform this Task without much trouble and great preparation set forth a brave Fleet and mann'd it with such a number of Seamen and Souldiers as such an Expedition justly requir'd For it was nois'd Abroad through the whole World that Chrysaores so call'd from his Riches King of †Spain Iberia had * Of whom this Geryon was one whom the Poets feign to have Three Bodies Three Sons strong Bodied Men and famous for Martial Affairs and that each of them had great Armies of Valiant Men constantly at hand attending upon them which was the reason Euristheus impos'd this Task upon him conceiving this Expedition was greater than he was ever able to perform But Hercules undertook this with as much considence as he had done those before and commanded Forces to be rais'd in Crete whence he resolv'd to set forth this Island being P. 157. the most convenient Port from whence to make any Expedition into any part of the World Before he set Sail mighty Honours were conferr'd upon him by the Inhabitants in grateful return of which Favours he freed the Island from wild Beasts so that no hurtful Creatures such as Bears Wolves Serpents and such like remain'd there ever after He did these things in reverence to the Island because it was reported that Jupiter was bred and born there Loosing thence he arriv'd at Libya Here in the first place he challeng'd and slew Antaeus famous for his great strength and skill in Wrestling who was us'd to kill the Strangers he wrestled with after he had master'd them Then he destroy'd the wild Beasts in the Deserts and made Africa so quiet and improvable which was before full of hurtful Creatures that every part was fit for Tillage and planting of Fruit-Trees the whole Country productive of Wine and Oyl In short he so improv'd Libya which by reason of the multitude of wild Beasts was before uninhabitable that no Country in the World afterwards exceeded it for fertility and richness of Soyl. In like manner he so purg'd the Nation from wicked Men and insolent Tyrants that he put all the Cities into a flourishing state and condition It 's therefore reported that he was prosecuted with the hatred and opposition of all sorts of dreadful wild Beasts and of wicked Men for when he was an Infant in his Cradle he was assaulted by Serpents and when he was a Man he was vext and perplext with the Commands of a proud and unjust Tyrant After the Killing of Antaeus he went into Egypt where he slew the Tyrant Busiris who murder'd all Strangers that landed there After he had pass'd over the Sandy Deserts of Libya he found a fertil and well water'd Country in which he built an extraordinary great City from the number of its Gates call'd * Hecatompylon a Hundred Gates Hecatompylon which continu'd in a flourishing Condition till of latter Times that the Carthaginians with a great Army commanded by Eminent Captains took it Hercules having pass'd through a great part of Africa arriv'd †Or in the straits near Cadiz in the Ocean near Gades where he erected Two Pillars one on each side the straight upon the Continent Thence with his Fleet sailing along with him he pass'd over into * Spain Iberia where he found the Sons of Chrysaores with Three mighty Armies These at a distance he challeng'd to a single Combat and having at length slain the Three Generals he gain'd Iberia and drove away those remarkable Herds of Cattel In the mean time as he travell'd through Spain he was magnificently entertain'd by a petit Prince in the Country who was a Pious and Just Man in return of which he bestow'd upon him some of the Cattel and he again consecrated them all to Hercules and every Year sacrific'd to him one of the fairest Bulls that were bred of them some of which Sacred Breed remain in Iberia to this Day And now because we have before made mention of Hercules Pillars we conceive Hercules's Pillars it fit in this Place to say something further concerning them Hercules when he arriv'd at the utmost Coasts of both Continents adjoining to the Ocean resolv'd to set up these Pillars as lasting Monuments of his Expedition That his Work therefore might be famous to all Posterity it 's said that he much inlarg'd both the Mountains on each side by making great Moulds for a long way into the Sea so that whereas before they lay in the Sea at a great distance one from another he made the Passage so narrow that the great Whales from that time could not pass out of the Ocean through those Streights into the Mediterranean and by the greatness of the Work the Glory of the Workman is P. 158. preserv'd in everlasting remembrance But there are some of a contrary Opinion and affirm that the Continents once join'd together and that he cut a Trench through them whereby he open'd a Passage and so brought the Ocean into our Sea But every Man may judge of this matter as he thinks fit The like he did before in Greece For when the large Champain Country about Tempe was all over a standing Lake he cut Sluces through the lower Grounds and through those Trenches drain'd all the Water out of the Lake by which means were gain'd all those pleasant Fields of Thessaly as far as to the River Penaeus But in Beotia he did quite contrary for he caus'd the River which ran through the Country of the Minyae to overflow the whole Region and turn all into a standing Pool What he did in Thessaly was to gain the favour of the Grecians but that in Beotia he did to punish the Minyae because they opprest the Thebans Hercules having committed the Government of the Kingdom of Iberia to the chiefest of the Inhabitants marcht away with his Army into †France Celtica and over 〈…〉 n the whole Country and put an end to their usual Impieties and Murdering of Strangers And whereas a vast multitude from all Nations came and listed themselves of their own accord in his Army having such a number he built a Famous large City which he call'd from his wandering Expedition * Or Alexia Arras Alesia But because many of the Barbarians from the neigbouring Places were mixt among the Citizens it happened that the rest of the Inhabitants being much inferior in number learnt the Barbarians Manners of the other The Celtae at this Day have a great esteem and honour for this City as being the chief and Metropolis of all Gaul and ever since the time of Hercules it has remain'd Free never taken by any to our very days till at length Caius Caesar who by reason of the greatness of his actions
Cruelty being nois'd Abroad in all Parts no Stranger might dare to set footing in his Country He built a Wall likewise round the Temple and plac'd a strong Guard of Taurican Soldiers to keep it which has afforded matter for prodigious Stories among the Grecians as how that Bulls that breath'd out Fire at their Nostrils guarded the Temple and that a Dragon kept the Fleece For by reason of the ambiguity of the Word †Which signifies in Latin a Bull and is like in sound to Taurica Taurus it was strain'd to signify the fierceness and violence of Bulls and the cruel Murdering of Strangers gave rise to the fiction of the Bulls breathing out Fire Upon the same Account the Poets have given the Name of a most terrible and monstrous Beast plac'd as a Guard for Security of the Temple And much like to this Story is what they say concerning Phryxus For they say that he sail'd in a Ship upon whose Foredeck was carv'd the Head of a Ram and that Helles by leaning too much forward over the sides of the Ship to vomit fell over-board into the Sea Others say that about the time that Phryxus with his School-master was taken by Aeetes the Scythian King the Father in Law of Aeetes came to Colchis and fell in love with the Boy and upon that account he was bestow'd by Aeetes upon the Scythian who lov'd him as his own Child and adopted him his Heir and Successor to the Kingdom But that the School-master whose Name was * Crius signifies a Ram in Greek Crius was sacrific'd to the Gods and his Skin according to the Custom was fastened to the Walls of the Temple Afterwards Aeetes being foretold by the Oracle that he should dye when Strangers carry'd away the Ram's-Skin it 's said that he gilt it with Gold that the Splendour thereof should cause the Soldiers who were set to guard it to be more careful and diligent in their watch But we leave every one to judge of these things as he thinks fit However it was Medea conducted the Argonauts to the Temple of Mars which was not above Seventy Furlongs distant from the City Sybaris dignify'd with the Palace Royal of the Kings of Colehis Medea therefore coming in the Night to the Temple Gates which were fast shut up spoke to the Guards in the Language of Taurica Whereupon knowing her to be the King's Daughter they forthwith open'd the Gates upon which the Argonants rush'd in with their drawn Swords and kill'd many of the Barbarians and drove the rest terrify'd with the suddain Surprize out of the Temple and then plucking down the Fleece they hasted back to their Ship with all speed While these things were in acting Medea was as diligent on her part and poyson'd the ever wakeful Dragon which wound himself about the Fleece in the P. 175. Temple and then she went on Ship-Board with Jason The Tauricans that fled inform'd the King of what was done who forthwith pursuing the Greeks with his Souldiers which were ready at hand overtook them at the Sea-side and falling upon them on the suddain slew Iphitus one of the Argonauts Brother of Euristheus who impos'd upon Hercules so many Labours But when the rest of the Greeks who were before dispers'd fell on in a great Body upon them the Barbarians were most of them kill'd by Meleager amongst whom was the King himself The Grecians hereupon being fir'd with this Success press'd more resolutely upon the Colchians and at length put them to flight and slew the greatest part of them in the pursuit Of the Argonauts were wounded in this Encounter Jason Lacrtes Atalanta and the Thespiadae but they were cur'd within a few Days by Applications as is said made up of Herbs and Roots by Medea Then furnishing themselves with Provision they set Sail in order to return But being got into the midst of the Pontick Sea they were overtaken with a suddain Tempest to the great hazard of their Lives But Orpheus addressing himself to the Gods of Samothracia as before the Winds presently ceas'd and Glaucus the Sea-God presently appear'd near to the Ship and swam along by the Ship-side for Two Days and Nights together and foretold to Hercules his Labours and future Immortality He told likewise the †Castor and Pollux Tyndarides that they should be call'd * The Sons of Jupiter Dioscuri and should be ador'd and reverenc'd by all Men as Gods Then he call'd the Argonauts every one by their Names and told them that for the sake of Orpheus's Prayers by the provident care of the Gods he now appear'd to them and had foretold them of things to come Therefore he advis'd them that as soon as they landed they should pay their Vows and give Thanks to the Gods by whose Kindness they had been now twice deliver'd Having said this Glaucus dived again into the Sea The Argonauts being now arriv'd at the Mouth of Pontus made to Land where Byzas then reign'd from whom the City is now call'd Byzantium Here they erected Altars and offered up their Prayers and Thanks to the Gods and consecrated the Place which is now at this Day accounted Sacred and reverenc'd by all that sail by that way Loosing from thence they pass'd through Propontis and the Hellespont and made to the Coasts of Troy When they arriv'd there Hercules sent his Brother Iphiclus and Telemon into the City to demand Hesione and the Horses But Laomedon laid the Messengers by the Heels and plotted the Destruction of all the Argonauts To which foul Act all his Sons except Priam contributed their helping Hands For Priam alledg'd that Compacts with Strangers ought to be kept inviolable and press'd that his Sister with the Horses that were promis'd should be restor'd whose Advice being disregarded he privately convey'd Two Swords into the Goal to Iphiclus and Telamon declaring to them his Father's Design and by this means procur'd their Deliverance For forthwith killing the Keepers that resisted them they escap'd to the Sea and discover'd all particularly to the Argonauts The Heroes hereupon readily prepar'd themselves for Battel and marcht on to meet the Trojans who with their King were issu'd out of the City against them A sharp Dispute and Conflict there was but at length the Valour of the Heroes P. 176. prevail'd where they say Hercules exceeded them all for he kill'd Laomedon and took the City by a sudden Assault and punish'd them who were Parties and Contrivers in the Design with the King but gave the Kingdom to Priam for his Justice and Equity and after entring into a League of Friendship with him loos'd from thence with the Argonauts But some out of the ancient Poets say that being furnish'd only with Six Ships upon the Account of being deny'd the Horses he took Troy himself without the help of the Argonauts and to confirm this they alledge these Verses of H 〈…〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But Hercules my Father as is said The Lions strong in Valour did exceed That only with Six Ships and Slender Force For Laomedon's Horses took his Course And then Besieg'd and took the City Troy And many of her People did destroy From Troy the Argonauts arriv'd at Samothracia and then again gave Thanks to the Gods where they dedicated their Drink-Offering Bowls and left them in the Temple which remain there at this Day The return of the Heroes was not yet known but the common Report was throughout all Thessaly that Jason and all his Companions were destroy'd some where or other about Pontus Pelias therefore now thinking it a fit opportunity to cut off all that might in any probability seem to affect the Kingdom compell'd Jason's Father to drink 〈…〉 ls Blood and Murdered his Brother Promachus who was then but a meer Child But when Amphinome his Mother was sought for to be butchered she acted the part of a manlike and noble Spirit worthy of remark for running to the King's Palace she pour'd out most heavy Curses upon his Head wishing that due Vengeance might overtake him for his Impiety and then immediately stab'd her self and so like an Hero ended her Days Pelias having thus extinguish'd Jason's whole Family in a short time after paid for it and receiv'd the due Reward of his Wickedness For Jason in the Night entring a Port of Thessaly not far from the City Iolcos yet out of view of the Inhabitants was by one inform'd of the sad state and condition of his Family and thereupon all the Heroes were in a readiness to assist Jason and to undergo all hazards for that purpose but there arose some difference of Opinions amongst them for some were for surprizing the King with a suddain Assault others were for the Raising of Forces out of every Country and so to join against him in a common War For it was impossible for Three and Forty Men to think to overcome so Potent a Prince both as to his Riches and the number of his Cities In these different Councils it s said that Medea promis'd to kill the King by a Stratagem and deliver up the Palace into their Hands without any hazard to any of them The Heroes wondring at what she said askt how she would accomplish it Who answer'd that she had great variety of Poysons of admirable strength and efficacy some of them found out by her Mother Hecate and others by her Sister Cerces that she had not as yet made use of them for the killing of any Man but now by the help of them she would execute due and deserved Punishment upon the wicked Wretches and told the Argonauts her whole Design after what manner she would get to the King and promis'd that from some Turret in the Palace that look'd towards the Sea she would give a Sign to their Watch by Fire in the Night and by Smoke in the Day Hereupon she provided a Hollow Image of the Goddess Diana in which she hid several sorts of Poysons and anointed her Hair with a sort of Oyntment which turn'd it all gray and hoary and with the same Ointment wrinkl'd up her Face and her whole Body so that she look'd like an old wither'd Hagg. Then taking the Goddess with her order'd in all respects so as to excite the common People to a superstitious Adoration she enter'd the City when it was light whereupon the People came running in to her from all Quarters as if she had been an inspir'd Priestess And she her self commanded every Body to bear a reverend regard to the Goddess who was now by the special Providence of the P. 177. Gods come to them from the Hyperboreans for the Preservation of the King and the whole City All being now imploy'd up and down in adoring the Goddess and preparing of Sacrifices in honour of her the whole City was possess'd with such a Fanatical Fury of Superstition that Medea â—â—ily procur'd her self to be brought into the Palace where with her Delusions she infatuated both 〈◊〉 his Daughters with such a Pang of Superstition that they all believ'd the Goddess was come to load the King's House with all manner of Blessings for 〈…〉 declar'd that Diana in a Chariot drawn through the Air by Dragons had 〈…〉 over many Parts of the World and had now at length made choice of the K 〈…〉 as the most Pious Prince to settle her Image and establish her worship 〈…〉 ever adding that she was commanded by the application of 〈…〉 to give a Check to his Old Age and restore him to his former Youth and 〈…〉 and bestow many other Blessings upon him that might make hiâ— Life comfort 〈…〉 to himself and pleasing unto the Goddess The King being amaz'd at this strange and unusual Discourse she promis'd him forthwith to give an assurance of the truth of what she said by 〈…〉 in her own Body To this end therefore she order'd one of 〈◊〉 his 〈…〉 ters to bring her some Spring-Water which being done she shut up her self in a little Room and bathing her Body all over in the Water she cleans'd her self of the Ointment and so being restor'd to her former Vigour as soon as she came into the King's Presence all the Beholders were amaz'd for they conceited that an Old Woman was transforw'd into a Youthful and Beautiful Virgin by the power and providence of the Gods She forthwith likewise by her Witchcraft caus'd the appearance of the shape of the Dragons to appear by which the 〈…〉 dess was drawn through the Air from the Hyperborcans to continue as a Guest with Pelias These things done by her being lookt upon to be above the Course of Nature the King highly honour'd her and believ'd all she said to be true and it 's said that he took his Daughter 's aside and order'd them to assist her and do whatever she commanded and that it was fitter his own Children should apply Medicines to his Body than Servants in order to reap the Benefits design'd him by the Favour of the Gods Pelias therefore having expresly commanded that his Daughters should observe whatever Medea order'd to be done in reference to the care of their Father's Body were ready in all things to obey her About Midnight therefore when Pelias was fast asleep she said it was absolutely necessary that his Body should be boil'd in a Cauldron And though the young Ladies easily and readily of their own accord prepar'd themselves to obey her yet she apply'd her self to another Experiment for the gaining of further Credit to what she said There was an old Ram bred up in the Stall which she told the young Ladies she would first Boil and then it should come forth a Lamb. Whereupon they agreed and then it 's said she cut the Ram into small Pieces and boil'd them till to their seeming by the use of her inchanted Drugs she brought forth a
taken thither they 'l give as a Ransom Three or Four Men for one Woman They live in Caves hew'd in the Rocks Habitations and spend all their Days in these Holes dug up and down in the steepest part of the Rocky Mountains by which means they provide for themselves both shelter and security They make no use either of Silver or Gold Coyn but prohibit the importation Coyn. of it into the Island for which they give this Reason For that Hercules in former times made War upon Geryon the Son of Chrysaores for no other reason but because he was rich in Silver and Gold and therefore that they may live more securely and quietly injoy what they have they have made it a standing Law to have nothing to do with that Wealth which consists in those Metals According therefore to this Decree when once heretofore in a War they assisted the Carthaginians they brought nothing of their Pay into their own Country but laid it all out in Wine and Women They have a filthy Custom likewise amongst 'em concerning their Marriages Marriages for in their Marriage Feasts all their Friends and Houshold Servants as they are in Seniority of Age one after another carnally know the Bride till at length it come to the Bridegrooms turn who has the honour to be last They have another strange Custom likewise about the burying of their Dead Burials they cut the Carcass in Pieces with Wooden Knives or Axes and so put up all the Parts into an Urn and then raise up a great heap of Stones over it Their Arms are Three Slings one they wind about their Heads another they tye about their Loyns and the Third they carry in their Hands In time of War they throw much greater Stones than any other People and with that Violence as if a thing were shot out of an * A Catapult Engine and therefore in the time of Assaults made upon Towns they grievously gall those that stand upon the Bulwarks and in Field-Fights break in pieces their Enemies Shields Helmets and all other defensive Armour whatsoever and are such exact Marksmen that for the most part they never miss what they aim at They attain to this Skill by contiual Exercise from their very Childhood for while they are very Young they are forc'd under the tutorage of their Mothers to cast Stones out of Slings For they fasten a Piece of Bread for a Mark to a Pole and till the Child hit the Bread he must fast and then at length the Mother gives him the Bread to eat CHAP. II. Of Medera Britain Gallia Celtiberia Iberia and Tyrrhenia and of the Inhabitants and their Laws and Customs SInce we have gone through the Islands lying Eastward on this side within the Pillars of Hercules we shall now lanch into the main Ocean to those that lye beyond them for over against Africa lies a very great * This seems to be Madera Island in the vast Ocean of many Days Sayl from Lybia Westward The Soyl here is very fruitful a great part whereof is Mountainous but much likewise Champain which is the most sweet and pleasant part of all the rest for it 's water'd with several navigable Rivers beautify'd with many †Paradises Gardens of Pleasure planted with divers sorts of Trees and abundance of Orchards interlac'd with Currents of sweet Water The Towns are adorn'd with stately Buildings and Banquetting Houses up and down pleasantly situated in their Gardens and Orchards And here they recreate themselves in Summer Time as in Places accomodated for Pleasure and Delight The Mountainous part of the Country is cloathed with many large * Of Oak Woods and all manner of Fruit-Trees and for the greater Delight and Diversion of People in these Mountains they ever and anon open themselves into pleasant Vales watered with Fountains and refreshing Springs And indeed the whole P. 208. Island abounds with Springs of sweet Water Whence the Inhabitants not only reap pleasure and delight but improve in Health and Strength of Body There you may have Game enough in Hunting all sorts of Wild Beasts of which there 's such plenty that in their Feasts there 's nothing wanting either as to Pomp or Delight The adjoyning Sea furnishes them plentifully with Fish for the Ocean there naturally abounds with all sorts The Air and Climate in this Island is very Mild and Healthful so that the Trees bear Fruit and other things that are produc'd there are fresh and beautiful most part of the Year so that this Island for the excellency of it in all respects seems rather to be the Residence of some of the Gods than of Men. Anciently by reason of its remote situation it was altogether unknown but afterwards discover'd upon this occasion The Phaenicians in ancient Times undertook frequent Voyages by Sea in way of Traffick as Merchants so that they planted many Colonies both in Africa and in these Western Parts of Europe These Merchants succeeding in their undertaking and thereupon growing very rich pass'd at length beyond the Pillars of Hercules into the Sea call'd the Ocean And first they built a City call'd Gades near to Hercules his Pillars at the Sea-side in an Isthmus in Europe in which among other things proper for the Place they built a stately Temple to Hercules and instituted splendid Sacrifices to be offer'd to him after the Rites and Customs of the Phaenicians This Temple is in great Veneration at this Day as well as in former Ages so that many of the Romans famous and renown'd both for their Births and glorious Actions have made their Vows to this God and after Success in their Affairs have faithfully perform'd ' em The Phaenicians therefore upon the account before related having found out the Coasts beyond the Pillars and sailing along by the Shoar of Africa were on a suddain driven by a furious Storm afar off into the main Ocean and after they had lain under this violent Tempest for many Days they at length arriv'd at this Island and so coming to the Knowledge of the nature and pleasantness of this Isle they were the first that discover'd it others And therefore the Hetrurians when they were Masters at Sea design'd to send a Colony thither but the Carthaginians oppos'd them both fearing lest most of their own Citizens should be allur'd through the goodness of the Island to settle there and likewise intending to keep it as a Place of Refuge for themselves in case of any suddain and unexpected blasts of Fortune which might tend to the utter ruin of their Government For being then Potent at Sea they doubted not but they could easily unknown to the Conquerors transport themselves and their Families into that Island Having now spoken sufficiently of the African Ocean and the Islands belonging to it we shall pass over to Europe For over against the French Shoar opposite to the Hircinian Mountains which are the greatest of any in Europe
the Paeans when they are just ready to charge the Enemy The Iberians especially the Lusitanians are singular in one thing that they do for those that are young and prest with â—ant but yet are strong and couragious get together upon the Tops of the Mountains and furnish themselves with Arms and having made up a considerable Body make Incursions into Iberia and heap up Riches by Thieving and Robbery and this is their constant Practice in despite of all hazard whatsoever for being lightly arm'd and nimble of Foot they are not easily surpriz'd And indeed steep and craggy Mountains are to P. 216. them as their natural Country and to these they fly for shelter because there 's no way in those Places for great Armies to pass And therefore though the Romans often set upon them and in some measure have curb'd them yet they were never able wholly to put an end to their Thieving and Robbing Having related what concerns the Iberians we conceive it not impertinent to say something of their Silver Mines For almost all this Country is full of such Mines whence is dug very good and pure Silver from whence those that deal in that Mettal gain exceeding great Profit And in the former Book we have spoken of the Pyrenean Mountains in Iberia when we treated of the Acts and Atchievements of Hercules These are the highest and greatest of all others for from the South-Sea almost as far as to the Northern Ocean they divide Gall from Iberia and Celtiberia running out for the space of * About 400 Miles Three Thousand Furlongs These Places being full of Woods and thick of Trees it 's reported that in ancient time this Mountainous Tract was set on Fire by some Shepherds which continuing burning for many Days together whence the Mountains were call'd †Pyrenean the parch'd Superficies of the Earth swet abundance of Silver and †Signifying Fiery in Greek the Ore being melted the Metal flow'd down in Streams of pure Silver like a River the use whereof being unknown to the Inhabitants the Phaenician Merchants bought it for Trifles given for it in Exchange and by transporting it into Greece Asia and all other Nations greatly inricht themselves and such was their Covetousness that when they had fully loaded their Ships and had much more Silver to bring Aboard they cut off the Lead from their Anchors and made use of Silver instead of the other The Phaenicians for a long time using this Trade and so growing more and more wealthy sent many Colonies into Sicily and the Neighbouring Islands and at length into Africa and Sardinia But a long time after the Iberians coming to understand the nature of the Metal sunk many large Mines whence they dug an infinite quantity of pure Silver as never was the like almost in any other place of the World whereby they gain'd exceeding great Wealth and Revenues The manner of working in these Mines and ordering the Metal among the Iberians is thus there being extraordinary rich Mines in this Country of Gold as well as Silver and Brass the Labourers in the Brass take a Fourth part of the pure Brass dug up to their own use and the common Labourers in Silver have an Euboick Talent for their Labour in Three Days time for the whole Soil is full of solid and shining Oar so that both the nature of the Ground and the industry of the Workmen is admirable At the first every common Person might dig for this Metal and in regard the Silver Ore was easily got ordinary Men grew very rich But after that Iberia came into the Hands of the Romans the Mines were manag'd by a throng of Italians whose Covetousness loaded them with abundance of Riches for they bought a great number of Slaves and deliver'd them to the Task-masters and Overseers of the Mines These Slaves open the P. 217. Mouths of the Mines in many Places where digging deep into the Ground are found Massy Clods of Earth full of Gold and Silver and in sinking both in length and depth they carry on their Works in undermining the Earth many Furlongs distance the Workmen every way here and there making Galleries under Ground and bringing up all the Massy Pieces of Ore whence the Profit and Gain is to be had even out of the lowest Bowels of the Earth There 's a great difference between these Mines and those in Atâ—ica for besides the Labour they that search there are at great Cost and Charge and besides are often frustrated of their hopes and sometimes lose what they had found so that they seem to be unfortunate to a Proverb But those in Iberia that deal in Mines according to their Expectations are greatly inricht by their Labours for they succeed at their very first sinking and afterwards by reason of the extraordinary richness of the Soyl they find more and more resplendent Veins of Ore full of Gold and Silver for the whole Soil round about is interlac'd on every hand with these Metals Sometimes at a great depth they meet with Rivers under-ground but by Art give a check to the violence of their Current for by cutting of Trenches under ground they divert the Stream and being sure to gain what they aim at when they have begun they never leave till they have sinished it and to admiration they pump out those Floods of Water with those Instruments call'd Aegyptian Pumps invented by Archimedes the Syracusian when Aegyptian Cochleans he was in Egypt By these with constant pumping by turns they throw up the Water to the Mouth of the Pit and by this means drain the Mine dry and make the Place fit for their Work For this Engin is so ingeniously contriv'd that a vast Quantity of Water is strangely with little Labour cast out and the whole Flux is thrown up from the very bottom to the Surface of the Earth The Ingenuity of this Artist is justly to be admir'd not only in these Pumps Archimedes but in many other far greater things for which he is famous all the World over of which we shall distinctly give an exact narration when we come to the time wherein he liv'd Now though these Slaves that continue as so many Prisoners in these Mines incredibly inrich their Masters by their Labours yet toyling Night and Day in these Golden Prisons many of them by being over-wrought dye under Ground For they have no rest nor intermission from their Labours but the Task-masters by Stripes force them to intollerable hardships so that at length they dye most miserably Some that through the Strength of their Bodies and vigour of their Spirits are able to endure it continue a long time in those Miseries whose Calamities are such that Death to them is far more eligible than Life Since these Mines afforded such wonderful Riches it may be greatly admir'd that none appear to have been sunk of later Times But in answer hereunto the Covetousness of the Carthaginians when they were
And now Xerxes dislodging his Army marched to the Straights of Thermopyle placing the Medes in the Front of the Battel either because they were esteem'd Men of greatest Courage or that he desir'd to have them all cut off for they were still proud and haughty in regard the Sovereign Power not long before was wrested from their Ancestors and many there were likewise in the Army whose Kindred perish'd in the Battel of Marathon Xerxes therefore orders the Brothers and Children of those that were slain in that Battel to be plac'd in a Body in view of the Medes conceiving this would be a means to exasperate 'em to a fiercer Revenge upon the Grecians The Medes therefore being put in the Front as before said made a fierce Charge upon the Thermopylean Guards But Leonidas being well prepar'd had plac'd his Men in a close Body in the straightest part of the Passages Now both sides are hotly engaged for the Barbarians having their King both the Spectator and Witness of their Valour on the one hand and the thoughts of danger of losing of Liberty together with the Commands of the General firing the Grecians on the other the Fight was amazing And now setting Foot to Foot fighting P. 246. close at hand and being lockt together Wounds were given on both sides insomuch as the Battel was doubtful a long time till at length the Grecians through their Resolution and the greatness of their Shields getting ground the Medes with much ado fell off and began to flag a great part of them being kill'd and many others wounded The Medes thus baffled the Caesii and Sachae counted excellent Soldiers continu'd the Fight and although they were fresh Men and untouched against Men almost tired out yet they were hew'd down and quickly put to flight and many kill'd by Leonidas his Soldiers For the Barbarians being guarded with short Shields and Bucklers were fitter for Fight in the open Field where they could by reason of the lightness of their Arms move as they pleas'd than in narrow Passages where they could not well touch the Bodies of their Enemies standing so close together and being likewise defended with large Shields On the other hand the Barbarians being but lightly arm'd lay the more open to all the Darts and Blows of the Assailants Xerxes now seeing the Passages strowed with the Carcases of his Soldiers and that the Barbarians were not able to withstand the Grecian Valour sent against them the chiefest of the Persians such as were call'd Immortal and Invulnerable Men of far stronger Bodies than any of the rest of the Army Of these the Grecians made a quick dispatch for they fled presently and Night now coming on gave a present Cessation of Arms with a great Slaughter of the Barbarians few being lost on the Grecians side Xerxes fretting at the late Misfortune of his Arms so cross to his hopes and expectations the next day chose out of all his Regiments such as were most approved for Strength and Valour and after many earnest Entreaties he told them that if they broke in upon the Grecians and drove them out of the Passages he would remunerate them with large Rewards but that Death should be the Wages of them that fled Upon which they made a fierce and violent Charge in one Body upon the Army of the Grecians The Soldiers of Leonidas on the other hand closing together in a Body like a strong Wall with great resolution resisted the furious shock of their Adversaries and were so earnest in Fight that they would not suffer the usual fresh Aids to succeed to their Assistance but overcoming all difficulties by Resolution they beat down and destroy'd most of the choicest of the Barbarians every one striving who should spend most of the day in signalizing his own Valour For the Courage of the Young Men put on the Old and Experienc'd Soldiers to a higher strain of Valour than ordinary and the Glory formerly gain'd by the Old stirr'd up the Young Men to Emulation of Honour At length this brave and choice Army of the Barbarians was routed and put to flight In their flight they were stop'd by a strong Body of Men appointed for that purpose who drove them back upon the Enemy and so forced them to renew the Fight But the King being astonished and in great fear conceiving none durst make any further Attempt upon the Grecians one * Or rather a Trachinian call'd Ephialtes Pausan lib. 1. c. 4. Trachinius an Inhabitant of the Country to whom all the secret and by-ways in the Mountains were by use very well known came to Xerxes and promis'd him to lead the Persians through a certain straight and difficult †This was over Mount Oeta Pausan ibid. Pass that the Troops sent along with him might come upon the Backs of Leonidas his Soldiers and by this means the Grecians being fought both behind and before might easily be cut off At the hearing of this the King greatly rejoyc'd and amply rewarded the Trachinian and forthwith sent along with him in the Night Twenty Thousand Men. But one Tyrastiades of Cuma in the Persian Army * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a lover of truth and honesty an upright Man of honest Principles in the Night privately convey'd himself from the Watch or Centinels of the Persians and came to Leonidas and discover'd what the Trachinian had contriv'd which being known a Council of War was call'd at Midnight where they advised together what was to be done in the present imminent danger and state of Affairs There were some that were of Opinion That it was best forthwith to leave the Passages and to return to the rest of their Associates while it was yet well with them for that there was no hopes of safety if they continu'd there But Leonidas the Lacedemonian General minding to appropriate Immortal Honour P. 247. to himself and his Spartans commanded all the rest to depart and reserve themselves for better Times and for further help to the Greeks hereafter enjoyning only the Lacedemonians to stay and not to desert the defence of the Straights for that it became the Generals and Commanders of Greece resolvedly to be victorious or to dye valiantly upon the Spot The Council then breaking up all the rest presently march'd away And Leonidas being now left upon the Place only with his Citizens was resolved with them to perform wonderful and Heroical Actions For the Lacedemonians being but very few for he kept the Thespians only with him so that all of them together did not exceed Five Hundred Men he prepar'd himself bravely to dye for the Liberty and Glory of Greece In the mean time they that were sent with †Or the Trachinian Trachinius led about through the steep Passes had beset those with Leonidas on every side But the Grecians who had before cast off all Thoughts of Deliverance and had preferr'd Honour before Life with one Voice desir'd their General that
not as they pretended recover the Cape or Promontory of Malea But other Writers say that this was rather done out of Policy that they might observe how the issue of the War was like to succeed and submit to the Persians if they were Victors and that the Grecians if they were Conquerors might believe they came so far in order to assist them But when News was brought to the Athenians that were at Salamis that their Country was burnt up and the Temple of Pallas laid in Rubbish they were extreamly griev'd and dejected An exceeding fear likewise seiz'd the other Grecians seeing themselves besieged as it were by the Enemy on every side coopt up together within Peloponesus And therefore it was determin'd that the Leaders Consultations among the Grecians concerning Fighting at Sea and Officers should consult and give their Opinion what place was fittest and most convenient wherein to try their Fortune in a Sea-Fight Many and various Opinions were proposed and bandied to and fro in this matter The Peloponesians as those who only minded their own security advised that the Fight might be near the Isthmus For Fortifying the Isthmus with a strong Wall if things did not succeed they might presently withdraw themselves into Peloponesus as into a Place of greatest Safety and Defence But if they should be penned up in the little Island Salamis they should run into Mischiefs inextricable But Themistocles advised to fight at Salamis for that within the Straights they were sure to have the Advantage where they might fight with a few Ships against many On the other hand he made it out that to fight near the Isthmus would be great disadvantage to them for they must fight in the open Sea where the Enemy would have room to make use of the whole Fleet by which a few Vessels as they were would soon be destroyed by such a Multitude These Reasons and many others to the same purpose in reference to the Business in Hand being seasonably and wisely offer'd by Themistocles brought over all the rest to his Opinion It being now therefore determin'd in this General Council to Fight within the Straights of Salamis the Grecian Captains with all speed prepared themselves for Battel against the Persians Euribiades therefore together with Themistocles began to encourage the People against the Danger approaching But they were P. 251. struck with such Terror and Fear of the great Power of the Persians that they regarded not the Advice or Commands of their Leaders and Officers but every one to save himself hasted with all speed to pass over from Salamis to Peloponesus Neither were the Grecian Forces by Land seized with less Fear and Terror by reason of the great Power of the Enemy being likewise much dejected by the Slaughter of those valiant Men at Thermopile And then the misery of the Atheniaus was ever before their Eyes which amazed them and put a damp upon all their Hopes Upon which the * In Peloponesus General Council discerning the Tumult and distracting Fears among the People made an Order for the Inclosing of the Isthmus with a Wall and thereupon many Hearts and Hands joining together the Work was compleated And so the Peloponesians defended themselves by a Wall drawn out along from †A Port of Corinth Lecheum to Cenchrea * Five Miles Forty Furlongs But now the Fleet at Salamis was in a Mutiny and in that degree of Fear that none would obey their Officers Themistocles therefore perceiving that Euribiades the Admiral of the Fleet was not regarded and that the Violence of the Furious Popularity could not be restrained and considering likewise that the Straits and Difficulties of the Places at Salamis were of great Advantage in order to obtain the Victory resolved upon this Project He commanded one chosen A Stratagem of Themistocles out for that purpose to go privately as a Deserter to the King to let him know that the Grecians had resolved to pass over with all their Fleet from Salamis into the Isthmus Xerxes gives credit to what was related as a thing very probable and therefore resolved with all haste and diligence to prevent the Land and Sea-Forces of the Grecians from joining and to that purpose commanded the Ships he had from Egypt forthwith to possess themselves of the Straits and narrow Seas between Salamis and Megaris and orders the rest of his Navy to make for Salamis and there without delay to Fight the Enemy The King's Gallies were drawn up distinctly according to their several Natiòns that being all of one and the same Language they might more readily aid and assist one another The Fleet setting forth in this Order the Phaenicians were in the Right Wing and the Grecians joyn'd with the Persians were plac'd in the Left In the mean time the Officers of the Ionians sent with great Secrecy a certain Samian unto the Grecians to acquaint them what the King determined and in what Method and order all things were hastning forward and that they themselves as soon as the Battel was join'd were resolved to desert the Barbarians All which when the Samian had thus privily discover'd to Euribiades Themistocles The Sea Fight at Salamis his Matters succeeding according to his Hearts desire and as he had contrived with great Joy encourag'd the Navy to Fight The Grecians recovering their Spirits at the Message sent by the Ionians and stirred up with fresh hope by the present Circumstances of Affairs to Fight against their former Determinations loosed from Salamis with great Resolution And now the Fleet being disposed in order of Battel by Euribiades and Themistocles the Left Wing was committed to the Lacedemonians and Athenians against the Phenicians the Enemy's Right Wing The Phenicians were at that time in great Reputation for Maritime Affairs as well by reason of the multitude of their Shipping as for their singular and ancient Skill in Navigation The †Of the Island Aegina Aegineans and those of Megara were plac'd in the Left Wing for these were conceived next to the Athenians to be the best Seamen and it was concluded that they would fight with the greatest Obstinacy and Resolution in regard they had no where to fly with the rest of the Grecians for Security if they were put to the worst The middle Battel was supplied by the rest of the Grecians Things being thus order'd and prepar'd they forthwith set sail and possess'd themselves of the Straits and Passages between Salamis and Heraclea As for the King he commanded the Admiral of his Fleet that without any stop or delay he should set upon the Enemy And he plac'd himself upon an Eminence over against the Island of Salamis from whence he might see all the Passages of the Battel The Persians indeed at the First while they could sail in the open Seas every P. 252. one kept his station But when they began to enter the Straits many of the Ships were Forc'd
the Lacedemonians prevailed by their Interest that the Honour of the Day should be given to them of Aegina and among the Athenians to Amynias the Brother of Aesculus the Poet because that he being General of the Gallies first charg'd the Admiral of the Persians and sunk both him and his Ship together But when the Athenians shewed their Resentment that they were so undeservedly Jealousies between the Athenians and the other Grecians slighted the Lacedemonians were afraid lest Themistocles being provoked with the Indignity should contrive some considerable Mischief against them and the rest of the Grecians Therefore to stop his Mouth they rewarded him doubly above all the rest But when the People of Athens understood that he had accepted what was given him they were much incens'd and remov'd him from his Place as General and put Xanthippus of the Family of Ariphron into his stead And now the Distaste given by the Grecians to the Athenians being spread Abroad Embassadors came to Athens both from the Persians and the Grecians The Persian Embassadors spoke to this effect That if the Athenians would side with the Persians they should have what part of Greece they would chuse that Mardonius the Persian General would rebuild their Walls and their Temples and that the City should have and enjoy its former Laws and Liberties On the other Hand the Lacedemonian Embassadors earnestly intreated them that they would not make any League with the Barbarians but preserve their ancient Amity with the Grecians being so near one with them both in Nation and Language To the Barbarians the Athenians gave this Return That the Persian had no Country so rich nor Gold so heavy which could tempt them to forsake their Confederates the Grecians in their necessity And to the Lacedemonians they commanded Answer to be given That as heretofore their care had been to preserve Greece so for the future to their utmost Endeavour they would defend it And in the mean time desired that they would forthwith with all their Forces pass into Attica in regard it was very apparent that Mardonius when he came to understand the Athenians to be so Resolved against him would invade Athens with all his Force And so it came to pass for Mardonius Encamping in Beotia first endeavour'd to draw the Cities of Peleponesus to a Defection by sending Monies here and there to the Governors and Chief Men. And after when he received the Answer return'd him by the Athenians he rag'd like a Mad Man and forthwith marched with all his Army into Attica For besides those which Xerxes left with him he rais'd many out of Thrace and Macedonia and other Confederate Cities to the number of Two Hundred Thousand Men and upwards And now Attica being invaded by so great a Multitude the Athenians sent Mardonius invades Attica Messengers to the Spartans and desired their Aid who were so slow that the Enemy violently broke in upon the Country so that the Athenians were reduced to great Streights and now a Second time with their Wives and Children and all other things that they could in that Distraction and Hurry carry away left their Country and fled to Salamis Mardonius greatly inrag'd destroy'd and wasted all the Country levelling the City to the Ground and utterly demolished all the Temples that were left untouch'd in the former Desolation Upon his returning thus to Athens with his Forces it was determined in the P. 258. general * At the Isthmus Assembly of the Grecians that they would all join with the Athenians and march to Platea and there join Battel with the Persians for the Liberty of their Country And made Solemn Vows to the Gods that if they became Victors they would celebrate and set apart a Festival Day and institute Sports to the Goddess Libertas at Platea At the General Rendezvous in Peleponesus they took an Oath to oblige one another to the Prosecution of the War to the end their League might be inviolably observ'd and that all Difficulties might be undergone with undaunted Courage The Form of the Oath was thus I will not prefer Life before Liberty The Oath of the Consederacy I will not desert my Officers whether they live or dye but that I will bury my Fellow-Souldiers that shall fall in the War how many soever they may be If I be victorious in this War I will not destroy or spoil any City of my Confederates I will not rebuild any of the Temples that are burnt or ruin'd but leave them as Monuments of the Impiety of the Barbarians to Posterity When they had thus sworn they march'd over the Mountain Citharon into Beotia and incamp'd at the Foot of the Hill near the City Erythra Aristides was the Commander of the Athenians and Pausanias the Tutor of Leonidas who was under Age was General of the whole Army When Mardonius understood that the Enemy was enter'd Beotia he march'd from Thebes and pitcht his Tents at the Ante Chr. 478. River †Near Platea and Thebes The Fight with the Persians at Erybra Aesopus and fortify'd himself with a deep Trench inclosing his Camp round with a Wall of Timber The Grecians were an Hundred Thousand but the Persians were Five Hundred Thousand The Barbarians began the Fight who all the Night long roving up and down with all their Cavalry set upon the Grecians in their Camp The first that felt the Brunt were the Athenians who forthwith in good order valiantly oppos'd them so that the Fight was very hot At length the rest of the Grecians put all to Flight that made the Onset on them only the Magareans who had to deal with the General and best of the Persian Horse were over-press'd yet gave no ground but sent with all speed to the Athenians and the Lacedemonians for Succors When Aristides understood their Distress he forthwith sent the chief of such Athenians as were then about him to their aid who joyning with the other made such a Charge upon the Barbarians that they soon freed the Magareans from their Dangers killing the General of the Persian Horse with many others and put the rest to flight This happy success at the beginning of the War fill'd the Grecians with hope of absolute Victory in the Conclusion Afterwards The great Battel with the Persians at the River Asopus near Platea they remov'd their Camp out of the Plain next under the Foot of the Mountain into another Place more convenient for obtaining a perfect Victory For on their Right Hand was an high Hill and on their Left the River Asopus for their Defence Between these Two they encamp'd thus guarded by a natural Fortification The straitness of the Place thus chosen by the Grecians was of great advantage and did much conduce to the Victory For the Persians could not enlarge their Front as otherways they might by reason whereof so many Thousands of the Barbarians became useless and unprofitable The Generals Pausanias and Aristides
having now so fair an Opportunity drew out their Forces and advanced in Battalia as the Ground would give them leave Mardonius on the other Hand being forc'd to march up in a close Body drew up his Men to the best advantage he could devise and with a great Shout meets the Grecians and with the choicest of his Men who were his Life-Guard makes the first Charge upon the Lacedemonians who were plac'd in Front to receive him He fought with an high Resolution and made great Slaughter amongst the Greeks but the Lacedemonians stoutly stood their Ground contemning all Danger and destroy'd likewise Multitudes of the Barbarians who as long as P. 259. Mardonius was in the Head of the Army bore the Brunt with great Courage but as soon as he fell valiantly behaving himself and that they discern'd the choice of the Army with him were all either kill'd or wounded their Hearts The Persians routed fail'd and they betook themselves to Flight and were as hotly pursu'd by the Grecians however the most of them got within the Timber Wall The rest being Grecians that sided with Mardonius fled to and shelter'd themselves within the Walls of Thebes The Remainder of the Army to the number of Forty Thousand and upwards fled another way with Artabazus a Man of great account amongst the Persians who came with them back by a shorter Cut into Phocis This Dispersion of the Persians caus'd the Forces of the Grecians likewise to be scatter'd and divided into several Parties for the Athenians Plateans and Thespians fiercely pursued those that fled to Thebes The Corinthians Sicyonians and Philasians and some few others follow'd close upon the back of those that fled with Artabazus The Lacedemonians with the rest of the Army besieged and assaulted those that were forc'd within the Wall The Thebans receiving those that fled issu'd forth and join'd with them against the Athenians their Pursuers upon which there was a fierce and bloody Fight before the City Walls the Thebans bravely standing to it so that many were kill'd on both sides But at length the Athenian Courage drave the Thebans back into the City Then the Athenians march'd back to the Lacedemonian Camp and join'd with The Persians Camp forc'd them in assaulting the Persians within the Wall where the Fight was maintain'd with great Obstinacy on both sides the Barbarians on the one Hand within a place of Strength defending themselves with great Courage and the Grecians on the other with all their Might endeavouring to force the Wall the Fight was pursu'd without regard or fear of Death so that many were wounded and great numbers with Showers of Darts were there Slain But neither the Wall though strongly Fortify'd nor the number of the Barbarians could withstand the fierce Assault of the Grecians but whatever was in their way they bore down all before them The Grecian Generals the Lacedemonians and Athenians out of Emulation and desire of Glory strove to exceed each other encouraged both by their former Victories and prickt forward by their own natural Valour At length the Persians Camp was entred and taken by Storm and though the Barbarians cried for Quarter yet they found no Mercy For Pausanias consider'd the great number of the Enemy insomuch as he was afraid lest through their Number which far exceeded the Grecians some unexpected and suddain Mischief should happen and therefore commanded that they should take no Prisoners Whereupon an incredible Slaughter was made in a short time and was Above 100000 Persians put to the Sword in the Camp scarce ended when more than an Hundred Thousand were already put to the Sword When the Battel was ended the Grecians apply'd themselves to the Burying of their Dead which were above Ten Thousand Then they divided the Spoil amongst the Souldiers and appointed Judgment to be given concerning every thing that was done with more than ordinary Valour and Courage in that War By the Decree of Charitides amongst the Cities the greatest Honour was attributed to Sparta and amongst the Men to Pausanias In the mean time Artabazus with swift Marches pass'd through Phocis into Macedonia with those Forty Thousand Persians that fled with him and brought them all over safe into Asia The Grecians dedicated a Tenth of the Spoils and made thereof a Tripode of Gold and placed it in the Temple of Delphos and engraved upon it this Elogy The stout Defenders of Great Greece this gave From Bondage when its Cities they did save And another was Engraven by the common Consent of all to the Honour of those Lacedemonians who died at Thermopyle in these Words Of Pelops Country one Four Thousand brave Men to * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Two Hundred Thousand Myriads Mistaken it seems P. 260. Two Millions base repulse once gave And another by a Private Hand thus Good Stranger tell the Spartans here we lye Stoutly their Laws while we maintaining dye After the same manner did the People of Athens adorn the Sepulchers of those that fell in the Persian War and then were first instituted the Funeral Games and a Law was then made that the Valorous Exploits of those that were buried at the Publick Charge of the City should be thenceforth set out by the best of their Orators Afterwards Pausanias the General causing all his Army to return to their several Colours marched against the Thebans and required the first Authors of the Defection to the Persians to be delivered up to Justice The Thebans being discouraged both with the Multitude and Valour of their Enemies the chief Authors of the Confederacy with the Persians yielded themselves up to Mercy and were all put to the Sword by Pausanias CHAP. IV. Of the Fight with the Persians by the Grecians in Ionia at Mycale THE same day that the Battel was fought at Platea there was another great Fight with the Persians in Ionia which I shall relate from the beginning Leotychidas the Lacedemonian and Xanthippus the Athenian Admirals of the Navy after the Battel at Salamis came with their Fleet to Aegina where staying some few Days they fail'd thence to Delos with Two Hundred and Fifty Gallies While they staid there Ambassadors came to them from Samos entreating that they would be assistant to the Inhabitants of Asia to regain their Liberty Leotychidas hereupon calling a Council of War it was there determined to assist them and to that end with all speed they loos'd from Delos The Officers of the Persian Fleet being then in Samos hearing of the Expedition the Grecians intended against them departed from Samos with their whole Fleet and came to Mycale in Ionia and judging themselves not strong enough to encounter the Grecians they hal'd all their Ships ashore and compass'd 'em in both with a Wall and a deep Trench And in the mean time they sent with all speed for Land-Forces from Sardis and other Neighbouring Places so that an Hundred Thousand Men were presently Mustered together and they procur'd
all other things necessary for the War as far as was possible being jealous that the Ionians were ready to revolt Leotychidas with his whole Fleet well provided sail'd with a straight Course against the Barbarians at Mycale and sent before him a Ship with an Herald or Cryer in it one of greater Voice than any of the rest of his Army and gave him in charge that when he approached the Enemy he should proclaim with a loud Voice That the Grecians that had routed the Persians at Platea were now at Hand resolv'd to restore the Greek Cities in Asia to their Liberty which was done by those with Leotychidas because they conceiv'd that upon the News the Grecians in the Army of the Persians would revolt and great Tumult and Disorder would be made amongst them which happened accordingly As soon as the Cryer came up to the Persian Fleet and had executed his Commands the Persians grew jealous of the Grecians and the Grecians began to consult together of a Revolt The Officers of the Grecian Fleet having well debated and considered all things relating to the present Affair landed their Forces The next Day when all things were ready for the Onset a Rumor was on a suddain spread in the Army that the Grecians had overcome the Persians at Platea Upon which Leotychidas and his Collegues drew up the Army in a Body incouraging them to fight making use of several Arguments to that purpose and withall singing among them Songs of the Victory at Platea thereby the more to stir up and inflame their Spirits to the present Encounter But the Circumstances of Affairs were then very remarkable for it 's certain both Armies fought on one and the same Day the one at Mycale and the other at Platea Therefore since Leotychidas could not then know any thing of the Victory at Platea we may conclude that this Report was a Stratagem invented by him on purpose especially considering the great distance of Places the News could not possibly arrive in P. 261. so short a time But the Persians now no longer confiding in the Grecians took away their Arms and deliver'd them to their Confederates and encouraged their Souldiers telling them that Xerxes was at hand with a great Army for their Assistance whereby they rais'd up their Spirits Both Armies being now drawn up in Batalia and advancing one towards the other when the Persians saw the inconsiderable Number of the Grecians they despised them and forthwith charged upon them with a great shout In the mean time the Samians and Milesians determin'd to assist the Grecians with all the strength they could make and to that end with a swift March made towards the Enemy And the Ionians conceiv'd that when they came in sight of the Grecians they would be thereby more incouraged which fell out otherwise for those with Leotychidas being seis'd with a pannick Fear upon the apprehension and suspition that Xerxes was at hand with all his Forces from Sardis there was nothing but Confusion and Distraction through various Surmises and Opinions amongst them Some were for retiring forthwith to their Ships others were for standing their Ground and fighting valiantly to the last Man Whilst they were in this Terror Disorder and Confusion the Persian Army advanced in order of Battel and in a terrible manner with great shouts fell in upon the Grecians who were forc'd to receive the Charge having now no time left for further Consultations The Battel being now join'd great Courage and Resolution was shewn on all hands and a long time the Fortune of the Day was doubtful and many fell on both sides But as soon as the Samian and Milesian Armies appear'd the Courage of the Grecians was reviv'd and the Persians so flag'd and fail'd that they forthwith fled and were pursu'd with a very great Slaughter for the Souldiers of Leotychidas and Xanthippus follow'd them close at their Heels to their very Tents In the mean time the Aeolians and many other of the Inhabitants of Asia came in to the assistance of the Grecians though then almost Conquerours For a general and ardent desire of Liberty possess'd all the Asian Cities and therefore many neither regarded Leagues made or Hostages given but together with the other Grecians with the same Rage hew'd down and slew the flying Persians And thus the Persians were routed and dispers'd with the slaughter of Forty Thousand Men of the rest some of them escap'd to their Camp and others fled to Sardis Xerxes being inform'd both of the Slaughter of his Men at Platea and of the routing of his Army at Mycale leaving part of his Forces to carry on the War in a great Fright fled with the rest to Ecbatana When all was over Leotychidas and Xanthippus sail'd back to Samos and then receiv'd the Ionians and Aeolians as their Confederates in the War And some time after used many persuasive Arguments to them to leave Asia and come over into Europe promising them to bestow upon them the Estates of all those that Ant. Chr. 477. had confederated themselves with the Persians For if they continued in Asia they would be in continual Alarms by Enemies that far excell'd them in strength and that were near to them and that their Friends by reason of the distance by Sea could not be assistant to them so opportunely and at such Seasons as their Necessity might require Upon which Promises the Ionians and Aeolians were persuaded and in observance of the Grecians Desires prepar'd themselves to take Shipping for Europe But the Athenians afterwards changing their Minds now persuaded them to remain where they were and faithfully promis'd that though now if the rest of Greece should assist them yet that they would from time to time send them aid as being they who were only oblig'd so to do by reason of their Kindred and Relation to them For the Athenians were jealous that if the Ionians settled in new Habitations by the common concurrence of the Grecians they would not for the future own Athens as their Metropolitan City and place of their Original Whereupon the Ionians upon second thoughts determin'd not to remove out of Asia Things thus accomplished the Grecian Army divided The Lacedemonians Olymp. 75. 2. Ant. Chr. 477. Ann. Mund. 3471. P. 262. sail'd back into Laconia the Athenians with the Ionians and Islanders made for Sestos which Xanthippus the General took at the first Assault and after he had put a Garrison into it and discharg'd his Confederates he return'd with his Citizens to Athens And this was the event and issue of the Medean War as it was call'd after it had continu'd for the space of Two Years Herodotus the Historian began his History with some things before the War of Troy and relates in Nine Books whatever happen'd of Moment almost in all parts of the World and concludes his History with the Fight at Micale and the Herodotus ends his History Siege and taking of Sestos
Two and Forty Years At the same time died Anaxilaus King of Rhegium and Zancles after he had governed Eighteen Years and Micychus a faithful Trustee was admitted into the Government upon Condition that he should restore all to the Children of the deceased King when they P. 267. came of Age. Hiero King of Syracuse after the Death of Gelo had a jealous Eye towards Hiero King of Syracuse his Brother Polyzelus because of his great Interest and Esteem among the People and therefore contriv'd how to take him out of the way to which end he imploys all Mercenaries and Strangers about him for his Guard judging that to be the surest way for the keeping Possession of the Kingdom And when the * A People of Sybaris in Greece Sybarites were besieged by the †A People of Croton in Italy Crotonites and desir'd assistance from him he rais'd a great Army and committed the charge of the War to Polyzelus with a purpose that he might fall in the Battel But Polyzelus suspecting the Design refused the Command at which the King fell into a great Rage against his Brother who fled to Thero King of Agrigentum whereupon Hiero makes all preparation Ante Chr. 474. and speed to besiege them both In the mean time Thrasideus the Son of Thero being Governor of Himera by Thrasideus his Oppression his harsh and severe Government quite lost the Hearts of the People But they not daring to complain to his Father not looking upon him as an impartial Judge sent Embassadors to Hiero with great Accusations against Thrasideus and offer both to deliver up their City and to assist him against Thero But Hiero judging it better for his purpose to deal with Thero in a calm and peaceable manner secretly betrays the Himerians and their Plots against him All things being made apparent and plain Thero is not only reconcil'd to Hiero but likewise The Treason of the Himerians discover'd by Hiero Hiero expels the Cataneans restores Polyzelus to his Brother 's former Love and Favour and puts to death many of the Traitors of Himera About the same time Hiero expelled the Cataneans and Naxians from their own Country and planted the Cities with new Colonies of Five Thousand Men out of Peloponesus and as many from Syracuse and call'd Catana Aetna and distributed not only the Country of Catana but many large Tracts adjoyning by Lot amongst the Citizens which were Ten Thousand And this he did both to have Succors at hand upon any Pressing occasion and likewise that he might be honoured after his Death as the Founder of so great a City wherein were contained Ten Thousand Inhabitants The Cataneans and Naxians he transplanted into the City of the Leontines commanding them to abide there in common freedom with the rest of the Inhabitants Thero in like manner considering how Himera was in a great measure depopulated planted the Doreans there and ordered that whosoever would should be inroll'd Citizens of that Place These govern'd the Commonwealth with great Commendation for the space of Fifty Eight Years Not long after which time the Carthaginians raz'd the City to the Ground which hath continu'd ruin'd and in its Rubbish to this Day CHAP. VIII The Lacedemonians quarrel with the Athenians for the Dominion of the Sea WHen Dromoclides was Archon of Athens and Marcus Fabius and Caius Manlius Olymp. 76. 2. Anno Mund. 3497. Ant. Chr. 473. Consuls of Rome the Lacedemonians were highly concern'd for their loss of the Sovereignty of the Sea and therefore being greatly exasperated against the Grecians who had deserted them they breath'd out Revenge with just Indignation against them A General Council therefore being call'd they advis'd together concerning War to be proclaim'd against the Athenians in order to the Recovery of their Dominion at Sea And in several other Assemblies of the People most of them especially the Young Men were very hot and eager for the War vaunting every where how rich they should be if they succeeded in their Design and how all would be encouraged in the Service of their Country when every private Family hath had such advantages and occasions to enrich and advance themselves And they call'd to mind an old Prophesie from the Oracle which bid them P. 268. beware of having but an half Empire which could signifie nothing else as they alledg'd but the present Circumstances they were in For being there were Two Sovereignties the one at Land and the other at Sea if they lost the one they must needs be Masters but of a Lame Government The whole City almost being of the Opinion for a War the matter was again referr'd to the Senate supposing none would dare to contradict the general Sense of the Citizens But one of the Senators of the Family of Hercules Ant. Chr. 473. call'd Hetaemaridas a Man of great Esteem among the Citizens for his Virtue advised quite otherwise and declar'd his Opinion that they should suffer the Athenians quietly to enjoy the Dominion of the Sea for that it was not the Custom of the Commonwealth of Sparta to contend about that Sovereignty And urging many Reasons for the confirmation of his Opinion which was not at first very grateful he at length prevail'd both with the Senate and People to wave the War And so it was concluded according to his Advice as most advantagious to desist The Athenians at the first were in great fear of a bloody War with the Spartans about this Command at Sea and therefore they built many Gallies for that purpose and provided a great Mass of Treasure and sought to gain all their Neighbours and Confederates with the greatest Demonstrations of kindness and courtesie imaginable But hearing of what was resolv'd and determin'd by the Lacedemonians all fear of War being now vanish'd they wholly bent their Minds to advance the power and greatness of their City CHAP. IX Hiero breaks the power of the Hetruscans by Sea WHen Acestoridas was Archon of Athens and Cesus Fabius and T. Virginius Olymp. 76. 3. An. Mu. 3498. Ante Chr. 472. Consuls of Rome at that time Hiero King of Syracuse at the Request of the Citizens of Cuma in Italy by their Ambassadors who were greatly annoy'd by the Hetruscans sent a considerable Fleet to their Assistance who joyning Battel with the Hetruscans of Tyrenia in a Sea-Fight sunk several of their Ships and obtain'd a compleat Victory and so the power of the Hetruscans being broken they return'd to Syracuse CHAP. X. The War between the Tarentines and the Japigians MEnon being Archon of Athens L. Aemilius Mamercus and C. Cornelius Lâ—ntulus Consuls of Rome broke out a War between the Tarentines and the Olymp. 76. 4. Ant. Ch. 471. Japiges concerning the Limits of their Lands At the first there were but little Skirmishes and taking Booties one from another But the Enmity increasing by degrees and in the mean time Slaughters being committed far and near on both
in a Judgment they lately gave in a Cause between them of Argos and Athens For they that were Judges in that Assembly were so envious against the Athenians that though the Athenians provided more Ships for the late War than all the Grecians beside Ant. Chr. 469. yet they judg'd them worthy of no more Honour than any of the rest of the Greeks For these Reasons he judg'd it not advisable to trust to that Assembly at Sparta for from his late defence made at Athens they took occasion to renew their Accusation for in his Justification he had confess'd he had received Letters from Pausanias to perswade him to joyn with him in his Treason conceiving this would be a strong Argument for the support of his Innocency in as much as it might be concluded that Pausanias would never have used such earnest intreaty unless he had before disallow'd of Pausanias his Treasonable Designs For these Reasons Themistocles fled to Admeius King of the * Of Epirus Themistocles flies to the Molossians Molossians and at his Court humbly prayed for Protection The King at the first receiv'd him courteously and promis'd that he would take care of his safety But when the Lacedemonians sent some of the Nobility to him to demand Themistocles calling him Traytor and the ruin of Greece and denouncing War against the King by all the Grecians unless he did deliver him The King at length mov'd with their Threats and yet pitying his late Suppliant on the one hand and desiring to avoid the imputation of ignominy of harbouring a Traitor on the other hand advis'd Themistocles with all speed to be gone as privately as he could and furnish'd him with a great Sum of Money for his support in his Flight Having receiv'd the Money and all other Supplies necessary provided by the King for Ant. Chr. 469. him he fled in the Night from the Molossians and finding Two Young Merchants of Liguria who were well acquainted with the Voyage he fled with them and by the advantage of the Night and the unwearied care and industry of the Two Young Men he deceiv'd the Lacedemonians and came safe into Asia Themistocles flies into Asia where he had a special Friend call'd Lysithedas a Man of great wealth and interest and with him he abode This Man was in great favour with Xerxes the Persian P. 271. King and had nobly entertain'd his whole Army as they pass'd that way By which means he became very familiar and endear'd to the King The Man pitying the present condition of Themistocles endeavour'd all he could to prefer him and promis'd to do him all the service that was in his power But when Themistocles desir'd him to bring him to the King he at first refused alledging if he did the King would take off his Head because he had done so much Mischief to the Persians Yet when he found that Themistocles was in earnest and pressing he yielded to him and in a short time procur'd him a safe Conduct into Persia It was a Custom there that when any of the King's Concubines Themistocles convey'd into Persia were brought to him they were carried in a Chariot close cover'd and it was not lawful for any either to spie or inquire who was so carried Lysitheidas made use of this to effect what he design'd for he procur'd a Chariot sumptuously adorn'd with Flags and Streamers and put Themistocles into it and with all secresie brought him safe to the King who had first promis'd Lysitheidas Ante Chr. 469. in private that none should do him any Injury After he came into the King's presence and in an elegant and fluent Discourse had satisfied him that he had not been any ways injurious to the Persians he was fairly discharg'd and acquitted And being thus safe by the favour of an Enemy he fell presently into a new and far greater danger which was thus Mandona the Daughter of Darius that destroy'd the Magi and Sister of Xerxes The further danger Themistocles fell into was of high esteem among the Persians she lost all her Children in the Sea-Fight where the Persians were routed which she could not bear without great trouble which mov'd all to pity her She hearing that Themistocles was come to Court in a Mourning Habit and with many Tears petitioned the King her Brother that he would kill Themistocles but not being able to prevail she solicited the Nobility to the same purpose and at length rais'd a tumultuous Multitude to demand Justice against him who rush'd with great Clamours and Noise into the Palace crying out for Justice against Themistocles The King told the Nobility that he would call a Senate and whatever they ordered should be effected Themistocles had time sufficient given him to prepare for his Trial within which time he perfectly learnt the Persian Language and did so manage and plead his own Cause before the Senate that he was acquitted both of Guilt and Themistocles deliver'd Punishment The King rejoic'd at his Discharge and honour'd him with many rich Gifts For he gave to him in Marriage a Virtuous Persian Lady of Noble Birth and excellent Beauty And order'd him many Servants to wait upon him and gave him all sorts of drinking Vessels and Ant. Chr. 469. The King of Persia's Bounty to Themistocles things for daily use not only for necessity but for delight and pleasure He bestow'd likewise upon him Three Cities for his Support and Maintainance Magnesia near the River Meander the richest City of Asia for Corn to provide him Bread Mynutes for Meat and Victuals being near the Sea where much Fish was caught and Lampsacus full of Vines for his Drink Themistocles now free from all fear of the Grecians by whom he was undeservedly banish'd after all the good Services he had done for them and richly provided for by them whom he had afflicted with grievous Slaughters lived in these Cities with great plenty of all things At length he died at Magnesia Themistocles his Death where he was Buried and a Sumptuous Monument there set up for him which remains to this day Xerxes long'd to renew the War against Greece and requir'd Themistocles to P. 272. be General of the Army Who assented upon Condition that Xerxes would swear that he would not undertake the War without him Upon which a Bull was sacrifi'd and at the Solemnity the King swore accordingly Then Themistocles drunk off a Cup of the Bull 's Blood and immediately fell down Dead Thus was Xerxes diverted and Themistocles by the manner of his Death left behind him a remarkable Evidence of his Sincerity in the Management of the Affairs of his Country And now we are come to the Death of the bravest Man amongst the Grecians of whom it may be justly doubted whether he fled to the Persians with Ant. Ch. 469. The Praise of Themistocles the stain of any Guilt or Treachery against his Country but rather believ'd that
all the rest of the Grecians For he took Three hundred and forty Ships Twenty thousand Prisoners and a vast Sum of Money The Persians greatly perplexed with this dreadful Blow fell a Building a greater Number of Ships than they had before for the great Successes of the Athenians after this struck them with Fear and Terror and from this time the City increas'd both in Wealth and Power and became famous abroad for the Glory of their Arms. The Athenians dedicated the Tenths of the Spoil to their Gods with this Epigram Since Seas from Europe Asia did divide And Mars first rag'd with bloody Hand Among Mankind the Sun hath not espy'd So sad a Fight from Sea or Land From the Phenician Fleet when strongly man'd An Hundred Ships were took these slew Thousands of Medes made Asia sighing stand Sad and oppress'd with th' Armed Crew These were the things done this Year CHAP. XIV A great Earthquake in Sparta the War upon them by the Helots and Missenians PHedon was now Archon of Athens and Lucius Furius Medullinus and Marcus Manlius Vulso Consuls of Rome when a most sad and unexpected Calamity Olym. 77. 4. Ant. Ch. 467. happened to the Spartans for by an Earthquake there not only the Houses were wholly overturn'd but above Twenty thousand Souls buried in the Rubbish A great Earthquake in Sparta The City shak'd for a long time together and many by the violent Fall of the Walls of the Houses miserably perished and the Houshold-goods and Riches of all sorts were by this dreadful Shake swallow'd up Thus were they punished as by some angry Deity taking Vengeance upon their Crimes And were afterwards brought under many other Calamities by the Hands of Men upon the Accounts following The Helots and Missenians inraged not long before against the Lacedemonians The Helots conspire against Sparta bridled their Anger for a time whilst they fear'd the Power and Grandeur of the City of Sparta But when they observ'd that the greatest part of the City and Inhabitants were destroyed by the late Earthquake setting light by them that were left they enter'd into a League and with joint Force made War upon the Spartans But Archidamus King of Sparta by his Prudence had preserv'd many of the Citizens from the late Ruin and with these resolutely goes forth against the Enemy For while the City was in the height of this terrible Convulsion Archidamus suddenly headed his Army and hasten'd into the open Field and commanded the rest to follow him by which means this remnant Ant. Ch. 467. was preserv'd Having then marshal'd his Men he prepared for Battle The Helots with the Missenians in their first Heat with great Confidence march'd against Sparta supposing there was none to make any Defence But when they understood that Archidamus was ready with the Citizens that were left to defend the City and Country they desisted from their Design Afterwards P. 275. from a Fort they had in Missenia they made daily inrodes into Laconia The Spartans send to the Athenians for Aid who furnish'd them with Supplies The War between the Messenians Lacedemonians And at length by their Diligence in procuring Assistance from the rest of their Confederates they got together an Army equal to their Enemies Nay at the beginning of the War they were far superior but afterwards they dismis'd the Athenians in truth suspecting that they favour'd the Messenians but pretending that the Forces of the other Confederates were sufficient for the present Service The Athenians looking upon it as a Slight and an Affront departed grumbling full of Indignation with their Hearts boyling with Revenge against the Lacedemonians which Hatred increased every day more and more and this was the first Cause of the Enmity between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians which afterwards broke out into open Hostility and fill'd the Cities with Cruelty and Bloodshed and all Greece with Misery and Calamity But we shall write of these things distinctly in their due place After this the Lacedemonians with the Forces of their Confederates besieged Ithome In the mean time all the Helots revolted from the Lacedemonians and join'd with the Messenians And now though the War had continued ten Years compleat wasting one another with various Successes yet they could not decide the Controversy CHAP. XV. The War between the Argives and the Mycenians WHen Theaginidas was Archon of Athens and Lucius Emilius Mamercus and An. Mu. 3504. Olymp. 78. 1. Ant. Ch. 466. Lucius Vopiscus Julius Consuls of Rome began the Seventy Eighth Olympiad wherein Parmenidas Possidoniates was Victor At that time the War broke out between the Argives and the Mycenians upon the following Occasion The Mycenians by reason of the ancient Renown and Glory of their Country would never submit to the Government of the Argives as all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Argos did but were still governed by their own Laws distinct from them of Argos They contended likewise with the Argives concerning the Holy Rights of the Temple of Juno and to have the sole Management of the Nemean Games Besides when the Argives made a Law that none should aid the Lacedemonians at Thermophyle unless the Spartans would relinquish and give up part of their Country to them of Argos they of Mycena only of all the other Cities in the Territories of Argos join'd with the Lacedemonians And lastly they of Argos were jealous lest by the Growth of their Power their ancient Courage should so revive as to contend with them for the Sovereignty For these Reasons they had an evil Eye to the Mycenians and some time not long before had a longing Desire to ruin their City And now they thought a fit Occasion and Opportunity was offer'd them to accomplish what they before design'd in regard the Spartans seemed not to be in a Condition by reason of their late Calamity to aid and assist them To this end they marched against 'em Ante Chr. 466. with a great Army both from Argos and their Confederates and having routed 'em drove 'em within the Walls and besieg'd their City The Mycenians made a stout Defence for a time but wearied out and wasted by Famine the Laccdemonians partly thro' Wars of their own and partly thro' the late Ruins by the Earthquake unable to assist 'em and the help of the other Confederates failing they became a Prey to the Conquerors The Argives made all the Citizens Captives and consecrated a Tenth of the Spoil to God and laid the City even with P. 276. the Ground Such was the End of Mycena a City in former times flourishing Mycena in Greece ruin'd in all Prosperity that had bred and brought up Men famous in their Generations that had been glorious in the World by brave and noble Actions and now lies wast and forsaken unto this day These were the Affairs of this Year CHAP. XVI The Death of Hiero. LYsiatus being Governour or Archon of
man'd and furnish'd in every respect for the War and march'd with the Land-Army through Syria and Phenicia and came at length to Memphis the Fleet sailing all along by the sides of them near the Shoar where they forthwith rais'd the Siege at the White Wall both the Aegyptians and Athenians being amaz'd at the Approach of such an Enemy Hereupon the Persians presently call a Council of War and prudently resolved to decline fighting but rather to endeavour to make an end of the War by some politick Stratagem And to that end knowing that the Athenian Fleet lay at Anchor at an Island call'd * Or Prosopis in Aegypt in that Part called Delta Prosopitis they diverted the Course of the River which encompassed the Island by deep Trenches made in the adjoyning Continent and by that means joyn'd the Island to Main-land The Aegyptians as soon as they discern'd all the Ships stood upon dry Land struck with Amazement forsook the Athenians and submitted themselves to the Persians The Athenians thus The Athenian Fleet ruined by a Stratagem in Aegypt by the Persians forsaken and seeing the Fleet made useless set Fire to all the Ships that they might not come into the Power of the Enemy And nothing terrify'd with their present Circumstances they encourag'd and advis'd one another that they should not do any thing that should be a blemish and disgrace to the Courage and Valour they had before shewn in former Encounters Soaring therefore above the Valour of those that lost their Lives at Thermopole for the safety of Greece they resolv'd to fight But the Commanders of the Persians Artabazus and Megabizus seeing the Courage of the Athenians and considering their former Losses of so many thousand Men they made Peace with the Peace made with the Athenian Army Athenians upon this Condition That they should depart out of Aegypt without Hurt or Prejudice The Athenians thus preserv'd thro' their own Valour leave Aegypt and marching thro' Africk to Cyrene from thence they all came safe beyond their hopes unto their own Country During these things Ephialtes Son of Simonidas Tribune of the People at Athens stir'd up the Rabble against Ante Chr. 458. A Tumult against the Magistrates in Athenis the Areopagites to take away the Power from the Senate in Mars Hill and to overturn the ancient and laudable Laws of the Country But such wicked Designs went not unpunish'd for he was kill'd in the Night not known by whom and so ended his days in Dishonour CHAP. XXII The War between the Epidaurians and the Athenians THE former Year ended Philocles governed Athens the next and at Rome Aulus Posthumius were Consuls In their times was begun the War by Olymp. 80. 2. Ant. Chr. 457. the Corinthians and Epidaurians against the Athenians who in a sharp Battel overcame the other and with a great Fleet made out against the Halienses and invaded Peloponesus where they slaughter'd and destroy'd many of their Enemies The Peloponesians make Head again and with a great Army sight them at Cerryphalia where the Athenians again rout them Grown now consident with these Successes and observing the Aegineans puffed up with the Victories that they had obtain'd to carry it as Enemies towards them they determin'd to make War upon them and in Execution thereof sent forth against them a great Fleet They of Aegina on the other hand trusting to their Skill War between the Athenians and them of Aegina Ant. Chr. 457. and former Successes at Sea despised the great Forces of the Athenians and with a small Navy and some few other Ships lately built venture a Sea-Fight but were beaten with the loss of Seventy of their Vessels so that now they were wholly discouraged and dejected and therefore were forced to submit P. 283. themselves to the Athenians These things were done by Leocrates the Athenian Admiral in the space of Nine Months War with the Aeginetes In the mean time Deucetius King of Sicily very Rich and of a Noble Family built Menenum and divided by Lot the adjacent Lands amongst them of the Colony brought thither Then he Besieged the Famous City Morgantina and was highly honour'd by all his Countrymen CHAP. XXIII The War between the Corinthians and Megareans THE next year Bion was Archon at Athens and Publius Servilius Structus and Olym. 80. 3. Ant. Ch. 456. Lutius Aebutius Eliuas Roman Consuls During their Government broke out the War between the Corinthians and Megareans about the Limits of their Country At the first they made inroads into one anothers Country and then proceeded with little Skirmishes At length the difference growing higher and hotter the Megarians suspecting their own weakness made a League with the Athenians by which means they ballanced their Enemies in Strength and Power And when the Corinthians sent a considerable Army from Peloponesus against Magera the Athenians sent Aids to the Magerians under Myromides their General a very Valiant Man The Armies presently ingag'd and great Valour and Obstinacy was shew'd on both sides insomuch as the Success was very doubtful a long time till at length the Athenians got the day with the Slaughter of Multitudes of the Enemy And a few Days after the Athenians were Victors in another Battel fought at Cimolia where they likewise kill'd many Within a few Days after a Third Battel was fought Here something seems to be wanting Ant. Chr. 456. in the Greek Copy The Phoceans made War against the Doreans who were originally Lacedemonians and inhabited Three Cities lying under Mount Parnassus †Erybium Cytinium Boium and Erineus At the first the Doreans being overcome lost their Cities to the * Boion War between the Phoceans and Doreans other But the Lacedemonians being of the same Blood afterwards sent them aid under Nicomedes formerly General of Cleomedes who led forth an Army of Fifteen Hundred Lacedemonians and rais'd as many more out of Peloponesus as made up Ten Thousand with these he march'd to the Defence of the Dores he being Tutor and Governor of Pleistonactis their King who was then a Child Having conquered the Phoceans and recover'd the Cities he put an end to the War upon Articles of Peace between the Two Nations When the Athenians understood that the Lacedemonians had made an end of the Phocean War and were ready to return home they consulted how to cut them off in their Passage by the way To this end having resolv'd upon the attempt they took to their aid and assistance the Argives and Thessalians and so making out against them with a Fleet of Fifty Sail man'd with above Fourteen Thousand Souldiers they stopt the Passages through * Grarenea a Ridge of a Hill lying before the Entrance into the Isthmos The Athenians contrive to cut off the Lacedemonians in their return Home Ant. Chr. 456. Geranea The Lacedemonians hearing of the Contrivances of the Athenians turn'd out of the way towards Tanagra in Beotia But
Crotonians one Thessalus about Eight and Fifty Years after getting together the remnant of the Sibarites rebuilt Sibaris situated between two Rivers Sybaris and Crathis But the Sibarites growing rich suddenly by reason of the fruitfulness of the Soil possess'd the City only Six Years and were again ejected which we intend to relate more fully in the following Book CHAP. XXVIII The Contests between Deucetius and the Agrigentines His strange Submission to the Syracusians who sent him to Corinth with promise to supply him with Necessaries WHen Antidotus was Governor of Athens the Romans chose Lucius Publius Posthumus Olymp. 82. 2. An. M. 3521. Ant. Chr. 450. P. 289. Agrigentines routed by Deucetius and Marcus Horatius Consuls In their time Deucetius the General of the Siculi took Aetna whose Prince was kill'd by Treachery Afterwards he led his Army into the Country of the Agrigentines and besieg'd Motyum a Garrison of the Agrigentines They of Agrigentum sent aid to them of Motyum but his Army fought and routed them and took the Place The Winter approaching all return'd to their several Cities The Syracusians put to Death Bilco the General of the Army the Author as was supposed of that ruin that was brought upon them in this Battel and who was judg'd to have had secret Correspondence with Deucetius At the Return of the Year they made another General committing to him an Army well appointed Fight between the Siculi and Deucetius against the Syracusians in all respects with strict Orders to ruin and destroy Deucetius To which end he led forth the Army and found Deucetius encamp'd near 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nomae where a Battel was fought and after many kill'd on both sides the Siculi after a valiant Resistance at last fled but a great slaughter was made of 'em in the Pursuit Many of those that escap'd fled to the Forts and Strong Holds for few had Hearts and Courage enough to run the same Fortune with Deucetius Whilst these things were thus acting the Agrigentines retook the Castle of Motyum taken by the Agrigentines Motyum by force wherein at that time was a Garrison of Deucetius then they march'd to the Victorious Syracusians and both encamp'd together But Deucetius having lost all his Treasure in the last Battel was brought near to the utmost extremity partly through the Treachery of some and partly through the Cowardize of others of his Souldiers who deserted him At length seeing matters brought to so desperate a Condition that his Friends A remarkable Passage of Deucetius who were yet about him were ready to lay violent Hands upon him to prevent the execution of their Treacheries he fled with all speed in the Night to Syracuse and whilst it was yet dark came into the Market-place and fell down before the Altars and as an humble Suppliant gave up both himself and his Country into the Hands of the Syracusians The strangeness of the thing brought a great Concourse of People together into the Market-place Upon which a General Assembly of the Magistrates was call'd and there it was debated what was to be done in this matter Some who were used and lov'd to speak much to the People persuaded them to take him as an Enemy and for his many Acts of Hostility against them to punish him accordingly But the Wiser sort of the Senators who were then present declar'd that the Suppliant was to be preserved and that a reverend regard was to be had to the Providence of God The generosity of the Syracusians in sparing Deucetius Ant. Chr. 450. and that they should not have respect so much to what Deucetius deserved as seriously to consider what was fit and just for them to do in such a case To kill one whom Providence had laid as a Suppliant at their Feet was unjust but to preserve and keep to the Rules of Piety towards God and Humanity towards Men that submit to Mercy greatly became the Generosity of the Syracusians Hereupon the People unanimously cried out Let the Suppliant be safe Deucetius thus deliver'd the Syracusians sent him back to Corinth and commanded him there to continue the rest of his Days with a Promise to supply him with all things necessary for his comfortable support And now having perform'd our Promise in setting forth those things that happened the Year next before the Athenian Expedition into Cyprus under Cymon their General we conclude this Book THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XII The PREFACE HE who seriously considers the incertainty and instability of Humane Affairs must needs be struck with great admiration for he 'll find that nothing which amongst Men is accounted Good is purely such nor any thing that is esteemed Bad is perfectly or absolutely evil without some ingredient of Profit and Advantage Which Lesson we may learn from what is before Related if we ponder and digest things well For the Expedition of Xerxes the King of Persia into Greece by reason of his vast Army terrify'd the Grecians to the highest degree who were by that War in great danger to be brought into absolute Slavery and might justly fear that Greece was likely to fall into the same condition with the Greek Cities in Asia who were not long before brought under the power of the Persians But beyond all expectation the event of this War was wonderful for the Grecians were not only deliver'd from this threatning Storm but by that occasion gain'd an everlasting Renown and every City in Greece thereby abounded with so much Wealth that their suddain Turn of Fortune into such a height of Prosperity was admir'd by all For Fifty Years together from that time Greece flourished in all Felicity in which time by the Wealth that abounded amongst them all good Arts were highly improv'd and excellent Artists are recorded to have flourished in this Age amongst whom was Phidias that famous Statuary and several other Arts and Sciences Phidias the Statuary then advanced to an extraordinary degree But the great honour of Greece was Philosophy and Oratory and chiefly among the Athenians Those that were eminent for Philosophy were Socrates Plato and Aristotle For Oratory Pericles Isocrates and his Scholars There were others no less famous for Military Discipline and excellent Commanders as Miltiades Themistocles Aristides Cimon Mironides and many others of whom it would be too tedious to give a particular account For the Athenian Name was highly honoured almost through all parts of the World for they so enlarged their Dominion that by their own strength without the help of the Lacedemonians P. 292. and them of Peloponesus they routed the mighty Armies of the Persians both by Sea and Land and did so weaken that great Empire that they compell'd it upon Treaties to set free all the Grecian Cities in Asia The particulars whereof are distinctly and at large related in the former Book and in this we have at present in hand And now we are come to
Built the City calling it from the Name of the Spring Thurium The City in length contain'd four Streets The first they call'd Heraclea the second Aphrodisiade the third Olympiad the fourth Dionysiad The bredth was divided into three Streets the first call'd Heroa the other Thuria and the last Thurina When all these Streets were fill'd with Houses the City appear'd very compact and beautiful But the Thurians continued not long at Peace amongst Sedition at Thurium themselves for a grievous Sedition and not without some cause began to disturb their Common-wealth For the Sybarites the ancient Inhabitants shar'd all the chief Places of the Magistracy amongst themselves and left only the inferior Ant. Ch. 445. Offices to the new Colonies And the Wives of the antient Citizens were first admitted to Sacrifice before those that were lately brought into the Freedom of the City And besides they ingross'd all the Land next to the City and divided it among themselves and left that which was far off to the new Comers This Fire of Dissention broke out into a devouring Flame insomuch that the new Colony then more powerful than the other destroy'd almost all the ancient Inhabitants and brought the whole City into their own Power But the Country being very Rich and more than was sufficient for them that remain'd they sent for many out of Greece to till and improve the Land amongst whom they divided both the Houses in the City that were destitute of Inhabitants and the Land in the Country The Inhabitants grew very Rich in a short time and entring into League with the Crotonians govern'd their Common-wealth from thenceforth with great Commendation and having setled a Democracy divided the Citizens into ten Tribes and gave them Names according to their several Countries Three that came out of Peloponesus they call'd the Arcadian Achaian and Elean The same Number of them that came from other more remote Parts of Greece they nam'd the Beotian Amphyctonidae and Doridae according to their several Tribes The four residue from other Countries of Greece they call'd the Jadans Athenaidae Enboedae and Islanders Out of the most learned and best accomplish'd Citizens they chose for their Legislator Charonidas who examin'd the Laws of every Country and pickt out of every one what he judged to be the best and digested them all into one Body or Systeme But Charonidas his Laws Ant. Ch. 445. he added many himself of his own Contrivance To rehearse some of which it will not be unprofitable to the Reader And first he institued That whoever Married a second Wife and brought a Stepmother amongst his Children should 1 Concerning second Marage P. 296. be remov'd from the Senate and Common Assemblies for he judg'd that Man could never advise his Country well who was so imprudent in his own Family For they that were once well Marry'd ought to rest satisfied with such a Happiness and such as are unfortunate in their first Match and yet against their own experience commit a second Fault in the same kind justly deserve to be noted for Fools To False Accusers he appointed this Punishment That they should be led through the City Crown'd with the Shrub-Tamarisk that it might 2 False accusers appear to all that the Offender was guilty of the highest Wickedness And it is reported that some Convicted of this Offence to avoid the disgrace have kill'd themselves By the severity of this Law false Informers the Plague of the Common-wealth were driven out of the City and the Citizens lived in great prosperity Charonidas made likewise a new Law never before instituted by any former Legislator concerning keeping bad Company For he found by Experience That both the Manners and Judgments of good and honest 3 Bad Company Men were often depraved by the society and familiarity of wicked Men and drawn aside from the Paths of Virtue to the filthiness of Vice and that such Company like an infectious Disease seised the Minds of the very best with it's Contagion and Corruption For the way to Vice is down the Hill with a very easy descent by reason whereof many of more than ordinary Integrity insnar'd with the inticing Charms of Pleasure have fallen into the highest degree of Wickedness desiring therefore to prevent this mischief he severly forbad the keeping company and familiarity with lewd Men And fram'd a Process against ill Society and impos'd a severe Fine upon such as should be found Guilty And he made moreover another Law more excellent than this past Ant. Chr. 445. by by all the ancient Lawmakers That is That all the Children of the Citizens should learn to * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4 Teaching to Write Write and the City should pay the Master Wages For he knew that they who were poor were not able to be at the Charge and by consequence must lose the advantage of Instruction for their Children For he prefer'd and not without Cause the †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The praise of the Art of Writing knowledge of Writing to be learnt in the first place before all other Arts For by the help of this many things conducing to the publice Good are preserv'd to Posterity as Suffrages Decrees Epistles Wills Laws and other things necessary for Instruction Who can sufficiently set forth the praises this Art By this the Memory of the Dead is preserv'd amongst the living by these Messengers they that are at the greatest distance far absent may be Convers'd with as present These preserve the Opinions of the wisest Men the Answers of the Gods the Learning of Philosophers all the Sciences of the World and hand them down to Posterity for ever Life is due to Nature but how to live well we ow to the Books of the Learned so that by this good Law at the public Care and Charge those who were illiterate before wholly depriv'd of those great Blessings were now improv'd by more happy Education so that we may say he far exceeded those former Lawmakers who appointed Phisicians for the curing of private Mens Distempers at the charge of the Public for they provided cures for Mens Bodies but he for Ignorance and disease of Mens Souls And we never desire to have need of a P. 297. Phisician but are always unwilling to part with a learned Man Many Poets have Celebrated these Laws concerning evil Company among others are these If one Herd with bad Company I ask not what he is but see Such as his Friends are such is he Ant. Chr. 457. Of his Law concerning Stepmothers mention is made thus The lawgiver say they Charonidas amongst others made this Law Let him have no repute but of a Fool That sets a Stepdame o're his House to Rule Nor let him for a civil Office sue Who to an old Plague dares to add a new If good luck in a Wife thou hast had then Stick at a good hand if bad as most Men Th' art Mad
by Ambassadors propos'd to the Corinthian Garrison That the matter relating to the Colony might rather be ended in an orderly Course of Justice than by force of Arms. But the Corinthians refusing it came at length to a War and Fleets were prepared and Associations and Confederacies made on both sides And these were the Causes of that Corinthian War In the mean time the Romans made War against the Volsci At first they began with light and small Skirmishes but at length in a formal Battel the Romans became Victorious and slew most of their Enemies upon the Field When Theodorus govern'd Athens and the Romans constituted Marcus Genusius Olymp. 85. 3. Ant. Ch. 436. and Agrippa Curtius Chelon Consuls in Italy the Nation of the Campanians began to flourish so call'd from the Fruitfulness of the Country round about them In Asia the Archaeanactidae had now held the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosphorus for the space of Two and Forty Years to whom then succeeded Spartacus who reign'd Seven Years In Greece the Corinthians and Corcyreans were preparing on both sides Navies for Fights at Sea And presently the Corinthians Sea-Fight between the Corinthians and Corcyreans made towards the Enemy with Seventy Gallies bravely sitted out and the Corcyreans met them with Fourscore routed them and took Epidamnum by Storm and made all the Corinthians their Prisoners but put all the rest to the Sword The Corinthians by this overthrow wholly discouraged return'd into Peloponesus P. 304. The Corcyreans now become Masters of this part of the Sea invaded the Confederates of the Corinthians and wasted their Country This Year ended Euthymenis entred upon the Government of Athens and at Olymp. 85. 4. An. Mu. 3535. Rome Three Military Tribunes were appointed Magistrates with Consular dignity Aulus Sempronius Lucius Atilius and Titus Celius At that time the Corinthians not long before overcome at Sea determined to put forth another Navy more glorious than the former And to that end getting together Materials from all Parts and hiring Ship-Carpenters out of the Cities they built Ships with all care and earnestness and prepared all manner of Arms and Weapons and every thing necessary for War some Ships they built new others they repaired and some they borrow'd of their Confederates Nor were they of Corcyra idle for they were nothing inferior to their Enemies in care and diligence whence it was apparent how dreadful a War was like to ensue In the mean time the Athenians sent a Colony to Amphipolis chosen partly out of their own City and partly out of the neighbouring Forts and Castles Nausimachus being chief Ruler of Athens Titus Quintus and Marcus Geganius Macerinus were chosen Roman Consuls At that time the Eleans celebrated the Olymp. 86. 1. An. Mu. 3536. Ant. Chr. 435. Eighty Sixth Olympiad in which Theopompus of Thessaly carry'd away the Prize The Corcyreans hearing of the great Preparations that were making against them sent Ambassadors to Athens to desire their Assistance which was done likewise by the Corinthians The Assemblies being called and audience given to the Embassadors on both sides it was determin'd to joyn with them of Corcyra The Athenians joyn with the Corcyreans And without delay they sent them Ten Ships of Three Oars in a Seat well Man'd and provided promising to send them more as there should be occasion The Corinthians now abandoned by the Athenians having Ninety Ships of their own borrow'd Sixty more of their Confederates and so made up a Fleet of an Hundred and Fifty Sail and furnished it with choice Commanders and forthwith made out against the Corcyreans to fight them upon the first opportunity As soon as the Corcyreans heard that their Enemies Fleet was near at Hand they made forth against them with a Navy of an Hundred and Twenty Sail accounting those of Athens The Fleets engaged and fought with great Resolution the Corinthians at the Another Fight at Sea Ant. Chr. 435. first had the Advantage but a Fleet of Twenty Sail from Athens just then appearing sent in pursuance of a second Address made to them the Corcyreans got the Day The next Day the Corcyreans appear'd with their whole Strength in a Line of Battel daring the Corinthians to Fight but they kept within their Harbours and so avoided further Fighting Antilochides now Archon of Athens at Rome Marcus Fabius and Posthumius Aebutius Olymp. 86. 2. An. Mu. 3537. †Elbas Ant. Chr. 434. Aulicus were made Consuls In their times the Corinthians greatly resented the Confederacy of the Athenians with them of Corcyra especially for that the Victory obtain'd was chiefly by their means And therefore being inrag'd and seeking by all the means they could to be reveng'd they stirr'd up their Colony at Potidea to revolt In like manner Perdicas the King of Macedonia not long Potidea revolts from the Athenians before incens'd against the Athenians prevail'd with them of * Chalcidica a Region in Macedonia Chalcidica to revolt and leave the Cities upon the Sea Coast and withdraw only into one called Olynthus The Athenians hearing of the defection of Potidea sent forth a Fleet of Thirty Sail with Command both to destroy the Country of the Rebels and storm the City They according to order bent their Course for Macedonia and likewise besieg'd the City The Corinthians sent Two Thousand Men to assist the Besieged and the Athenians sent as many to strengthen it Hereupon a great P. 305. Potidea Besieg'd Ant. Chr. 435. Battel was fought in the Isthmus near Pallene where the Athenians were Victors and kill'd above Three Hundred of the Enemy And then straiter Siege was laid to Potidea In the mean time the Athenians built a new City in Propontis which they call'd Letoanum In Italy the Romans sent new Colonies into Ardea and divided the Country amongst them by Lot Now Charetes executed the Office of Archon at Athens and the Romans made Olymp. 86. 3. An. Mu. 3538. Ant. Chr. 434. Quintus Furius Fusus and Manius Papyrius Crassus Consuls In Italy the Inhabitants of Thurium being composed of People gathered from several Places began to quarrel and disagree concerning what City chiefly Thurium should be reputed Quarrels at Thurium a Colony of and who should be acknowledg'd the Founder For first they of Athens challeng'd it affirming most of the Inhabitants came from thence Next they of Peloponesus because many Cities sent Colonies from thence claim'd the right of being accounted Founders of the City In this manner there being many Persons of Quality Members of the Colony who had done much towards its Advancement there arose great Dissentions every one challenging the dignity and honour as due to himself At length they of Thurium sent to Delphos to consult there who should be esteemed and taken to be their Founder The Oracle answered That he himself should be so taken And thus the great doubt being resolv'd the Thurians declar'd Apollo their Founder And
427. an Hundred Sail of Ships under the command of Lachetes and Chabrias With these they arriv'd at Rhegium and from The Athenians assist the Leontines in Sicily by Chabrias their Colonies there and at Calcidea they had an Hundred Ships more which join'd with the former from thence they loos'd and came first to the Lipare Islands where they ravag'd the Country because they were Confederates of the Syracusians Then they made to * In Italy upon the Sea-Coasts Locris and took Five Ships belonging to the Locrians and besieg'd one of their Castles The Siculi bordering upon the †Mylae a City in Sicily Myleans coming to their aid the Armies engag'd and the Athenians were Conquerors and kill'd above a Thousand of their Enemies and took no fewer than Six Hundred Prisoners And presently after they took the Castle by Storm In the mean time Forty Ships more were sent to the Fleet by the Athenians to carry on the War with more Vigour under the command of Eurymedon and Sophocles And when they were all join'd they made up a Fleet of Two Hundred and Fifty Sail. But while the War was carrying on the Leontines by their Embassadors struck up a Peace with them of Syracuse Upon which the Athenian Fleet return'd Home But the Syracusians receiv'd all the Leontines into the City and made them all free of Syracuse and from that time appointed the City Leontium to be a Fort or Garrison of the Syracusians And this was the Condition of Sicily at this time In Greece they of the Island Lesbos revolted from the Athenians And the Lesbos revolts from Athens Reason was because all the Inhabitants of the Cities throughout Lesbos were by order and decree of the Athenians remov'd and brought into * The greatest City of Lesbos Mitylene For this Reason also they entred into a League with the Lacedemonians and advis'd them how they might become Masters at Sea To accomplish which Design they promis'd them a great number of Ships The Spartans gave a very quick ear to this and whilst they were preparing a Navy the Athenians were before them and commanded Clinippides with Forty Sail forthwith to waft over an Army into Lesbos who being joyn'd with other Confederates made for Mitylene Ant. Chr. 427. Mitylene besieg'd by the Athenians and in a Sea-Fight routed the Mityleans and then besieged them Hereupon the Lacedemonians resolved to assist them of Mitylene and to that end prepared a brave Navy but the Athenians enforc'd their Army with a Thousand Men more sent into Lesbos before the Lacedemonians arriv'd Paches the Son of Epiderus was General of this Expedition who when he arriv'd at Mitylene joining with the former Army laid a more strait Siege to the Place and contiually assaulted the City both by Sea and Land The Lacedemonians in the mean time sent Five and Forty Ships under the Command of Alcidas to assist the Mitylenes and again invaded Attica with the assistance of their Confederates who fell upon those Places that were before untouch'd and after they had most shamefully pillaged and wasted the Country they return'd Home But the Mitylenes oppress'd with Famine the Sword and seditious Tumults upon Conditions surrender the City After which a Council was held at Athens what Mitylene surrendred they should do with them of Mitylene There was one Cleon an Orator a cruel and violent spirited Man stir'd up the People to kill all the Mitylenes that were Men grown up and to sell all the Women and Children for Slaves The Athenians P. 315. voted it to be so as Cleon had perswaded them and sent Messengers to Mitylene to acquaint the Governor with the Decree When Paches had read it another to the contrary presently came to his Hand upon which Paches understanding the Athenians had chang'd their Minds with great joy call'd the Mitylenes together and both remitted their faults and likewise freed them from their fears But the Athenians demolished the Walls of Mitylene and divided the whole Island of Lesbos by Lot except the Lands belonging to Methymna And this was the issue of the Lesbean defection from Athens About the same time the Lacedemonians still carrying on the Siege at Platea drew a Wall round the City and fortify'd it with several Forts and strong Guards for its Defence The Siege continuing long and no Relief coming from Ant. Chr. 427. Athens the Besieg'd were greatly press'd both with want of Provision and the loss of many of the Citizens who were cut off in the frequent Assaults All therefore being doubtful what the issue might be a Council was call'd to advise what was fit to be done in order to their Preservation Many thought it most advisable to capitulate but there were others to the number of Two Hundred that were for breaking through the Guards in the Night and so fly to Athens In pursuance whereof observing the darkness of the Night those that were for Capitulating were prevail'd with to assault a remote part of the Enemy's Wall by which means they who intended to break through the Guards whilst their Enemies were busied in assisting their Fellows that were assaulted scaled another part of the Wall having got Ladders for that purpose and kill'd the Guards and so escap'd to Athens The next Day the Lacedemonians were in great vexation at the escape of them out of the City and brought their Forces close to the Walls and bent all their Minds and Strength with all expedition to force the Place Upon which the Plateans being terrify'd gave up both themselves and their City to the mercy of their Enemies Platea surrendred But the Lacedemonian Commanders put this Question to every one that they sent for from among the Plateans What good Offices or Services they had ever done to the Lacedemonians And when one by one confessed they knew of none they asked them again Whether they had ever done the Spartans any harm And when none deny'd that they order'd them all to be slain so that all that remain'd in the City were put to the Sword and the Town it self was raz'd to the Ground and the Lands belonging to it let to farm And thus the Inhabitants Platea raz'd of Platea for their faithfulness to the Athenians became involv'd in great Misery and undeservedly perished Whilst these things were in doing a great Sedition and ‖ A Sedition at Corcyra civil Discord arose in Corcyra upon the following occasion In the Battel at Epidamnum many of the Corcyreans were taken Prisoners and while they were in custody they promis'd the Corinthians that if they might be releas'd they would undertake to deliver up Corcyra into their Hands This was a very welcome and grateful Offer to the Corinthians A considerable Number of Talents therefore being colourably procur'd from their Friends for their Redemption they were all discharg'd As soon as they return'd into their Country minding the performance of their Contract they First seised
and Symmachus to lead the Army against Aristides and Symmachus sent into Lesbos against the Exiles of Mitylene them who having passed over the Forces into Lesbos after some few Assaults took Antandrus and put part of the Exiles to the Sword and expelled the rest out of the City And after they had strenghned the Place with a Garrison they departed from Lesbos After this Lamachus with Ten Ships under his Command Sail'd for Pontus and lay with his Fleet at Heraclea and near the River Cacheta lost all his Ships For abundance of Rain falling the Rain by the violence of the Stream dash'd in Pieces all the Vessels against the Rocks lying upon the Shoar Hereupon the Athenians made a Truce with the Lacedemonians P. 323. A Truce propounded and made for a Year for a Year upon these Conditions that all that was then under the Power and Government of each other should so remain on both sides And after several Debates and Consultations it was Judged to be the wisest course to put an end to the War and those destructive Contentions between themselves for ever after That which chiefly mov'd the Lacedemonians was the earnest desire they had to release those who were taken in the Island Sphacteria Thus far the Truce went on but they could not agree concerning Scione though all other things were consented to on both sides The Contention was so hot that all Ant. Chr. 424. War continu'd further overtures of Peace were at an end and the War was still carry'd on upon the Account of Scione About this time the City Menda fell off to the Lacedemonians which caused Menda revolts to the Lacedemonians a greater heat and resolution for the keeping of Scione To this end Brasidas remov'd all the Women and Children and their best Goods out of Scione and Menda and put strong Garrisons into them The Athenians were so enraged at this that they made a Decree to put all the Sciones to the Sword when ever they took the City To that end they sent Nicias and Nicostrates with Fifty Sail against them Menda retaken They first set upon Menda which they took by the Treachery of some within Then they Besieg'd Scione compassing it round with a Wall and press'd upon Scione besieg'd by the Athenians it with continual Assaults But the Garrison in Scione being very strong and well provided with all things necessary easily defended themselves and from the top of the Walls greatly gall'd the Besiegers And these were the things done this Year The Year following Alceus governing at Athens and Opicter Lucretius and Olymp. 89. 3. Ant. Ch. 423. Lucius Sergius * Fidenas Fideniates Roman Consuls the Athenians cast the Delians out of the Island and took the City into their own Hands because they kept secret correspondence as they alledg'd with the Lacedemonians Being thus expuls'd Pharnaces the Persian Lord Lieutenant gave them the City †Or Adrametum a City in Mysia in the Lesser Asia Adramyttium to inhabit The Athenians at the same time sent forth Cleon with a great Body of Foot unto the Coasts of Thrace who arriving at Scione shipt part of them that lay before the Town and sail'd with them to Torona For he had intelligence that Brasidas was gone from those Parts and had left but few Soldiers at Torona To which Place he approached as close as he could and besieged it both by Sea and Land at length he took it by Storm and made the Women and Children Captives the Souldiers he bound in Chains and sent them to Athens having left at Torona a small Garrison he march'd with the rest of his Forces to the River Strymon in Thrace and thence to the City Scione which is distant Thirty Stages from the City Amphipolis which he fiercely assaulted But here having intelligence that Brasidas incamp'd with his Army at Amphipolis he makes against him with a swift March who being inform'd of the approach of the Enemy sets forth in Battalia to meet the Athenians whereupon they presently join'd Battel the Victory continuing very doubtful for some time where it would fall both sides bravely behaving themselves In the mean time the Generals The Battel of Amphipolis where the Generals on both sides were kill'd P. 324. fought with that Resolution as if each would gain the Victory with his own Hands and the Officers themselves with undaunted Courage rush'd into the heat of the Battel insomuch as many brave Men on both sides breathed out their last At length Brasidas fell in the Bed of Honour amongst Heaps of his Enemies slain by his own Hand Cleon likewise was slain in the thickest of the Combatants And now both Armies were at a stand and in a Consternation at the loss of their Generals but at length the Lacedemonians got the day and set up a Trophy And the Athenians upon a Truce made bury'd their Dead and sail'd back to Athens When some who return'd to Lacedemon gave an account of the Victory and Death of Brasidas it is reported that his Mother Ant. Chr. 423. asked how he behaved himself in the Battel To whom Answer was made That he went beyond all the Lacedemonians Upon which she replied Her Son Brasidas was an Honest and Good Man but much inferiour to many other Spartans in Valour What she said being nois'd through the City the Ephori decreed her publick Honours because she prefer'd the Glory of her Country before the particular praise of her Son After this Battel the Athenians determin'd to make Peace concluded Peace with the Lacedemonians for Fifty Years and did so upon these Conditions that the Prisoners on both sides should be discharg'd and that the Cities taken in the War should be restored And so the Peloponesian War that had now continu'd Ten Years of the Peloponesian War Ten Years was in this manner ended at this time CHAP. VIII The continuance of the Peloponesian War The War by the Romans against the Fidinates for putting their Ambassadors to death The Quarrels between the Aegistines and the Seluntines in Sicily The Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily under Nicias being the Sixteenth Year of the Peloponesian War ARiston was Archon at Athens when the Romans committed the Consulship Olymp. 89. 4. Ant. Chr. 422. New Commotions to Titus Quintius and Aulus Cornelius Cossus The Peloponesian War was scarcely ended when new Commotions and Dissentions broke out afresh occasion'd as follows The Athenians and Spartans with the common Consent of all their Confederates had enter'd into Terms of Truce and Peace But in the mean time they privately confederated in a League Offensive and Defensive without taking in the Cities that had sided with either Party which rais'd a suspicion as if there was a Design laid by this secret Association to inslave all The Cities confederate both against Athens and Sparta Ant. Chr. 422. Greece And therefore the chiefest Cities in Greece sent one to another
whole Fleet and drew off their Land-Forces at some Distance from the Town but at Midnight the Army march'd back close to the City and having before sent back their Gallies with Orders that they should hale the Ships of the Byzantines out of the Harbour and set up a great Shout as if all the Army were there present they themselves with the Land-Forces kept ready drawn up in a Body close to the Walls in Expectation of the Sign In the Execution of these Commands whilst some of the Ships were broken in pieces by the Beaks of the Ships of the Athenians Ant. Ch. 406. and others by Grappling-Irons were hal'd forth and a great and terrible Byzantium betray'd Shout was made the Peloponesians in the City ignorant of the Treachery sally'd out to the Harbour for the Defence of the City In the mean time the Traitors gave the Sign from the Walls and by Ladders took in the Souldiers of Alcibiades while they of the Garrison were out at the Port. But the Peloponesians being inform'd of the Treachery left half the Forces in the Port and with the P. 367. rest ran with all Speed to guard the Walls of which the Enemy was now disposess'd And altho' the whole Athenian Army was broke in yet the Besieg'd were not in the least discourag'd for a long time but with the help of the Byzantines so couragiously oppos'd the Athenians that the City had never come into their Hands if Alcibiades had not made Proclamation that none of the Byzantines should be injur'd which was a thing very seasonably advis'd upon which the Townsmen turn'd their Arms upon the Lacedemonians so that many of them fighting it out with great Gallantry were kill'd The rest to the number of five Hundred fled as Suppliants to the Altars of the Gods The Athenians restor'd the City to the Byzantines and renew'd the League and Confederacy The Suppliants likewise were receiv'd upon Terms that they should deliver up their Arms and that their Persons should be Transported to Athens there to be dispos'd of as the People should think fit CHAP. IX Theremenes and Alcibiades return to Athens are admir'd by the People Lysander made General by the Lacedemonians Antiochus one of the Athenian Generals beaten at Ephesus in a Sea-Fight Agis surprizes part of the Walls of Athens but was beaten off Alcibiades accus'd for Assaulting Cuma a Confederate City Conon made Admiral in his place AFTER the End of the Year Euctemones was made Archon of Athens and Olymp. 93. 1. the Romans constituted Marcus Papyrius and Spurius Nautius Consuls Then was celebrated the Ninety-third Olympiad in which Eubatus of Cyrene got the An. M. 3564. Victory At this time the Athenian Generals now possess'd of Byzantium gain'd Ant. Chr. 405. all the Cities of the Hellespont except Abydus Then they left Diodorus and Mantitheus with sufficient Forces Governours in the Hellespont and they themselves after they had perform'd many Famous Exploits for the Honour and Safety of their Country return'd with the Fleet loaden with Spoils to Athens When they drew near all the People throng'd out with great Joy to meet them and a great number of Strangers both Women and Children ran together into the Pyreum the Arrival of the Generals filling all Persons with Admiration For they brought along with them no less than two hundred Ships which they had taken and a multitude of Prisoners with much Spoil and their own Ships were gloriously adorn'd with Arms Rich Spoils and Golden Crowns and such like Every Body throng'd one upon another to see Alcibiades so as the City was even left without an Inhabitant whilst both Bond and Free long'd to have a View of Him For he was so highly Admir'd at that time that none of the Alcibiades receiv'd with great Applause at Athens former Athenians were judg'd comparable to this Man who so openly and confidently had stood it out against the People They who were Poor and under Mulcts and Fines now hop'd they had an Excellent Advocate who by raising Tumults and Disturbances in the City could free them from their Penuries and pressing Necessities He was a Man daring above all others and an Excellent Speaker In times of War a Brave Souldier and as Skilful a Commander ready His Description in undertaking any Desperate Enterprize of a very Comly and Bautiful Countenance of a Noble Spirit and Aspiring Mind All were so fill'd with Expectation from him that they concluded his Return and the Prosperity of the City Ant. Chr. 405. were coupl'd together For as the Lacedemoniuns were Successful and Victorious whilst he Assisted them so they hop'd that by his Return their Affairs would change to the Better As soon as the Fleet entred into the Harbour all Eyes were fix'd upon Alcibiades's Ship and upon his Landing they receiv'd him with great Acclamations and Congratulated his Return and Victories After he had with all Courteous Behaviour Saluted the People he call'd an * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Assembly where having made a long Defeence for the Clearing of his Innocency he so insinuated himself into the Good-will of the People that all cast the Blame of the †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 P. 368. Dooms and Judgments against him upon the City it self And therefore they restor'd all his Estate not long before Consiscated and threw the Records of his Condemnation into the Sea and Revers'd all other things that were Decreed against him And a Decree was made That the * Certain Priests of Athens Eumolpides should take away and absolve him from that Curse they had pronounc'd against him when he was suppos'd to have been guilty of Prophaning the Sacred Mysteries At last they made him General and gave him full Power both by Sea and Land and committed all their Forces to his Command upon which he Constituted other Generals as he thought fit That is to say Adimantus and Thrasybulus and He Himself with an Hundred Sail pass'd over to Andros and there possess'd Himself of the Fort Alcibiades invades Andros Gaurium and took it in with a Wall But the Andrians with the whole Strenth of the City and the Succours sent to them from Peloponesus sally'd out against them whereupon a sharp Engagement follow'd in which the Athenians were Conquerors a great part of them that came out of the Town being cum off Of those that escap'd some were scatter'd abroad in the Fields others got within the Walls After he had several times attempted to take the City by Assault and saw he could not he prevail left a sufficient Garrison in the Fort by him before fortify'd under the Command of Thrasybulus and he Himself sail'd away with the rest of the Army and wasted and spoil'd Coos and Rhodes and there got a great deal of provision for his Souldiers As for the Lacedemonians although they had lost most of their Fleet and the Command of the Sea together with their General
or possess'd with fear lest Imilcar should slip into the Town when the Souldiers were gone forth would not stir but commanded the Souldiers to abide within the Town by which means they that fled came safe into the Camp But Daphneus march'd forward and incamp'd in the place where the Enemy before lay to whom flockt presently the Souldiers out of the Town with Dexippus and forthwith a Council of War was held where all shew'd themselves very uneasie and discontented that the opportunity was neglected in taking full Revenge of the Conquer'd Ant. Chr. 40. Barbarians and that their Officers when they might have so easily destroy'd them by a Sally out of the Town had suffer'd so many Ten Thousands clearly to escape Hereupon a Tumult arising in the Assembly with a great noise and clamour one Menes a Camarinean one of the Officers stood up and accused the Commanders of Agrigentum to such a degree that he so exasperated the whole Assembly that they that were accus'd could not be heard to speak for themselves but Four of them were out of hand ston'd by the inraged Multitude The Fifth call'd Argeus in favour of his Youth was discharged Dexippus likewise the Lacedemonian was ill spoken of that he who was General of so considerable a Body of Men and ever esteem'd a Man more expert in Martial Affairs than most others should carry it so basely and treacherously After the Council was broke up Daphneus endeavour'd to force the Carthaginians Camp but discerning it to be excellently well Fortify'd drew off Then he blockt up all the Passages with his Horse intercepted the Forragers and prevented all Provision being brought in to the Enemy whereby they were reduc'd to great straits and necessities for not daring to ingage and yet in the mean time starving for want of Bread their Misery was the greater and many were famish'd to Death Upon this the Campanians and almost all the rest of the Mercenaries in a Body came to Imilcar's Tent to demand their allowance of Bread and threatned to fall off to the Enemy if they had it not But Imilcar being inform'd that the Syracusians had loaded their Ships with abundance of Corn for Agrigentum upon which he rely'd as his last shift persuaded the Souldiers to be patient Ant. Chr. 403. a few Days and in the mean time pawn'd to them the drinking Vessels of the Carthaginian Souldiers Hereupon he sent for Forty Gallies from Panormus and Motya and lay in wait for the Ships that brought the Provision For the Syracusians never suspected the Carthaginians durst appear at Sea being now Winter and who had some time before lost their Power and Dominion there Therefore sailing on with great assurance they were on a sudden attack'd by Imilcar with Forty Sail who presently sunk Eight of their Ships and drave the rest upon the Shoar All which being thus taken the Scene of Affairs was so chang'd on both sides that the Campanians that were with the Agrigentines P. 379. perceiving the desperate Condition of the Grecians corrupted with Fifteen Talents fell away to the Carthaginians Besides the Agrigentines at the beginning of the Siege when things went ill with the Carthaginians were very profuse and prodigal both in their Corn and other things and therefore when the Affairs of the Barbarians were much alter'd to their advantage the Besieg'd being so many Thousands penn'd up together were insensibly and by degrees brought into great want It 's reported that Dexippus the Lacedemonian also was brib'd with Fifteen Talents for he on a sudden told the Italian Commanders that it was better to withdraw and carry on the War in some other Place for here they were likely to be starv'd The Officers therefore considering of Ant. Chr. 403. what he had said march'd away with the Army to the Sea as if now the time limited by their Commissions had been determin'd After their departure the Generals with the other Officers met in a Council of War and ordered that an Account should be taken what Provision was left in the City and when a Return was made of the Scarcity they saw it was absolutely necessary to quit the Place whereupon they commanded all to be ready to be gone the next Night Upon this there was a lamentable out-cry The lamentable Condition of the Inhabitants of Agrigentum in every House throughout the whole City of Men Women and Children being in a distraction through fear and dread of the Enemy on the one hand and care of their Goods and Estates on the other which now they must be forc'd in a great measure to leave to the Rapine of the Barbarians and as an aggravation being those very things wherein a little before they plac'd their happiness However at length seeing that Fortune had stript them of all their Riches they judg'd it was wisdom to do what they could to save their Lives Then might be seen not only the mighty wealth of a flourishing City forsaken but also a multitude of miserable People left behind for those that were sick and infirm were disregarded by them of their own Family whilst every one sought to preserve himself and those that through Old Age could not remove were in the like condition Many that preferr'd Death before the Ant. Chr. 403. leaving of their Country kill'd themselves chusing rather to dye in their own Houses But that multitude of People that did go forth were guarded by the Souldiers to Gela so that all the Ways and Country towards Gela swarm'd with a promiscuous multitude of Women and Children amongst whom were young Ladies who though they had now chang'd their former soft and delicate way of Living into the fatigues and sorrows of tedious Journeys yet being quickned and stirr'd up by fear bore all Difficulties with eminent Patience They all came at length safe to Gela and afterwards Leontium was given to them by the Syracusians to inhabit Imilcar entring the City with his Army not without some fear and jealousie Agirgentum taken by the Carthagineans kill'd almost all he found in it not sparing those that fled into the Temples for refuge but haling of them from the Altars slew them with great cruelty There it s said Gellias who was so eminent above the rest of his Countrymen in the greatness of his Wealth and integrity of his Conversation ended his Life with the Loss of his Country For he with some others fled to the Temple of Minerva hoping the Carthaginians would not commit any outrages against the Gods But when he perceiv'd the cursed Impiety of the Men he set Fire to the Temple and together with the Wealth that was there consecrated to the Gods burnt himself by one act preventing Three Evils as he conceiv'd the Impiety of Gellias burns himself in the Temple the Enemy against the Gods the Rapine and Plunder of the vast Treasure that was there and that which was the greatest the abuse of his own Body Imilcar having spoil'd
himself and therefore forthwith sent a Messenger in whom he could most confide and by him laid all open before the King That when Alcibiades saw that Pharnabazus would not p. 401. furnish him with Letters to make way for him to the King's Palace he made a Journey to the Lieutenant and Governor of Paphlagonia and desir'd his assistance to get to the King And that Pharnabazus fearing lest the King should come to understand the Truth sent some to lie in wait for Alcibiades in the way and to murther him and that these finding him in his Inn in Phrygia rais'd up a Pile of Wood round his Lodging in the Night and set it on fire and that Alcibiades endeavouring to save himself in the midst Ant. Ch. 402. of the Flames partly by the Fire and partly by Darts cast at him by his Enemies there perish'd About the same time Democrates the Philosopher died being Ninety Years of Age. And Lasthenes the Theban who wan the Prize this Olympiad is said to run a Race on foot with a Running Horse from * From Coronea to Thebes 30 Miles both in Beotia in Greece Coronea to the Walls of Thebes and won the Match In Italy the Volsci set upon the Roman Garrison at * Verulanum in Latium Olymp. 94. 2. Ant. Ch. 401. Verugine took the City it self and kill'd many of the Garison-Soldiers After the Affairs of this Year thus past Euclides became Chief Magistrate of Athens And Four Military Tribunes bore the Consular Dignity at Rome Publius Cornelius Numerius Fabius Lucius Valerius and Terentius Maximus During the time of their Governments the Affairs of Byzantium were but in an ill posture by reason of their intestine Seditions and their Wars with the Thracians their Neighbours Not being able to put an end to their Civil Discords they desir'd a Governor from the Lacedemonians to which end Clearchus was sent to them who after the whole Power was put into his hands got together a great number of Mercenaries and acted more like a Tyrant than a Governor For First having invited the Magistrates of the City to a Feast after a publick Sacrifice Clearchus acts like a Tyrant in Byzantium he caus'd them all to be put to Death Presently after when there was none left to Govern the City he strangled Thirty of the Chief Men of Byzantium and seiz'd upon all their Goods to his own use He likewise put to death some of the richest of the Citizens under colour of pretended Crimes and others he banish'd Having thus enrich'd himself Ant. Ch. 401. he Listed vast numbers of Foreign Troops and confirm'd and strengthen'd himself in the Sovereignty When the Cruelty and Power of the Tyrant was spread abroad the Lacdemonians at the first sent Messengers to him to advise him to lay down his Government But when he flatly refus'd they sent an Army against him under the Command of Panthedas but when Clearchus heard of his coming he march'd away with his Forces to Selymbria of which he had before possess'd himself For by reason of his Cruelty in Byzantium he foresaw that not only the Lacedemonians but the Citizens would be his Enemies and therefore concluding that he could with more safety march out against his Enemies from Selymbria he brought all his Money together with his Army thither When he came there and heard of the approach of the Lacedemonians he withdrew out to meet them and at a place call'd Porus they engag'd The Battle was doubtful à long time but at length the valiant Spartans prevail'd and the Tyrants Army was miserably Clearchus routed at Selymbria by the Lacedaemonians Is employ'd by Cyrus the Brother of Artaxerxes Mnemon Ant. Ch. 401. destroy'd Clearchus with a few escap'd to Selymbria and was there a while besieg'd but afterwards in a great fright he fled out of the Town in the night and sail'd over to Jonia where becoming familiar with Cyrus the King of Persia's Brother he was made General of his Army For Cyrus being made Chief of all the Princes and Governors of the Sea Coasts and being of an high and aspiring Spirit determin'd to make War against his Brother Artaxerxes Looking therefore upon Clearchus to be a fellow of a bold and daring Spirit ready for any adventure furnish'd him with Money and order'd him to raise an Army of as many Foreigners as he could hoping he had new got fit a Companion to assist him in the execution of those bold Attempts he had taken in hand As for Lysander the Spartan after he had setled all the Cities subject to the Lacedaemonians according P. 402. to the Orders and Directions of the Ephori some to be govern'd by a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Decemvirate a Government under 10 Persons Decemvirate others by an Oligarchy became of great Note and Reputation at Sparta For by his Conduct he had put an end to the Peloponnesian War and thereby had gain'd for his Country the Sovereign Command both at Sea and Land without controul Being puft up with this Success he design'd to put an end to the Reign of the Heraclidae and to that end endeavour'd so to contrive the matter as to procure a Decree That any Spartan whatsoever should be capable of being elected King Thereby he hop'd that the Regal Power would presently be devolv'd upon himself for the Great and Noble Services that he had done But considering that the Lacedaemonians were led much by Lysander contrives to cut the Line of the Heraclidae and to be chosen King of Sparta Seeks to bribe the Oracles the Answers given by the Oracle he resolv'd to bribe the Prophetess of Delphos with a large Sum of Money For he concluded that if he were favour'd by the Oracle his Business was done according to his Heart's desire But when he saw that by his repeated and continual Promises of Reward day by day he could not prevail he address'd himself upon the same account to the Priest of the Oracle at Dodona by one Pherecrates of the Family of Apolloniatus who was familiarly acquainted with the Officers of that Temple But being disappointed here likewise he took a Journey to * In Africa near Carthage Cerene under colour to pay a Vow to Jupiter Hammon but in truth to no other purpose than to bribe that Oracle To that end he carry'd with him a great Sum of Money to bring over the Priests of that Temple to his Interest For Lybis the King of that Country had been his Father's Guest and for the great Love and Friendship that there was between them the Brother of Lysander was call'd Lybis But notwithstanding all his hopes to prevail by his Interest in the King and the Fulness of his Purse he was not only frustrated of his Ant. Ch. 401. Hope there but the Priests of the Oracle sent Ambassadors to Sparta and accus'd Lysander for his offering of Bribes to corrupt the Oracle Upon which when he was
order'd the Admirals to sail along near unto the Shore and attend upon him as he march'd by Land When he came to the * Gates Pile as they are call'd and found the Entrance without any Guard he was much pleas'd for he was full of Fear lest some had seiz'd the Passes before him For the Place is naturally very streight and defended by Craggy Rocks on every side so that it may be kept by a very few Men. For there are two Mountains that rise up on either side near one to another the one mounting up with sharp Rocks of a prodigious height and the other call'd Libanus beginning at the very Entrance into the only Passage Ant. Ch. 399. that leads through those Places and runs out as far as to Phenicia The space lying between these two Mountains is about * A Quarter and an half of a Mile Three Furlongs wide strongly fortify'd shut up with streight and narrow Gates When Cyrus had pass'd through here he discharg'd the Fleet and sent it back to Ephesus for he had no occasion to use it being now to march through the Heart of the Country After twenty Days march he came to Thapsacus near to the River Euphrates After he had continu'd here Five days and had gain'd the Hearts of the Soldiers by plenty of Provision and rich Spoils and Booties he call'd a Council and discover'd to 'em his whole design But perceiving that the Army was very uneasy upon what he said he earnestly intreated all of them that they would not now Desert him and endeavour'd to pacify them by promising besides other Rewards a * 3 l. 2 s. 6 d. Mina apiece to every Man as soon as he came to Babylon Upon which being thus encourag'd and having their Expectations rais'd high they at length consented Hereupon Cyrus pass'd his Army over Euphrates and went forward without making any Halt and as soon as he came to the Borders of Babylon he gave leave to his Army to refresh themselves Artaxerxes the King had some time before notice given him by Pharnabazus of the secret Preparations of Cyrus against him but now having certain Intelligence of his March he call'd all his Forces together from every place to Ecbatana in Media and with what Force he then had march'd against Cyrus not being willing to stay for the Aids from India and other Nations who he perceiv'd would be too long in coming up to him by reason of the great Distances of the several Places from whence they came His Army as Ephorus relates amounted to no less then Four hundred thousand Horse and Foot When he came within the Borders of Babylon he Encamp'd at Euphrates purposing there to leave his heavy Baggage For he knew the Enemy was not far off and therefore Ant. Ch. 399. had just Cause to fear their desperate and daring Attempt He drew therefore a Trench Threescore Foot in breadth and Ten in depth and Barricaded it with Carts and Carriages as with a Wall here he left his Baggage and those that were Sick and Weak with but a slender Guard but he himself with a swift March made towards the Enemy who were then near at hand When Cyrus saw the King's Army advancing he forthwith commanded all his Army P. 408. The Battel between Cyrus and Arraxerxes It was fought at a Plac'd call'd Cynaxa 500 Furlongs from Babylon Plut. Artaxerxes to their Arms. The Lacedaemonians and some Mercenaries were in the Right Wing stretch'd out to the River Euphrates under the Command of Clearchus the Macedonian with whom were join'd above a Thousand Paphlagonian Horse The Lest Wing was commanded by Arideus consisting of Phrygians and Lydians and in this were about a Thousand Horse more In the middle Battel was Cyrus himself with a Guard for his Person consisting of the best Persian Soldiers and other Barbarians to the number of Ten thousand Men before whom march'd as a Vaunt-guard a Thousand Horse gallantly accoutred with Grecian Swords and Coats of Mail. On the other side Artaxerxes plac'd a great number of hook'd Chariots in front of his whole Army and committing the two Wings to the Command of Persian Officers he himself remain'd with the Main Body guarded with no less then Fifty thousand choice Men. When the Armies came within * A Quarter and half of a Mile Three Furlongs one of another the Grecians sang the †The Pean was a song to Mars before the Fight and to Apollo after the Victory Ant. Ch. 399. Pean and then silently led the Van and as soon as they came within the Cast of a Dart they ran in upon the Enemy with great Fury for so Clearchus had ordered them conceiving that if they fought at a great Distance their whole Bodies would be Marks for their Enemies during all the time of the Fight whereas if they engag'd close at Hand they would be less subject to the Darts and Arrows of the Persians As soon as the Main Body with Cyrus came up to the King 's a Shower of Darts and Arrows like a Tempest fell upon them as great as can be imagin'd might be discharg'd by a Body of Fifty thousand Men. But after they had fought a while with their Darts at a distance at length they fell to it hand to hand The Lacedaemonians and Mercenaries at the first Charge routed that Part of the Army that oppos'd them far exceeding the Barbarians both in dexterity of Fight and the resplendant brightness of their Arms. For all the Barbarians were but lightly arm'd and many of the Regiments were of the meanest Soldiers and the greatest part but raw and unexpert in War The Grecians on the contrary by so long and continual exercise of their Arms in the late Peloponnesian War were grown very skilful and excellent Soldiers so that they put their Adversaries presently to flight and made a great slaughter of the Barbarians It so happen'd that both the Generals who were contending for the Kingdom being in the main Battel on either side and weighing how fatal the issue would be made one against the other purposing to decide the Controversie by their own hands and Destiny seem'd now to engage these two Brothers in a Duel as if it had been in imitation of that ancient and stout Combat between * The Sons of Oedipus King of Thebes kill'd one another in a Combat fighting for the Kingdom Plut. Lives Ant. Ch. 399. Eteocles and Polynices so memoriz'd by Poets in their Tragedies Here Cyrus made the Onset and at a distance threw his Javelin with all his force at the King and brought him down to the Ground who was presently taken up as dead and carry'd out of the Fight by them that were about him Upon this Tissaphernes a Noble Persian steps into the King's place encourages the Soldiers and sights valiantly himself endeavouring to revenge the suppos'd Death of the King flew about into every Place with the choicest of the Troops and made
through the sharpness of the Cold their Bodies were immoveable and some were as if they were stricken blind by the whiteness of the Snow and P. 412. every Man had certainly perish'd if they had not by going a little further found some small Villages where there was plenty of Supplies for their necessities Here the People went down under-ground by steps and the Cattle by other passages made through the Earth and in these little Cells were stor'd both Hay for the Cattle and great plenty of all things necessary for the support and sustenance of Man's Life After they had staid here Eight Days they came at length to the River * In Colchis running into the Euxine Sea Phasis There they abode Four Days and then pass'd through the Country of the * Chaoniti rather Colchi Chaoniti and Phasians where being fall'n upon by the Inhabitants in their march they made a great slaughter among 'em and possess'd themselves of their Towns which were full of Provision and other rich booty and there they rested Fifteen Days Thence marching through the Country of the Chalcideans in the space of Seven Days they arriv'd at the River call'd * A River in Caria Harpasus * About 132 Yards Four Plethra broad From thence they march'd through the Plains of the Tascutians where they had plenty of all things and spent three Days in refreshing themselves In four Days after they came to the great City call'd * Belonging to the Macrones a People of Pontus Ant. Ch. 399. Gymnasia Here the Prince of the Country entred into a League with them and allow'd 'em Guides as far as to the Sea After Fifteen days journey they came to the Mountain Chenius where they that were in the Van as soon as they discern'd the Sea afar off were transported with exceeding Joy and gave up so great a shout as they that were in the Rear suddainly put themselves in a posture of Defence supposing some Enemy had broke in upon them But as soon as they all came to the top of the Hill from whence they might have a prospect of the Sea they lift up their hands and gave Thanks to the Gods as if now they were past all danger for the future There they got together great heaps of Stones and of them rais'd up high Altars upon which they fix'd the spoils taken from the Barbarians as Eternal Monuments of their Expedition They bestow'd a Silver Cup and a Persian Garment upon the Guide who pointing to them the way to the * A People of Pontus Macrones took his leave After the Grecians entred the Country of the Macrones they made a League with them in confirmation of which the Grecians received a Spear from the Barbarians and gave another to them for this was a certain pledge of the faithful observance of their Leagues receiv'd from their forefathers as the Barbarians alledg'd When they had pass'd the Mountains in these parts they came down into the Country of the Colchians where a great body of the Inhabitants came forth against them whom the Grecians routed and kill'd vast numbers of them Then possessing themselves of a Hill naturally desencible thence they wasted the Country and bringing all the spoil thither they plentifully refresh'd themselves In these places were multitudes of Bees-hives from whence might be had large Honey-combs But a mischief to admiration happen'd to them that The strange effect of a sort of Honey tasted of them for as many as eat never so little went presently Mad and lay upon the ground as if they were dead And because many fed themselves with these Combs a great multitude lay up and down here and there as if they had been slain in a Field-Battle This was a very sad day to the whole Army being amaz'd with the strangeness of the thing and the number of those that lay groveling upon the ground But the next Ant. Ch. 399 day about the same hour all came to themselves again and rose up of sound and perfect Mind and found themselves in no other condition than as if Health and Strength had been restored 'em by drinking of a Medicinal potion Being thus recover'd three days after they came to * City in Capadocia P. 413. Trapezon a Greek City This is a Colony of * A People of Pontus in the City Sinope Gymnick Plays i. e. Wrestling Leaping Running Quâ—its Fighting with Clubs in which sports they were naked Isidor Origin Lib. 18. C. 17 18. Sinopians and belonging to the Colchians Here they continu'd Thirty Days being bountifully entertain'd by the Citizens and there sacrific'd to Hercules and to Jupiter Soter and celebrated the * A City in Pontus Gymnick Games It 's the common Fame that the Ship Argos with Jason and his companions arriv'd here Hence Cheirisophus the General was sent to Byzantium to procure Shipping to convey them thither for he and Anaxibius the Bizantian Admiral were accounted intimate and special friends thither therefore he speedily sails The Grecians in the mean time being furnish'd with two small Vessels by the Trapezons made incursions both by Sea and Land upon the neighbouring Barbarians Thirty days they had waited for the return of Cheirisophus but he staying longer than they expected and their Provision now growing scant they departed from thence and after three days reacht unto * Gerasunta which is likewise a Grecian City built by the * Vide antea Ant. Ch. 399. Sinopians After they had staid here a few days they march'd into the Country of the Mesynecans but here they were assail'd by the Inhabitants in great Bodies and in an Engagement kill'd a great number those that escap'd fled to a Town they inhabited defended with wooden * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Towers Seven Stories of Chambers one above another This Town the Grecians assaulted and at length took it by Storm This Place was the Metropolis and chiefest Fort of the Country and in the highest part stood the King's Palace It is the Law of the Country here that the King must continue in this Palace during his Life and thence issue out all his Edicts to the People The Grecians related that they pass'd through no Nation more barbarous than this for the Men stick not to have carnal knowledge of the Women in open view and the better and richer sort fatten their Children with boil'd Walnuts and are stigmatiz'd with divers marks burnt into their Flesh both upon their Backs and Breasts The Grecians march'd through this Country in Eight days and through the next call'd Tibaris in Three Thence they pass'd to Gotyora a Greek City and Colony of Ant. Ch. 399. the Sinopians where they abode Fifty days wasting and spoiling the barbarous Nations bordering upon Paphlagonia Here the Heraclians and Sinopians furnish'd them with Shipping in which both they and their Cargo were convey'd into their own Country Sinope was built by the Milesians situated within the Confines of
govern according to their own Laws And now Lacedaemon being at leisure and at Peace with all her Neighbours prepares for War against them of Messina Some of them then held a Castle in Cephalenia others inhabited in Naupachus within the Country of the Locrians call'd Hesperians formerly given to them by the Athenians But they cast them out of both and restored the Castle to the Cephalenians and the other to the Locrians The miserable Messinians through the ancient hatred of the Lacedaemonians were expell'd every where and were forced to leave Greece marching away with their Arms some sail'd to Sicily and Listed themselves Soldiers under Dionysius others to the number of Three thousand made to * A City in Lybia in Africa Cyrene and join'd with other Exiles there For at that time a great Sedition was among the Cyrenians after Aristo with some others had possess'd themselves of the City by whom Five hundred of the principal Men of the City on a sudden were slain upon which all the Persons of Quality fled out of the Town Hereupon the Exiles of Cyrene join'd with the Messinians and march'd in a Body against them who kept the City The Parties engag'd and in the Fight a great slaughter was made of the Cyrenians and almost all the Messinians were cut off After the Fight Messengers were sent to and fro and the matter at length was compos'd by the Cyrenians among themselves who engag'd by solemn Oath one to another That all Injuries should be afterwards for ever forgotten so that they liv'd together from that time peaceably in the Government of their Common wealth About this time the Romans sent Colonies to them call'd * Velitrae Ventras The Year ended Laches was made Lord-Chancellor of Athens At Rome the Consular Ann. M. 3572. Olym 95. Ant. Ch. 398. Dignity was given again to Military Tribunes Manlius Claudius * Livy says Marcus Emilius Appius Claudius Marcus Quintilius Lucius Julius Marcus Posthumius and Lucius Valerius Marcus Quintius Lucius Julius Marcus Furius and Lucius Valerius Then was celebrated the Ninety Fifth Olympiad in which Minos the Athenian was Victor At the same time Artaxerxes King of Asia after the Defeat of Cyrus sent * Pharnabazus is here put for Tissaphernes Ush An. 169. Tissaphernes to take into his Care and Charge all the Governments on the Sea Coasts upon which the Provinces and Cities which had sided with Cyrus were greatly terrify'd lest they should be punish'd for what they had done against the King And therefore sought to qualify Tissaphernes by their Messengers and every one to the utmost of his Power endeavour'd to procure his Favour But Tamos the Chiefest of them Lord-Lieutenant of Ionia put his Wealth and all his Children on board except one call'd Gaus who was afterwards the King of Persia's General out of fear of Tissaphernes and sail'd into Aegypt for Protection to Psmammiticus the King Descended from the ancient Psammiticus whom he had formerly oblig'd by several good Offices and therefore hop'd he should find there shelter and safe Harbour to secure him from the impending Storm of the King 's Wrath. But Psammiticus neither valuing former Benefits nor regarding the Law of Nations to them in distress out of Covetousness to gain the Money and the Ships cut the Throat of his Friend and Suppliant and of all his Children The Cruelty of the King of Aegypt In the mean time the Graecian Cities throughout Asia hearing of the Descent of Tissaphernes sent Ambassadors to the Lacedaemonians and earnestly intreated them that they would not suffer them to be utterly destroy'd by the Barharians Upon this they promis'd forthwith to send them Aid and by their Ambassadors sollicited Tissaphernos that he would not invade the Graecian Cities with his Army However regardless of their Ambassadors P. 416. he set upon the Cumeans in the first place and wasted and spoil'd the Country round about and took a vast Number of Prisoners And afterwards besieged the City but by reason of Winter coming on he could not take it and therefore after he had receiv'd a great Sum of Money for the Redemption of the Captives he rais'd his Siege Ant. Ch. 398. The Lacedaemonians in defence of the Greek Cities made Thimbro General in the War against the King and gave him the Command of a Thousand Spartans with Orders to War between the Lacedaemenians and Persians raise as many Men more from among their Confederates as he thought fit for the present Service Upon which Thimbro goes to Corinth and mustering the Aid he had got together from several places he passes over to Ephesus with no more than Five thousand Men After he had raised Two thousand more from the Confederate Cities and other places having with him not above Seven thousand Men he march'd an * About Fifteen Miles Hundred and twenty Stages and took Magnesia at the first Assault a City within the Government of Tissaphernes Then he came to Trallis a Town in Ionia and determin'd to Besiege it but not being able to effect any thing to purpose there by reason of the strength of the place he return'd to Magnesia This place was then unwall'd therefore fearing lest Tissaphernes should retake it after he was gone he remov'd it higher to the next Hill call'd Thorax From whence he made several incursions upon the Enemy and loaded his Soldiers with variety of Plunder But hearing that Tissaphernes was near at hand with a great Body of Horse he forthwith retir'd to Ephesus About this time part of those Soldiers that went along with Cyrus against his Brother return'd into Greece every one to their own Country Others the greater part of them that were always accustomed to Military Employment to the number almost of Five thousand chose Xenophon for their General who with those Forces made an Expedition against the Thracians who inhabited * A Promontory in Pontus Salmidessus This is a long Creek lying shooting out along the Left side of Pontus well known for the many Ship-wracks that have been there by reason whereof the Thracians near those parts use to seize upon the Merchants that have escap'd to Shore and carry them away as Captives Xenophon therefore with his Forces breaks into their Country overcomes them in Battle and burns many of their Towns and Villages From hence they are sent for by Thimbro with promise Ant. Ch. 398. of being well paid upon which they march'd to him being very eager to assist the Lacedemonians against the Persians During these Actions Dionysius in Sicily builds a Town at the foot of Aetna and from a certain famous Temple calls it Adranus In Macedonia King Archilaus when he Dionysius builds Adranus in Sicily was Hunting was kill'd by Craterus whom he dearly lov'd after he had Reign'd Seven years and his Son Orestes yet a Child succeeded him After the death of Archelaus Aetropus the Tutor and Guardian of Orestes Govern'd the Kingdom for the
make War upon them by them that did agree These Terms were allow'd and so the Lacedemonians rested from War But the Athenians and Thebans with some others were much vex'd and highly concern'd to see the Cities of Asia thus betray'd but not being able to contend with Persia by their own strength they were forc'd to embrace Peace upon the same Terms And now the King being free from the long and tedious War with the Grecians he prepar'd and made ready an Army for the Cyprian War For Evagoras had rais'd a vast P. 453. Army almost throughout all Cyprus taking advantage of Artaxerxes his being engag'd in a War with the Greeks In the mean time Dionysius having continu'd the Siege of Rhegium now for the space of Eleven Months and obstructed all ways and means of Relief he brought the Besieg'd to the utmost extremity through want of all things necessary For it 's reported that at that time a Bushel of Wheat was sold for Five * 15 l. 12 s. 6 d. The miserable condition of Rhegium Ant. Ch. 385. Minas and the Famine was so great that they first eat up their Horses and then all other Beasts of Burden and at length fed upon boild Skins and Leather And at the last they came out of the Town and like Cattle began to eat the Grass that grew under the Walls so that to supply Nature they were forc'd to feed upon those things proper to the Beasts of the Field for want of Man's ordinary Food When Dionysius heard what the Rhegians did he was so far from commiserating them who were sunk in Misery below the common condition of Mankind that he added to their Affliction and put in his Carriage Horses and other Draught Cattle to Graze there where they us'd to feed and so eat up all that poor Provision which Rhegium surrendred was only left for them The Citizens being thus overcome by extream Famine no longer to be born were forc'd to deliver up themselves and their City to the Tyrant's Mercy When he entred he found heaps of Carkasses lying in the Streets who perish'd for want of Bread and those that were alive were like walking Ghosts lean and almost pin'd away by Famine However he got together above Six thousand Prisoners and sent them to Syracuse with Orders that whoever paid a Mina might be redeem'd and for those that were not able he sold them all for Slaves Phyto the Governour he The cruel usage of Phito the Governor of Rhegium bound in Chains and caus'd his Son to be hurl'd into the Sea and fastned Phyto himself to the top of one of his highest Engines that the severity of his punishment might be taken notice of by all and sent one of his Guard to tell him that his Son was drown'd the day before to whom Phito answer'd that his Son was by one day more happy than his Father After this he order'd him to be whip'd through the City and to be scoff'd and scorn'd and undergo all sorts of Cruelty A Cryer the mean time making Proclamation That the Raseal was so severely dealt with because he stirr'd up the City to the War But Phito who had all along thro the Siege approv'd himself a valiant Commander and during Ant. Ch. 385. his whole Life was Esteem'd and Honour'd was not then the least discourag'd at Death but with an undaunted Courage cry'd out That he thus suffer'd because he would not betray the City to Dionysius However God would revenge him of the Tyrant in a short time This admirable Courage and brave Spirit of the Man began to work compassion in some of Dionysius's Soldiers so that they began to murmur Upon which Dionysius being afraid lest Phito should be rescu'd left off tormenting him and order'd the miserable Man with all his Kindred to be drown'd in the Sea Thus suffer'd this worthy Man who deserv'd much better than to undergo so heavy and dreadful a punishment And many Grecians there were who griev'd for his sad misfortune and several Poets in after times made Elegies upon his mournful and lamentable end At the same time when Dionysius lay at the Siege of Rhegium the Gauls who lay beyond the Alps pass'd over those straits with a numerous Army and possest themselves of all the Country lying between the Apenine Hills and the Alps driving thence the Tyrrhenians The Galls enter Italy the natural Inhabitants Some say they were Colonies sent thither from Twelve Cities in * A Province in Italy Tyrrhenia Others say they were Pelasgians who before the Trojan War fled out of Thessaly at the time of Deucalion's Flood and setled themselves in these parts As for the Gauls they were a People that were divided into several Tribes and dwelt in several Countries Those call'd the Senones inhabited the Mountain furthest from the Sea of all the other Mountains and because the Heat was excessive and troublesome to Ant. Ch. 385. P. 454. them they resolv'd to seek for themselves some more commodious Habitations To this end they sent forth the ablest of their young Men well Arm'd to find out some other Seats who making an irruption into * Hetruria rather Tyrrhenia with Thirty thousand Men wasted and spoil'd the Territories of the Caulonians About this time the Romans sent Ambassadors into Tyrrhenia to gain intelligence what this Expedition of the Gauls meant Who when they came to Clusium and saw the Armies Hetruria on both sides drawn up in Battalia ready to engage with more Valour than Prudence they join'd with them of Clusium and sought with the Enemy And one of the Ambassadors by good fortune kill'd one of the Noblest Commanders of the Gauls who when they heard of it sent Ambassadors to Rome to require the Ambassador who had kill'd the Gaul to be deliver'd up to them as one that had begun an unjust War Upon which the Senate would have persuaded the Ambassadors to have accepted Money in satisfaction of the injury But when they refusd it it was Decreed that the Person should be deliver'd Upon this the Father of him who was to be given up into the Enemies hands being then of Consular Dignity and one of the Military Tribunes and being likewise very rich and of great Interest and Account with the Commonalty referr'd the decision of the matter to the People and so easily procur'd the Judgment and Decree of the Senate to be repeal'd From this time the People began to rescind the Decrees of the Senate tho' ever before they always submitted to them Ant. Ch. 385. But the Ambassadors of the Gauls return'd to their Camp and Declar'd what Answer was given them by the Romans Upon which they were in a great Rage and increas'd their Army with new rais'd Forces out of their own Country and forthwith march'd towards Rome with above Seventy thousand Men. When the news came to Rome the Military Tribunes commanded all that were able to bear Arms to List
themselves who marching out of the City pass'd over Tyber and came with all their Forces unto a * Allia Ten Miles from Rome River Fourscore Furlongs from Rome where when they understood that the Enemy was near at hand drew up their Army in this manner Their best Soldiers to the number of Four and twenty thousand they posted all along from the River to the Hills adjoining the rest were plac'd upon the rising Grounds On the other hand the Enemy out winging the Romans their strongest and ablest Soldiers whether on purpose or by chance is uncertain fronted those weaker and unexperienc'd Soldiers on the Hills And now the Trumpets on both sides sounded a Charge Whereupon the Armies ran one upon another with a great shout And those Gauls that set upon them that were upon the Hills presently clear'd the place of them who fled in great confusion to their own Men into the Plain so that by their flight and the hot pursuit of the Gauls they broke and disorder'd their own Army and put them likewise to the Run And while the greatest part of them made to the River and in great precipitation The Romans routed by the Gauls Ant. Ch. 385. and confusion trode down one another the Enemy without intermission kill'd all still that were in the Rear so that the whole Field was cover'd with dead Bodies Some of the stoutest of those that fled to the River swam over with their Arms prizing them as much as their Lives But many of them through the violence of the Stream and the weight of their Arms were drown'd Some with great difficulty after they had fled a long way and in by paths with much a do escap'd However many still pursu'd close by the Enemy who made a great slaughter among them upon the Bank of the River threw away their Arms and swam over Tiber. And tho' the Gauls had cut off so many upon the Shoar yet such was their continu'd Rage that they cast their Darts and Javelins after them that took the Water And many Darts being P. 55. hurl'd amongst shoals of them that were swimming no small execution was done so that some were kill'd forthwith and others so wounded that through loss of Blood and strength of the Current they were spent and carry'd away by the Stream The greatest number of those that escap'd from this sad Overthrow of the Romans took into Veâ—â— lately ruin'd by them and fortifying the Place as well as they could receiv'd the rest that fled thither Those few who swam the River and return'd unarm'd into Rome related how the whole Army was destroy'd which sad News greatly amaz'd all those that were left in the City For the Strength and Flower of the Citizens being now cut off they look'd upon themselves unable in the least to resist And besides Ant. Ch. 385. to aggravate their Misery it seem'd to them impossible to fly with their Wives and Children without the greatest Hazard imaginable the Enemy being so near Therefore many of the ordinary sort remov'd with their whole Families to the neighbouring Towns and Villages But the City-Magistrates encouraging the People order'd that Victuals and all other Necessaries should be brought into the Capitol by which means both the Castle and Capitol was fill'd not only with Meat and Provision but with Silver and Gold and all sorts of rich Garments and Attire Goods of all kinds throughout the whole City being heap'd together in this one Place for they had but three Days time to remove what was moveable and to fortifie the Place For the Gauls spent the first Day according to the Custom of their Country in cutting off the Heads of those that were slain the other two Days they lay quiet in their Camp now close to the City For when they discern'd that the Walls were left bare and undefended and yet heard a confus'd Noise occasion'd by the bringing in of Houshold-Goods and other Things useful into the Capitol they suspected some Stratagem was designing against Rome taken them But the fourth Day when they came to understand the Truth they broke down the Gates and laid all the City in rubbish except a few Houses upon Mount Pallatine And tho' afterwards they press'd upon them in the Capitol with continual Assaults yet they within suffer'd little by it but many of the Gauls perish'd However they stuck The Capitol besieg'd close to the Siege hoping tho' they could not gain the Place by force yet at least in time when all the Provision and Victuals was spent they might possess themselves of the Fort. While the Roman Affairs were thus perplex'd the Tuscans their Neighbours made an Incursion with a great Army into their Territories and wasted and destroy'd all before them But when they had got many Prisoners and much Spoil and Plunder into their hands the Romans that had fled to Veii set upon them on the sudden and put them to flight and not only recover'd all the Spoil but likewise possess'd themselves of all their Tents And by this means being furnish'd with a great number of Arms they arm'd Ant. Ch. 385. their Fellow-Soldiers who hitherto were unarm'd since the late Defeat and got together a Company of Country-Fellows from several Parts and likewise arm'd them For they had a design to raise the Siege of the Capitol but were most perplex'd and concern'd how to give notice of their Purpose to the Besieg'd in regard the Gauls so straitly block'd it up Upon this one Pontius Caminius undertook to get into the Capitol to which end he pass'd on himself alone and privately in the night swam over the River and ascending a steep Rock of the Capitol with great difficulty drew himself up and so came to the Besieg'd and acquainted them that they of Veii were in a Body and that they intended to fall upon the Gauls upon the first Opportunity and having deliver'd his Message he return'd to Veii the same way he came But when the Gauls perceiv'd by the Impressions of a Man's Feet that some Person had lately pass'd that way into the Castle they determin'd to attempt to make an Entry by climbing the Rock in that part And to that end about midnight the Guards being careless trusting to the Strength of the Place some of the Gauls got up to the top but were not taken notice of by the Watch but the Geese dedicated to Juno that fed there seeing them appear P 456. above the Walls presently made a great gagling and noise which so alarm'd the Watch that they all ran to the Place upon which the Gauls now betray'd and afrighted durst not proceed any further In the mean time that famous Man Marcus Manlius hasting to the Defence of the Place cut off the Hand of a Gaul as he was raising himself to recover the Wall and by Ant. Ch. 385. a thrust in his Breast with the Boss of his Buckler cast him down headlong from the top of
to make War upon them both at once Dionysius likewise himself divided his Forces some against the Italiots and others against the Carthaginians Whereupon many light skirmishes pass'd between Parties here and there every day but nothing was as yet done of any moment But there afterwards hapned Two great Battles that were especially famous and remarkable in one of which at a place call'd Cabala Dionysius made himself noted Dionysius routs the Carthaginians at Cabala in Sicily for his Valour and routed the Enemy killing above Ten thousand of them and taking Five thousand prisoners forc'd the rest to fly to a Hill that was fortify'd but altogether without Water In this Fight Mago their General was kill'd behaving himself with great Gallantry and Resolution The Carthaginians terrify'd with the greatness of this Slaughter sent forthwith Ambassadors to make Peace with Dionysius but he P. 466. return'd them Answer that there was only one way left for them to make peace with him and that was forthwith to quit all the Cities of Sicily and to reimburse all the charge of the War This Answer was lookt upon as harsh and proud Therefore they betook themselves to their old Arts of Fraud and Deceit For they seem'd as if they allow'd of his terms but pretended that it was not in their power to deliver up the Cities to him therefore they desired a Truce for some few days that they might consult with the Magistrates concerning this Affair which he agreed unto He was much transported at the Ant. Ch. 381. Truce having now a prospect presently as he conceiv'd to be Lord of all Sicily In the mean time the Carthaginians bury'd Mago their King with great Pomp and State putting his Son into the same place who tho' he was very young yet there were marks and appearances in him of more than ordinary Wisdom and Valour This new General spent all the time of the Truce in Training and Disciplining of his Soldiers so that what with his daily Diligence exact Directions and frequent exercise of their Arms he had an Army both readily subject to Command and hardy and strong for Service And now the time of the Cessation expir'd and the Armies on both sides came hastily into the Field and at Cronion was a sharp Engagement where God gave the Carthaginians Another Battle at Cronion where Dionysius was beaten the Victory to make amends for their former slaughter For they who were grown proud and boasting by their Victory a little before were now as low and poor spirited On the other hand they who were altogether dejected and in despair by reason of their overthrow had their Spirits on a sudden rais'd by their great and unexpected success For Leptines who commanded one of the Wings a valiant Man signaliz'd himself and there sell in the Bed of Honour after he made a great slaughter amongst his Enemies After whose Fall the Carthaginians pluckt up their Spirits and at length put their Enemies to flight Dionysius with those choice Men he had with him at the first worsted those that charg'd him but when the death of Leptines was known and the other Wing was discern'd to be broken and dispers'd that part of the Army with Dionysius fled likewise Upon which the whole Body betaking themselves to their heels the Carthaginians made a hot pursuit and gave Orders that no Quarter should be given so that all being kill'd that came to hand every place for a long way together was strow'd and cover'd with dead Bodies The Carthaginians in revenge of their former loss had made so Ant Ch. 301. great a slaughter that when the slain came to be bury'd they were found to amount to above Fourteen thousand Sicilians and it was by the advantage of Night only that the rest escap'd The Carthaginians having now gain'd so great and remarkable a Victory return'd to Panormas However as it became Men they us'd their Prosperity with great Moderation and sent Ambassadors to Dionysius to offer him Terms of Peace which he readily embrac'd And all was concluded upon these conditions That both sides should keep what they had before the War save only that the Carthaginians should have the City and Territory of Selinuntia and part of the Country of Agrigemum Peace concluded by the Carthaginians with Dionysius as far as to the River Alycum and that Dionysius should pay a Thousand Talents to the Carthaginians And thus stood Affairs in Sicily at that time In Asia Gaius Admiral of the Persian Fleet who had rebell'd against the King after he had engag'd the Lacedemonians and Aegyptians to his Interest was Murther'd secretly Gaius Murther'd P. 467. Tachos Rebels against the King of Persia Ant. Ch. 381. by some body unknown and so fall'd of his Designs After whose Death Tachos pursuing the same Design got an Army together and built a City upon an high Rock joining to the Sea call'd Leuca where he built a Chappel to Apollo but he dy'd likewise a little after upon whose death the Clazomenians and they of Cuma fell at strife and variance for the Town which at first they went about to decide by force of Arms But afterwards by the advice of some Person consulting the Oracle of Delphos to know to which of the Cities Leuca should belong The Prophetess Answer'd That it should be theirs who should first sacrifice at Leuca but that both should set forth from their Cities at the rising of the Sun upon one and the same day as they themselves should agree upon Accordingly Contention between them of Cuma and them of Clazomenia about Leuca the day was set the Cumeans in the mean time lookt upon themselves to have the advantage because their City was nearer than the other But the Clazomenians tho' they were more remote yet contriv'd this project to gain their end They sent some of their Citizens chosen by Lot to a Colony of theirs not far from Leuca and from thence at Sun rising they began their Journey and so finish'd their Sacrifices before them of Cuma Having gain'd Leuca by this trick in memory thereof they appointed a yearly Festival which they call'd Prophthasia from this their coming first to Leuca These things thus done all Rebellions in Asia were at an end and the Lacedemonians now after the death of Gaius and Tachos would have no more to do with Asia but set their Heads at work how to advance their power in Greece And having persuaded some of the Cities and forc'd others to receive their Exiles they possess'd themselves of the Sovereighty of the whole manifestly against the League amongst all the Grecians made by Antalcydas by the help of the King of Persia In Macedonia King Amyntas after he was overcome by the Illyrians in despair of being able to help himself bestow'd a large Tract of Land upon the Olynthians which lay near to them as never thinking to be restor'd again to his Kingdom The Olynthians enjoy'd this Peace for
some time but when the King recover'd strength and was re-instated into his former Dignity he demanded restitution of the Land which the Olynthians deny'd Upon which Amyntas rais'd both an Army of his own and enter'd into a League with the Lacedemonians and prevail'd with them to send a General with a great Army Amyntas quarrels with the Olynthians against the Olynthians The Lacedemonians resolving to fix in those parts of Thrace rais'd an Army out of their own Citizens and Confederates to the number of Ten thousand Men over which they made Phoebidas that Spartan General and commanded him to join with Amyntas and make War upon the Olynthians They sent out another Body against the Phaeuntians whom they subdu'd and forc'd to submit to their Government About this time the Two Lacedemonian Kings having different Sentiments disagreed one with another For Agesipolis was a lover of Peace and a Just and Wise Man and therefore Declar'd against oppressing the Greeks For he said that Sparta would become infamous amongst all the People if after they had been instrumental in making the Grecians in Asia Slaves to the Persians they should now enslave all the Cities of Greece to themselves whose Liberties they had sworn in the common League to preserve inviolable On the other hand Agesilaus being naturally Turbulent and inclin'd to War thirsted after Dominion over the Grecians Afterwards when Menander was Lord Chancellor of Athens and six Military Tribunes Olymp. 99. 3. An. M. 3590. Ant. Ch. 380. Quintus Sulpitius Caius Fabius * Servius Cornelius The Citadel Cadmea seis'd by the Lacedemonians P. 468. Cornelius Servilius Quintus Servilius Sextus Annius and Caius Marcius bore the Consular Dignity at Rome the Lacedemonians seiz'd upon Cadmea the Citadel of Thebes for the Reasons following They had for some time before consider'd how Boetia was full of Towns and Cities and that the Inhabitants were Men both of stout Hearts and strong Bodies and especially that Thebes which continu'd to that Day in its ancient State and Grandeur was even the Guard and Bulwark of all Beotia therefore they were afraid lest at some fit opportunity or other they should become Lords of Greece For this Reason they gave private Instruction to their Commanders to seize upon Cadmea as soon as they could spy out an opportunity Phoebidas the Spartan General in his March against the Olynthians remembring his Instructions Surpriz'd Cadmea which so enrag'd the Thebans that they rose in Arms but were beaten and he Banish'd three hundred of the most eminent Citizens and put all the rest into a great fright and leaving there a strong Garrison March'd away in pursuance of the business he had chiefly in hand All the Grecians every where complain'd of the Lacedemonians for this unworthy Act. And they indeed themselves Fin'd Phaebidas for it but could not be brought to withdraw the Garrison And thus the Thebans were Robb'd of their Liberty and brought under the pow'r of the Lacedemonians But the Olynthians resolutely persisting in the War against Amyntas King of Macedon Phaebidas was order'd to lay down his Commission and Eudamidas his Brother was made General and sent away with Three thousand heavy arm'd Men to carry on the War against the Olynthians who breaking into the Olynthians Country Ant. Ch. 380. joyntly with Amyntas fell upon them but the Olynthians being good Soldiers and overpowring the other in Number beat them both Upon this the Lacedemonians rais'd a great Army and made Teleutias King Agislaus his Brother General who was a Man of high Esteem among the Citizens for his Valour who as soon as he entr'd to the Borders of Olynthus was join'd with the Forces of Eudamidas and now being strong enough to fight the Enemy he first Spoil'd and Wasted the Country and Divided the Prey which he had got together in abundance amongst the Soldiers Afterwards the Olynthians march'd out with their own and the Forces of their Confederates Upon which the Armies Engaged and at the beginning the Battle was doubtful but afterwards the Fight was renew'd with that extraordinary Courage and Resolution that Teleutias The Olynthians beat the Lacedemonians bravely acquitting himself and above Twelve hundred Lacedemontans more were there kill'd upon the Place The Spartans being nettl'd at this Success of the Olynthians made greater Preparations in order to repair their Loss So on the other hand the Olynthians suspecting that the Lacedemonians would bring down greater Forces upon them and that the War might continue long furnish'd themselves with store of Corn and Provision and Aids from their Confederates Demophilus was now Archon at Athens and Publius Cornelius Lucius Verginius Lucius Olymp. 99. 4. Ant Ch. 379. Papurius * Valerius Marcus Furius Valerius Aulius Manlius * Lucius and * Lucius Posthumius Quintus Military Tribunes were Consuls at Rome when the Lacedemonians decreed War against the Olynthians and made their King Agesipolis General over an Army of Force sufficient †Aulus Manlius for the Expedition As soon as he entr'd the Enemies Country he join'd with those that were Encamp'd there and forthwith fell to Action The Olynthians this Year fought no considerable Battle but kept the Kings Army in play whom they were afraid †Posthumius War with the Olynthians by the Lacedemonians to Encounter with continual pickeering and light and frequent skirmishes CHAP. III. Polypidas sent General by the Lacedemonians against the Olynthians A great Plague in Carthage The Beotian War Cadmea retaken A Confederacy of the Cities against the Lacedemonians Cleombrotus attempts to Surprize the Pireum at Athens The Athenians Seize Actea in Eubea Agesilaus enters Beotia The Sea-fight at Naxus AFter the end of the Year Pytheas was Created Chief Magistrate of Athens and P. 469. Olymp. 100. 1. An. M. 3592. Ant. Ch. 378. six Military Tribunes bore the consular Authority at Rome Titus Quintius Lucius Servilius Lucius Julius Aquilius * Lucius Decius Lucretius Anchius and Servius Sulpitius At that time was Solemnized the Hundred Olympiad at Elis in which Dionysiodorus the Tarentine bore away the Prize In the mean time Agestpolis King of Lacedemon died in the fourteenth Year of his Reign and his Brother Cleombrotus succeeding him Reign'd Nine Years But the Lacedemonians Constituted Polybidas General and sent him forth against Polybidas subdues the Olynthians the Olynthians He swore all his Souldiers to be true and faithful to him and gain'd many Victories managing the War with the Valour and Conduct that became a good General At length improving his good Fortune and frequent Sucesses he drove the Olynthians within their Walls and pinning them up so Terrifi'd them that he forc'd them to Submit to the Lacedemonians as their Sovereign Lords As soon as the Ant. Ch. 378. Olynthians were Enroll'd among the Confederates of the Spartans many other Cities sought to come under the same Protection And now the Power of the Lacedemonians was in its greatest Strength as being
Lords of all Greece both by Sea and Land Sparta in its strength For the Thebans were overaw'd by a Garrison the Corinthians and Argives were tyr'd out with Wars one with another the Athenians for their Covetousness and Cruelty exercis'd among those they had Subdu'd were despis'd by all the Grecians On the other hand all were afraid of the Lacedemonians because they were very Populous expert Soldiers and unweari'd in their Attempts Insomuch that the greatest of the Princes in those times I mean the King of Persia and Dyonysius the Tyrant of Sicily Courted the Spartans and were ambitious of their Alliance Afterward when Nico govern'd at Athens and Six Military Tribunes were Created Olymp. 100. 2. Ant. Ch. 377. Consuls at Rome Lucius Papyrius Caius Cornelius Lucius Manlius Caius Servilius Valerius Aulius and Quintius Fabius the Carthaginians enter'd with an Army into Italy and Restor'd the Hipponiats to their City whence they had been Expuls'd and kindly receiv'd * Menenius all the Exiles that came in to them from all Parts Not long after a great Plague happen'd in Carthage which Raging more and more A Plague in Carthage Ant. Ch. 377. swept away abundance of the Inhabitants insomuch that they were in great danger to have lost their Sovereignty For the Africans slighted and deserted them the Inhabitant of Sardinia supposing they had now a fit opportunity Revolted and rose up in Arms against them Moreover a Remarkable Judgment of God fell upon Carthage The Carthaginians kill one another in the Streets at this time for the City was all on a sudden in an uproar fill'd with Tumult Fear and Horrour and many running Arm'd out of their Houses as if an Enemy had entr'd the Place Fought Wounded and Killd one another in the Streets At length the Gods being Appeas'd by Sacrifices and they deliver'd out of their sad Afflictions they presently Subdu'd the Africans and Recover'd Sardinia After these things when Nausinicus chief Governor of Athens and four Military Olymp. 100. 3. An. M. 3594. Ant. Ch. 376. The Boetian War Tribunes Marcus Cornelius Servilius Quinctius Marcus Furius and Lucius Quinctius were Cloth'd with the Consular dignity at Rome the Beotian War so call'd broke out between the Beotians and the Lacedemonians upon the Accounts following The Lacedemonians against all Law and Justice forcibly detain'd the Citadel of Cadmea and had forc'd many Persons of Quality to fly out of their own Countrey The Exiles therefore upon a private Consult among themselves by the help of the Athenians return'd in the Night into their City and in the first place kill'd all those they judg'd sided with the Lacedemonians surprizing them in their Houses when they were asleep then they stirr'd up all P. 470. The Thebans get in a Body to retake the Citadel the Common People to appear for their Liberties upon which the whole City of Thebes readily came in to their assistance and getting into a Body clapt about Cadmea at break of Day In the mean time the Lacedemonian Garrison that was in the Citadel which consisted of no fewer than Fifteen hundred Men sent a Messenger to Sparta to inform them of the Insurrection in Thebes and to desire Aid with all speed However Ant. 376. they from the Bastions in the Citadel beat off the Besiegers killing and wounding many Upon this the Thebans concluding that great Forces would be brought out of Greece to the assistance of the Lacedemonians sent Ambassadors to Athens to put them in mind how they had been assisted by the Thebans at that time when they rescu'd their Commonwealth from the Slavery they suffer'd under the Thirty Tyrants and therefore that they should press them that they would hasten with all the force they had to help them to Reduce Cadmea before any Aid came from Sparta The People of Athens as soon as they heard what was desir'd by the Thebans decreed that without delay a Strong and Considerable Army should be sent to help them The Athenians assist the Thebans to regain their Liberty both to demonstrate their Gratitude for their former Services and likewise hoping thereby so to oblige the Thebans as that they should ever find them fast and constant Friends to assist them at all times against the growing and boundless power of the Lacedemonians For the Thebans were lookt upon not to be Inferior to any in Greece for number or valour of Men. In conclusion the Athenians made Demophoon General over Five thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse who drew out before Day next Morning and hasted away with a swift March that he might be before the Lacedemonians however the People of Athens were ready and prepar'd to March out with all their Forces into Beotia if the Thebans had occasion for them Demophoon with great expedition beyond expectation appear'd in view of them of Thebes and Souldiers came together with the like Zeal and Earnestness from other Cities of Beotia so that the Thebans had now a numerous Army consisting of no less than Twelve thousand Ant. Ch. 376. Foot and about Two thousand Horse and all Chearfully and Readily bestirr'd themselves to Besiege the Citadel The Army divided themselves into parties and assaulted the Place by turns persisting without any Cessation Night and Day In the mean time they in the Castle incourag'd by their Officers bore the Brunt with great Courage hoping to receive speedy Succours from the Lacedemonians And indeed they Valiantly stood it out while they had any Victuals left killing and wounding many of the Assailants having the advantage of the strength of the Fort. But when their Provision grew low and the Lacedemonians lingr'd in sending Relief the Garrison began to Mutiny For the Lacedemonians were for the standing of it out to the last Man but the Auxiliaries from the Confederate Cities who were the greater number were for delivering it up so the Spartans who were but few were forc'd to Surrender the Citadel and being dismiss'd according to Articles return'd to Peleponnesus At length the Lacedemonians The Citadel is surrender'd came with their Army to Thebes but having lost their opportunity through the slowness of their March all was to no purpose But they Try'd three of the Officers of the Garrison by a Council of War and Condemn'd two of them to Die and impos'd so great a Mulct and Fine upon the Third as that he was never able to pay it Afterwards the Athenians return'd into their own Country and the Thebans spent much time in vain in the Siege of Thespis During these affairs the Romans sent a Colony of Five P. 471. hundred Citizens into Sardinia upon Terms of being free from Tribute Afterwards when Callias was Lord Chancellor of Athens and four Military Tribunes Olymp. 100 4. Ant. Ch. 375. Lucius Papyrius Marcus * Publiu Publius †Cornelius Titus * Tiâ—o Cornelius and †Luc. Quinctius Quintus Lucius were honour'd with the
Macedonia but the King of Macedon being join'd with the Deserters brought his Forces presently to Larissa Ant. Ch. 367. and so prevented him When he came there the Citizens open'd the Gates to him and so he became Master of all but the Castle which he afterwards took by Force The The City Cranon likewise surrendr'd to him and he promis'd to restore all the Cities to He 's caus'd to Fly by assistance from the Macedonian King the Thessalians But afterwards not valuing his Word or Honour he Garrison'd them and detain'd them all in his own hands But Alexander the Pherean in a great Fright Fled to the City Pherea And this was then the Condition of Thessaly CHAP. VII The Lacedaemonians send Polytropus into Arcadia who is Slain and his Party Routed by Lycomedes An Invasion by Epaminondas and Pelopidas into Peloponnesus Sparta Besieg'd The Antiquity and History of Messina in Greece Pallane taken by the Arcadians A Wall drawn between Cenchrea and Lecheum to hinder the Thebans Inroad into Peloponnesus Epaminondas breaks through into Peloponnesus Assaults Corinth IN Peloponnesus in the mean time the Lacedemonians sent a Thousand heavy Arm'd Men of their own Citizens and Five hundred Deserters from Argos and Beotia into Arcadia under the Command of Polytropus who when he came to Orchomenon in Arcadia put a Garrison into it being a City that favour'd the Spartans But Lycomedes of Mantinea then Commander in Chief of the Arcadians with a Body of Men to the number The Mantenieans March against Orchomenon of Five thousand March'd against Orchomenon and upon their arrival the Lacedemonians drew out their Forces where happen'd a sharp Engagement in which the Lacedemonian General was slain and two hundred more with him The rest by the hot Pursuit of the Enemy were forc'd back into the City However tho' the Arcadians then got the Victory yet they so far fear'd the power of Sparta that they durst not depend upon their own strength in Contending with the Lacedemonians and therefore taking into their Confederacy the Argives and the Eleans they first sent Ambassadours to Athens to desire them to be their Consederates which being deny'd they then Address'd themselves to the Thebans for the same purpose Upon which the Beotians together with the Phocians and Locrians their Confederates drew out their Forces and March'd directly into Peloponnesus under the Command of Epaminondas and Pelopidas For all the other Beotarchs had willingly given up the sole and absolute Command of the Army to those two being Men eminent for Prudence and Valour Ant. Ch. 367. When they entred into the Confines of Arcadia they were met by all the Arcadians Eleans Argives and the rest of their Confederates And now they had an Army of above An Invasion into Peloponesus P. 490. Epaminondaâ— and Pelopidas Fifty thousand Men and after a Council of War had the Generals resolv'd to March forthwith to Sparta and to Wast and Spoil all the Country of Laconia But the Lacedemonians having lost the Flower and strength of their young Men in the Battle at Leuctra and many in several other Fights here and there were thereby reduc'd to a very small number of Fighting Men of their own Citizens And whereas some of their Confederates deserted and others were brought low by the same means as those before they knew not which way to turn themselves So that they were forc'd to seek for Aid The Lacedemonians seek for Aid of the Athenians and Assistance from them I mean the Athenians upon whom they had some time before Impos'd Thirty Tyrants and whose Walls they had Demolish'd and whose City they had decreed to Raze even to the Ground and lay it Open and Common with the rest of the Country for the grazing of Flocks and Herds But necessity has no Law and the Turns of Fortune are invincible through which the Lacedemonians were brought into that strait as to become Suppliants to their most Implacable Enemies for Relief However they were not deceiv'd in their hopes for such was the Brave and generous Spirits of the Athenians that they fear'd not the Power of the Thebans but decreed to Assist the Lacedemonians to the utmost they were able tho' they were now ready even to be swallow'd up and made perfect Slaves To this end they listed in one Day Twelve thousand lusty young Men and forthwith order'd Iphicrates the General to March away to the assistance Iphicrates sent to assist the Spartans Ant. Ch. 367. of the Spartans Accordingly having Men that were very forward he hasts away with a swift March Neither were the Lacedemonians less active or forward but now even when the Enemy were Encamp'd in the Borders of Laconia they March'd out of Sparta with all the Strength they could make which was but small yet with the same Courage and Valour as they had formerly done In the mean time Epaminondas his Army conceiving it very difficult to enter into the Enemies Country and therefore judging it was not convenient to attempt it with the whole Army together they resolv'd to divide their Forces into four Bodies and so to make the Attack in several Places at once The first March'd to the City * Rather Hellasia Sellatia and and drew off the Inhabitants of that Territory from the Lacedemonians The Argives who were in another Body upon their entrance into the Borders of Tageata Engag'd with a Guard that kept that pass and kill'd the Chief Officer Alexander a Spartan and Two hundred more of his Men amongst whom there were some Beotian Exiles The third Body in which were the Arcadians and most in number broke into the Country call'd Sciritis where Iscolas a Man of great Valour and Prudence kept Guard with a considerable Body of Men. This brave and gallant Commander perform'd an heroick Action worthy to be Recorded to all Posterity When he foresaw that both he The brave act of Ischolas and all those with him were sure every Man to be cut off by their Engaging with so great and unequal a number in the first place he lookt upon it as a dishonour to the Spartan Name to desert the Post assign'd him and yet judg'd it to be much for the Service and Advantage of his Country if he could preserve the Soldiers To the admiration therefore of his Valour he contriv'd a way how to answer the ends of both wherein he bravely Imitated the gallant Spirit of King Leonidas in former times at Thermopile For he sent away to Sparta the choicest of his Soldiers that were young and Ant. Ch. 361. lusty to the end they might be helpful to their Country in Fighting now all lay at Stake And he himself with those that were Old kept close together and in a brave defence slaughter'd multitudes of their Enemies but at length being surrounded and hem'd in by the Arcadians they were every Man of them cut off The fourth body of the Eleans having all places more
force of Arms. But the Aleuadae as they are call'd Persons famous for the Nobleness of their Birth conspir'd to oppose the Tyrants But not being able to perfect so great a Business of themselves they procur'd the Assistance of Philip King of Macedon who return'd into Ant. Ch. 355 Thessaly and subdu'd the Tyrants and restor'd the Cities to their Liberty and carried himself with the greatest demonstrations of Kindness imaginable towards the Thessalians so that ever after in all his Wars not only he but his Son Alexander had them to be their constant Friends and Confederates Among the Writers Demophilus the Son of Ephorus the Historian who continu'd the Demophilus Calisthenes Dyillus History of the Sacred War left imperfect by his Father began at the time when the Temple of Delphos was seiz'd and robb'd by Philomele the Phocian That War continu'd Eleven Years till such time as the Sacrilegious Robbers of that Temple were miserably destroy'd Calisthenes likewise comprehended in ten Books the Affairs of the Graecians bringing down his History in a continual Thred to the Spoiling of the Temple by the Wickedness of Philomele And Dyillus the Athenian begins his History from this Sacrilege and gives an Account of the Affairs of Greece and Sicily in those Times in Seventeen Books CHAP. IV. The first Rise of the Brutii in Italy Dionysius his Admiral invades the Leontines A Fight at Sea between Heraclides and Philistus Admirals one of Dionysius the other of Dion A Faction in Syracuse Dion leaves the Syracusians Their sad Condition Reliev'd by Dion WHen Elpinus bore the Chief Magistracy of Athens and Marcus Popilius Laenos Olymp. 106. 1. Ant. Ch. 354. An. M. 3594. Isackson's Com. and Cneius Manlius Imperiosus were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome the Hundred and Sixth Olympiad was celebrated in which Porus of Malia was crown'd with Victory In Italy a promiscuous Multitude got together about Lucania * from several parts of the Country most of them Servants that had run away from their Masters At first they The first Rise of the Brutii in Italy employed themselves in Robbing and Stealing presently by a common Practice of skulking in the Fields and making Incursions they learnt the Use and Exercise of Martial Discipline and Feats of War And prevailing in several Encounters against the Inhabitants they increas'd to a vast Body and Number of Men. In the first Place they took and plunder'd the City Trojana then seizing upon Arponius and Thurium and many other Cities they formed themselves into a Common-wealth and because they had many of them been Servants they assum'd the Name of * Brutii And thus the Nation of the* Brutii grew up in Italy At this time in Sicily Philistus Dionysius his General Sailed to Rhegium and transported 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rather Brettians for they were call'd Brutii by the Romans as a Brutish People above Five hundred Horse to Syracuse And joining to these a greater Body of Horse and Two Thousand Foot he invaded the Leontines who had fallen from Dionysius 〈…〉 Surprizing therefore the Walls secretly in the Night he possess'd himself of part of the City upon which follow'd an Hot Engagement and by the help of the Syracusians who came into the Aid of the Leontines Philistus over-power'd with number was forc'd out again In the mean time Heraclides Dion's Admiral being left in Peloponnesus and hinder'd by Storms and contrary Winds so that he could not arrive at Sicily time enough to be assistant to Dion in his return into his Countrey and to be helpful in rescuing the Syracusians from Slavery arriv'd at length with Twenty Sail of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Long Ships Ant. Ch. 354. Galleys and Fifteen hundred Soldiers Who being a Man of Noble Birth and of great Esteem and judg'd worthy of so great a Trust he was declar'd Admiral by the Syracusians and he and Dion joining Head and Hand together manag'd the War against Dionysius About the same time Philistus being made Lord High-Admiral by Dionysius and having a Fleet of Sixty Sail well provided entred the Lists in a Sea-fight with the Syracusians who A Fight at Sea between Dion's Admiral and Dionysius his Admiral had a Navy not fewer in number than the Dionysians Whereupon there was a sharp Fight in which the Valour of Philistus at the first prevail'd But at length being surrounded by the Enemy the Syracustans from all parts making it their great business to take him alive he to avoid the Disgrace and Miseries usually attending upon a State of Captivity kill'd himself after he had serv'd the Tyrant to the utmost of his Power and had signaliz'd his Faithfulness above all the rest and chiefest of his Friends The Syracusians being Victors drew the mangled Body of Philistus through the whole City and at length cast it out to the open Air without Burial Dionysius having now lost the most Valiant of all his Friends and knowing not where to find another fit for the Place sent Ambassadors to Dion with an Offer at first of half the Kingdom and presently after consented to give up the Whole But when Dion answer'd That it was but just he should surrender the Castle to the Syracusians upon having only some Money and some marks of Honour conferred upon him The Tyrant hereupon said He was ready to deliver up the Castle to the People upon Condition that he and Ant. Ch. 354. the Mercenaries with all the Treasure they had got might pass over to Italy Dion's Advice was That the Terms should be accepted But the People being wrought over to a contrary Opinion by the importunate Orators opposed Dion for that they doubted not but to take the Castle by Storm Dionysius hereupon committed the Custody of the Castle to the Stoutest of the Mercenaries but he himself having brought aboard all his Treasures and Houshold-Goods without being discover'd set sail and Landed in Italy In the mean time the Syracusians were divided into Factions while some were for Heraclides A Faction in Syracuse to have the Chief Command in the Army and likewise the Sovereign Power because he was judg'd a Person that was not ambitious of the Tyranny But others were for intrusting the Chief Power and Authority in the Hands of Dion Moreover there were great Arrears due to the Soldiers that came out of Peloponnesus to the Assistance of the Syracusians The City therefore being very low in Money and the Soldiers defrauded of their Pay they gather'd themselves into a Body being Three thousand valiant Men all old and expert Soldiers far excelling the Syracusians in Courage These mov'd Dion to go along with them and leave the Syracusians that they might be revenged of them in due time as a Common Enemy Which he at first deny'd but the present Exigency of Dion leaves the Syracusians Affairs requiring it he at length took upon him the Command of the Foreigners and joining himself to them marched to
Council of all their Confederates they consulted concerning the Renewing of the War Those that were Lovers of Justice were for Peace but the Prophane and Impious and such as minded only their Gain and Advantage were for War and us'd their utmost Endeavours to find out some or other that would Patronize their wicked Designs Onomarchus therefore in a premeditated Speech the chief End of which was to advise them to stick to what they had before resolv'd stirr'd up the People to renew the War not so much for the Advancement of the Publick Good as to promote his own private Advantage For he had many Mulcts as well as others impos'd upon him by the Amphictyons which not being able to pay and therefore judging that War was more desirable than Peace as to his Circumstances by a plausible Speech he incited the Phocians to persist in what Philomelus had begun Upon which being then created General he inforc'd himself with many Foreign Soldiers and recruited his broken Troops and having Onomarchus made General of the Phocians Vid. Justin Lib. 8. Ant. Ch. 351. augmented his Army with a Multitude of Foreign Mercenaries he made great preparation to strengthen himself with Confederates and other things necessary for the carrying on the War And he was the more encourag'd in his Design by a Dream which he had which did presage as he thought his future Greatness and Advancement In his sleep it appear'd to him as if the Brazen Colossus Dedicated by the Amphictyons and standing in the Temple of Apollo had by his own Hands been * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Been made anew made Higher and much Onomarchus his Dream Bigger than it was before Hence he fancy'd that the Gods portended that he was to become famous in the World for his Martial Exploits But it fell out quite otherwise for on the contrary it signify'd That the Mulct impos'd by the Amphictyons upon the Phocians for their Sacrilege and Violating the Treasures of the Temple would be much Enlarg'd and Advanc'd to a greater Sum by the Hands of Onomarchus which at length came to pass Onomarchus therefore after he was created General caus'd a great Number of Arms both of Iron and Brass to be made and Coin'd Money both of Gold and Silver which he sent abroad here and there to the Consederate Cities especially he sought to gain the Magistrates by these Baits and Largesses Moreover he corrupted many of the Enemy drawing some into the Confederacy and working upon others to sit still in the mean time And all this he easily effected through the Covetousness of those he wrought upon For by his Bribes he prevailed with the Thessalians the most considerable of the Confederates on the other side to stand Neuter Those among the Phocians that opposed him he clapt up in Prison and put them to Death and expos'd their Goods to publick Sale He then march'd into the Enemies Country and took Thronius by Assault and sold all the Inhabitants for Slaves The Amphissenians Ant. Ch. 351. likewise being greatly terrified he forced to a Submission and possessed himself also of the Cities of the Doreans and wasted and spoiled the Country Thence he marched into Boeotia and took Orchomenus and when he was even ready to sit down before Chaeronea he was worsted by the Thebans and so returned into his own Country About this time Artabazus who had rebelled against the King still continued his War The Boeotians help Artabazus and beat the King of Persia's Forces with those Lord Lieutenants of the Provinces that were ordered out against him At the first while Chares the Athenian General assisted him he vallantly stood it out against the Enemy But when he left him wanting aid he made his Application to the Thebans for Relief who thereupon sent Pammenim General with Five thousand Men over into Asia who joining with Artabazus routed the Royalists in two great Fights and thereby advanced both his own Reputation and the Glory and Honour of his Country For it was the Admiration of all Men That the Boeotians at the very time when they were deserted by the Thessalians and in eminent Danger by the Phocian War which then threaten'd them should transport Forces into Asia and be Conquerors in all their Engagements In the mean time a War broke out between the Argives and the Lacedemonians who War between the Argives and Lacedemonians Chares takes Sestos and puts many to the Sword Ant. Ch. 351. beat the other at Orneas and took the Town and then returned to Sparta Chares likewise the Athenian General with his Fleet entred the Hellespont and took Sestos the most considerable Town upon that Coast and put all the young Men that were able to bear Arms to the Sword and carried away the rest as Slaves About the same time Cersobleptes the Brother of Cotys Enemy to Philip but in League with the Athenians delivered up all the Cities in Chersonesus except Cardia to the Athenians who sent Colonies thither to inhabit the Towns which were to be divided amongst them by Lot Philip therefore discerning that the * In Thrace Methon in Thrace raz'd by Philip. Methoneans designed to deliver up their City which was of great moment in the War to his Enemy laid close Siege to it which the Citizens defended for some time but being too weak to cope with him they were forced to surrender it upon these Conditions That all the Citizens should depart out of Methon with all their Clothes Being possess'd of the Place he raz'd the City to the Ground and divided the Territory among the Macedonians During this Siege Philip lost one of his Eyes by the stroke of a Dart. Afterwards being sent unto by the Thessalians he marched with his Army into Thessaly And in the first place in Aid of the Thessalians he fought with Lycophron Tyrant of Pheraea Lycophron then made Application to the Phocians for Assistance who thereupon sent to Lycophron Tyrant of Pheroea him Phayllus the Brother of Onomarchus with Seven thousand Men But Philip routed the Troops of the Phocians and drave them out of Thessaly Upon which Onomarchus thinking to be Lord of all Thessaly came to the Assistance of Lycophron with his whole Army Philip opposed him both with his own and the Forces of the Thessalians but Onamarchus Onomarchus routs Philip in two Battels overpowering him by Number routed him in two several Battels and killed many of the Macedonians in so much as Philip was brought into very great Streights His Soldiers were hereupon so dejected that they were ready to desert him but with much ado and many Perswasions he at length brought them over to a due Obedience Ant. Ch. 351. and within a short time after returned into Macedonia But Onomarchus made an Expedition into Boeotia and fought and routed the Boeotians and possessed himself of Coronea In the mean time Philip marches again with his Army out of Macedon into Thessaly and incamps
upon all the Inhabitants of Phaenicia especially upon the Sidonians To this end he Rendevous'd all his Army both Horse and Foot at Babylon and presently march'd away against the Phaenicians In the mean time while the King was upon his March the Governor of Syria and Mazaeus Lord Lieutenant of Caelicia joined together against the Phaenicans On the other side Tennes King of Sidon procured for their assistance Four thousand Greek Mercenaries from the Aegyptians under the Command of Mentor the Rhodian with these and a Body of the Citizens he engaged with the Lord Lieutenants and got the Day and expelled them out of Phaenicia While these Things were acted in Phaenicia the War in Cyprus began at the same time the one depending much upon the other There were Nine great Cities in this Island under whose Jurisdiction were all the other smaller Towns Every one had its several King who managed all publick Affairs yet subject to the King of Persia These all enter'd into a Confederacy and after the Example of the Phaenicians shook off the Yoak and having made all necessary Preparations for the War took upon them the Absolute Power and Soveraignty in their own several Dominions Ant. Ch. 349. Artaxerxes being enrag'd at this Insolence writ to * Or Garieus Idrieus Prince of Caria then lately come to the Throne a Friend and Confederate of the Persians as all his Ancestors were before him to raise him both Land and Sea-Forces for his Assistance against the Kings of Cyprus Upon which he forthwith rigg'd out a Fleet of Forty Sail and sent on board Eight thousand Mercenaries for Cyprus under the Command of Phocion the Athenian and Evagoras who had been for some Years before King of the Island As soon as they lander in Cyprus they march'd then streight to Salamina the greatest of the Cities where they cast up a Trench and fortify'd themselves and so straitly besieg'd the City both Salamina in Cyprus besieg'd or Salamis by Sea and Land The Island had continu'd a long time in peace and quietness and therefore was grown very Rich so that the Soldiers who had now the Power to range over the Country had got together great Booties Which Plenty and Confluence being nois'd abroad many sn the opposite Continent in hope of Gain came slocking out of Syria and Silisia to the Persian Camp The Army of Phocion and Evagoras being increas'd to double the number the Petty Kings were brought into great Straits and much terrify'd And in this Condition was Cyprus at that time About this time the King of Persia march'd with his Army from Babylon and made towards Phaenicia But Mentor General of the Sidonians when he heard how great an Army was approaching and considering how unequal in number the Rebels were he privately consulted his own Safety To that end he secretly dispatch'd away from Sidon a faithful Servant of his own call'd Thessalion to Artaxerxes promising to betray Sidon to him and that he would effectually assist him in subduing of Egypt he being in that respect more especially able to serve him for that he was well acquainted with all the Places in Egypt and knew exactly the most convenient places over the River Nile The King was wonderfully pleas'd when he heard what Thessalion said and promis'd he would not only Ant. Ch. 349. pardon Mentor for what he had done but would bountifully reward him if he perform'd what he had promis'd But Thessalion further added that Mentor would expect that the King should confirm his Word by giving out his Right Hand Upon which the King was so incens'd as being distrusted that he gave up Thessalion into the hands of the Officers with Command to cut off his Head When he was led to Execution he only said thus Thou O King dost what thou pleasest but Mentor who is able to accomplish all I have said will perform nothing that is promis'd because thou refusest to give him Assurance on thy part Upon hearing of which the King alter'd his Mind and commanded the Officers to discharge the Man and so he put forth his * His Hand to kiâ—â— Right Hand to the Thessalion which is a most sure and certain Earnest among the Persians of performance of what is promis'd Then he return'd to Sidon and secretly imparted to Mentor what he had done In the mean time the King counting it his greatest Happiness if he could subdue Egypt which he had before attempted in vain sent Ambassadors to the chiefest Cities of Greece to solicit for some Auxiliary Forces from them The Athenians and Lacedaemonians return'd Answer That they would continue still Friends to the Persians but that they could not supply them with Forces But the Thebans commanded a thousand heavy-arm'd Men to be sent to the Assistance of the King under the Command of Locrates The Argives likewise furnish'd him with Three thousand Men but sent no Captain with them because the King had expresly by Name appointed Nicostratus to Command them and they were unwilling to contradict him He was a Man of great Account both as to Councel and Execution having both Valour and Prudence assistant one to another And because he was of vast Strength of Body imitating Hercules in his Arms he carry'd both a Club and a Lion's Skin in every Battel Neither were the Grecians who inhabited Ant. Ch. 349. upon the Sea Coasts of Asia wanting on their parts but sent out Six thousand Men So that all the Auxiliary Forces from the Grecians amounted to Ten thousand But before these came up the King had pass'd through Syria and enter'd Phaenicia and encamp'd not far from Sidon In the mean time while the King spent a considerable time in making preparation the Sidonians had been very active and diligent in furnishing themselves with Arms and Provisions and besides had drawn a treble deep and broad Trench and an high Wall round the City They had likewise a brave Body of tall handsom and stout Men of the Citizens well exercis'd and train'd up in martial Discipline out of the Schools And this City went far beyond all the rest of the Cities of Phaenicia for Wealth and all other sumptuous Ornaments both for State and Grandeur And that which was not the least among the rest they were furnish'd with a hundred Gallies of three and five Oars on a Bank And now * Here Mentor is put for Tennes in the Greek Tennes became a Party with Mentor who Commanded the Mercenaries out of Egypt in the Treachery and left Mentor to keep a certain Quarter of the City in order to help forward the Execution of the Treason and himself went out with Five hundred Soldiers upon pretence to go to the Common Assembly of the Phaenicians For he had in his Company a Hundred of the Best Quality of the Citizens to be Senators as was pretended But these he caus'd to be seiz'd and deliver'd up into the hands of Ariaxerxes as soon as they came near
without delay he would take Possession of the City which should be by them deliver'd up to him upon his approach In the mean time the Graecians sent an Herald to Mentor who secretly advis'd them to set upon the Barbarians as soon as Bagoas had entred the Town Bagoas therefore being entred with his Persians but without the Consent of the Greeks as soon as part of the Soldiers were let in the Graecians presently shut up the Gates and fell on a sudden on Bagoas taken Prisoner at Bubastus and all his Men cut of who enâ—red the City the Barbarians and kill'd 'em every Man and took Bagcas himself Prisoner who coming to understand that there was no means left for his Deliverance but by Mentor he earnestly intreated him to interpose for his Preservation promising that for the Future he would never undertake any thing without his Advice Mentor prevail'd with the Graecians to Discharge him and to Surrender the City so that the whole Success and Glory of the Action was attributed to him Bagoas being thus freed by his means entred into a Solemn Covenant of Friendship upon Oath with Mentor and faithfully kept it to the Time of his Death so that these Bagoas releaâ—'d by Mentor's meaâ—s two always concurring and agreeing were able to do more with the King than all his other Friends or any of his Kindred For Mentor being made Artaxerxes's Lord-Lieutenant of all the Asiatick Shore was greatly Serviceable to the King by procuring Soldeers out of Greece and by his Faithful and Diligent Administration of the Government Bagoas commanding all as Viceroy in the higher Parts of Asia grew to that degree of Power through his Consultation with Mentor upon all Occasions that he had the Kingdom at Command neither did Artaxerxes any thing without his Consent And after the King's Death his Power was such That the Successors were ever Nominated and Appointed by him and all Affairs of the Kingdom were so wholly manag'd by him that he wanted nothing but the Name of a King But we shall speak of these things in their proper Place After the Surrender of Bubastus the rest of the Cities out of fear submitted and deliver'd Ant. Ch. 348. up themselves upon Articles into the Hands of the Persians In the mean while Nectabanus who was now at Memphis seeing the swift Motions of the Enemy durst not venture a Battel in defence of his Sovereignty but abdicating his Kingdom pack'd up a great deal of Treasure and fled into Aethiopia And so Artaxerxes possess'd himself of all Aegypt and demolished the Walls of all the Cities especially those that were the Greatest and of most account and heap'd together an infinite Mass of Gold and Silver by spoiling of the Temples He carry'd away likewise all the Records and Writings out of the most ancient Temples Which Bagoas a while after suffer'd the Priests to redeem for a great Sum of Money Then he sent home the Greek Auxiliaries with ample Rewards to every one according to their Deserts for their Services and intrusting Pherendatus with the Government of Aegypt he return'd with his Army loaden with Spoil triumphing in the Glory of his Victory to Babylon At the time when Callimachus was Lord-Chancellor at Athens and Marcus Fabius and Olymp. 107. 4. Ant. Ch. 347. Mentor advanc'd Publius Valerius were Roman Consuls Artaxerxes advanc'd Mentor for the good Services he had done him especially in the Aegyptian War above all his Ariends and that he might put a Mark upon his Valour by a Reward more than ordinary he bestow'd upon him an Hundred Talents of Silver and rich Furniture for his House He made him likewise Prefact of all the Asiatick Shore and General of his Army with absolute Power to suppress all Rebellions in those Parts Mentor being in near Alliance and Kindred with Actabazus and Memnon who had not long before made War upon the Persians and were now fled â—at of Asia to Philip in Macedonia by his Interest with the King procur'd their Pardon and thereupon sent for them both to come to him with their Families For Artabazus had by Mentor and Memnon's Sister Eleven Sons and Ten Daughters with which numerous Progeny Mentor was Ant. Ch. 347. greatly delighted and advanc'd the young Men as they grew up to high Places of Command in the Army The first Expedition which Mentor made was against Hennias Prince or Tyrant of * Atarne in Mysia over against Lesbos Atarne who had rebell'd against Artaxerxes and was possess'd of many strong Cities and Mentors stratagem to subdue Hennias Castles upon promise made him to procure the King's Pardon he brought him to a Parley and upon that occasion having surpris'd him he clapt him up and possessing himself of his Seal-Ring he writ Letters in his Name to the several Cities signifying that through Mentor he was restor'd to the King's Favour and sent away likewise with those that carry'd the Letters such as should take Possession for the King of all the Forts and Castles The Governors of the Cities giving credit to the Letters and being likewise very desirous of Peace deliver'd up all the Towns and Forts to the King in every place through the Country All the Revolted Cities being gain'd by this Trick of Mentor without any Hazard or Fatigue the King was highly pleas'd with him as having acted the Part of a Brave and Prudent General And with no less success partly by Policy and partly by force of Arms he reduc'd in a short time the other Captains that were in Rebellion And thus stood Affairs in Asia at this time In Europe Philip King of Macedon made an Expedition against the * Calcidean Cities and took Zeira and raz'd it to the Ground and brought other Towns out of Fear In Thrace Zeira raz'd by Philip. likewise to submit He set again likewise upon Phaeca and threw out its Prince Pitholaus About that time Sparticus King of Pontus dy'd having reign'd Five Years Parysades his Brother suceeded him and govern'd Eight and Thirty years CHAP. X. Philip takes Olynthus and other Cities in the Hellespont The Athenians jealous of Philip and instigated by Demosthenes Philip's Policies The Value of the Riches taken out of the Temple at Delphos Dionysius sent Presents to Delphos which were taken by the Athenians His Letter to the Athenians The Temple burnt The End of the Phocian War The Punishments decreed by the Amphictyons against the Phocians The Miseries of the Sacrilegers Timoleon sent to Syracuse AFter the End of this Year Theophilus rul'd as Archon at Athens and Caius Sulpitius and Caius Quintius executed the Consular-Dignity at Rome at which time was celebrated Olymp. 108. 1. Ant. Ch. 346. An. M. 3600. the Hundred and Eighth Olmypiad in which Polycles of Cyrene bore away the Crown of Victory At the same time Philip made an Expedition against the Cities of the Hellespont of which Micaberna and Torone were betray'd into his hands Then he made
have any thing to do with the Temple or be Members of the Court of the Amphictyons That they should never be possess'd of Horse or Arms until they had made Restitution to the Oracle of the Moneys they had sacrilegiously taken away Moreover That the Exiles of Phocis and whoever they were that were Partners with them in the Sacrilege should be accounted accurs'd and driven out of every Place Likewise That all the Cities of the Phocians should be ras'd to the Ground and turn'd into Villages every one of them not to contain above Fifty Houses and not to be under one Furlong distant one from another yet that the Phocians should keep their Lands but should pay a Tribute to the Oracle every Year of Sixty Talents 'till they had paid the Sum enter'd in the Registers at the time of the Sacrilege committed That Philip with the Boeotians and Thessalians should set forth the Phythian Games because the Corinthians were Partners in the Impiety with the Phocians That the Amphictyons together with Philip should break in pieces upon the Rocks all the Arms of the Phocians and Mercenaries and then burn the Remains And lastly Ant. Ch. 344. That they should deliver up all the Horse When they had dispatch'd this they made Laws and Orders for the restoring of the Oracle to its former state and all other matters relating to Religion and the Publick Peace and advancing of Amity and Concord amongst the Grecians All these Decrees of the Amphictyons were allow'd and confirm'd by Philip who carry'd himself towards them with great Respect in all things and then march'd back with his Army into Macedonia and not only purchas'd Honour by his Piety and martial Conduct but made many Advances towards the future Enlargement of his Dominions For he had long coveted to gain the Sovereign Command of all Greece and to make War upon the Persians which indeed at length happen'd But of these things we shall hereafter give a particular Account in their due time Let us now therefore return to what properly is an Appendant and in course annex'd to the precedent History Yet we judge it our Duty first to relate the Judgments inflicted by the Gods upon the Sacrilegious Robbers of the Oracle for Vengeance overtook all of them in general not only those who were the chief Ringleaders but even them that had the least hand in the Sacrilege Philomelus the First and Chief Contriver of seizing the Temple by a certain * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Strait of War Fate of War was brought into such a strait as that he cast himself headlong from the top a of Rock His Brother Onomarchus having taken upon him the Command of the heartless and discourag'd Army was afterwards with his Phocians and Mercenaries totally routed in Thessaly and he himself taken and crucify'd Phayllus the Third who spoil'd the Oracle of the greatest part of its Sacred Treasures that he might not altogether escape Punishment * A Consumption consum'd away by a lingring Disease Phalecus the last of them having robb'd the Temple of all that was left wander'd up and down in great Terror and in divers Hazards and Troubles for a long time together not in any Favour to him more than the rest of his Confederates in Wickedness Ant. Ch. 344. but that he might be longer tormented and that the Vengeance executed might be more remarkable to all where-ever he went After his Flight whereby he escap'd being a Prisoner at the first he remain'd with his Mercenaries about Peloponnesus and maintain'd his Soldiers with the Money he had sacrilegiously got into his hand from the Temple Afterwards he hir'd some great Transport-Ships at Corinth and having Four other * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hemiolas of two Oars upon a Bank small Vessels of his own he prepar'd for a Voyage into Italy and Sicily hoping either to possess himself of some Citie in those Parts or that he and his Men should be employ'd by some or other as Mercenaries There was at that time a War broken out between the Lucanians and Tarrentines he pretended to the Soldiers that went along with him that he was sent for by the Sicilians and Italians But when he came into the open Sea some of the Soldiers who were on board in the largest Vessel with Phalecus discours'd among themselves and declar'd their Suspicions one to another That it was but a Pretence and that none had sent for them For they saw no Commanders go along with him that were sent from any that desir'd their Assistance and they perceiv'd that the Voyage undertaken was long and tedious and full of Hazards And therefore concluding that Phalecus was no longer to be credited dreading the Expedition beyond-sea they conspir'd especially the Officers of the Mercenaries and with their drawn Swords so threatned both Phalecus and the Pilot that they compell'd them to tack about and return The like being done in the other Ships they all came back and arriv'd in Peloponnesus And being rendezvous'd at Malea a Promontory of Laconia they there found the Gnosian Ambassadors who accidently were come hither to Ant. Ch. 344. list some foreign Soldiers After some Discourse had past between them and Phalecus and the other Officers the Pay in hand was so large that all of them sail'd away with them to Crete and having landed at * Or Cnosus a City in Crete Lyctus another City in Crete Gnosus they presently took the City Lyctus at first Assault But unexpected Assistance came in suddenly to the expuls'd Lyctians for the Tarrentines being at that time engag'd in a War with the Lucanians sent Ambassadors to the Lacedaemonians from whom they were descended to supply them with Auxiliaries upon which the Spartans upon the account of their Kindred were ready to assist them and to that end had both Naval and Land Forces ready under the Command of Archidamus the King of Sparta And being now ready to set sail for Italy at that very time came some from the Lyctians earnestly desiring that they would help them in the first place The Lacedaemonians agreed to it and pass'd over to Crete where they routed Phalecus and his Mercenaries and recover'd the Country for the Lyctians Then Archidamus made for Italy and there assisted the Tarrentines and was kill'd in Fight behaving himself with great Valour and Resolution He was an excellent Commander and of good Reputation in other respects but ill spoken of by reason of his joining with the Phocians as the principal Promoter and Author of the seizing of the Temple and City of Delphos He was King of Lacedaemon Three and twenty Years and his Son Agis succeeded him and continu'd Fifteen Years Afterwards all the Mercenaries under Archidamus and who were concern'd in the robbing of the Oracle were killed by the Lucanians But Phalecus being driven out of Lyctus besieged * A City in Crete Sidon and while he was preparing his Engines to batter the
their backs after receiving many Wounds there perish'd And many though they were never toutch'd by the Enemy's Sword yet through Fear and the Throng and Difficulties of passage over the River being press'd in heaps one upon another there breath'd out their last And that which contributed no little to the common Destruction the River was swollen to that excessive heighth that many especially such as attempted to swim over the Water with their Arms were drown'd In conclusion Two thousand and five hundred who made up the Sacred Brigade of the Carthaginians and for Valour Ant. Ch. 338. and the Glory of their Arms and greatness of their Estates excell'd all the rest fought valiantly and were cut off every Man Of the rest of the common Soldiers there were slain at least Ten thousand and above Fifteen thousand taken Prisoners Many of the Chariots being broken in pieces in the Fight only Two hundred fell into the hands of the Grecians but all the Bag and Baggage The greatest part of the Arms were lost in the River But a Thousand * Coats of Mail. Brigandines and Ten thousand Shields were brought into the Tent of Timoleon of which some were hung up in the Temples at Syracuse and others distributed among the Confederates others were sent to Corinth and order'd to be dedicated to Neptune And although very rich Spoils were taken for that the Carthaginians abounded in Gold and Silver * At Flaggens Cups c. Plate and other Furniture of great value according to the Grandeur and Riches of their Country yet he gave all to the Soldiers as the Reward of their Valour The Carthaginians that escap'd with much ado got to Lilibeum in such Fear and Consternation that they durst not go on board their Ships in order to return to Africa as if through the Anger of the Gods they should be swallow'd up by the Libean Sea As soon as the News of this Overthrow was brought to Carthage their Spirits were mightily broken and they expected that Timoleon would invade them with his Army upon the first Opportunity Therefore they forthwith recall'd Gescon the Brother of Hanno from his Banishment and being a stout Man and an experienc'd Soldier created him General But looking upon it not Adviseable for the future to venture the Lives of the Citizens they resolv'd to hire Soldiers out of other Nations and especially from among the Graecians not doubting but that many would List themselves by reason of the large Pay promis'd by the rich Carthaginians They sent likewise Ambassadors into Sicily with Orders to strike up a Peace upon any Terms whatsoever After the end of this Year Lysimachides was created chief Governor of Athens and Quintus Servilius and Marcus Rutilius bore the Office of Consuls at Rome Then Timoleon Olymp. 110. 2. Ant. Ch. 337. An. M. 3606. as soon as he return'd to Syracuse in the first place expell'd those as Traytors out of the City who had deserted him through the Instigation of Thracius These being transported into Italy they seiz'd upon a Sea-Port Town of the * Brutii Brettians and plunder'd it Upon which the Brutians were so enrag'd that they forthwith came against them with a great Army took the Town by Storm and put every Man of them to the Sword And such was the miserable End of these Deserters of Timoleon as the just Punishment of their former Villany Afterwards he took Posthumius the Tyrant and put him to Death who had infested the Seas with his Piracies and came at that time into the Port of Syracuse as a Friend He receiv'd likewise with all Demonstrations of Kindness Five thousand Persons whom the Corinthians had sent over to plant new Colonies The Carthaginians now by their Ambassadors having earnestly su'd to him for Peace he granted it to them upon these Terms That all the Greek Cities should be set free That the River Lycus should be the Bound between the Territories of both Parties and That the Carthaginians should not for the future assist any of the Tyrants against the Syracusians Having afterwards subdu'd Hicetas he order'd him an Honourable Burial and took Aetna by Storm and put all the Campanians to the Sword And he so terrifi'd Nichodemus the Tyrant of the Centorippians that he fled out of the City Then he forc'd Apoilonides who Lorded it over them of Agyra to Abdicate Ant. Ch. 337. the Government and the Inhabitants thus freed he inroll'd them as Citizens of Syracuse To conclude having rooted up all the Tyrants throughout the whole Island and freed the Cities from their Oppression he receiv'd them all into his Protection and they became his Confederates Then he caus'd Proclamation to be made throughout all Greece That the Senate and People of Syracuse offer'd Houses and Lands to all who were willing to be Members of the Commonwealth of Syracuse Upon which many came flocking over as to the Possession of a new Inheritance At length Forty Thousand new Planters had their Shares by Lot in those Lands that yet remained undivided within the Territories of Syracuse and Ten thousand were allotted to Agyra being a very large and pleasant Country Not long after he caus'd all the ancient Laws of Diocles for the Government of the Syracusians to be review'd and amended Such part of them as concern'd private Commerce and Inheritances he alter'd not but those that related to the Administration of the Publick Government and the Commonwealth he amended as he thought most expedient Cephalus a Corinthian a Learned and Prudent Man was chiefly concerned in this Emendation and Correction of the Laws When this Business was finish'd he translated the Leontines into Syracuse and greatly enlarg'd Camarina with Multitudes of Inhabitants And to sum up all he brought Things to that pass throughout all Sicily now through his Care in perfect Peace and Tranquility as that the Cities in a very short time abounded in Wealth and all Earthly Blessings For through the Seditions and Intestine Wars which Sicily labour'd under for a long time together and the many Tyrants that set up for themselves it was brought to that miserable Condition that the Ant. Ch. 337. Cities were depopulated and the Lands lay wast and untill'd and no Crops to be had for the Supply of Daily Food But now that there were many Plantations of Colonies bless'd with a constant Peace and the Land was every where manur'd and improv'd by the Labour of the Husbandman it began to yield all sorts of Fruits which being vented with great Advantage to the Merchants the Inhabitants grew exceeding rich in a very short time And this abundance of Wealth occasion'd in that Age many stately Structures to be erected up and down in Honour of the Gods As one among the rest near to the Island of Syracuse called The House of Sixty Beds built by Agathocles for Greatness 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Beauty excelling all the Works in Sicily and because as it were in Contempt
were Thirty thousand Foot For Horse there were Eighteen hundred rais'd out of Macedonia under the Command of Philotas the Son of Parmenio As many out of Thrace Commanded by Callas the Son of Harpalus From the rest of Greece Six hundred led by Eurygius Besides these there were Nine hundred Thracians and Peonians in the Van whose Commander was Cassander The whole Body of Horse was * But by the Particulars they amount to Five thousand one hundred Four thousand five hundred And this is the Number of them that Landed in Asia with Alexander In the mean time he left under the Command of Antipater in Europe Twelve thousand Foot and ** The Greck is â—o but the Latin 15 hundred Horse Eleven thousand five hundred Horse When he departed from Troas and came to the *** At Ilium Temple of Minerva the Priest call'd Alexander seeing the Statue of Ariobarzanes that had been Lord-Lieutenant of Phrygia lie prostrate upon the Ground before the Temple and observing several other Ant. Ch. 332. good Omens came to the King and told him that he would be Conqueror in a considerable Horse Engagement especially if he fought in Phrygia and that he should kill a great Commander of the Enemy's with his own Hand And these things he said were foretold him by the Gods and especially by Minerva who would be assistant to him in obtaining of his Victories Alexander much taken with this Prophecy and relying upon it offer'd to Minerva a most Splendid Sacrifice and dedicated his Arms to her and took away others that had been laid up there in their stead which he made use of in the first Fight afterwards and gain'd a most glorious Victory by his own peculiar Valour But this happen'd some few days after In the mean time the Persian Lord-Lieutenants and Commanders who through their sloath were not able to put a stop to the Progress of the Macedonians met together to consult how to manage the War against Alexander Memnon the Rhodian one there amongst them a very skilful General was not for fighting but to give a Check to the Macedonians by destroying the Country all before them that so they might not be able to march forward for want of Provision And was for bringing over both Land and Sea Forces into Macedonia by that means to make that the Seat of the War Although this was sound Advice as the Event made it afterwards evident yet the rest of the Commanders would not hearken to it looking upon it as a thing Dishonourable and much reflecting upon the Valour of the Persians All being therefore resolv'd upon a Battel Forces were brought together from all parts Ant. Ch. 332. and the Lord-Lieutenants being now much Superior in number march'd towards the Hellespont in Phrygia and Encamp'd close by the River Granicus having the River for a Defence between them and the Macedonians Alexander having intelligence of the Forces of the Barbarians made a swift march and came up so close to the Enemy that the River only separated both Armies In the mean time the Barbarians stood in Battallia at the Foot of the Hill judging it would do their business effectually and that they should be sure of the Victory by falling upon them in their Passage over the River and by that means breaking in pieces the Macedonian * Phalanx Battallion But Alexander prevented the Enemy and with great Courage pass'd over his Army about break of Day and drew up his Men in order of Battel The Barbarians drew up the whole Body of their Horse against the Macedonians for they had before resolv'd to begin the Fight with them Memnon the Rhodian and Arsamenes the Lord Lieutenant with their several Regiments of Horse were in the Left Wing supported by Arsites who commanded the Paphlagonian Horse and next to him Spithrobates Lord-Lieutenant of Ionia with them of Hyrcania In the Left Wing were Two thousand Median Horse under the Conduct of Arrheomithres and the like number from Bactria In The Forces of the Persians the main Body was a vast Number of Horse of other Nations of the best and most Experienc'd Soldiers the whole amounted to above Ten thousand Horse The Persian Foot were at least a Hundred thousand Men who stood drawn up behind Ant. Ch. 332. the Horse without moving a Foot because they concluded that the Horse themselves would serve the turn to rout the Macedonians And now the Horse charg'd with great Resolution on both sides especially the Thessalians The Battel at Granicum in the Left Wing under the Command of Parmenio bore the brunt of a brisk Charge with undaunted Courage Alexander with the choicest Body of Horse in the Left Wing setting Spurs to his Horse was the first that charg'd and rushing into the Thickest of his Enemies made great slaughter amongst ' em The Barbarians fought valiantly striving to outdo the Macedonians and Fortune at this time brought together the Persons of the greatest Quality into the Place For Spithrobates the chief Governor of the Province of Ionia a Persian and Son in Law Sipthrobates fights with Alexander to Darius a very Valiant Man charg'd the Macedonians with a great Body of Horse seconded by Forty of his Guard all of his Kindred and inferior to none for Valour and Courage with these he put the Enemy hard to it and lays about him with great Resolution killing some and wounding others And when none were able to deal with him Alexander rid up to the Barbarian and fought with him hand to hand Hereupon the Persian concluding that the Gods of their special favour to him had given him the opportunity of an Happy Combate especially if by his Valour he should free all Asia from their Fears and by his own hands give a Check to these audacious Attempts of Alexander that rung so all the World over and prevent the Dishonor of the Persians was the first that cast his * Call'd a Saunium Javelin at Alexander and with such Force and Violence that it pierc'd through his Buckler and Breast-plate into his right Shoulder-blade The King plucking out the Dart with his own Hand threw it away and setting Spurs to his Horse flew upon the Persian Lord-Lieutenant with that Fierceness and Violence that he fix'd his Spear in the middle of his Breast Upon which the Battalions of both Armies there near at hand in admiration of such a piece of singular Valour set up a great shout But the Point breaking in the Breast-plate so that the Spear pierc'd no further Ant. Ch. 332. the Persian made at Alexander with his drawn Sword who having got another Lance threw it directly into his Face and pierc'd him through the Head at which instance Rosaces Brother to him that was kill'd came swiftly riding in and reach'd the King such a Blow Rosaces near killing of Alexder that he cut through his Helmet and gave him a slight wound upon the Head and just as
Battel at Issus But to return to the Kings themselves Darius with all his Army being thus routed fled and by changing from time to time one Horse after another the best he had he made away with all speed to escape out of the Hands of Alexander and to get to the Governors of the Upper Provinces But Alexander with the best of his Horse and chiefest of his Friends pursu'd him close at the very Heels earnestly longing to be * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lord of Darius But after he had rid Two hundred Furlongs he return'd at midnight into the Camp and having refresh'd his weary Body in the Baths went to Supper and then to his rest In the mean time one came to the Mother of Darius and told her that Alexander was return'd from the pursuit of Darius and had possess'd himself of all the rich Spoils of his Tent. Upon which there was given up a great Shriek and Lamentation amongst the Women and from the multitude of the Captives lamenting with the Queen at the sad News all places were fill'd with Cries and Lamentations The King understanding what Sorrow there was among the Women sent Leonatus one his of Courtiers to them to put an end to their Fears and to let Sisygambres the Mother of Darius know that her Son was alive and that Alexander would have respect to their former Dignity and that to confirm the Promise of his Generosity by his Actions he would come and discourse with them the Day following Whereupon the Captives were so surpriz'd with the sudden and happy Turn of their Fortunes that they honour'd Alexander as a God and their Ant. Ch. 331. Fears were turn'd into Exultations of Joy The King as soon as it was light with Hephestion one of the trustiest of his Friends Alexander's great Humanity towards the Persian Captives went to visit the Queens When they entred in regard they were both habited alike Sisygambres taking Hephestion for the King because he was the more comely and taller Man fell prostrate at his Feet but the Attendants by the Nods of their Heads and Pointing of their Fingers directed her to Alexander whereupon being much asham'd and out of Countenance by reason of Mistake she salutes Alexander in the same manner she had done before the other Upon which he lift her up and said Mother trouble not nor perplex your self for that Man also is Alexander By which courteous and obliging Title of Mother to a grave and honourable Matron he gave a clear Demonstration of the Respects and Civilities he intended towards them all Having therefore own'd her for a Second Mother he presently confirm'd his Words by his Actions For he order'd her to be cloath'd in her Royal Robes and restor'd her to all the Honours becoming her former State and Dignity For he gave her all her Attendants and Houshold Servants and Furniture allow'd her by Darius and added also as much more of his own Bounty He promis'd likewise to dispose of the young Ladies in Marriage far better than if their Father had provided Husbands for them and that he would educate the King's little Son as carefully and honourably as if he were his own Then he call'd him to him and kiss'd him and taking notice that he was not at all dash'd nor seem'd to be in the least afrighted turning to Hephestion and those about him This Youth but Six Years of Age says he carries in his Countenance Marks of a stcut and brave Spirit above his Age and is better than his Father He further declar'd That he would take care of the Wife of Darius that nothing should be wanting to her in order to the support and maintenance of her Royal State and former Prosperity Many other kind and gaining Expressions he us'd insomuch as the Ladies fell a weeping in Showers of Tears Ant. Ch. 331. out of Transports of Joy upon account of the Greatness of their unexpected Felicity After all he at length put forth to them his Right Hand to kiss upon which not only they who were immediately honour'd with those Kindnesses set forth his Praiâ—e but even the whole Army cry'd up his incomparable Grace and Clemency And indeed I conceive that amongst the many Brave and Noble Acts of Alexander none of them were greater than this nor more worthy by History to be handed down to Posterity For storming and taking of Cities gaining of Battels and other Successes in War are many times the Events of Fortune more than the Effects of Valour and Virtue but to be compassionate to the miserable and those that lie at the Feet of the Conqueror must be the Fruit only of Wisdom and Prudence For many by Prosperity grow high-crested and are so far swell'd with Pride by the favourable Blasts of Fortune that they are careless and forgetful of the Common Miseries of Mankind so that 't is common to see many to sink under the weight of their prosperous Successes as an heavy Burden they are not able to bear Therefore though Alexander was many Ages before us who are now living yet the remembrance of his Virtue justly challenges Honour and Praise from all those that succeed him in future Generations As for Darius being now got to Babylon he musters up his broken Troops that were escap'd from the Battel of Issus and though he had receiv'd so great an Overthrow yet he was not at all discourag'd but writ Letters to Alexander whereby he advis'd him to use his Good Fortune and Success moderately and offer'd him a great Sum of Money Ant. Ch. 33â— for the Ransom of the Captives He promis'd likewise to give up to him all that part of Asia with the Cities which lay on that side within the * This was all Narolia Course of the River †Now Casilimer in Paphligonia Halys if he were willing to be his Friend Whereupon Alexander call'd a Council of War and laid before them such Letters as he judg'd most for his own Advantage but conceal'd the true ones By which Contrivance the Ambassadors were dismiss'd without any effect of their Embassie Darius therefore concluding that Things were not to be compos'd by Letters sets himself wholly to make preparation for War To which end he arm'd those Soldiers that had loft their Arms in the late unfortunate Battel and rais'd others and form'd them into Regiments He sent likewise for those Forces he had through Haste left behind him in the Upper Provinces when he first began his Expedition To conclude he was so earnest and diligent in recruiting his Army that they were now twice as many as they were at Issus for they made up a Body of Eight hundred thousand Foot and Two hundred thousand Horse besides a vast multitude of hook'd Chariots These considerable Actions were the Events of this Year CHAP. IV. Alexander marches towards Egypt Besieges Tyre Prodigies of Tyre The Tyrians bind Apollo with Golden Chains The Inventions of the Tyrians to defend
them who besieg'd the Rock Aornon with Hercules and after that they were defeated in that Design were planted in this Country by that Hero Here he encamp'd near an eminent City of greatest Command in those parts The Citizens went out to the King and were admitted to converse with him and there they renew'd the Memory of their ancient Kindred and promis'd to perform all Offices of Respect and Kindness as became so near Relations and seal'd and confirm'd what they said with extraordinary rich Presents The King receiv'd them very graciously and in return freed all their Cities to govern according to their own Laws Thence he mov'd towards the bordering Nations amongst whom he found the Agalassians had rais'd an Army of Forty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse Alexander 〈◊〉 Agalassians fought 'em and routed 'em many were kill'd upon the spot and the rest fled into Holes and Dens and the neighbouring Towns and Villages which being afterwards taken they were all sold for Slaves There were 20000 of the rest of the Inhabitants that got together for shelter into a great City which he took by Storm though the Indians blocking up all the strait Passages fought resolutely from the Tops of their Houses and kill'd multitudes of the Macedonians which put him into such a Rage as that he set the Town on fire and burnt most of them in it so that only Three thousand remain'd who Ant. Ch. 325. fled into the Castle and su'd for Pardon and had it Then he with his Friends went on board again and sail'd down the River to the place where the two * Hydaspes and Acisines Rivers as was said before and likewise Indus now met together But these great Rivers rushing in one upon another in one and the same place there were most terrible Whirlpools where the Ships that fell into them were so whirl'd about that there they perish'd And the Stream was so fierce and violent that no Pilot could govern their Ships so that two long Ships were sunk and many of the rest driven upon the Shoar The King's Ship was likewise catch'd in a Whirlpool and he himself now Alexander in danger by Whirlpools in the utmost Extremity and Danger of losing his Life which he perceiving stript himself naked and prepar'd for the last Remedy Whereupon his Friends came round the Ship endeavouring with all their Might to take in the King in case his Ship pérish'd A great Hurry and Confusion there was while the Men strove with the Violence of the Waves but the River overmatch'd both their Strength and Skill Yet the King with great difficulty by the help of the Ships was at length brought to land Being thus unexpectedly preserv'd he sacrific'd to the Gods for his Deliverance and that he had like another Achilles conquer'd the River it self Thence he march'd against the * Oxydracons and Mallians Syracusians in the Greek mistaken for Oxydracans Ant. Ch. 325. Oxydracans and Mallians populous and warlike Nations of India whom he found ready prepar'd with an Army of above Fourscore thousand Foot and Ten thousand Horse and Seven hundred Chariots These People were at War amongst themselves before the King came amongst them but being terrify'd at his approach they were forc'd to agree and confederate against him And in Confirmation of their League they mutually dispos'd of Ten thousand Virgins in Marriage and thereby entred into Affinity one with another However they came not against him with their Armies into the Field but afterwards fell at variance one with another concerning the Chief Command and slipt away here and there into the Neighbouring Cities Alexander approaching to the Capital * Of the Oxydracans Vid. Appian lib. 2. Bell. Civil latter end And Curtius 〈◊〉 9 sect 5 City design'd without any further delay to assault it But one Demophoon a Soothsayer disswaded the King from his Purpose alledging That by certain Signs and Prodigies by him observ'd were portended that the King would be in extream danger by a Wound receiv'd in this Siege and therefore intreated him that he would wave this Town and apply himself to some other Affair Upon this the King was very angry because he discourag'd the Soldiers therefore preparing all things necessary for an Assault he himself led up his Men to the Walls with an undaunted Spirit eager to gain the Place by force His Men being slow in fixing the Engines as he thought he was the first that broke through the Gate into the City upon which many were hewn down and the rest fled whom he pursu'd to the very Castle And because the Macedonians came not on so roundly to make the Assault as he expected he took a Scaling-Ladder himself and set it to the Castle-Wall and holding his Buckler over his Head mounted the Ladder and was so quick that before they within could force him back he had gain'd the Top of the Ant. Ch. 325. Wall None of the Indians durst engage him hand to hand but they so ply'd him with Darts and Arrows at a distance that he was overprest In the mean time the Macedonians had apply'd two Scaling-Ladders but two many thronging up at once the Ladders broke and down they all fell to the Ground The King being then left without all hope of Relief was so desperate as that he did that which is worth special remark and almost incredible For looking upon it as a diminution of his Glory to make back down amongst his own Soldiers he leapt off the Wall with his Arms in his hand into the * Castle-Yard rather The King leaps into a 〈◊〉 himself Town Then the Indians came rushing upon him in droves and he receiv'd their Assault with great Resolution For having a Tree which grew near to the Wall on his right hand and the Wall on his left he more easily defended himself standing his ground with that Courage and Resolution as became a King that had perform'd such Noble Acts coveting to end his Days by a glorious and honourable Death Having now receiv'd many Cuts upon his Helmet and as many on his Shâ—eld At length he receiv'd so grievous a Wound under one of his Paps that it brought him down upon his Knees Upon which the Indian that wounded him ran heedlesly upon him to give him another Blow but the King thrust his Sword through his Body and there he fell down dead Then raising himself up by the help of a Bough of the Tree he challeng'd any of the Indians that had a mind to fight with him And now came in to his relief Peucestes one of his Guard being one of the first that by other Ladders had scal'd the Wall and after him came several others so Ant. Ch. 325. that the Barbarians being now in a fright Alexander was at length preserv'd and rescu'd The City being thus taken the Macedonians being enrag'd upon the account of the King put all the Men they sound to the Sword and fill'd every
place with dead Carcasses In the mean time while the King lay ill of his Wound the Grecians that were distributed into several Colonies throughout Bactria and Sogdiana having for a considerable Grecians in Bactria rebell time before grudg'd their Plantations amongst the Barbarians and now encourag'd upon the Report that Alexander was dead of his Wound rebell'd against the Macedonians and got together to the number of about Three thousand and endeavour'd with all their Might to return into their own Country but were every Man cut off after the Death of Alexander The King after he was recover'd of his Wound appointed a solemn Sacrifice to the Gods in order to give Thanks for his Recovery and sumptuously feasted all his Friends In his Feasting and Drinking there happen'd a Passage very remarkable and fit to be taken notice of Amongst other Friends there was one Coragus a Macedonian invited a strong body'd Man and one that had often behav'd himself with great Gallantry in several Encounters This Man in his Cups challeng'd one Dioxippus an Athenian to fight a Duel between Coragus and Dioxippus See Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 35. c. 11. Aelian Var. Hist. l. 10. c. 22. l. 12. c. 58. Ant. Ch. 325. Duel who was a Champion and had won many Noble Prizes and Victories The matter was push'd on forward by the Guests as is usual at such times Dioxippus accepted the Challenge and the King appointed the Day As soon as it was day many thousands of People slock'd together to see the Combat The King with his Macedonians favour'd Coragus the Grecians wish'd well to Dioxippus The Macedonian came into the List neatly accoutred glittering in his Arms. The Athenian presented himself stark naked all over anointed with Oil with a Cap upon his Head Their Persons were both so admirable for Strength of Body and Presence of Mind that it seem'd as if two of the Gods were to fight a Duel For the Macedonian for his Stature and Brightness of his Arms look'd like Mars Dioxippus besides his being the stronger Man in his carrying of a great Club and Activity in Feats of Arms resembled Hercules And now both advanc'd one towards another The Macedonian when he came near cast his Javelin at Dioxippus which he declin'd by a little motion of his Body Then Coragus presently made at him with his Macedonian * Pike Sarissa which the other advancing forward broke in pieces with his Truncheon The Macedonian thus twice defeated betook to his Sword but while he was drawing it his Adversary made a Sally up to him and prevented him catching hold on his Arm with his left hand and gave him such a Blow with the other as that he laid him at his feet When he had him upon the Ground he set his Foot upon his Neck and lifting up himself he turn'd about to the Spectators Upon which all the People set up a great Shout in admiration of what was done and at the Strength and Valour of the Man But the King order'd him that was foil'd to be let go and then Broke up the Assembly and departed not very well pleas'd at the Misfortune of his Country-man But Doxippus having now discharg'd his Adversary went off the Ground and for his famous and remarkable Victory his Country-men set a Coronet upon his Head as One that had advanc'd the Honour and Reputation of the Grecians But Fortune suffer'd not the Man to rejoice long in his Victory for the King ever after bore a Grudge to him and the King's Friends and all the Courtiers envy'd him Therefore they persuaded one that waited at the Table to put a golden Cup under his Cushion and in the middle of the Feast a Complaint was made that the Cup was stollen whereupon search was made and the Cup pretended to be found with Dioxippus By which he was greatly disgrac'd and put out of Countenance And seeing the Macedonians came â—locking about him he Ant. Ch. 325. arose from the Table and left the place and went to his Lodging But shortly after he wrote a Letter to Alexander complaining of the foul Contrivances of his Enemies against him and after he had deliver'd it to his Servants to be handed carefully to the King he Dioxippus murthers himself murder'd himself It was certainly an imprudent Act in him to fight with a Macedonian but far more Folly in him to destroy himself Therefore many who blam'd him for this piece of Madness added this to his further Disgrace That a great Body and a great Wit seldom meet together When the King read the Letter he was exceedingly troubled at his Death and would often commend him for his Valour And he who undervalu'd him when he was alive now in vain wish'd for him when he was dead and came perfectly to understand the Honesty of the Man by the Knavery of his Accusers and Slanderers And now the King order'd his Army to march along the Bank of the * Indus River over against his Fleet and began again to sail down into the Ocean and in his Passage arriv'd at the Country of the Sambestans These People for Number and Courage are nothing Sambestanâ— Curtius lib. 9. c. 15. inferior to any of the Indians and their Cities are Democratical in their Government Having intelligence of the approach of the Macedonians they brought into the Field Threescore thousand Foot Six thousand Horse and Five hundred Chariots But when the Fleet drew near they were so terrify'd with the strangeness of the Sight and the Fame and Glory of the Macedonians which was nois'd abroad in all Places that the Old Ant. Ch. 325. Men among them dissuaded them from vent'ring a Battel whereupon they sent Fifty of the best Quaâ—ity as Ambassadors to Alexander to pray his Favour The King upon the Address made to him granted them Peace as they desir'd and receiv'd large and honourable Presents becoming a Demy-god from the Inhabitants Then he receiv'd the Submission of the Sodrans and Massanians who border'd on both sides the River Here Sodians Massanians Alexander built another City call'd Alexandria near the * On the Bank of the River Indus River and furnish'd it with a Thousand Inhabitants Afterwards he arriv'd at the Kingdom of ** Musicanus Strabo lib. 15. p. 694. 701. says he submitted where see much more but after revolted and Crucify'd Musicanus whom he took and kill'd and subdu'd his Country Then he came to the †This Territory belongs to the Bastans See Strabo b. Sambus Territory of Porticanus and took two Cities upon the first Assault and gave the Spoil of them to his Soldiers and then burnt them Porticanus who had fled for shelter into the Castle was kill'd fighting in his own Defence Then he took all the Cities within his Dominion by Assault and raz'd them to the Ground which struck a great Terror into the Neighbouring Inhabitants Next he wasted the * The Country of the Brachmans who
had revolted after Submission Sâ—e Curtius Lib. 9 Territories of Sambus razing many of the Cities and selling the Citizens for Slaves and put to the Sword above Fourscore thousand Barbarians These were the Plagues the Brachmans suffer'd All the rest who submitted except such as were the Authors and Ring-leaders of the Defection he Pardon'd In the mean time King Sambus got away with Thirty Elephants into the furthest Parts beyond the River Indus and so escap'd Amongst the Brachmans the last City attempted was †Harmatelia See Strabo Lib. 15. p. 723. Ant. Ch. 325. Harmatelia which greatly confided in the Valour of its Inhabitants and the Strength of its Situation Here the King commanded some few of his Party to go up near to the Place and provoke the Citizens to fall upon them and then to make as if they fled thereupon Five hundred approach'd to the very Walls who for their inconsiderable Number were contemn'd by the Enemy Three thousand therefore made a Sally out of the Town upon them whhreupon they took to their Heels as if they had been in a great Fright But the King with some few of his Troops fell upon the Backs of the Pursuers upon which there was a smart Engagement and many of the Barbarians were kill'd and taken But a great number of those that were kill'd and wounded on the King's side were in a desperate Condition for the Barbarians had poyson'd the Heads of their Weapons with a deadly Poyson which made Poyson'd Weapons them more Courageous and forward to Engage with the King This strong Poyson is made of certain Serpents taken by Hunting which after they are kill'd they lay out and expose to the Heat of the Sun where the Heat does so fry their Flesh as if it were melting away from which distills a sweaty Moisture wherein the Poyson of the Beast is convey'd and may be discern'd The Working of this Poyson is such that a Benumm'dness and Stupidity presently seizes upon the Body of him that is wounded and in a short time after follows most tormenting Pains Convulsions and Trembling wrecking every Member of the Body The Skin grows excessive Cold and Black and the Party vomits black Choler Moreover a black frothy Matter flows from the Wound which causes Putrefaction and presently spreads all over the principal Parts of the Body and so the Party dies in a most Miserable manner And hence it was that he that was never so Ant. Ch 32â— slightly touch'd was as much tormented as he that had the greatest Wounds After all that were thus wounded were dead the King griev'd for none so much as he did for the Misfortune of Ptolemy who Reign'd afterwards and whom at that time he dearly lov'd There happen'd at this time something extraordinary remarkable in reference to Ptolemy which some ascribe to the special Providence of God He was a Man that was belov'd of all both for his Valour and his wonderful obliging Carriage to every one and therefore met with a Cureworthy * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 his kind and gracious Disposition The King dreamt that he saw a Serpent with an Herb in his Mouth which told him the Nature and Efficacy The King's Dream of the Plant and where it grew When he awoke he presently search'd for the Herb and found it and when he had bruis'd it made a Pultice of it and apply'd it to Ptolemy's Body and gave him a Potion of the Juice of the Plant and so restor'd him to perfect Health Others also when they came to know the Sovereign Use of the Herb were cur'd by the same means But when Alexander now began to apply himself to the Siege of Harmotelia a strong and well fenc'd City the Inhabitants came all forth to him and begg'd his Pardon and deliver'd up themselves and their City into his Hands and so escap'd Punishment Then sailing with his familiar Friends into the Main Ocean he found two Islands where he offer'd most magnificent Sacrifices and threw many Golden Cups of a great Value together with the Drink-Offerings into the Sea At length having rear'd up Altars to the Honour of Tethys and Oceanus supposing now he had finish'd the Voyage he intended he return'd with the Fleet up his * Indus River and arriv'd at the famous City ** City Hyala at the Mouth of the River Indus Ant. Ch. 325. Hyala This City is under the same form of Government with that of Lacedaemon For there were two Kings of two several Families succeeding in a time who had the Management and Administration of their Wars But the chief Authority in Civil Affairs resided in the Senate Here Alexander burnt all the Ships that were Leaky and Defective and deliver'd the rest of his Fleet into the Hands of * This Navigation describ'd by Arrian lib. 6 p. 143. and Pliny Nat. Hist lib. 6 c 23 They set forth from the Island Patalene and City Xunilopolis as by Arrian Lib. 6. cap. 23. Vid. Ush Ann. 266. and 269. Nearchus and some other of his Friends with a Command to sail all along the Sea-coast and diligently observe every Place till they came to the Entrance into the River Euphrates He himself rais'd his Camp and march'd a long way into the Country subduing all that oppos'd him and using them kindly that submitted to him For the Inhabitants of Abitra and Gedrosia he brought to Submission without any Hazard or Difficulty Afterwards marching through many Tracts of Land destitute of Water and as many Desarts he came to the Borders of Neoridis There he divided his Army into three Brigades the one he gave to Ptolemy the other to Leonatus the former he comanded to harrass the Sea Coasts and the other the Midland and Champian part of the Country He himself wasted and spoiled the Hill Country and Mountanous Parts and the Places thereunto adjoyning So that many Countries being Invaded all at one and the same time all Places were fill'd with Rapine Fire and Sword whence the Soldiers were loaded with rich Booty and many Thousands perish'd by the Sword The bordering Nations being terrify'd by this Destruction of People all deliver'd themselves up into the Power of the King * In Rambacia Here the King having a desire to build a City near to the Sea and having found a safe Harbour and a convenient Place near to it built one accordingly and call'd it Alexandria Then he entred through ways made Alexandria in India built by his Pioneers into the Country of the * Oritans Neoritans and presently forc'd them all to submit These People are like all the rest of the Indians both for Laws and Manners except in one thing which is almost Incredible For the Kindred and Relations of those that Ant. Ch. 325. are Dead all stark Naked with their Lances in their Hands carry forth the Dead Bodies Burials of the Neoritans into some Wood or other belonging to the Country and there strip the
stoutest Foot Soldiers and bid them boldly attack the Enemy for they were sure to be Conquerors Hereupon they came up with Nicanor in the Night and about Another Sea-fight between Clitus and Nicanor Clitus totally reuted Ant. Ch. 318. Clitus slain by Lysimachus his Soldiers break of Day fell in suddenly upon the Enemy still in confusion and presently upon the very first Charge put them to flight some of the Enemy's Ships they broke in pieces with the Beaks of their own and brush'd off the Oars of divers some they gain'd without fighting being deliver'd up by the Men themselves that were on board At length all the rest except the Admiral 's Ship fell into their Hands Clitus forsook his Ship and got ashore and design'd to have preserv'd himself by getting into Macedonia but in his way falling amongst some of Lysimachus his Soldiers he was slain Antigonus his Reputation for Skill and Prudence in the management of Martial Affairs was much advanc'd by this remarkable Victory Hereupon he was very earnest and intent Antigonus goes after Eumenes to be Master at Sea and without the least doubt of the matter to gain the Sovereignty of Asia To this end he pick'd out of his whole Army Twenty thousand Foot and Four thousand Horse that were the briskest and most active Men and march'd towards Cilicia to break Eumenes before he grew too strong But Eumenes understanding the hot Temper of Antigonus march'd away into Phaenicia to regain it for the Kings then unjustly detain'd from them by Ptolemy But not having an opportunity to do what he design'd he remov'd out of Phaenicia and march'd with his Army through Caelo-Syria to get into the higher Provinces Afterwards he lost some of his Men at the River Tigris by an attack upon him in the Night by some of the Inhabitants In the like manner he Eumenes near losing his whole Army by the Breach of a Dike in Babylonia Ant. Ch. 318. was fallen upon in the Province of Babylon by Seleucus near the River Euphrates and was in great danger to have lost all his Army where by the Breach of a Dyke his whole Camp was very near being over-flow'd and drown'd But setting his Wits at work he fled to a high Bank of Earth and diverting the Water another way preserv'd both himself and his Army And so beyond his expectation he escap'd Seleucus and got into Persia with Fifteen P. 667. thousand Foot and * Three thousand in the Margent Thirteen hundred Horse Having refresh'd his Soldiers after all their Toils and Labours he sent to the Governors and Captains of the higher Provinces to furnish him with more Men and Money And in this State were the Affairs of Asia this Year But as for Europe after the Losses and Misfortunes of Polysperchon at Megalopolis many of the Greek Cities revolted from the Kings to Cassander And because the Athenians In Greece the Greek Cities revolted to Cassander could not get rid of the Garison either by the help of Polysperchon or Olympias one of the most eminent Citizens made bold to say in the publick Assembly That it was for the Interest of the City to close with Cassander At the first there was a great Hurly-burly some being for and others against what was said But the advantage being more calmly debated and consider'd by common consent it was at length decreed That Peace should The Athenians make Peace with Cassander Ant. Ch. 318. be made with Cassander upon such Conditions as could be obtain'd by their Ambassadors In pursuance whereof after some Meetings these were the Terms of Peace agreed upon That the Athenians should quietly enjoy the City the Territory and all the Profits together with the Shipping and all other things and should for the future be Friends and Confederates with Cassander but that Cassander should for the present hold Munichia till the War was ended with the Kings And that the Common-wealth should pay a Tribute of Ten Minas and that an Athenian should be constituted Protector and Guardian of the City whom-ever Cassander pleas'd Whereupon Demetrius the Phalerian was chosen who being invested with the Office kept the City in perfect Peace and carry'd himself very obligingly towards all the Citizens After this Nicanor brought his Fleet into the Pireum adorn'd with the Beaks of Ships gain'd in the late Victory Upon the account of which success he was at the first highly Cassander kills Nicanor honour'd by Cassander but afterwards perceiving that he grew Proud and Haughty and still detain'd the Fort of Munichia with his own Soldiers he had a jealousie of him that he intended to revolt and therefore laid a Trap for him and cut him off Then he march'd into Macedonia where many of the Inhabitants revolted to him many likewise of the Greek Cities were inclin'd to join with * Greek Antipater but Erroneous Many in Macedonia join with Cassander Ant. Ch. 318. Cassander For Polysperchon seem'd to be slothful and careless in managing the Affairs both of the Kingdom and the Allies Cassander on the other hand behaved himself with great Candor towards all and approv'd himself industrious in the Management of Publick Affairs so that he gain'd many who countenanc'd him in his seeking to obtain the Supream Authority But now because Agathocles the Year next following became Tyrant of Syracuse we shall as we design'd at the beginning put an end to this Book and begin the next with Agathocles his advance to the Throne and go on with the Affairs proper and pertinent to our History BOOK XIX IT 's an old Saying brought down to us by Tradition That none overturn Democracies P. 670. PREFACE but Men that overtop others in Power and Interest For which reason some Cities are always jealous of such of their Fellow Citizens as grow Great and Powerful and therefore do what they can to depress them For when Men are in Power the next Step is to domineer over their Country and for those that through the Greatness of their Interest above others have Grounds to expect the Sovereign Authority 't is very difficult to be free from an Itch of Monarchy For 't is very natural for them that are ambitious when they have much to thirst after more and never set Bounds to their insatiable Ambition The Athenians therefore upon this very account made a Law which they call'd Ostracism for the banishing such as grew Great amongst them not so much to punish them for any Fault they had committed but to prevent the Mischief and Prejudice to their Country which by their Power and Interest they were in a Capacity to bring upon them For they remembred as it were an Oracle what Solon had formerly said who foretelling the Tyranny of Pisistratus compos'd this Elegiack 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A City by Great Persons is o'erthrown And Fools beneath a Monarchy do groan Of all other Places Sicily was most infected with this
great respect for Agathocles upon the account of the many instances of his kindness towards them throughout the whole War On the other hand they hated the Six hundred who had been a part of the Oligarchy in Syracuse and no less abhorr'd the People who forced them into Obedience There were Three thousand of them that were thus very ready with Heart and Hand to overturn the Democracy To these he join'd some of the Citizens who by reason of their Poverty envy'd the Power and Pomp of the great Ones When every thing was ready he order'd the Soldiers to meet him at spring of Day in a Body at * Near Syracuse Timoleontium and he himself in the mean time sent for Pisarchus and Decles Ant. Ch. 315. who seem'd to be the most leading Men among the Six hundred pretending to discourse with them concerning some Matters relating to the Publick Good When they came to him accompany'd with forty of their Friends he pretended he was to be betray'd by them and thereupon seiz'd them all and accus'd them to the Soldiers declaring that for his love to the People he was likely to be hurried away to destruction by the Six Agathocles Cruelties in Syracuse hundred and sadly bewail'd his Miserable State and Condition at which all the Soldiers were so enrag'd that they cry'd out that Revenge should be presently taken without any further delay upon the Authors of such Injustice Upon which he commanded the Trumpets to sound a Charge and order'd his Soldiers to kill those that were the Ring-leaders of the Mischief and spoil and plunder the Six hundred and all those that sided with them of all their Goods and Estates Hereupon all being now eagerly set upon Ravage P. 674. and Spoil the whole City was fill'd with Horror and Confusion for the most Innocent of the Citizens not dreaming of any Massacre design'd against them ran out of their Houses into the Streets to see what the Ground was of the Uproar whereupon the Soldiers partly through their Covetousness to enrich themselves and partly through Madness and Rage fell upon the Naked People that through Ignorance had no Arms Ant. Ch. 315. to defend themselves and put them all to the Sword For the Soldiers having secur'd all the Narrow Lanes and Passes in the City the Citizens were inhumanly Murder'd some in their Houses and others in the Streets and many altogether Innocent not accus'd of the least Fault were knock'd on the Head while they were asking the reason why they were to be kill'd For the common Soldiers having now all in their Hands made no difference betwixt Friend and Foe but he was sure to be reputed an Enemy where most was to be gotten by his Fall so that then you might see the whole City fill'd with Violence Murders Slaughters and all kinds of Wickedness For some out of former grudges spar'd not to load those they before hated with all sorts of Disgrace having now full sway to do whatever they pleas'd others judging it an act of Prudence to enrich themselves by the Butcheries of them that were rich spar'd no means nor omitted any contrivance to destroy them For some broke down the Gates of the Out-Courts others by Ladders ascended the House Tops and some fought with them that defended themselves from the Roofs of the Houses Nay there was no safety even to them who fled to the Temples under the shelter of the Gods but Piety towards the Gods was crusht and born down by the Cruelty of Men And these things Greeks against Greeks in their own Country and Kindred against Kindred in a time of Peace without any regard Ant. Ch. 315. either to the Laws of Nature or Leagues or Reverence to the Gods dar'd thus audaciously to commit Upon which account not only Friends but even Enemies themselves and every sober Man could not but pity the miserable Condition of these distressed People All the Gates were shut up and above Four thousand were kill'd in one day for no other fault but that they were in greater esteem than others Of those that endeavour'd to fly some in running to get out of the Gates were laid hold on others who cast themselves over the Walls escap'd to the next Towns Some through Fear and Inconsiderateness leap'd off the Walls and broke their Necks After all there were thrust out of the City as Exiles above Six thousand of whom the greatest part fled to Agrigentum where they were receiv'd and entertain'd with that Humanity as was agreeable to their present Condition But those of Agathocles his Faction who spent the whole day in Butchering of the Citizens were not sparing in committing their Rage and Villanies upon the Women but thought they should be reveng'd upon them that escap'd Death if they could but abuse their Kindred and Relations in the most Vile and Beastly manner imaginable For that it was very reasonable to think that it would be more bitter than Death it self to Husbands and Parents to think of the Abuses of their Wives and the Ravishings of their Daughters But from hence we must forbear composing a Tragedy as is very usual Ant. Ch. 315. with other Writers especially to stir up compassion towards them that are involv'd in such horrible Sufferings because none will expect an express account of every Particular when the whole is so ready and clear to be understood For they that durst impudently at Mid-day murder Innocents in the open Streets and Market place have no need of a Writer to set forth what they did in the Houses in the Night and how they behav'd themselves towards Wives and young Maids then in the power of their Enemies without any guard or defence to protect them But Agathocles after he had glutted himself with the slaughter of the Citizens two whole Days brought together all the Prisoners and releas'd Dimocrates upon the account of an old Friendship between them But as to the rest such as were his greatest Enemies he put to Death and banish'd the other Then calling a common Assembly he accus'd the P. 675. Six hundred and those who had favour'd the Oligarchy declaring that he would purge the City of all those that affected a Monarchy and restore the People to perfect Liberty and that he would henceforth stand upon equal ground with them all and live a private Life free from further Cares and Toils Upon saying of which he threw away his Generals Ant. Ch. 315. Coat and put on a Jacket and so went his way making a shew of himself as but one of the Common People He did this dissemblingly to act the Part of a Commoner being in the mean time very well assur'd that there were many in the Assembly that were Brethren in Iniquity with himself who would never suffer the Generalship to be devolv'd upon any other Hereupon those that had robb'd the oppress'd People of their Goods immediately cry'd out and with a loud Voice wish'd him
a Thousand Foot and Six hundred and ten Horse Androbazus likewise was sent from Parapamysus of which Province Oxyartes was Governor with Twelve hundred Foot and Four hundred Horse Stasander Governor of Aria and Dranginas being join'd with the Bactrians had with him Fifteen hundred Foot and a Thousand Horse Out of India came Eudamus with * 300 in the Margin Ush Ann. 307. Five hundred Horse and Three thousand Foot and a Hundred and twenty Elephants which he got after Alexander's Death when he treacherously slew Porus. There were in the whole with the Governors of the Provinces above * The Particulars make One and twenty thousand Eighteen thousand and Seven hundred Foot and Four thousand and Six hundred Horse When all these came into the Province of Susiana and join'd with Eumenes a publick Assembly was call'd where was a hot Dispute concerning the Choice of a General Peucestes upon the account of his bringing in most Men into the Field and his eminent Post under Alexander conceiv'd he had most Right to challenge the chief Command Antigenes Captain of the * Argyraspides Silver Targateers insisted upon it That the whole Power of Election ought to be committed to his Macedonians who under Alexander had conquer'd Asia and by their Valour had so signaliz'd themselves as to gain the Reputation of being Ant. Ch. 315. Unconquerable But Eumenes fearing lest by their Divisions they should become an easy Prey to Antigonus advis'd that they should not make only one General but that all who were before chosen Captains and Commanders should meet every day in the King's Pavilion and there consult of all the publick Affairs For a Tent had been before erected to Alexander and his Throne plac'd therein to which they us'd to resort offering Incense as to a God and there debate all Matters of Weight and special Concern This Advice being Approv'd and Applauded by all they met there every day as in a City govern'd by a Democracy Afterwards being come to Susa there Eumenes was supply'd with what Monies he had occasion for out of the King's Exchequer For the Kings by Eumenes come to Susa their Letters had order'd the Treasures that they should issue to Eumenes alone so much Money as he at any time requir'd Hereupon he gave the Macedonians Six Months Pay P. 679. before-hand and to Eudamus who brought the Elephants out of India he paid Two hundred Talents under colour to defray the Charge and Expence of the Elephants but in truth the more to engage him to his Interest For if Contests should arise that Party would have the greatest Advantage with whom he sided by reason of the Terror occasion'd by the use of these Beasts The rest of the Governors every one maintain'd their own Soldiers they brought with them This done Eumenes continu'd for some time in Ant. Ch. 315. Susa and there refresh'd his Army In the mean time Antigonus who Winter'd in Mesopotamia resolv'd forthwith to set upon Eumenes before he grew too strong But when he heard that the Provincial Governors with their Forces together with the Macedonians were join'd with him he let his Soldiers rest and made it his Business to raise more For he saw that he had need of a great Army and reason to make more than ordinary Preparations for the War In the midst of these Preparations Attalus Polemo Docimus Antipater and Philotas who before were Commanders in Alcetas his Army and were taken Prisoners and now kept Several Captains being Prisoners in a strong Castle seek to escape close Prisoners in an extraordinary strong Castle hearing of Antigonus his intended Expedition into the higher Provinces conceiving now they had gain'd a fair opportunity hir'd some of their Keepers to suffer them to escape Having therefore gotten Arms about Midnight they set upon the Guard They themselves were but Eight in Number surrounded with Four hundred Men yet Valiant and Expert Soldiers through their Experience in the War with Alexander Xenopithes the Governor of the Castle they Ant. Ch. 315. threw off from the Walls headlong down a steep Rock a Furlong high and as to the rest some they kill'd upon the place and others they hurl'd down and then set the Houses on fire Hereupon they took into the Castle Five hundred Men that were without expecting the Issue It was indeed very well stor'd with Provision and all other Things necessary But they consulted together whether it was better to stay there and trust to the Strength of the Place waiting for Relief from Eumenes or to get away and wander about in the Country making use of a Change and Turn of Fortune when it might happen Much Canvassing and Disputing there was on both sides Docimus was for leaving the Place but Attalus declar'd he was not able to endure Labour by reason of the Hardship of his late Imprisonment Whilst they were thus at Difference amongst themselves above Five hundred Foot and Four hundred Horse were drawn out of the Neighbouring Garisons and got together in a Body besides Three thousand of the natural Inhabitants and upwards gather'd from all Parts of the Country these created one from among themselves to be their General and laid close Siege to the Castle Being therefore thus unexpectedly again coop'd up Docimus acquainted with a Passage under-ground where no Guard was set by a private Messenger kept Correspondence with Stratonice the Wife of Antigonus who was not far distant from the Place And afterwards he with one other in his Company through this Pass slipt out to her but contrary Ant. Ch. 315. to her Promise he was seiz'd and secur'd And he that came out with him undertook to conduct the Enemy into the Castle and accordingly brought in a great Number and with them gain'd one of the highest Rocks within the Fort. And although Attalus and all those with him were far inferiour in Number yet they defended the Place couragiously fighting valiantly every day till at length they fell into the Enemies hands after a Siege of Sixteen Months CHAP. II. Antigonus marches after Eumenes to Tigris Eumenes cuts off many of his Men at Pasitigris Antigonus goes into Media Eumenes comes to Persepolis The Description of Persia Peucestes his great Feast Eumenes his Policy His Tale of the Lion A Battel in Pareteceni between Antigonus and Eumenes Antigonus returns into Media The Story of Ceteus his two Wives striving which should be burnt Eumenes marches to Galiene Cassander to Macedonia Olympias goes to Pydna is there besieg'd The Epirots forsake their King and join with Cassander Antigonus designs to surprize Eumenes who stops his March by a Stratagem The last Battel between them in Gabiene Eumenes basely deliver'd up Antigonus returns to Media The dreadful Earthquakes in the Country of Rhages AFterwards Democlides was chief Governor at Athens and Caius Junius and Quinius Olymp. 116. 1. Ant. Ch. 314. An. M. 3634. Antigonus marches after Eumenes to Tigris P.
fight Cassander She her self taking Ant. Ch. 314. along with her the Son of Alexander and Roxana his Mother and Thessalonica the Daughter of Philip the Son of Amyntas Deidamia the Daughter of Eacides King of Epirus and Sister of Pyrrhus who afterwards made War upon the Romans and the Daughters of Attalus and other Kindred and eminent Relations enter'd into Pydna so that a great Olympias goes to Pydna and is there besieg'd throng of People Useless and Unserviceable for War attended upon her Neither was there Provision in that Place sufficient for such a Multitude to hold out any long Siege All which disadvantages though they were clear Evidences of the greatness of the Danger yet she was resolv'd to stay here expecting many Greeks and Macedonians to come in to her assistance by Sea There were with her some Horse from Ambracia and many of the Troops of the Houshould and the rest of Polysperchon's Elephants The other had been before taken by Cassander at his former irruption into Macedonia who now having recover'd the Passes at Perrhebea so as that he had his way open to Pydna begirt the Town round with a Mud-wall from Sea to Sea and sent for Shipping and all sorts of Weapons and Engines of Battery from his Confederates with a design to block up Olympius both by Sea and Ant. Ch. 314. Land But when he had Intelligence that Eacides King of Epirus was coming with a strong Army to the Relief of Olympias he deliver'd some Forces to the Command of Atarchias with Orders to meet the Epirots who presently executing what he was commanded possess'd himself of the Passes into Epirus so that Eacides was wholly deseated in his Design For the Epirots were forc'd against their Wills to the Expediâ—ion into Macedonia and therefore mutiny'd in the Camp However Eacides desirous by any way possible to Râ—heve Olympias cashier'd all those that favour'd not his Design taking in those who were willing to run the same risk with himself he was indeed very forward to Engage but had not yet force enough for the Party that stuck to him was very small In the mean time the Epirots that were sent away into their own Country revolted from the King and his People by a common Decree of the State Banish'd him the The Epirots forsake their King and join with Cassander Kingdom and Consederated with Cassander like to which never before hapned in Epirus from the time that Neoptolimus the Son of Achilles reign'd there For the Kingdom ever descended from the Father by Right of Succession to the Son till this time When Cassander was thus supported by the Confederacy of the Epirots and had sent Lyciseus both as General and * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Governor Ant. Ch. 314. Viceroy into Epirus they in Macedonta who before were at a stand whether they should Confederate with Olympias or not now seeing no hopes remaining for the retrieving her Affairs join'd with Cassander So that now the only Prop remaining to rely upon for Relief was Polysperchon and this was presently in a strange manner shatter'd and broken in Pieces for when Callas who was sent as Geneneral Olympias her Affairs brought very low by Cassander sate down with his Army near to Polysperchon in Perrebia he so corrupted most of his Soldiers with large Bribes that very few remain'd especially of those that were look'd upon to be most Faithful And thus low were the Affairs of Olympias P. 691. sunk in a very short time As for the Affairs of Asia at this time Antigonus then Wint'ring in Gadamalis otherwise Gaderlis looking upon his Army too weak for the Enemy contriv'd how to fall upon them unawares and to Out wit them Eumenes his Soldiers were so scatter'd and dispers'd in their Winter-quarters that some of them were six days march distant one from another But Antigonus judg'd it not adviseable to march through the Countries Antigonus his design to have surpriz'd Eumenes that were Inhabited both in regard the Journey would be very long and tedious and likewise presently known to the Enemy but conceiv'd it much more for his advantage to lead his Army through the dry and barren Desarts though it were far more troublesome for that it was much the shorter Cut and by that means his march would be secret Ant. Ch. 314. and so he might fall upon the Enemy suddenly and unexpectedly as they lay dispers'd and scatter'd in their Quarters never dreaming of any such thing Upon these Considerations he commanded his Soldiers to be ready for a March and to prepare for themselves Ten Days Victuals * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 neither Rosting nor Bâ—â—ling such as need not the Fire He himself gave it out that he would march through Armenia But on a sudden contrary to the Expectation of his whole Army * The Winter Tropâ—ck in the Depth of Winter he march'd towards the Desarts In their march he order'd Fires to be made in the Day but to be put out in the Night left that any seeing them far off from the Mountains might discover his approach to the Enemy For the Desart was almost all wholly Plain and Champaign surrounded with many high Hills from whence it was easie a long way off to discover the Fires But when the Army had spent Five days in this tedious Journey the Soldiers for very Cold as for other necessary Uses fell to making of Fires by Night as well as by Day which some of the Inhabitants of the Wilderness espying they presently the very same day sent away Messengers upon Dromedaries to give Intelligence thereof to Eumenes and Peucestes This Beast will commonly run * 〈◊〉 Fifteen hundred Furlongs a Day â—00 M 〈…〉 〈◊〉 Peucestes being inform'd that the Enemy's Army was seen half way of their march began to think of running away * To the utmost â—ounds of their Winter Quarters as far as he could being afraid the Enemy would be upon him before he could get the Forces together from every Quarter where they then lay dispers'd Eumenes perceiving the Fright he was in bid him be of good Heart and continue upon the Edge of the Wilderness for he had found out a way that Antigonus should not come into those Parts in three or four days And having done that they Ant. Ch. 314. should be able within that time easily to get all their Forces together and so the Enemy being tir'd out and starv'd for want of Provision would all fall into their hands All wonder'd at this strange Undertaking and every one was earnest to learn what it was that should give a stop to the Enemy Eumenes hereupon commanded all the Captains Eumenes his stratagem to stop Antigonus in his march and Soldiers that were then at hand to follow him with a great number of Urns full of Fire and then chose out some of the Highest Ground in the Country which look'd every way towards the
one left and the very Face of the Country was so chang'd that new Rivers and Ponds appear'd in the room of the Old CHAP. III. The Innundations at Rhodes Antigonus kills Pitho getting him into his power by Dissimulation Then marches into Persia Revolters from Antigonus cut off in Media He divides the Asian Provinces and contrives to destroy all the Argyraspides Gets great Treasure in Susa Cassander besieges Olympias in Pydna The great Distress to which it was reduc'd Amphipolis surrender'd to Cassander He kills Olympias Marries Thessalonices Builds Cassandra Imprisons Rhoxana and her Son Alexander His Expedition into Peloponnesus against Alexander the Son of Polysperchon The History of Thebes Cassander rebuilds Thebes ABout this time hapned a Flood near the City of Rhodes which destroy'd many of the Inhabitants The first Flood did little prejudice because the City was but Olymp. 116. 1. An. M. 3656. Ant. Ch. 314. then newly built and far larger in Compass But the second was more Mischievous and destroy'd Multitudes The last fell out at the Beginning of the Spring accompany'd with violent Storms of Rain and Hail-stones of an incredible Bigness for they were a Mina in weight and sometime more so that they not only beat down Houses but kill'd The 〈…〉 dations at Rhodes many Men. And in regard Rhodes was built in Form of a Theatre and that the Water ran for the most part into one Place the lower Parts of the City were presently fill'd with Water for that the Winter being now look'd upon to be over no care was taken to cleanse the Channels and Aqueducts and the Pipes likewise in the Walls were choked up so that the Waters flowing in altogether on a sudden all the Ground about the * Some Monument in the Town in Memory of some remarkable Event either Goâ—d or Bad. Deigma as it is call'd and the Temple of Bâ—cchuss was fill'd with Water and now it rising up like a standing Pond to the Temple of Esculapius all were in a Consternation and could not agree together what should be done in order to their Preservation Some were for making to the Ships and others for hasting to the Theatre Some now almost surrounded with the Evil that threaten'd them in great Terror and Amazement climb'd up to the top of the highest Altars and others to the top of the Pedestals of the Statues The City being in this Danger to be overwhelm'd and ruin'd with all its Inhabitants Ant. Ch. 314. on a sudden they were unexpectedly deliver'd For the Wall burst asunder in a large Breach and the Water that stood on an Heap made its way through and ran with a violent Current into the Sea and so every one presently had free passage to his own House It was of great advantage to these distressed People that this Inundation was in the day time For most of the Citizens ran to the highest parts of the City for shelter And another advantage was that the Houses were not built of Tile but of Stone so that they who got to the House-tops escap'd without any great Damage However there perish'd in this common Calamity above Five hundred Souls and some of the Houses were born down to the Ground and others very ill torn and shaken And in this danger was Rhodes Antigonus while he Winter'd in Media discover'd Pitho plotting to draw over the Soldiers then in their Winter-Quarters partly by Bribes and partly by fair Promises to his own Interest and to make a Turn and Defection in the Army But Antigonus cover'd and conceal'd his Design and made show as if he gave no Credit to the Informers but chid them as those that contriv'd only to set him and Pitho together by the ears In the mean while he caus'd it to be nois'd abroad That he intended to leave Pitho with a considerable Ant. Ch. 314. P. 696. Army for his Defence Lord-Lieutenant of the higher Provinces and he wrote likewise to him and desired him to hasten to him with all speed that after they had consulted together of some weighty Affairs they might forthwith march away into the Lesser Asia To the parts on the Sea-Coasts Thus he manag'd his Business whereby to remove all ground of Suspicion and to get the poor Man into his hands upon an expectation and hopes to be left Governor of those Provinces For it was a difficult matter to take one by force who was in so great Repute with Alexander and for his Valour advanc'd by him to Places of Honour and who being then Governor of Media was a help and support to the whole Army Pitho was at that time in the furthest Parts of all Media in his Winter-Quarters and had now corrupted many who had promis'd to join with him in the Defection His Friends likewise acquainting him by their Letters with Antigonus his Purpose possess'd him with an Expectation of mighty Things And thus guil'd to Antigonus he went who having now seiz'd his Prey brought him before a Council of War even of his own Antigonus kills Pitho Confederates where he was easily convicted and forthwith had his Head chopp'd off Hereupon Antigonus gathering all his Army together committed the Government of Media to Orontobates a Median born but made Hippostratus General of the Army who Ant. Ch. 314. had Three thousand 500 foreign Foot-Soldiers under his Command He himself taking with him the Body of his Army went to Ecbatana where receiving Five thousand Talents of massie Silver he march'd into Persia and it cost him twenty days march before Antigonus marches into Persia he arriv'd at the Capital City Persepolis In the mean time while Antigonus was on his march Pitho's Friends who were concern'd with him in the Conspiracy the chief of whom was Meleager and Menoetas and other Well-willers of Eumenes and Pitho who were scatter'd abroad into Corners met together to the number of Eight hundred Horse and in the first place wasted the Territories of the Medes who refus'd to join with them Then receiving Intelligence where Revolters from Antigonus cut off in Media Hippestratus and Orontobates lay encamp'd they broke in upon them in the night and were not far off from effecting what they design'd but being overpower'd by number and having only entic'd some of the Soldiers to run the same course with them they were forc'd to retreat yet some of the nimblest of them all being Horse-men made many sudden Incursions upon the Country and caus'd a great Consternation and Hubbub amongst them but were atlast inclos'd in a place compass'd about with Rocks and were there all kill'd or taken But Meleager and Cranes the Median and some of the better sort of them stood it out to the last and died with their Swords in their hands And this was the Condition of the Conspirators in Media As for Antigonus as soon as he came into Persia the People honour'd him as a King as he that was now undoubtedly absolute Lord of all
the Kings in Cyprus yet he hastned away Ptolemy sends Men into Cyprus many more to reduce those who had there sided against him Those sent were Ten thousand under the Command of Myrmidon an Athenian born and an Hundred sail of Ships Commanded by Polyclitus And the General over all he made his Brother Menelaus These coming into Cyprus join'd then with Seleucus and his Fleet and in a Council of War advis'd what course was fit to be taken The Result of which was that Polyclitus with Fifty sail should pass into Peloponnesus and there should make War upon Aristodemus Polysperchon and his Son Alexander That Myrmidon should go with an Army of Foreigners The Agreement of the Captains of Ptolemy and the rest at Cyprus P. 705. The Acts of Seleucus into Caria there to help Cassander against Ptolemy a Captain of Antigonus who pressed hard upon him and that Seleucus and Menelaus staying in Cyprus should bear up Nicocreon the King and the rest of their Confederates against their Enemies Having thus therefore divided their Forces Seleucus went and took Cyrinia and Lapithus and having drawn over Stasiecus King of the Malenses to his Party he forc'd the Prince of the Amathusians to give him Hostages for his Fealty for the time to come As for the City Citium seeing it would come to no Agreement with him he fell to besiege it with his whole Army About the same time came Forty Ships out of the Hellespont and Rhodes under the Command of one Themison their Admiral to Antigonus and after them came Dioscorides Ant. Ch. 313. A Fleet comes to antigonus from Hellespont and Rhodes with Fourscore more though Antigonus had already a Navy of his own new built in Phenicia to the Number of an Hundred and twenty Ships with those that he left at Tyre so that he had in the whole Two hundred and forty Men of War of which there were Ninety of four Tire of Oars Ten of Five Three of Nine Ten of Ten and Thirty open Gallies Antigonus dividing this Navy into Squadrons sent Fifty of them into Peloponnesus and the rest he committed to Dioscorides his own Brother's Son with this Charge That he should guard the Seas and help his Friends as their occasion requir'd and that he should gain unto his Party such of the Islands as hitherto stood out against him And in this Posture stood the Affairs of Antigonus And now having related the things done throughout all Asia we shall give a particular Account of the Affairs of Europe Apolenides being made Commander of the Argives by Cassander in the Night broke into Arcadia Things done in Peloponnesus and surpriz'd the * The City Stymphalus near the Stymphalian Lake City of the Stymphalions And while he was absent some of the Argives Enemies to Cassander corresponded with Alexander the Son of Polysperchon and promis'd to deliver up the †Argos City into his Hands But Alexander being too slow Apolonides comes to Argos before him and surpriz'd Five hundred of the Conspirators that were in a Senate in the * A public Place where the great Mâ—n us'd to Sacrifice or a Place where a Court was held belonging to the Senate The Acts of Cassander in Peloponnesus and elsewhere Prytaneum and kept them in and burnt them there alive most of the rest he banish'd and some few more he took and put to Death Cassander having intelligence that Aristodemus was arriv'd in Peloponnesus and that he had listed there great numbers of Soldiers in the first place sought to draw off Polysperchon from Antigonus but not being able to prevail he march'd with an Army through Thessaly and came into Boeotia where having assisted the Thebans in raising of their Walls he pass'd into Peloponnesus and first having taken Cencrea he Spoil'd and Harrass'd all the Territory of Corinth Then he took two Castles by Storm and upon future Faith and Allegiance dismiss'd all the Garison Soldiers that were plac'd there by Alexander Afterwards he besieg'd Orchomenon and being let into the Town by Alexander's Enemies he put a Garison into the City Those that sided with Alexander took Sanctuary in Diana's Temple whom he gave up to the Citizens to do with them as they thought fit whereupon the Orchomenians drew them all out of the Temple by Force and against the common Laws of Greece put them all to Death Cassander went thence into Messenia but finding the City strongly Garison'd by Polysperchon he thought not fit for the present to besiege it but march'd into Arcadia where he left Damides Governor of the * City Stamphalus Vid. p. 705. City and return'd to †Argia P. 706. Argolides and there celebrated the Nem'an Games and return'd into Macedonia When he was gone Alexander with Aristodemus lay before the Cities in Peloponnesus to expell the Garisons of Cassander and endeavour'd all he could to restore the Cities to their Liberties Which coming to the Ears of Cassander he sent to him Prepelaus to work upon him to desert Antigonus and enter into a League of Friendship and Amity with himself promising that if he would do so he would give him the Sovereign Command of all Peloponnesus and create him General of the Army and would advance him to high Places of Honour and Preferment Alexander seeing he was now like to attain that for which from the beginning he made War upon Cassander enters into a League with him and so is made General of all the Forces in Peloponnesus In the mean while Polyclitus Secleucus his Lieutenant sailing from Cyprus came to Cencrea where hearing of the Defection of Alexander and finding no Enemy there to The great Victory both by Sea and Land obtain'd by Polyclitus Seleucus his Lieutenant Encounter he chang'd his Course and set sail for Pamphylia and from thence arriving at Aphrodisiades in Cilicia he there understood that Theodotus Admiral of Antigonus his Navy pass'd by from Patara a Port in Lycia with the Rhodian Fleet furnish'd with Mariners out of Caria and that Perilaus with a Land-Army coasted along by the Shore for the defence of the Fleet if need should be In this case he out-witted them both for he Landed his Men in a Place out of view where the Land-Army must of necessity pass and himself with the Fleet went and lay behind a Foreland waiting for the coming of the Énemy there the Enemy's Foot fell into an Ambush and Perilaus himself being taken Prisoner and his Men all either kill'd or taken The Fleet at Sea seeing the Land-Army engag'd hasted to their Relief but then Polyclitus coming upon them in this Confusion with his Ships drawn up in a Line of Battel put them easily to flight so that Polyclitus took all their Ships and most part of the Men in them and amongst the rest Theodotus Ant. Ch. 313. himself their Admiral sorely martyr'd with Wounds of which he shortly after died Polyclitus having sped so well on all hands
the Coasts of the Adriatick Sea Cassander goes against the Apolloniates Adria in order to besiege the †Apollonia a City of Thrace Apolloniates who had cast out his Garison and join'd with the Illyrians But the Inhabitants were not at all affrighted but having sent for aids from others that were their Confederates they drew up in Battalia before their Walls Upon which there was a sharp Dispute for a long time together but the Apolloniates over-powering the other in number put their Enemies to flight Cassander therefore having lost many of his Men and wanting Forces sufficient and perceiving the Winter to draw on a pace return'd into Macedonia After his departure the * Leucas a Penâ—nsula near to the Ambracian Gâ—lf bordering upon Epirus call'd also Neritis The City call'd Leucadia Leucadians assisted by the Corcyrians drave out the Garison of Caessander As for the Epirots they were quiet under the Royal Government of Alcetas for a time but when he grew more Severe and Tyranical they Murder'd both him and his two Sons Hesioneas and Nisus who were but then young Children In Asia Seleâ—ous after the routing of Demetrius at Gaza in Syria receiving from Ptolemy no more than Eight hundred Foot and Two hundred Horse march'd towards Babylon P. 720. with that Confidence as to believe that though he had no Forces at all with him yet he should be able to go up into the Higher Provinces only with his own particular Seleucus marches for Babylon 〈…〉 〈…〉 Numâ—er and gains the P 〈…〉 v 〈…〉 Ant. Ch. 310. Friends and Servants being verily persuaded that the Babylonians for the former Love and Affection they bare him would readily come in and side with him and that now he had a fair Opportunity to accomplish his Design Antigonus being with his Army at a great distance from the Place However though he went on with such assuredness of Mind yet his Friends that were with him seeing the inconsiderable Number of his Soldiers and on the other hand the great Strength of his Enemies against whom he was marching and the fulness of Provision and number of the Confederates wherewith they were supply'd and furnish'd were greatly discourag'd Which Seleucus taking notice of spoke to them to this effect It becomes not the Captains and Fellow Soldiers of Alexander in the Expeditions of War to confide only in the strength of Arms and confluence of Wealth but in their Military Art and Prudence through which he accomplish'd great and wonderful Things by all for ever to be admir'd But it is our Duty rather to believe the Gods who have assur'd us that this Expedition shall be Prosperous and Successful For he told them That in Consulting the Oracle at * The Tâ—mple of Apollo at Dydimus in Ionia where the Priests and Inhalitants were call'd Branchides Branchides some considerable time before the God call'd him King and that Alexander stood by him in his Sleep and clearly discover'd to him the Royal Dignity to which in due time he should be advanc'd and further declar'd That whatever was Great and Glorious amongst Men was always to be attained by Hazards and Toil. And withal carrying himself Fairly and Amicably to all his Soldiers he was honour'd by every body and all were willing to run with him the Hazard of this desperate Enterprize On then he march'd and coming with them into Mesopotamia he there dealt with such Macedonians as he found dwelling in * Carran where Abraham sofourn'd Carran and some of them by Persuasions and some of them by plain Force he drew to go along with him in this Expedition As soon as Ant. Ch. 310. he enter'd into Babylon the Inhabitants came in flocking to him and offer'd him their Service for he had before carry'd himself in the most obliging manner to all for the space of Four years together when he was Governor of the Province thereby to gain the good will of the People and to secure an Interest for himself if at any time afterwards he should have an Occasion to contend for the Sovereign Command Polyarchus also came in to him who bare some kind of Office among them with above a Thousand Men compleatly arm'd But they who stood for Antigonus when they perceiv'd the general and irresistable Inclination of the Multitude towards him fled all to the Castle which was commanded by Diphilus and Seleucus fell presently to besiege it and having taken it by Force deliver'd such Children and Friends of his as Antigonus when Seleucus for fear fled away from Babylon into Aegypt had there committed to Prison This done he fell to raising of Soldiers in the Country and having bought Horses distributed them among such as were fit to ride them And withal carrying himself with all Fairness and Affability towards all sorts made them all ready to run any hazard with him and so in a trice recover'd all his Government of Babylon But afterwards Nicanor whom Antigonus had made Governor of the Province of Media march'd against him with Ten thousand Foot and Seven thousand Horse and Seleucus without delay went out to meet him Having with him in all a little above Three thousand Foot and Four hundred Horse and passing the River Tigris when he heard that the Enemy was not far off he hid his Ant. Ch. 310. Men in the Fens there near at hand purposing to set upon Nicanor at unawares who when he came to the Bank of Tigris and found no Enemy there went and Encamp'd near P. 721. to a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Post-house of the Kings little thinking the Enemy had been so near But the Night following through a careless Regard and Contempt of the Enemy not keeping a due Watch Seleucus fell upon him and rais'd a great Tumult in his Army For the Persisians putting themselves forward to fight Evager their General with sundry others of their Commanders were slain After which Broil the greater part of Nicanor's Army what for the present Danger they were in and what for the Disgust they had to Antigonus his Government left him and came to the Service of Seleucus Whereupon Nicanor fearing lest at the next bout his Soldiers would deliver him up to Seleucus fairly stole away with some few of his friends and fled through the Desart Seleucus having by this means gotten a potent Army about him and continu'd his fair Carriage to all Men as before easily procur'd the Provinces of Media and Susa and other Countries bordering thereupon to come under his Subjection and sent Ptolemy word how he had sped having now gotten a full Royal Power and Majesty into his hands Ptolemy continu'd still in Coelo-Syria after the great Victory gain'd over Demetrius whom Demetrius routs Celles Ptolemy ' s General he heard was return'd out of Cilicia and lay encamp'd in the Upper Syria whereupon he sent one of his Nobility about him call'd Celles a Macedonian Born with a great Army Commanding him either to
drive him out of every part of Syria or to coop him up and tread him to dirt where he lay While he was upon his March Demetrius understanding by his Scouts that Celles lay carelesly with his Army at Myus leaving his Ant. Ch. 310. Carriages behind him March'd away with a Company of Light-footed Lads who travell'd all Night and a little before Day fell in upon Celles his Camp took it Without a stroke struck and Celles himself pris'ner by which Victory it was judg'd he was quit with them for the former Loss he had sustain'd Yet because he thought Ptolemy himself was coming after with all his Army he therefore pitcht his Camp in a place where he had a Bog on the one hand and a Lough on the other Demetrius writ Letters of this his good Success to his Father Antigonus wishing him either to send an Army speedily or to come himself in Person into Syria Antigonus was then at Cellnas in Phrygia and having read the Letter was wonderfully pleas'd with the News both because the Victory was gotten by his own Son's Conduct who was so young and for that he had shewn himself a Man worthy to wear a Crown hereafter Upon this News he himself with his Army march'd out of Phrygia and having pass'd over Mount Taurus in a few days time he joyn'd with Demetrius Ptolemy hearing of the coming of Antigonus call'd a Council of War to advise whether it was better to stay where he was and there to try it out with him in Syria or to return into Egypt and Fight with him from thence as he had done before with Perdiccas The result of the Council was That he should not hazard himself by ingaging with an Army far more numerous than his own and where there were such multitudes of Elephants and all under the Command of a General never yet Conquer'd and that it was much safer for him to fight in Egypt where he would be better supply'd with Provision then Ant. Ch. 310. the Enemy could be and had places of Strength wherein he might confide Determining therefore to leave Syria before he went he laid wast and destroy'd the Principal Ptolemy wasts Samaria Joppa Gaza c. Cities he held there at that time in his Possession as Achon in Syrophenicia Joppa and Samaria and Gaza in Syria Then taking along with him out of the Country whatever he could drive or carry loaden with Wealth he return'd into Egypt Antigonus when he had without stroke stricken recover'd all Syria and Phenicia took a Jouney into the Country of the Arabians call'd the * Nabatheans for thinking that they P. 722. Nabaioth of the Seed of Ishmael never much favour'd his proceedings he appointed one of his Nobility call'd Atheneus with Four thousand Foot and Six hundred light Horse to fall in upon them and to bring away what spoil he could out of their Country It 's worth our pains here to relate the Manners and Customs of these Arabians for The Customs of the Arabians the information of them that are ignorant by the use of which Customs they have hitherto secur'd themselves and preserv'd their Liberty They live in the plain and open Fields calling that Desert their Country wherein are neither Inhabitants Rivers or Springs whereby any Enemys Army can be reliev'd It 's a Law amongst them neither to Sow Plant Build Houses or Drink any Wine and he that is discover'd to do any of these is sure to Die for it And the reason of this Law is because they conceive that those who are possess'd of such things are easily for fear of losing of what they have or in hopes of gaining more forc'd to comply with the Will and Humour of those that are more powerful Some of them breed up Camels others imploy themselves in feeding of Sheep roving to and fro in the Wilderness for that purpose There are no few indeed of the Arabians that though they give themselves to the Pasturage of Cattel in the Deserts yet are far richer then the rest but exceed not in number above Ant. Ch. 310. Ten thousand For many of them use to carry Frankincense Mirrh and other rich Perfumes down to the Sea side which they traffick for and receive from them that bring them from Arabia the Happy They highly prize and value their Liberty and when any strong Armies invade them they presently fly into the Wilderness as to a strong Fort and Castle for refuge for being no Water is there to be had none can follow them through these Deserts But as to themselves they have a sure and safe Retreat by the help of Earthen Pots and Vessels hid in the Earth prepar'd before hand For the Soil is a fat Clay under which lies a soft Stone in which they dig great Caves very narrow at the entrance but enlarging by degrees as they grow in depth till they come at length to that bigness as to be a hundred Foot Square these Caves they fill up to the Mouths with these Vessels fill'd with Rain-Water then they lay all even with the rest of the Ground and leave certain Marks where to find the place known to none but themselves For the Cattel driven away along with them they take so much Water as may serve them for Three Days lest while they are in their flight in dry and parch'd places they should be ever and anon put to a stop by the continual watering of their Cattle Their Food is Flesh Milk and Roots For Drink they have abundance of wild Honey and a kind of Pepper growing upon some Trees both which they mix together in Water for that purpose There are likewise other kinds of Arabians some of whom imploy themselves in Husbandry Ant. Ch. 310. Selling of Corn with other Provisions and agree with the Syrians in all other things except dwelling in Houses And such were then the Customs of these Arabians Near at hand there was a Publick Meeting of these * The Nabatheans Arabians whither all bordering Nations us'd to come as to a common Mart to sell off to them their Commodities and to buy from them the Merchandize of their Country To this Mart the Nabatheans now went leaving their Wealth and Old Men with their Wives and Children upon the top of a Rock The place was very strong but Un-Wall'd and distant Two Days Journey from the Countrey that was inhabited Atheneus watching his opportunity march'd speedily to this Rock and having march'd out of the Province of Edom the space of * Above Two hundred and threescore Miles P. 723. Two thousand and two hundred Furlongs in Three Days and Three Nights late at Midnight the Arabians knowing nothing of his coming possess'd himself of the Place of the Soldiers there sound some he put to the Sword and others he made Prisoners and such as were wounded he there left behind him and carry'd away the greatest part of their Mirrh and Frankincense with Five hundred
one from another especially Brothers from Brothers and Parents from Children taking some along with him and leaving others behind And he acted in this very wisely for certain it was that those who remain'd in Syracuse although they hated the Tyrant yet would attempt nothing to his prejudice by reason of their natural Love and Affection to their Children and near Relations and Kindred And because he was in great want of Money he took the Estates of Infants out of the hands of their Guardians declaring That he would have a far greater Care of them than they had and be more faithful in giving them an Account and making restitution when they came to full Age. He borrow'd likewise much from the Merchants and converted to his own use some of the Sacred Treasures of the Temples and took the Jewels and Ornaments from the Womens Backs Whereupon discerning that the Richer sort were highly displeas'd and incens'd at this Usage and for that reason hated him he call'd a General Assembly in which he greatly lamented the late Overthrow and the dreadful Calamities that from thence seem'd to hang over their Heads He told them that he indeed that was inur'd to Hardships could easily endure the Miseries of a Siege but that he should greatly pity the Citizens Ant. Ch. 308. if they should be blockâ—d up and forc'd to undergo the like Therefore he order'd those that were not willing to suffer what might be their Fortune and Lot to provide for His Cruelty the safety of themselves and their Estates Upon which the most wealthy Citizens who bore a most implacable hatred against him forthwith left the City But he presently P. 735. sent out some of his Mercenaries after them and cut all their Throats and consiscated their Estates And thus when by one and the same Act he had both enrich'd himself and likewise purg'd the City of those that were his Enemies he manumitted all the Slaves and Servants that were fit to bear Arms And now having all things in readiness and furnish'd with a Fleet of Sixty Sail he only waited for a fair Wind. His Design being not commonly known some reported that he intended an Expedition into Italy others that he purposed to waste and destroy that part of Sicily that belong'd to the Carthaginians to conclude every body gave them who were ready to Sail all up for lost Men and condemn'd the folly and madness of the Prince The Enemy at that time had a Fleet far exceeding him in number in the Harbour therefore he was forc'd for some days at the first to lye still with his Men on Board because he had not an opportunity to set Sail. Afterwards some Transport Ships loaden with Corn making with full Sail toward the City the Carthaginians pursu'd them with their whole Ant. Ch. 308. Fleet Whereupon Agathocles almost before in despair to accomplish his Design as soon as he saw the Mouth of the Harbor open causing the Rowers to ply their Oars with all the quickness imaginable he broke out of the Harbour The Carthaginians being now come up near to the Transport Ships and seeing a Fleet of their Enemies Ships sailing out of the Harbor thought at first that they came to secure and defend the Corn Ships Whereupon they tack'd about and prepar'd to Fight But when they saw that they made their Course straight forward and were far before them they pursu'd them with all the Sail they could and while these were striving to Out-sail each other the Transport Ships unexpectedly escap'd the danger and plentifully supply'd the City that was before in great streights for want of Corn and Provision Agathocles also tho' closely pursu'd by the Enemy by the advantage of the Night coming on beyond all hope got safe off * This was on the 15 of August Ush Ann. P. 323. Justin lib 22. c. 6. Eclipse of the Sun from them The next day there was such an Eclipse of the Sun that the Stars appear'd every where in the Firmament and the Day was turn'd into Night Upon which Agathocles his Soldiers conceiving that God thereby did foretel their Destruction fell into great Perplexities and Discontents concerning what was like to befal them Having therefore sail'd Six Days and Six Nights early in the Morning they suddenly spy'd the Carthaginian Fleet making up close upon them Upon which all set themselves to it with might and main to ply their Oars The Carthaginians concluding that together with the Ships they should not only take all the Syracusians prisoners but should deliver their Country from present imminent danger The Grecians on the other hand saw apparent destruction to themselves before their Eyes and Ant. Ch. 308. intolerable Bondage and Slavery to all their Kindred and Relations they had left at home if they did not recover the Shore before the Enemy And now Africa was in view when all the Sailers and Rowers call'd out earnestly one to another to bestir themselves so that the strife and pains to get to Land was incredible The Barbarians indeed were more swift Sailors because they were more accustom'd to the Sea than the others but the Grecian Ships kept still a considerable distance before them Making therefore away with all the Expedition imaginable when they came near the Shoar they leap'd out of their Ships in throngs upon the Strand as if they had been contending for the Mastery at the Gymnastick Games For the first Squadron of the Carthaginians Ships were come up within a Darts cast of those in the Rear of the Grecian Fleet. After therefore some Contest for a while with their Bows and Slings a few of the Barbarians Ships only being come up Agathocles overpow'ring the other by number gain'd the advantage whereupon the Carthaginians tackt about and stood off a little above the Cast of a Dart. Hereupon Agathocles presently landed his Men at a place call'd the Quarries Lands in Africa and drew a Breast work for the security of his Shipping all along from Sea to Sea And after he had effected this bold and daring attempt he set upon another far more dangerous For taking to him such of his Captains and Commanders as were wholly at his Devotion he first Sacrificed to Ceres and Proserpina and then call'd a Council of War where coming into the Assembly to make his Harangue splendidly clothed in Royal Robes and with his Crown upon his Head after a few things premis'd to make an introduction to what he had further to say he told them That at the time they were pursu'd by the Carthaginians he had made a Vow to the Goddesses Ceres and Proserpina the P. 736. Protectoresses of Sicily that he would Consecrate all the Ships in the Fleet to them by burning them all into so many burning Lamps and therefore since they were now safe and were deliver'd it was just and fit that they should pay their Vows and he promis'd Anti-Christ 308. that if they fought couragiously
he would return them far more than those Ships they then had For the Gods by the Sacrifices did foretel that they should be Conquerors throughout the whole War While he was speaking one of his Servants brought him a lighted Firebrand which catching hold of and commanding the like to be deliver'd to the rest of the Captains he invocated the Goddesses and was the first that made to the Admiral 's Vessel and standing upon the Stern commanded the rest to follow his Example Whereupon all the Captains of the Vessels set fire to their Ships and forthwith the Flame mounted alost the Trumpets sounded a Charge and the whole Army set up a shout and all as one Man offer'd up their joynt Prayers to the Gods for their safe return to their own Country And all this was done by Agathocles that he might necessitate his Soldiers to fight without ever thinking of turning their Backs For it was plain that having no Shipping left for their last Refuge they could not have the least hope of safety in any thing but by being absolute Conquerors Then he consider'd that having Burns his Ships but a small Army if he would guard his Fleet he must be forc'd to divide it and so should not be strong enough to venture a Battle and if he left the Ships without any Guard they would 〈◊〉 fall into the hands of the Carthaginians However while the whole Navy was on fire and the Flame spread it self round at a great distance the Hearts of the Sicilians quak'd For at first being deluded by the jugling Tricks of Agathocles and the the quickness of Execution giving them no time to consider they all consented to what was done But when they had leisure distinctly to weigh every particular they repented Ant. Ch. 308 themselves of what they had done and pondering in their Minds the vastness of the Sea by which they were separated from their own Country they utterly despair'd of their Safety and Preservation Agathocles therefore minding as soon as possibly he could to cure this Pusilanimity in his Soldiers led his Army to the * Samatho in the Punick Language White His Successes in Africa great City as it 's call'd within the Dominion of the Carthaginians The whole Country through which they march'd was beautify'd with Gardens Planted with all sorts of Fruit-Trees and Sluces and Canals were cut all along for the convenience of Water by which that whole Tract was every where abundantly water'd This part of the Country was likewise full of Towns and Villages adorn'd with stately Houses whose Roofs were curiously wrought all setting forth the Wealth and Riches of their Owners The Houses were full of all manner of Provision of every thing that was needful for the Inhabitants through a long Peace had stor'd up their Treasures in great plenty and abundance The Country is planted partly with Vines and partly with Olive-Trees and furnish'd likewise with many other Fruit-Trees In another part the Fields are pastur'd with Flocks of Sheep and Herds of Cows and Oxen and in the neighbouring Fens run great numbers of breeding Mares And what shall I say more Those places abounded with plenty of all things for the use of Man and the rather for that they were the Possessions of the Nobility of Carthage who laid out much of their Estates and Wealth with more then ordinary Curiosity to improve them for their Delight and Pleasure so that the fertility and sweetness of the Country was the admiration of the Sicilians and rouz'd up their drooping Ant. Ch. 308. Spirits in the view they had of those Rewards and rich Returns which they judg'd were well worthy the hazards to be run by the Conquerors to obtain them Agathocles therefore perceiving that his Soldiers were now recover'd out of their dumps and former melancholy apprehensions makes a suddain Assault upon the Walls of the City which being so surprizing and unexpected and the Citizens unskilful in their Arms after a short resistance he took the City by Storm and gave the plunder of the Town to the Soldiers which both encourag'd 'em and enrich'd 'em at once Thence he forthwith P. 737. mov'd with his Army to * 〈◊〉 ‑ 〈◊〉 White Tunis Tunis and gain'd that City which is Two thousand Furlongs from Carthage The Soldiers would willingly have Garison'd these Two Cities having Stor'd and laid up in them the Plunder they had got But Agathocles weighing About 250 Miles what was most expedient in his present circumstances therefore after he had convinc'd the Soldiers that it was by no means convenient to leave any place to fly to for shelter till they had conquer'd the Enemy by down-right blows he raz'd the Citys to the ground and incamp'd in the open Field In the mean time the Carthaginians that lay near to the Sicilians Fleet at first greatly rejoyc'd when they saw their Ships all in a Flame supposing they were constrain'd to burn their Navy out of fear of their Enemies But after they perceiv'd them to march forward up into the Country with their whole Army and imagining what they intended to do they then concluded that the burning of the Ships was a design'd mischief to them Whereupon they spread Leathern Hides upon the Fore-Castles of all their Ships which is their constant manner when ever any misfortune seems to threaten the Carthaginian Common-wealth Moreover they took into their own Gallies the Iron Beaks out of Agathocles's Ships and sent Expresses to Carthage to give them a particular Account of every thing that had hapned But before these Ant. Ch. 308. Messengers reach'd the City some out of the Country who had discern'd Agathocles his Fleet to be near at hand presently ran to Carthage to give them an Account who were thereupon so amaz'd with the surprizing news of such an unexpected accident that they forthwith concluded that their Armies in Sicily were utterly cut off and destroy'd for that it could not be that Agathocles unless he were Victorious would dare to leave Syracuse naked without any Garison or pass over his Army when at the same time his Enemy was Master at Sea The City therefore was in a great hurly burly terror and confusion and the People throng'd into the Market-place and the Senate met together to consult what was fit to be done in the present Exigency for they had no Army at hand wherewith to fight the Enemy besides the common Citizens being raw and ignorant in matters of War were altogether heartless and every body thought the Enemy was then just at their Walls Some therefore were for sending Ambassadors to Agathocles to propose terms of Peace who might likewise at the same time discover the posture of the Enemy Others were for staying and expecting till they should have perfect intelligence of every thing that was done While the City was in this hurry and perplexity arriv'd those that were sent from the Admiral of the Fleet and declar'd to them
would deliver up the City into his hands Upon which there was a Council of War call'd of those Captains that were in the greatest Authority where after many bandings and debates pro and con Antander who was naturally a poor spirited Man and of a weak head and much below the courage and resolution of his Brother was for delivering up of the Town But Eurymnon the Etolian whom Agathocles had left to assist his Brother in Advice and Counsel was of another Opinion and prevail'd with them all to hold out till they had certain Intelligence of the Truth Whereupon Amilcar coming to understand the resolution of the Townsmen prepar'd all his Engines with a full Resolution to batter down the Walls Agathocles after the late Battel built two Ships of Thirty Oares a piece and in one of them put on board the best of his Rowers with Nearchus one of the most faithful Friends he then had with him and sent them away to Syracuse to give an account of his P. 741. Victory Having therefore the Wind fair the Fifth day in the Night they arriv'd in the Harbour of Syracuse and at break of Day Crown'd with Garlands and singing the * Pean a Song of Praise to Apollo for the Victory Pean all along as they sail'd they made for the City which being perceived by the Carthaginian Guard-Ships they pursu'd them with all their might and the other being not far before them there was great striving among the Rowers on both sides While the Sea-men were thus contending both Besiegers and Besieg'd understanding the Matter ran down to the Port and each fearful of the event call'd out and encourag'd every one their own Men. And now the Ship was upon the point of falling into the hands of the Pursuers upon which the Barbarians gave a shout but the Citizens not being able otherwise to assist pray'd to their Gods for the Preservation of their Men on board The Pursuers being now ready to board her not far from Land she got within a Darts cast of the Shore and by the help of the Syracusians who came in to her relief narrowly escap'd the Danger Amilcar perceiving that the Citizens upon the account of the late Contest and the sudden arrival of the Intelligence expected were all flock'd down to the Port and thereupon conceiving part of the Walls were left Naked order'd the stoutest of his Soldiers to rear up Scaling-Ladders who finding there no Guards mounted the Walls without being discern'd and had almost possess'd themselves of an entire Part lying between two Towers when they that us'd to go the Round came just then to the Place and so discover'd them Upon which they fell to it and the Citizens came flocking in before any Relief could be brought to the Assailants so that some were kill'd outright and others were thrown down Headlong over the Walls At which Amilcar was so mortify'd that he drew off his Forces from the City and sent away Five thousand Men to the Relief of Carthage While these things were in action in Sicily Agathocles being now Master of the Field Ant. Ch. 308. Acts of Agathocles in Africa took some Forts and Castles near to Carthage by Storm and other Cities some out Fear and some through hatred of the Carthaginians voluntarily surrender'd themselves Having fortify'd his Camp near Tunis he left there a sufficient Guard and mov'd towards the Towns lying upon the Sea-Coasts And first he took by Storm the New City but dealt very favourably with the Inhabitants Thence he march'd to Adrymetes and besieg'd it and Confederated with Elymas King of Lybia News whereof being brought to the Carthaginians they bent all their Arms against Tunis and possessed themselves of Agathocles his Camp and with their Battering Rams press'd upon the City with continual Assaults Agathocles receiving Intelligence of the slaughter of his Men leaving the greatest part of his Army to carry on the Siege and taking with him his Life-guard and a small Body of Men secretly march'd up to the Top of a Mountain whence he might view both the Country of the Adrymetines and likewise the Carthaginians that besieg'd Tunis In the Night he commanded his Soldiers to kindle Fires and with them to take up a large Tract of Ground to the end the Carthaginians might think he was making towards them with a strong Army and that the Besieg'd might conclude that fresh Forces in vast numbers were come up to him for his Assistance both being deceiv'd by this Stratagem were suddenly caught in the Snare for they who besieg'd Tunis fled and left their Engines behind them and the Adrymetines surpriz'd with Fear surrender'd the City which was gain'd upon certain Ant. Ch. 308 Terms agreed upon but Thapsus he afterwards took by Storm And several other Cities he took in this Tract some by Force and others upon Conditions Having at length gain'd in the whole above Two hundred Towns and Cities he resolv'd upon an Expedition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into the Higher Libya To that end he rais'd his Camp and march'd on many days Journey Then the Carthaginians march'd out with those Forces besides others which were sent out of Sicily and besieg'd Tunis a second time and recover'd a great part of the Country that was then in the Hands of the Enemy When Couriers came from Tunis and gave an account what the Carthaginians had done Agathocles forthwith return'd Being come within Two hundred Furlongs of the Enemy he Encamp'd and commanded his Soldiers not to kindle any Fires Then making a sudden March in the Night about spring of Day he fell upon those as were Wasting and Harrassing the Country and disorderly roving up and down and kill'd above Two thousand of them and took many Prisoners which was a great Step to his many Successes afterwards For the Carthaginians being reinforc'd by their Aids from Sicily and strengthned by their Confederates in Africa thought they had been too strong for Agathocles But after this Misfortune the Hearts of the Barbarians were quite down for he had overcome Elymas the King of Libya who had deserted him and kill'd likewise the General with a great number of the Barbarians And thus stood Affairs in Ant. Ch. 308. Sicily and Africa at this time In Macedonia Cassander came in to the Assistance of Autoleontes King of the †Peonia is a part of Macedonia Peonians Acts of Cassander in Macedonia who was then in War with the Autariats and rescu'd him out of the Streights and Dangers he was in at that time and transplanted the Autariats together with their Wives and Children that were then with them to the Number of Twenty thousand and plac'd them near the Mountain ** Orbelus a Mountain in Macedonâ—s Orbitaus While he was thus employ'd Ptolemy Antigonus his General in Peloponnesus who was * Autariats a People of Dalmatia intrusted by him with an Army in these Parts took a Pique against Antigonus thinking he was not rewarded
* About 360. 〈◊〉 P. 754. Three thousand Furlongs they came to a City call'd Automolus and there Encamp'd thence marching forward they came to a mountain shelving down on both sides with steep and sharp Rocks having a deep Valley in the midst out of which rose a soft stone spiring up like unto a sharp Rock at the Foot of which was a wide Cave overshadow'd with Ivy and Leaves of the Yew tree in which is reported Queen Lamia a Lady of admirable Lamias Cave Beauty formerly dwelt but for her Cruelty they say her face was afterwards transform'd into the shape of a Beast for it 's reported that * All her Children they say were kill'd by Juno because they were got by Iupiter being bereav'd of all her Children she took it so grievously that she envy'd all other women that had Children and commanded the poor Infants to be pluck't out of their mothers Arms and forthwith murther'd And therefore even to this day the Tale of this woman is fresh among Children and with the Name of Lamia they are presently put into a very great fright Moreover being given much to Drunkeness she let every one do what they pleas'd without any inquiry after men's manners and because she never seriously minded what was done in her Province it was believ'd that she was blind And therefore there 's a Ant. Ch. 306. Fable told by some that she put her Eyes into a little purse excusing her drunken Sottishness by such an invented Tale as if that was the reason she saw nothing That she was in Africa one brings in Euripides for a witness for so he says 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To whom is that most hateful Name unknown Or of th' African Lamia the spawn But Ophellas removing again Travel'd with great toil and labour through a dry and thirsty Country full of wild Beasts for they did not only want Water but Bread and other Provision so that the whole Army was in danger to perish These Sandy Deserts near the Syrtes were pester'd with noisom Serpents and all sorts of hurtful beasts and it being for the most part deadly to be bitten by these venomous creatures many were brought into a sad condition out of the reach both of friends help and remedy from Medicines For some of the Serpents were of the same colour with the Earth so that none could see them before they were hurt so that many treading upon them were stung to death At last after two months miserable travel with much ado they carne to Agathocles his Camp where they pitcht their Camps at a small distance one from another on the other hand the Carthaginians hearing that they were come up to him were in a great Consternation seeing the great forces that were making against them Agathocles hearing of his approach went to meet him and advis'd him by all means to have a care of his Army after so tedious and hard a Journey and to see them well refresh'd He himself lay quiet a few days observing every thing that was done in the neighbouring Camp at length taking his opportunity when the greater part of Ophellas his Army were gone a forraging into the Country and taking notice that Ophellas never suspected any thing of what he was in contriving he suddainly call'd his Army together and before them accus'd Ophellas for that being call'd for as an Assistant in this War he went about Ant. Ch. 306 to betray him and having incens'd the multitude drew out his whole Army in Battalion against him and his Cyrenians Ophellas growing amaz'd at this unexpected alteration put nevertheless himself and the men he had with him in a posture of defence but the Enemy being too quick for him and he too weak for them he was there slain upon the place Agathocles persuaded the rest that were left to lay down their Arms then telling them what great things he would do for them he got the whole Army to himself And thus Ophellas by indulging his Ambition and being over credulous came to this fatal Catastrophe In the mean time Bomilcar at Carthage was waiting for an opportunity Bomilcar â—sp 〈…〉 to b 〈…〉 〈◊〉 of Câ—rthage 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an is put to a 〈…〉 P. 755. to put in execution what he had a long time been hammering in his brain in order to gain the Soveraign power and authority And although he had several times fit occasions offer'd him for that purpose yet always some light and inconsiderable cause or other intervening put a stop to his design For some superstitious persons many times are preparing to act great and remarkable pieces of Wickedness and yet always chuse rather to delay than act to put off than execute the thing which even then Ant. Ch. 306 came to pass For concluding he had a fair opportunity offer'd him the better to effect his purpose he sent away the most eminent Persons of the Citizens that were about him in an Expedition against the Numidians that he might have none of the Nobility at hand to oppose him but then checkt by his own Fears he durst not reveal to any his design of gaining the Principality and so he let the matter fall again At length it fell out that he attempted to set up himself at the very same time that Ophellas was cut off by Agathocles and neither of them knew what was done in one another's Camp For Agathocles knew nothing of the Ambition of the other or of the Tumult and Disorder that was in the City which he might at that time have easily subdu'd For if Bomilcar had been surpriz'd and taken in the very Fact he would have chosen rather to have join'd with Agathocles than to have given up himself to be punish'd by the Citizens Neither did the Carthaginians know any thing of Agathocles his falling upon Ophellas for they might easily have overcome him by joining with Ophellas But I suppose both sides were well enough content to be ignorant although they were things of great weight and concern and contrived by them that were near one to another For Agathocles being plotting to cut off a Person that was his Friend and Associate minded not to enquire after any thing that was in doing with the Enemy And Bomilcar on the other side contriving how to overturn the Liberties of his Country cared not what was in agitation in Agathocles his Camp whose purpose was now not so much to conquer Ant. Ch. 306 an Enemy as to subdue his own Fellow-Citizens Matters being thus here some may find fault with History seeing many things of divers Natures falling out at one and the same time and that Writers are forc'd to break in with new Matter of another nature and to divide between things done at the same instant that the Truths related may delight the more But to Answer this the History that is deny'd this liberty although it afterwards represents the things done yet it
the Demetrians who Assaulted by turns and mutually reliev'd one another with fresh Supplies having clear'd the Wall by their Shot broke into Munychia and so forcing the Soldiers within to lay down their Arms they took the Governor prisoner Having dispatcht this Business in a few Days time Demetrius demolish'd Munychia and entirely restor'd the People to their Liberty and entred with them into a League of Peace and Amity Ant. Ch. 305. The Athenians therefore made a Decree which was written by Stratocles that Golden Statues of Antigonus and Demetrius should be set up and mounted upon a Chariot next to Harmodius and * Two Brothers that kill'd the Tyrant Hyparchus in Athens Olymp. 66. Thucid. Hist Honours of Demetrius in Athens Aristogiton and that they should be both Adorn'd with Crowns of Gold of Two hundred Talents weight apiece and that an Altar should be erected in Honour of them call'd the Saviour's Altar And in further Honour to them to the Ten Tribes of Athens they added Two more call'd the Antigonian and Demetrian And thus the People of Athens after they had been stripp'd out of all their Liberties by the Lamian War after Fifteen Years were restor'd to their Ancient Laws and Government Magera was still under the curb of a Garison but Demetrius likewise took this City and restor'd the People to their former Privileges therefore he was highly Honour'd and richly presented by the Inhabitants upon this Account Moreover when the Athenian Ambassador who was sent to Antigonus presented to him the Decree he understanding that they both wanted Corn for necessary Provision and Timber for building of Ships sent them a hundred and fifty * Every Medimna 18 Gallons Medimna's of Wheat and as much Timber as would build a hundred Ships Then he withdrew the Garison out of Imbrus and restor'd the City to the Inhabitants Afterwards he writ to his Son Demetrius and order'd him to call a Senate of Members chosen out of all the Confederate Citys in order to Consult concerning what might be most conducing to the publick Good of all Greece And that he himself with all speed should transport Forces into Cyprus and there fight Ptolemy's Captains In Obedience to his Father's Commands without any further delay he put over first into Caria and mov'd the Rhodians to make War against Ptolemy who were slack Ant. Ch. 30â— Demetrius Voyage into Cyprus and slow in the matter willing rather to be Neuters and keep in with all sides hence first grew the Heart-burnings between them and Antigonus Thence he sail'd into Cilicia and furnishing himself there with Shipping and Men he pass'd over into Cyprus with Fifteen thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse and a Fleet consisting of an Hundred and ten Ships of Three tire of Oars apiece of singular swiftness and Fifty three not so swift as the other but men of War as they were besides Transport Ships of all sorts answer able to so great a multitude of Men and Horses Being landed he first encamp'd near the Shoar not far from Carpasia and drawing up his Ships to land fenc'd them with a deep Trench and Ramparts and then he set upon the Cities next at hand and took Urania and Carpasia by Storm and leaving a sufficient Guard to defend his Trenches about the Fleet he march'd to Salamis Menelaus appointed by Ptolemy chief Commander of the Isle being then at Salamis Ptolemy's Brother and seeing the Enemy within forty Furlongs of the City drew out of the Garisons adjoining to the Number of Twelve thousand Foot and Eight hundred Horse and went out to meet him and fought a while but not being able to endure the Enemy's Charge fled and Demetrius pursuing him even to the Gates of the City took to the Number of Ant. Ch. 305. Three thousand of his Men and kill'd a Thousand upon the Place The Prisoners he P. 758. Pardon'd and distributed them among his own Men But finding they were ever ready to fly over again to Menelaus because their Wealth was in Ptolemy's hands in Aegypt he Shipp'd them all away to Antigonus his Father Antigonus at that time was building a City in the Upper Syria near the River Orontes call'd by his own name Antigonia laying out great Sums of Money upon it and taking in within the Walls seventy Furlongs of Ground For the Place it self was very opportune to lie as a Yoke both upon Babylon and the Upper Provinces and likewise upon the Lower with the other Provinces as far down as to Aegypt But this City continu'd not long for Seleucus raz'd it and transplanted the Inhabitants to another built by himself call'd Seleucia after his own Name But we shall give an Account of these things when we come to the Time proper for them But Menelaus after he was thus routed in Cyprus drew in all his Engines within the Walls and lin'd all the Bulwarks and Battlements with Soldiers and prepar'd for Fighting observing at the same time that Demetrius was doing the like He dispatch'd likewise a Messenger to Ptolemy to tell him what had happen'd and to desire more help in regard the Affairs of Cyprus were in a very low and dangerous Condition Demetrius seeing the City was in no contemptible Condition and that it was furnish'd with a great Number of Soldiers for its Defence was resolv'd to prepare Engines of an Extraordinary Bigness and all sorts of Battering Rams and other Instruments of War Demetrius his Engines that might in any sort terrify the Besieg'd He sent likewise for Workmen out of Asia and for Iron Timber and every thing else that was necessary to be made use of in the Ant. Ch. 305. Works he design'd And now every thing being ready at hand he built an Engine which he call'd Helepotis from taking of Cities Forty five Cubits broad on every side and Ninety in height drawn with four strong Wheels Eight Cubits high he made likewise two exceeding great Battering Rams and Galleries to support them He put several great shot of Massy-Stones in the lowest Story of the Helepolis the greatest of which weighed three Talents In the middle were plac'd very great Machines to shoot Darts and Arrows In the highest Part were those that were less and a great store of Stone-shot and above Two hundred Men who knew the manner of managing all these Devices to the best advantage Bringing up therefore his Engines to the Walls of the City by showers of shot he there swept off the Turrets and Battlements and batter'd down the Walls by his Rams But the Besieg'd made such obstinate Resistance and opposing Engines to Engines that the Issue for some days was very doubtful and Toil Labour and Wounds were the mutual Lot and Portion of each Party At length the Wall tumbled down and the City was even upon the Point of being taken by Storm But Night coming on both sides drew off Then Menelaus having a diligent Eye for the Security of the City lest
it should be taken by some fresh Stratagem got a great deal of dry Stuff and Matter together and cast it in the Night from off the Walls upon the Engines together with many light Firebrands Ant Ch. 305. and burnt the Principal of them Upon the mounting up of the Flame the Demetrians came in to quench the Fire but it was so quick and furious that the Engines were totally Consum'd and most of the Men that were in them However Demetrius though he was for the present disappointed in his Design yet desisted not in the least but urg'd on the Siege still both by Sea and Land supposing that Time at last would Crown him with Victory But Ptolemy having receiv'd Intelligence how his Forces were routed sets Sail from Aegypt with an Army well furnish'd both for Sea Land and arriving at Paphos in Cyprus Ptolemy falls to Cyprus P. 759. took Boats and went to Citium Two hundred Furlongs from Salamis His whole Fleet consisted of an Hundred and forty * Men of War Long Ships the biggest whereof was of Five Tire of Oars and the least of Four and these were attended with Two hundred Ships of Burden carrying no less than Ten thousand Soldiers From thence Ptolemy dispatch'd away by Land some Messengers to Menelaus to bid him with all speed to send him if possibly he could those Ships that were then in the Port of Salamis which were Sixty Sail. For he was in hopes that with this Addition having made his Navy Two hundred Sail if he should come to a Sea Fight he should be Victorious But Demetrius foreseeing what might be in contriving left part of his Army to carry on the Siege and Mans all his Vessels with the best of his Soldiers and places his Engines to shoot Stones Arrows Ant Ch. 3â—â— and Darts of three Spans in length upon the Forecastles of his Ships Then with his Fleet Top and Top-Gallant ready prepar'd for Battel he sail'd about to the City and cast Anchor about a Dart's Cast from the Mouth of the Harbour and there lay all Night both to prevent that Fleet in the Port from joining with the other and likewise waiting the coming up of the Enemy being himself then prepar'd to fight him On the other hand Potlemy sets sail for Salamis and in regard he had with him in his Sea Fiâ—ht between Ptolemy and Demetrius Fleet a great Number of Tenders his Navy seem'd to be exceeding great Demetrius hearing of the Enemy's approach left Antisthenes the Admiral with Ten Ships of Five Tire of Oars to keep in the Fleet that was in the Harbour And commanded the Horse to keep near the Sea-side to be ready to relieve those that should swim to Land in case any Misfortune should happen He himself drew up his Fleet in a Line of Battel and made towards the Enemy having not above a Hundred and Eight Sail with those taken in the Forts that were Deserted The greatest of which Ships were of Seven Tire of Oars but the most of them were of Five In the Left Wing were Seven Phaenician Gallies of Seven Tire of Oars and Thirty Athenian Vessels of Four Tire of Oars commanded by Medius as Admiral To support these he drew up Ten Gallies of Six Tire of Ant. Ch. 305. Oars and as many of Five conceiving it Prudence chiefly to guard that Wing where he himself intended to Engage In the middle Battel he plac'd the Least Ships under the Command of Themisus the Samian and Marsyas the Writer of the Affairs of Macedon The Right Wing was commanded by Hegesippus of Halicarnassus and Pleisthias of Coos who was Lord High Admiral of the whole Fleet. Ptolemy at the first made with all the Sail he could in the Night time towards Salamis in hopes to enter the Port before the Enemy But at break of Day spying the Enemy's Fleet not far off ready Drawn-up he likewise forthwith prepar'd for Battel And for this purpose ordered his Transport-Ships to lie off at Sea at a great distance and drew up the rest in a Line He himself commanded in the Left Wing where were the greatest of his Ships ready to defend him The Fleets being thus drawn up both sides according to ancient Custom call'd by their Priests upon their Gods and the whole Army follow'd the Noise and Cry of them that first began But the Princes seeing now all both Lives and Fortunes ready to be laid at Stake were both in no small concern Demetrius now not a Quarter of a League distant from the Enemy gave the Sign of Battel which was before agreed upon and that was the lifting up of a Golden Target visible to the whole Fleet one part after another Ptolemy doing the same presently the Fleets join'd and the Trumpets sounded a Charge and both Armies setting up a great shout to it they went in a dreadful and terrible Manner At first they made use of Bows and P. 760. Engines to shoot Arrows Stones and Darts by which many on both sides were grievously Ant. Ch. 305. gall'd and wounded When the Ships came side to side and fell foul with great Violence one upon another those upon the Decks fell to it with their Launces and Spears and the Rowers encourag'd by them that call'd out to them ply'd their Oars with extraordinary eagerness And now the Vessels with the Fierceness and Violence of the Charge were so press'd upon each side that some brush'd off the Oars one of another so that they could neither Fly nor Pursue and by this means disabled the Soldiers on board from making a vigorous Defence by putting a Check to the Force wherewith they might otherwise have born down upon their Enemy others so forc'd with the Beaks of their Ships upon one another's Poops that they * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Row'd a-Stern from time to time to repeat their strokes In the mean time they upon the Hatches mutually wounded one another every one having his Mark near and plain before him Some of the Captains of the Vessels struck the Broad-sides of their Adversaries Ships with that Violence that the Beaks stuck fast in them whereupon they boarded the Enemy's Ships giving and receiving Wounds and Blows on either side Some catching hold upon the sides of Ships when they miss'd Footing in their attempts to board the other tumbled Headlong into the Sea and were forthwith run thrô with the Lances of them that were next at hand Some who prevail'd in the boarding of their Enemy kill'd some upon their first Entrance and drave all the rest in rucks one upon another and flung them over-board In fine various and sudden were the Turns and Changes of Fortune in this Battel while they that were worsted now were presently Ant. Ch. 305. after Conquerors by the height of their Ships over-topping their Adversaries and then the Conquerors again brought into Streights by being driven into ill Stations and by other unaccountable Accidents which frequently
happen in these Cases For in Land-Fights Valour apparently carries the Day when no unusual Misfortune intervenes But in Sea-Fights there are many and various Accidents often fall out which sometimes on a sudden ruine them whose Valour otherwise would certainly and most justly have brought them off Victorious Of all the rest Demetrius placing himself upon the Stern of his Gally of Seven Tire of Oars behav'd himself with most Gallantry For when he was surrounded with Throngs of Enemies on every side he so bestirr'd himself that he strew'd the Decks with them some by Darts at a Distance and others by his Lance Hand to Hand Showers of Darts and other Weapons it's true were cast at him but some he nimbly declin'd and others he receiv'd on his Target and other defensive Arms that he then wore In this Conflict there were Three that stuck close to him as his Assistants whereof one was run through and Slain with a Lance and the other two were both wounded But at length Demetrius repuls'd his Enemies and put the Right Wing to a total Rout and forthwith those that were next to them On the other hand Ptolemy who had with him the greatest Ships and the best Soldiers easily broke that Party that oppos'd him and put them to flight sinking some of Ant. Ch. 305. their Ships and taking others with the Men in them and then returning from the Pursuit thought to have done the like with the rest But when he came he found his Left Wing totally routed by Demetrius and him in hot pursuit of them upon which he made back to Citium But Demetrius now being Conqueror committed his Men of War to Neon and Burichus with Orders to pursue the Enemy and to take up such as they found Swimming for their Lives He himself with his own Ships richly adorn'd and those that were taken of the Enemies tow'd along after small Skiffs return'd to his own Camp and Port whence he set out Mean while about the very time of the Fight at Sea Menelaus Governor of Salamis sent out to the Aid of Ptolemy the Sixty Ships compleatly Man'd and Arm'd under the Command of Menetius who Engaging with those Ships in the Mouth of the Harbour P. 671. that were set to keep him in Charg'd through them whereupon they fled for Safety to the Army that was at Land But when the Menetians were in open Sea and perceiv'd that they came too late they return'd back to Salamis This being the Issue of this Fight there were taken above a Hundred Transport Ships wherein there were almost Eight Thousand Soldiers Of Ships of War he took Forty with the Men in them and of those that were bilg'd in the Fight about Fourscore which being almost full of Water in the Hold they hawl'd to Land under the Camp near the City Demetrius had Twenty of his own Ships much damnify'd in this Fight which yet being Refitted and Rigg'd up again prov'd Serviceable as before Afterwards Ptolemy seeing no good to be done in Cyprus return'd in Aegypt But Demetrius having taken in all the Towns and Cities of the Island distributed the Garison Soldiers among his own Companies to the Number of Sixteen thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse And put Messengers on board the Greatest Ship in the Fleet and Ant. Ch. 305. sent them to his Father with an Account of the Victory he had gain'd As soon as Antigonus receiv'd the News he was so transported with the greatness of the Victory as that he put a Diadem upon his Head and from that time assum'd the Stile and Title of a King and allow'd Demetrius to do the same And Ptolemy also not Antigonus takes the Title of a King at all willing to hang the Head at his late ill Success took the Crown and Title of a King to himself likewise and in all his Letters from that time forward wrote himself King And by their Example other Governors of Provinces as Seleucus who had lately subdu'd the Upper Provinces and Lysimachus and Cassander who held the Provinces first allotted them all proclaim'd themselves Kings Having now spoken sufficient concerning these Affairs we shall proceed to give a distinct Account of things further done in Africa and Sicily Agathocles when he heard that the Governors of the Provinces before-mentioned had taken upon them the Dignity of Crown'd Heads judging himself no way inferior to them either as to the Strength and Power of their Arms Largeness of his Dominions or Memorable Actions took upon him likewise the Name and Title of a King But yet did not think fit to wear a Diadem For from the very time of his first aspiring to the Principality he wore a Crown after the manner of a Priest which he never laid aside all the time he was in Contest for the Tyranny Some say that he always wore this because he wanted Hair And now he made it his business to do something worthy of the honourable Title he had assum'd and therefore he led his Army against the Rebellious Uticans and surprising them on the sudden Ant. Ch. 305. Utica took Three hundred of them as they were abroad in the Fields At the first he pardon'd them and requir'd the Surrender of the City But those within refusing so to do he built an Engine and hang'd up all the Prisoners upon it living as they were and so brought it up to the Walls The Uticans though they pity'd the miserable Creatures yet they valu'd more their Common Liberty and therefore lin'd the Walls and resolv'd to abide a Siege Whereupon Agathocles furnish'd his Engine with shot Slingers and Darters and plying them with shot from his Machine began the Siege and so terrify'd them that he even cauteriz'd the Spirits of the Besieg'd Those that were upon the Walls at first scrupled to use their Darts and Arrows having their own Citizens plac'd before them as their Marks amongst whom were some of the Chief Nobility But the Enemy still pressing on with more violence they were forc'd to endeavour to beat off them that were plac'd in the Engine And here it happen'd that the Uticans fell into a suddain and unexpected misfortune through an inevitable necessity For the Greeks exposing the Prisoners they took abroad in the Fields to be Marks to their own fellow Citizens they were constrain'd either to fall into the Enemies hands by sparing their Townsmen or unmercifully to kill a great number of miserable Creatures in defending of the City as in truth it happen'd For while they repuls'd the Enemy with all sorts P. 762. Ant. Ch. 305. of Darts and Arrows and other Weapons the same time as they wounded and gall'd them that manag'd the Engine at the same time they wounded the Citizens that hung at it shooting some through and fastning others with their Darts and Arrows as with Nails to that part of the Machine towards which the Body happen'd to move so that their Ignominy and Misfortune resembled that
of the Cross And thus some suffer'd as Fortune order'd it by the hands of their near Relations and Friends Extremity and Necessity not allowing any Consideration of natural Relation Agathocles perceiving the Townsmen to defie all danger and throw off all Regard and Affection to their Countrymen begirt the City round and made a violent Assault upon a part of the Wall where it was weakest and there broke through into the City upon which some fled into their Houses and others into the Temples Agathocles being enrag'd fill'd all places with Blood and Slaughter Some were kill'd in heat of Fight others that were taken pris'ners were hang'd up afterwards and those that fled to the Temples and Altars were altogether frustrated of their hopes After he had rifl'd and plunder'd the Town he left a Garrison in it and march'd to the Cittadel call'd the Horse-Castle naturally defended by a Lough adjoyning to it But he took it by Storm after a close Siege and a sharp Fight with the Inhabitants upon the Water with his Gallies Thus having subu'd the Cities he brought most of the Sea Coasts and those that inhabited Ant. Ch. 305. in the heart of the Country under his own Power except the Numidians part of whom made Peace with him and the rest were in continual expectation to fight it out to the last Africa was at that time divided into four sorts of Inhabitants That is to say The Poeni Sorts of People in Africa who inhabited Carthage The Libyan Poeni who had many Cities upon the Tracts lying to the Sea Shoar who being conjoyn'd in Affinity by Marriages with the Carthaginians were call'd by this Name that imported the Denomination of both People The most Ancient Inhabitants and most numerous of all the rest were call'd Africans who hated the Carthaginians to the death by reason of the severity of their Government The last are the Numidians who hold a vast Tract of Lybia as far as to the very Desarts But Agathocles tho' he was now by the help of his Confederates and the Valour of his own Army Conqueror over the Carthaginians yet being much concern'd for the Affairs of Sicily he built some open Vessels and Skiffs row'd with Fifty Oars apiece and put on board Two thousand Soldiers and loos'd from Africa with his whole Fleet towards Sicily leaving his Son Archagathus Chief Commander and Governor of Lybia While these things were acting Xenodocus General of the Agrigentines having freed Xenodocus routed in Sicily Ant. Ch. 305. many of the Cities and rais'd the hopes of the Sicilians that they should all be restor'd to their Ancient Liberties throughout the whole Island led out his Forces against Agathocles his Captains having with him above Ten thousand Foot and almost a Thousand Horse Leptines and Demophilus on the other hand having got together as great an Army as possibly they could out of Syracuse and the neighbouring Garrisons encamp'd against him with Eight thousand and Two hundred Foot and Twelve hundred Horse At length there was a sharp Engagement between the two Armies in which Xenodocus was routed and lost Fifteen hundred of his Men and was forc'd to fly to Agrigentum The Agrigentines weaken'd by this loss left off their Honourable Design and frustrated the hopes wherewith they had fill'd the Hearts of the Confederates Presently after the Battle Agathocles landed at Selinunt in Sicily and shortly forc'd the Heracleots who had regain'd their Liberty to stoop again to his Government Thence marching into another part of the Island he brought under the Thermites whose City was held by a Carthaginian Garrison and receiv'd Hostages of them Then he took Cephaloedium and made Leptines P. 763. Governor Then marching up into the heart of the Country he attempted to have enter'd Centorippa in the night by the help of a Faction he had in the City But the Treachery being discover'd the Garrison Soldiers fell in upon him and drave him out of the Town with the loss of above Five hundred of his Men. After this some of the Apolloniats sent to him and promis'd to deliver up their City whereupon he forthwith made thither But the Traitors being apprehended and punished he made nothing of it the Ant. Ch. 305. first Day but the next after many hardships and the loss of many of his Men he at length with much ado gain'd the place and putting multitudes of the Apelloniats to the Sword he gave the Town up to the plunder of his Soldiers While Agathocles was thus imploy'd Dinocrates the Captain of the Exiles reviv'd the prosecution of the former design of the Agrigentines and declar'd himself Protector of the Common Liberty and got together great numbers who came flocking in to him from all parts Some out of a natural love of Liberty and others out of fear of Agathocles were at his Devotion Having Agathocles 〈◊〉 in Sicily therefore now an Army of Twenty thousand Foot and Fifteen hundred Horse who were all accustom'd to the hadships and toils of Exiles he took the Field and dar'd Agathocles to a Battel But Agathocles being much inferior in number made a running Fight of it but Dinocrates still pressing close at his heels often gain'd several advantages * without D 〈…〉 Archagathus in Africa without any difficulty From this time forward things began to go backwards with Agathocles not only in Sicily but also in Africa For Archagathus left General there after his Father was gone sent a part of the Army into the Upper Countries under the Command of Eumachus and at first was successful for Eumachus took the great City Tocas and subdu'd many of the neighbouring Numidians Then he took another Town Ant. Ch. 305. call'd Phellina and subdu'd the bordering Inhabitants call'd Asphodelodians who are as black as the Aethiopians He gain'd likewise Maschala an exceeding large City anciently inhabited by the Greeks that planted there in their return from Troy as we have before related in the Third Book Afterwards he brought under the Citadel call'd the Troy Horse-Castle formerly taken by Agathocles The last Town he gain'd was Acris a Free City the Plunder of which he gave to his Soldiers and sold the Inhabitants for Slaves and so loaden with spoil return'd to Archagathus to the Camp His Name being now up for a brave and valiant Man he undertook another Expedition into the Higher Africa and passing by the places he had before lately taken he inconsiderately broke into the City call'd Mittines But the Barbarians coming upon him in a full Body in the Streets they so far prevail'd that unexpectedly they drave him out of the Town again with the loss of a great number of his Men. Thence he march'd away over an high Mountain Two hundred Furlongs in length full of Wild Cats there no kind of Birds bred either in Trees Holes or elsewhere because of the greedy nature of these Beasts Having pass'd over these Mountains he enter'd into a Country abounding
they were not willing to venture all at once with Men that were desperate but by lying still in their Camp where they had plenty of Provision and by protracting of Time they hop'd to starve the Enemy and so be Masters of their Camp without fighting Agathocles therefore not being able to draw the Enemy forth to a Battel in the open Field and being necessitated by his present Circumstances to attempt something and Ant. Ch. 305. enter upon some desperate Action marches up with his whole Army close to the Enemy's Camp Thereupon the Carthaginians make out against him and though they had the advantage of Ground and far exceeded him in number of Men yet Agathocles prest hard on every side for some time resolutely bore up against them But his Mercenaries Agathocles routed in Africa and some others at length giving Ground he was forc'd to retreat to his Camp The Barbarians pursu'd them close but to gain the Good-will and Favour of the Africans they past by them without doing any execution But the Greeks whom they knew by their Arms they kill'd all along till they had driven the rest into their Camp There were slain of Agathocles his Men at that time Three thousand The next night a sudden and unexpected Disaster fell upon both the Armies For the Carthaginians when they were sacrificing the most eminent and considerable Persons among their Prisoners in Gratitude to their Gods for the Victory they had gain'd the Flame rising high that enwrapt the Bodies of the sacrific'd Captives a fierce Wind on a Carthaginian Camp burns sudden carry'd the Flame to the Sacred Tabernacle near the Altar where it catch'd and burnt it down to the Ground thence it proceeded to the General 's Pavilion and the Officers Tents next adjoining Upon which arose a mighty Consternation and Astonishment fill'd the whole Camp while some endeavouring to quench the Fire others striving to carry away Arms and rich Furniture were consumed by the Flames The Ant. Ch. 305 Tents were made of Reeds and Straw and therefore the Fire through the height of the Wind rag'd the more so that that by its quickness it prevented all help and assistance that the Soldiers could any ways contribute The whole Camp being presently in a Flame many in strait and narrow Passes were intercepted by the Fire and burnt to death And thus they presently paid for their Cruelty to the Captives suffering the like Punishment as a Retaliation of their Impiety And others who tumultuously with woful Cries got out of the Camp were pursu'd with another and greater Misfortune For those Africans that were in Agathocles his Army to the number of Five thousand deserted the Grecians and were flying to the Barbarians When those that went out to scout saw Their farther Misfortune those Deserters make towards the Carthaginians Camp thinking the whole Grecian Army were at hand ready to fall upon them they forthwith gave Intelligence to their own Party that the Enemy's whole Army approach'd Which being nois'd abroad Confusion and Dread of the Enemy's being just in the midst of them ran through the whole Camp Whereupon every one plac'd his own Safety in the Swiftness of his Heels and P. 768. in regard no Word of Command was given by any of the Officers nor any Order kept among the Soldiers the Run-aways fell down one upon another and some of them through the Darkness of the Night and others out of excess of Fear fell a fighting with their own Men not knowing who they were The Mistake still continuing and encreasing Ant. Ch. 305. a great Slaughter was made and some were kill'd hand to hand and others running away with the loss of their Arms in the height of a surprizing Fear in their hast fell down steep and craggy Rocks and were broken in pieces about Five thousand of them being destroy'd the rest at length got to Carthage The Citizens within the Town deceiv'd by the Report of their own Men believ'd they were routed and that the greatest part of the Army was cut off in this fright they open'd the Gates and receiv'd them with great Terror and Amazement into the Town fearing lest the Enemy should likewise break in at the Heels of them And though when it was full Day they came to understand the Truth of the matter yet they could scarce allay the Fears they had been in as if the Evils were still even at their Doors About the same time through a vain Fear and foolish Imagination Agathocles fell into a Misfortune something of the same kind For the African Deserters after the burning of the Carthaginian Camp and the Hurly-burly and Uproar that follow'd thereupon Misfortune to Agathocles his Camp durst not march forward but made their way back to the place from whence they came whom some of the Greeks espying to make towards them they took them to be the Carthaginian Army and thereupon gave Intelligence to Agathocles that the Ant. Ch. 305. Enemy was near at hand Upon which by the King's Order they cry'd out Arms Arms and forthwith the Soldiers came pouring out in great Tumult and Confusion out of the Camp And besides all this when they saw the Flame in the Enemy's Camp to mount up into the Air and heard the Shouts and Cries of the Carthaginians they were the more confirm'd in their Opinion that the Barbarians were making towards them with their whole Army But Excess of Fear leaving no room for due and serious Consideration Horror and Amazement fill'd the whole Camp and all of them took to their Heels And the Africans being presently mix'd among them the Night causing the Mistake every one oppos'd him that he met as an Enemy and being all the Night long dispers'd here and there and wandering up and down in a Panick Fear there perish'd of them above Four thousand The rest with much ado at length coming to understand the Mistake return'd safe to their Camp And in this manner both Armies deceiv'd by the Vanity of War as the common Proverb is fell into miserable Disasters After which Missortune being now deserted by the Africans and having not sufficient Forces lest to contend with the Carthaginians he resolv'd to leave Africa But he thought it impossible to transport the Soldiers with him because he both wanted Shipping and heard that the Carthaginians were Masters at Sea and lay to intercept his Passage And he concluded the Barbarians whose Forces far exceeded his would never make Peace with him but rather cut off every Man of them that first set footing upon Africa to deterr all others for the future from the like Attempt He determin'd therefore to slip away privately Ant. Ch. 305. with a few and take along with him his younger Son Heraclides for he fear'd lest his Son Archagathus being a daring Man and one that had been too familiar with his Stepmother would plot something against his Life But Archagathus smelling out his Design
serv'd him for Pay grew very desirous to be gone yea and some of his Captains too for that and some other Reasons had a mind to go also But when Antigonus perceiv'd that a multitude of his Men were flying away from him he dispos'd Archers and Slingers and other Engines of War upon the Shore to keep them from flying over the Water in Boats and some he lighted on that ran away and Ant. Ch. 304. those he put to horrible Torments to deter others from the like Antigonus gathering together his Ships that came in after the Tempest though late to him went to a Place call'd Pseudostomon thinking there to have Landed some of his Men But he found a strong Garison and was beaten off with Bows and Slings and other Engines P. 772. of War The Night therefore drawing on he went his way giving Order to the Masters of every Ship to follow the Admiral 's Lanthorn and to make to the Mouth of the River Nile which is called Phagneticum But the next Morning finding that many of his Ships had lost their way he was forc'd to come to Anchor there and to send away the swiftest Ships he had to seek them out The time thus spent and protracted Ptolemy being advertis'd of the approach of the Enemy came in speedily to the Relief of his Men and rang'd his Army all along the Shore Whereupon Demetrius finding no possibility of Landing here neither and being inform'd that the Country adjoining was naturally fenc'd with Fens and Moorish Grounds set sail and return'd But as he was going the Wind struck up to the North and with a mighty Tempest drove three of his Ships of Four Tire of Oars and some others of his Transport Ships upon the Shore all which came into Ptolemy's hand the rest with much ado recover'd Antigonus his Camp Now Ptolemy had plac'd strong Garisons at every one of the Mouths of the River Nile and had an infinite Number of River-Boats every Ant. Ch. 304. where ready stor'd with Darts and Slings and Men which knew well how to use them which greatly vex'd and troubled Antigonus For the Mouth of the River at Pelusium being strongly guarded by Ptolemy he could make no use of his Ships at all and for the Land Forces they were not able to do any thing because of the height of the River and that which was worse with his long Lying both Food for Men and Fodder for Cattle began to grow low Wherefore Antigonus seeing his Army to hang the Head Antigonus returns into Syria call'd them all together and propounded it to the Captains Whether of the two were best to stay and Fight it out now or to return into Syria for the present and to return again better provided and when the Waters should be lower And when every Man's Voice was to be gone he had his Soldiers truss up their Trinkets and so with his Navy keeping still along the Shore by them he return'd into Syria Ptolemy growing glad at heart that the Enemy was thus gone offer'd Sacrifice to his Gods for this great Deliverance and made withal a most magnificent Feast for his Nobles and wrote away Letters to Seleucus Lysimachus and Cassander of his prosperous Success informing them likewise how a Multitude of Antigonus his Men had fled over to him This was 19 Years from the Death of Alexder And now having rescu'd as it were Aegypt a second time and gotten it by his Sword judging therefore he might lawfully reckon it as his own he return'd to Alexandria While these things thus pass'd in Aegypt * See Aelian Var. Hister L 9. C. 13. the Fatness of this Man Ant. Ch. 304. Dionysius the Tyrant of Heraclca in Pontus dy'd having reign'd Thirty two Years And his Sons Zathras and Clearchus succeeding him reign'd Seventeen years In the mean time Agathocles visited all the Cities in Sicily that were under his Command filling them with Garisons and poling them for Money For the Man was in a terrible Fright lest when he should fall under a Cloud they should recover their Liberty by Force of Arms. About that time Pasiphilus the General hearing of the Death of Agathocles his Sons Dinocrates prevails in Sicily and the rout of his Forces in Lybia had the Tyrant in Contempt And falling off to Dinocrates join'd in Confederacy with him and being possess'd of the Cities which were before committed to his Care and Trust he entic'd and drew off the Army then under his Command from the Tyrant by fair Promises and hopes of mighty things Agathocles therefore being now every where disappointed and frustrated of his Hopes was so far dejected that he sent an Agent to Dinocrates and offer'd to make Peace with P. 773. him upon these Conditions viz. That he would lay down his Sovereignty and restore Syracuse to the Citizens and that Dinocrates should be no longer in Exile so that he would deliver up two Castles Tharma and Cepaloedium together with their adjoining Territories to Agathocles Here some may justly admire how it came to pass that Agathocles who was at all other times and in all other things Resolute and Obstinate and never in the least discourag'd when his Condition was most Desperate should be now so dastardly as to be willing to give up all into the Enemy's hands without striking a stroke for the obtaining and compassing of which he had fought so many and great Battels And that which is Ant. Ch. 304. the strangest of all was that he who was yet Lord of Syracuse and of many other Cities and had a considerable Navy at Sea and an Army at Land should become so Weak-headed as not to remember any thing of that which hapned to Dionysius for when he was reduc'd to most miserable Streights and to that degree of fear of those Mischiefs that hung over his Head as that he was altogether hopeless of retaining his Principality and was upon the very Point of mounting his Horse and â—lying away from Syracuse Heloris one of the ancientest of his Noblemen to put a stop to his Carreer said to him The Sepulchre of a King is honourable And the like to this is what his Father-in-Law Megacles said to him that He who is depriv'd of a Kingdom should part with it so as if forc'd from between his very Thighs and not as one making a voluntary Abdication By which serious admonitions Dionysius was so encourag'd that he went through all courageously though they seem'd never so terrible and afterwards mightily enlarg'd his Dominion and continu'd in this height of Prosperity till he was old leaving the greatest Principality in Europe to his Children But Agathocles not in the least incourag'd by any of these Considerations nor considering the vanity of Humane Confidence and Expectations by what he had learnt by his own Experience set to Sale so great a Principality for a trifle But yet the Proposals took no effect for though Agathocles would willingly
bound together by Plates of Iron In the middle part he plac'd strong Planks of Timber a Cubit distance one from another for those that forc'd the Engine forward to stand upon The whole was mov'd upon Eight strong and large Wheels whos 's Felloes were Two Cubit thick cover'd with strong Iron Plates Thwart over the Spokes were contriv'd * Instruments to turn the Engine P. 780. Antistâ—â—pta's to turn about the Engine in a trice when ever they pleas'd At every corner of the Machine were Pillars rais'd little less than a hundred Cubits high every one of an equal length so compacted together as that the whole Machine was Nine Stories high In the first were Three and forty Beds and in the highest Nine The three sides of the Engine were lin'd on the outside with Iron Plates fastn'd with Nails to prevent all damage from Fire that might be shot or cast from the City In every Story at the Front were made Loop-holes proportionable and in shape to the nature of the Artillery that was thence to be discharged To these were Shutters fastn'd to the Engine to draw up for the better defence of them within that threw the Darts for they were lin'd with Skins stuff'd with Wooll to deaden the force of the Stone-shot Every Story was furnish'd with two Ant. Ch. 30â— large Ladders that whatever was necessary might be brought in to them at one and the same time by one while others were going down upon other occasions by the other that so every thing might be dispatcht without tumult and confusion There were chosen out of the whole Army the strongest Men to the number of Three thousand and four hundred to move the Engine forward of whom some from within and others plac'd behind so forc'd it forward that Art and Strength together much facilitated the motion He mad also * Artificial Covers over Mens Heads made of strong Timber covered over with raw S 〈…〉 Testudo's by some to fill up Trenches and Ditches and with others to bring up Battering Rams He made likewise Galleries through which they that were imploy'd might pass and repass with safety at their pleasure By the help and assistance likewise of the Seamen he plain'd and laid even all the way along which the Engines were to be brought up to the space of Four Furlongs so that the breadth of the Work fac'd as much of the City-Wall as consisted of Six Divisions between the Turrets and of Seven of the Turrets themselves The multitude of Artificers and Workmen that were got together were no less than Thirty thousand Men. Every thing therefore through multitude of hands being perfected and compleated sooner than could be imagin'd Demetrius became a Terror to the Rhodians for not only the greatness of the Engines and the multitude of Men but the Valour and Diligence of the King in carrying on of Sieges amaz'd them Ant. Ch. 302. for he was extraordinary ingenious in invention and contriv'd many things beyond all the Art and Industry of the Artificers whence he got the Name of * Poliorches 〈◊〉 Poliorches for he was so fierce and violent in his Assaults that no Wall seem'd to be so strong as to be a sufficient Defence to the Besieg'd against him And besides he was so Tall and Beautiful that he look'd like a Demy God insomuch as those who came to him but as Guests and Strangers and saw his Gracely Meen cloath'd with Royal Majesty they were struck with Admiration and would often attend upon him in his Expeditions meerly to have the satisfaction in looking at him Moreover he was of an high and noble Spirit that scorn'd not only to stoop to the common sort but even to Princes themselves And that which was most strange and peculiar only to himself was in times of Peace he was given to Drukenness and Banqueting to Dancing and Rioting and would imitate even the Manners of Bacchus himself such as is fabulously reported he us'd to practise when he was upon Earth But in times of War he was very active and serious insomuch as he went beyond all the rest both as to his Head and Hand when any thing was to be done For in his time and by his contrivance were made the greatest Darts and such sort of Engines as far exceeded all other Nations in the World And after this Siege and his Father's Death he launch'd forth the greatest Ships that ever were before seen In the mean time the Rhodians perceiving how the Enemy's Works went on built another Wall within answerable to that which was now presently to be Assaulted and to this purpose they us'd the Stones that Wall'd in the Theater and pull'd down some neighbouring Houses and some Temples for the same purpose vowing to the Gods to build larger and fairer Ant. Ch. 302. P. 781. The Acts of the Rhodian Sea-Captains if the City were preserv'd They sent out likewise Nine Ships and commanded the Captains that infesting every part and surprizing what Ships they could they should sink some of those they took and bring in others into the City Harbour These Captains divided their Squadron into three parts Damophilus with the Ships which the Rhodians call'd * Guard Ships Phalacidae sail'd to * Carpathus an Island between Rhodes and Creete now Scarpanto Carpathus were surprizing many of Demetrius's Fleet he sunk some and burnt others that were drawn up upon the Shoar making choice of such Prisoners as might be most useful and serviceable and many Ships that were carrying Corn and other Fruits out of the Island he brought away with him into his own Country Menedemus who commanded three small * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gallies betwixt two and three Tire of Oars made for Patara and Lycia and there found a Ship at Anchor and burnt her all her Men being before gone off to Land He took likewise many of the Enemies Transport Ships which carry'd Provisions to their Camp and sent them to Rhodes He took also a Ship of Four Tire of Oars coming out of Cilicia which carry'd a Royal Robe and other rich Furniture which Phila Demetrius his Wife had curiously wrought and had sent as a Present to her Husband He order'd the Garments to be convey'd into Egypt for they were Purple Robes fit for none to wear but Kings but the Ship he took away with him and sold all the Seamen he had taken both out of the Galley of four Tire of Oars and other Vessels Amyntas who commanded the other Ships sailed to the Islands and Ant. Ch. 302. falling in with some of the Enemy that were conveying away something of use for the Engines he sunk some of the Ships and brought in others to the City in which were taken Eleven famous Artificers most expert Artists in making of Darts and Engines After this was call'd a General Assembly wherein it was propos'd that the Statues of Antigonus and Demetrius should be pull'd down affirming that
in time of Peace and to their Protection and Security in time of War Having settled all Things at Sicyon he march'd thence with his whole Army to Corinth which Prepalaus Cassander's General then held with a strong Garison where being presently let in by the Citizens in the Night through a little Sally-Port he gain'd the City together with the Havens-The Soldiers in Garison hereupon fled some of them into the * Palace Sisyphium as it 's call'd others into the Cittadel Whereupon the Engines being brought up to the Fortifications after much much Toil and Labour he took Sisyphium by Storm The Besieg'd had before he enter'd all fled to them that were in the Cittadel but he so terrify'd them also that he forc'd them to surrender for this King in Assaults was not to be resisted and in inventing of Engines for the assaulting of Places was extraordinary Ingenious And now altho' he restor'd the Corinthians to their Liberty yet he put a Garison into the * Acro Corintho Citadel because the Citizens desir'd to continue under the †Antigonus his Protection who had assum'd the Title of King as is said before Ant. Ch. 301. King's Protection until he had subdu'd Cassander And so Prepelaus having thus poorly lost Corinth went to Cassander Then Demetrius march'd into Achaia and took Buta by Assault and within a few days after he had Scyrus deliver'd up to him and expell'd the Garison thence Moving forward he freed all the rest of the Cities of Achaia Then encamping at Aegeum he lay with his Army round the Walls and upon a Parly with Strombichus the Governour demanded the Surrender of the Town But he not only refus'd but rail'd against Demetrius from the Walls and gave him base Language whereupon the King brought up the Engines batter'd down the Wall and took the City by Storm and there crucify'd Strombicus who was plac'd there as Governour by Polysperchon and about Fourscore more that were his inveterate Enemies before the Walls of the Town And from among the Prisoners he pickt out 2000 Mercenaries and intermixt them amongst his own Regiments After the taking of this City they who held the neighbouring Forts and Castles thought it to no purpose to oppose the King and therefore all surrendred their Garisons And all the Governours of Cities seeing that Cassander and Polysperchon sent them no Assistance and that Demetrius with a potent Army and with Engines the greatest that P. 787. ever came into the Field was ready to fall upon them surrender'd all up to him And thus stood the Affairs of Demetrius In Italy the Tarentines being at War with the Lucanians and the Romans sent Ambassadors The War between the Lucanians and Tarentines Ant. Ch. 301. Cleonymus the Spartan to Sparta desiring Aid and that Cleonymus might be sent them for their General The Lacedaemonians readily granted the General that was desir'd and the Tarentines sent Ships and Money wherewith Cleonymus rais'd Five thousand Men and muster'd them at Tenarus in Laconia and thence by a short Cut sail'd to Tarentum where he hir'd as many Mercenaries as the former and listed some of the Citizens In the whole he rais'd above Twenty thousand Foot and two thousand Horse He join'd to his Army likewise many Greeks of Italy together with the Messapians whereupon the Lucanians being terrify'd with the greatness of his Army made Peace with the Tarentines Only the Metapontians stood off and therefore he requir'd the Lucanians to join with him in spoiling and harassing their Country and accordingly making use of a fit Opportunity he broke in upon them and put them into a terrible fright And tho' he enter'dinto the * Metapontum City as a Friend yet he trapann'd the Citizens out of Six thousand Talents of Silver and upwards and took away Two hundred young Ladies of the best Quality for Hostages not so much to secure the Performance of the League as to gratifie his own brutish Lusts for he threw off his Laconick Habit and gave up himself to all manner of Voluptuousness and brought them into Bondage and Slavery who had committed themselves to his Care and Protection For tho' he had so great an Army and so well provided yet he did noting worthy the Name of a Spartan He determin'd indeed to make an Expedition into Sicily under colour to overturn the Tyranny of Agathocles and to restore the Sicilians to Ant. Ch. 301 their ancient Laws and Liberties but omitting that for the present he sail'd to Corcyra and having taken the City got there a vast Treasure and Garison'd the Place designing to make use of that as a Town and Citadel of War and thence to manage all the Affairs of Greece Forthwith Ambassadors came to him from Demetrius Poliorches and Cassander severally to sollicit him to join with them as Confederates but he join'd with neither Afterwards hearing that the Tarentines and some others had deserted him and revolted he left a sufficient Garison at Corcyra and with the rest of his Forces sail'd in a great Heat into Italy with a Resolution to execute exemplary Punishment upon those that had rebell'd Arriving at the very Place where the Barbarians kept Guard he took the City and after he had sold the Men for Slaves he spoil'd and harass'd all the Country He took also a Town call'd Triopius by Assault and carry'd thence Three thousand Captives But about this time the Barbarians got into a Body and set upon his Camp in the night and kill'd above two hundred of his Soldiers and took about a Thousand Prisoners and together with this Misfortune at the very same time arose a violent Storm and broke in pieces 20 of his Ships as they lay at Anchor near to his Camp Being plagu'd with these Losses and Misfortunes falling one upon the neck of another Cleonymus sail'd back with his Forces to Corcyra The former Year being now past this Year Nicocles executed the Office of Lord Chancellor Olymp. 119. 3. Ant. Ch. 300. Cassander sends to make Peace with Antigonus of Athens and Marcus Livius and Marcus Aemilius succeeded Consuls at Rome At which time Cassander King of Macedon seeing the Armies of his Enemies to increase and that the Storm was impending and ready to fall with all its weight upon him was in a great Consternation concerning the Issue and Event He sent therefore Ambassadors into Asia to Antigonus to intreat him to be reconcil'd and strike up a Peace with him who fiercely and roughly answer'd That he would own no Peace that should be made Antigonus his proud Answer P. 788. with him unless Cassander would deliver up all into his hands At which Answer he was greatly terrify'd and sent for Lysimachus out of Thrace to venture all in a Common Lot both together For ever in his greatest Straits his manner was to have recourse to him for Relief both upon the account of his Valour and for that his Kingdom border'd upon Macedonia
upon him the Government a Warlike Prince and in all respects accomplish'd for the Kingdom who joining Battle with the Persians and behaving himself with great Gallantry and Resolution was kill'd in the Fight and his Son Ariamnes succeeded him in the Kingdom To whom were born two Sons Ariarathes and Holophernes And after he had Reign'd 50 Years he dyed Holofernes having done nothing memorable and the Elder of his Sons Ariarathes succeeded him who it's said bore so great and tender a Love to his Brother that he advanc'd him to the highest degree of Honour and Preferment And sent him to join with the Persians in the War against the Aegyptians who after return'd loaden with many and large marks of Honour conferr'd upon him by Ochus for his Valour and dy'd in his own Country leaving behind him two Sons Ariarathes and Arysses And that his Brother the King of Cappadocia * Gr. having no legal Issue having no legal Issue adopted Ariarathes his Brother 's Eldest Son About this time Alexander the Macedonian King ruin'd the Persian Empire and presently after dy'd But Perdiccas who had the chief Command sent Eumenes as General into Cappadocia who subdu'd and kill'd Ariarathes and brought Cappadocia and all the bordering Territories into the the power of the Macedonians But Ariarathes the adopted Son of the former King despairing for the present to regain the Kingdom with a few followers fled into Armenia But Eumenes and Berdiccas both dying not long after and Antigonus and Seleucus imbroil'd in War one with another Ariarathes with the help of Arcloathus King of Armenia who furnish'd him with forces routed and kill'd Amyntas the Macedonian General and presently drave all the Macedonians out of the Country and recover'd his Kingdom He had 3 Sons the Eldest of which Ariamnes succeeded him who join'd in affinity with Antiochus Theos and Married his Eldest Son Ariarathes to Stratonice Antiochus his Daughter And for the great love he had to him above all his Children â—e set the Diadem upon his Head and made him Co-parther with him in the Kingdom and after the death of his Father he reign'd alone Then he dying Ariarathes his Son of a very tender Age succeeded He Marry'd Antiochide the Daughter of Antiochus the great a very subtile Woman Who because she bore no Children to make up that defect contriv'd unknown to her Husband a suppositious Birth as if she had Born two Sons which were call'd Ariarathes and Holofernes But not long after she conceiv'd in reality and unexpectedly was deliver'd of two Daughters and one Son call'd Mithridates Upon this she acquainted her Husband with the Imposture and so wrought with him that she prevail'd with him to send away the Eldest of the two Sons with a small Sum of Money to Rome and the other into Ionia lest they should challenge the Kingdom from him that was lawful Heir to the Crown who after he came to Man's Estate its said was call'd Ariarathes and was Educated in all the learning of Greece and was a Person accomplish'd with all manner of Virtuous Endowments That the Father who was wonderfully belov'd by the Son strove all he could to repay his Son's love again And their mutual endear'd affections one towards another went so far that the Father would have given up the whole Kingdom into the Hands of the Son but the Son on the other side told him he could not possibly accept of so great an advantage from living Parents After therefore his Father dy'd he succeeded spending the rest of his life very virtuously and in the study of Philosophy So that Cappadocia which was before little known to the Grecians was now a desireable place of Residence for all learned Men He renew'd the League of Peace and Friendship with the Romans And in this manner is the Pedegree of those that have hitherto reign'd in Cappadocia brought down from Cyrus 4. For Statues are made of such Romans as are of noble Families in near resemblance of the Persons and according to the whole proportion of their Bodies For all their life long they have some who observe their Mien and Deportment and the special remarks of every part exactly Likewise every Mans Ancestor * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 stands in that Habit and in those Ornaments and is so clearly represented that every one knows the Person as soon as he looks upon him and to what degree of Honour every one was advanc'd and what Share and Interest they had in the Commonwealth 5. * Rather Fulvius Olymp. 156 4. Ant. Ch. 151. Memmius was sent General with an Army into Spain But the * Lusitanians now Portugals Lusitanians just upon his Landing fell upon him and routed him and cut off most of his Army When this success of the Iberians was nois'd abroad the Araucians who look'd upon themselves to be far better Soldiers than the Iberians slighted and contemn'd the Enemy and upon this ground and confidence chiefly it was that in their general Council they determined to make War upon the Romans * Araucians now of Aurang Out of the 32d BOOK Fragment 1. ALexander fled out of the Fight with 500 Men to a City in Arabia call'd This was Alexander Epiphanes King of Syria and this Battle was with Ptolometor near Antioch Olymp. 158. 3. Ant. Ch. 144. See Mac. 1. Mac. 10. c. Joseph lib. 13. c. 8. Abas to Diocles the Prince there with whom he had before entrusted his Son Antiochus a Child of very tender Age. Afterwards the Chief Commanders who were about Heliades and had been with Alexander plotting to assassinate Alexander sent away some Messengers privately from among themselves promising secretly to Murder him Demetrius consenting to what they propos'd they became both Traitors and Murderers of their Prince We might be justly condemn'd if we should pass in silence that which happen'd before the death of Alexander tho' for the strangeness of the thing it be scarce credible King Alexander a little before these times consulted with the Oracle in Silicia where they say is the Temple of Apollo of Sarpedon and it is reported that the Oracle made Answer that he should take heed of that place which should bring forth a God of two shapes This Divine Hint was then taken for a Riddle but after the King was dead the Truth was discover'd in this manner For in Abas a City of Arabia dwelt one Diophantus a Macedonian This Man Marry'd an Arabian Woman by whom he had a Strange Stories of Hermaphrodites Heraides became a Man Son call'd after his own Name and a Daughter call'd Heraides His Son dy'd while he was young But he gave a Portion to his Daughter when she was grown up and Marry'd her to one Semiades who after he had liv'd with his Bride one year undertook a long Journey In the mean time it is reported that Heraides fell into a strange and wonderful distemper such as is scarce credible For she had a
Pompoedius Chief for his Valour and prudent management of the War who with the consent of all the other Captains rais'd a great Army which with the old Soldiers amounted to the number of 30000. And besides he got together at least 20000 Foot and 1000 Horse of manumitted Slaves and Arm'd them as well as the time would allow And coming to an Engagement with the Romans whose General was Mamercus he kill'd a few of them but lost above 6000 of his own Men. About the same time Metellus took the famous City Venusia in Apulia which had in it a great number of Soldiers and carry'd away above 3000 prisoners And now the Romans prevail'd every day more and more against their Enemies So that the Italians sent Ambassadors to Mithridates King of Pontus who had then a brave and well appointed Army to intreat him to march into Italy with his Army to oppose the Romans by which means they told him that their Power would be easily broken Mithridates answer'd that he would march into Italy as soon as he had subdu'd Asia in order to which he was then engag'd The Rebels therefore being now frustrated in their hopes of Assistance and of supplies of Money were greatly discourag'd For there were but a few of the Samnites remaining and the Sabellians kept themselves close within Nola and the like did Lamponius and Cleptius who commanded those that were left of the Lucanians The Marsian War being now almost at an end there arose again a great Sedition in Rome by reason of the contentious Ambition of many of the Roman Nobility every one striving which should be General in the Expedition against Mithridates stirr'd up thereunto with the Greatness of the Rewards and Riches to be reap'd by that War For Caius Julius and Caius Marius who had been Six times Consul oppos'd one another and the People on that occasion were divided some for one and some for the other There were likewise other disturbances about the same time For Sylla the Consul went from Rome to the Forces that lay near unto Nola and so terrify'd many of the bordering Territories with their Cities that he forc'd them to the obedience of the Romans But when Sylla was engag'd in the War in Asia against Mithridates and Rome was fill'd with slaughters and intestine broils Marcus Aponius and Tiberius Cleptius Generals of those Italians that were left continuing in Brutia not being able to take the strong City Aesias after a long time they had lain before it left part of their Army to maintain the Siege and with the rest fiercely assaulted Rhegium in hopes that if they gain'd this place they might with ease transport their Army into Sicily and so become Masters of the richest Island under the Sun But Caius Urbanus the Governor of Rhegium so terrify'd the Italiots with the greatness of his Army and his vast preparations that they drew off from the Siege and so the Rhegians were delivered And afterwards when the Civil Wars broke forth between Marius and Sylla part of them sided with Marius and the rest with Scylla and most of them were kill'd in the War and those that surviv'd all joyn'd with the Conqueror Scylla And thus ended the Marsian War and the greatest home-bred Sedition of any that was ever before among the Romans Eclog. 2. And now that the Marsian War was at an end a Second great Sedition was rais'd The War between Sylia and Marius Olymp. 174. Ant. Ch. 80. Or rather Aphroditus Beautiful in Rome stirr'd up by Sylla and Caius Marius a young Man the Son of Marius who had been Seven times Consul In this Commotion many thousands of Men perish'd At length Sylla prevail'd and being created Dictator he call'd himself Epaphroditus which vain glorious Title did not altogether deceive him for he prosper'd all his life long and dy'd a natural death after all his Victories But Marius altho' he behav'd himself with great Gallantry in the War against Sylla being at length routed fled with 15000 Men to Proeneste where he was Besieg'd a long time at length all having forsaken him and seeing no way how to escape he earnestly intreated one of his faithful Servants to afford him his helping hand for the extricating him out of the present dangers and mischiefs that surrounded him After much persuasion the Servant at one stroke put an end to his Masters Life and then immediately kill'd himself And so at length ended this Civil War However some relicks of it still gave Scylla disturbance for some time till those that pursu'd it with some others were suppress'd But after these were all ruin'd and destroy'd there broke out such a flame of Discord The War between Caesar and Pompey which continu'd Four years Olymp. 182. Ant. Ch. 47. between Julius Caesar and Pompey who for the great and eminent Services he had done for the Romans partly by the Conduct of Sylla and partly by his own Valour was sirnam'd the Great that the Romans were again involv'd in intestine Slaughters and Butcheries And as soon as Pompey had lost all his Army in a great Battle he himself was afterwards Murther'd near Alexandria and the unbounded power of the Consuls being at length restrain'd and limited fell wholly into the hands of Caesar himself and so ended the Sedition But when he was murther'd another Civil War broke forth against Brutus and Cassius his Murtherers which was manag'd by the Consuls Lepidus Antonius and Octavius Augustus When this War was ended by dint of Sword and the deaths of Cassius and Brutus not long after the secret and private grudges and quarrels between Augustus and Anthony for the Supream Power broke out into an open War And after much Blood spilt on both sides Augustus gain'd the Empire which he held during his Life having now wav'd Augustus Emperor his Consular Power and Dignity Out of the 38th BOOK CINNA and Marius calling together a Council of the Chiefest of the Officers This was long before in time and therefore comes in here with relation to some other Matter before related but now lost For this Sedition was in 173. Olymp. Ant. Ch. 86 consulted what ways and methods were best to take for the better settling and confirming of the Peace At length they resolv'd to put to death the greatest persons of quality that were their Enemies and who were most capable to make a disturbance and overturn all their Affairs that so the Factious Party being purg'd out from among them they and their Friends might Govern all things for the future with more security according to their own Will and Pleasure Upon this forthwith all regard to former Leagues and Articles were wholly laid aside Persons were proscrib'd and butcher'd in every place without being heard At that time Quintus Lutatus Catullus who had had a glorious Triumph for his Victory over the * Danes Cimbri and had more than an ordinary share in the Affections of the People was
several other sumptuous Fabricks for out of hatred against Attalus because he could not catch him he executed his Rage upon these places 25. Philip entring into Attica encamp'd at Cynosarges and afterwards burnt Acadamia demolisht the Sepulchres and robb'd the Temples of the Gods and gratifying his Rage and Philip. Fury as if he had been only incens'd against the People of Athens and not against the Gods themselves as he was spoke ill of before so he was now hated of all and in a short time he was overtaken by the Vengeance of the Gods for he was near being ruin'd by his own imprudence but preserv'd by the Clemency of the Romans 26. Philip discerning he was hated by almost all the Macedonians for his kindness to Philip. Heraclides put him in Prison This Heraclides was a Tarrentine a notorious wicked fellow who from a mild and gentle Prince chang'd Philip into a fierce and cruel Tyrant and therefore * he was exceedingly hated by all the Grecians as well as the Heraclides Macedonians 27. The Name and Fame of Hannibal was nois'd over all the World and therefore Hannibal in every City and Town where ever he came they came in great Multitudes to look at him Ptolemy 28. Ptolemy King of Aegypt for some time Reign'd with great Commendation But afterwards corrupted by Parasites he began to have an evil Eye towards his Tutor Ush An. 374. Before Ch. 202. Ush An. 403. Aristomenes for his freedom in telling him of his faults who had all along manag'd every thing with great prudence and whose advice Philip had before follow'd as his Father but at length he sent him out of the World by forcing him to drink off a Cup of * Hemlock Poyson From that time growing more and more fierce and raging * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 making use of Tyrannical cruelty and not of Regal Authority he was hated by the Aegyptians and not far off from the loss of his Kingdom 29. Ther 's a Temple not far off from Chalcis call'd Delium * where a considerable number of Roman Soldiers that were securely walking up and down to satisfie their Antiochus Magnus Curiosity were on a sudden cut off by Antiochus in a time of Peace and before any War was Proclaim'd For which the King was greatly condemn'd and censur'd by the Grecians as occasioning by this wicked Fact a War with the Romans And therefore Titus Flaminius Titus Flaminius who was then at Corinth call'd Gods and Men to Witness that the King was the first that began the War 30. Antiochus Winter'd at * In Thessaly Demetrias where he laid aside all care of Warlike Affairs Antiochus being then above Fifty Years of Age But he fell in Love with a * Of Chalcis Daughter of Cleoptolemus Ush An. 386 before Ch. 193. young Lady and Married her and set forth most magnificent Shews and publick Games by which means he not only weakned his own Body and effeminated his Mind but infeebled the Courage of his Army and therefore his Soldiers who had passed the Winter in Luxury and Voluptuousness after they were drawn out of their Winter Quarters could neither endure hunger nor thirst or any other hardship but some of them fell Sick and others straggled about here and there far from their Colours 31. King Antiochus seeing the Cities of Thessaly inclining to the Romans and the slow Antiochus Motion of the Forces he expected out of Asia and the carelesness and sloath of the Aetolians continually framing and and pretending one excuse after another was in great strait and very uneasie so that he was highly incens'd at those that advis'd him to begin the War when he was unprepar'd and had no Confederates but only the Aetolians But he greatly admir'd Hannibal for his Prudence who diswaded him to the contrary and therefore now repos'd all his Confidence in him and whereas before he suspected him â—e now made use of him as his most trusty Friend and Councellor 32. Antiochus wholly discourag'd by his late Rout determin'd to leave Europe and Antiochus only be on the Defensive part in Asia and order'd all the Lysimachians to forsake the * Lysimachia in the Hellespont City and pass over into Asia For which every Body censur'd him as for a very imprudent Act whereby without a stroak struck he gave up into the Enemies hands a City so advantageously scituated as might have given a Stop to the Enemies passage out of Europe into Asia as afterwards by experience was found true for Scipio seizing upon Lysimachia thus deserted made great advantage of it for the transporting of his Army 33. Marcus Fulvius the * Chief Justice or Governor of a Province or Chief Commander in an Army Praetor was deservedly punish'd for his abuse of the Roman Confederates in Liguria For he disarm'd the Cinomani who receiv'd him as a Friend and an Allie although he could find nothing against them which thing coming to the Consul's Ears he ordered him to restore their Arms and impos'd a Mulct upon him 34. King Antiochus being in want of Money and hearing there were vast Treasures Antiochus 1 Mac. c 6. r. 1 2 3. of Gold and Silver and other precious Jewels of offerings made in the Temple of Jupiter Belus in Elymais resolv'd to rifle it Coming therefore into the Province of Elymais and pretending that the Inhabitants of that Place had rais'd a War against him he robb'd the Temple and got together a great Sum of Money but in a short time after the Gods executed vengeance upon him for his Sacrilege 35. Philopemenes Governour of Achaia was both an excellent Soldier and a Statesman Philopemenes who all his Life long was of a blameless Conversation and had been frequently Praetor and having govern'd the Commonwealth for Forty Years together much advanc d the affairs of Achaia and was always affable and courteous to the meanest and for his virtue was admir'd both by the Grècians and Romans and yet came at last to an unfortunate End but by a Divine Providence his unhappy Exit was recompens'd after his death with Divine Honours for besides what was publickly decreed by the Achaians in honour of him the Citizens built a Temple in remembrance of him and appointed a Bull for a yearly Sacrifice to him and ordered young Men to sing Hymns in praise and commendation of his noble Acts. 36. Hannibal was the most expert General and perform'd the greatest Enterprizes of any of the Carthaginians he was never troubl'd with any Mutinies in his Army but by his prudent Conduct kept them in their duty and orderly discipline tho' they differ'd as much one from another in their several humours as they did in their various Languages For whereas those of his own Nation were us'd commonly upon every slight occasion to desert and fly to the Enemy none under him durst ever attempt any such thing And
gone But when they were out of the Town and on their way according to the Terms granted them the Macedonians whether of their own heads or by order from the King is uncertain pursued them and flew them every Man 47. Charopus the Epiros and * This is omitted in the Greek Son of that Charopus who in the War against Philip sent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Charopus a Guide to Titus Flaminius to direct him through the Strait and difficult Passes in the Mountains by which means the Romans unexpectedly passing those places possessed themselves of the Straits this Charopus I say being bred up at Rome upon the account of the good Services of his Grandfather to the Romans had great Interest with the most Eminent Persons of Quality and being a fellow of extraordinary Malice and Impudence was ever and anon at Rome accusing and slandering the chiefest Persons of Quality in Epirus so that by terrifying all that were in a Capacity to oppose him he became as it were absolute Lord and Master of all Epirus * Phacion or Phacus a Town in Thessaly Cephalus therefore and others that were oppressed by his Calumnies were forc'd to Confederate with Perseus and to that end sent Messengers to him into Macedonia and by them promis'd to deliver up Epirus into his hands 48. King Eumenes being out of all hopes of taking Abdera which he he had then besieg'd Eumenes Pytho dealt under-hand with one Pytho a chief Man among the Abderites who by his Servants and Freemen to the number of 200 Guarded the strongest part of the City this Man being corrupted with Bribes and won with fair promises let him in at the Gates and so Eumenes gain'd the City But Pytho receiving but a poor and mean Reward for his Treason and seeing before his Eyes the utter Ruin and Destruction of his Country repented of what he had done and pin'd away for Grief 49. When an Opportunity was put into the hand of Perseus to cut off the whole Army he loyter'd not far off about Dius in Macedonia careless and negligent in the very nick of time wherein only by a Shout and sound of Trumpet he might have surpriz'd and taken all the Enemies Forces who were then shut up and inclos'd within steep and craggy Rocks And as the King was Negligent so the Macedonian Guards that were plac'd upon the tops of the Mountains were in like manner as Careless in their Watch in their several Posts 50. Perseus looking upon all to be lost and altogether discourag'd commanded Nico his Lord Treasurer to throw all the Money and Treasure at * In Thessaly Phacis into the Sea He sent away likewise Andronicus the Squire of his Body to Thessalonica with orders forthwith to burn his whole Fleet who came accordingly to Thessalonica but with a purpose to Act more prudently for he forbore to execute his Orders hoping by preserving the Shipping to ingratiate himself with the Romans 51. Perseus in the mean time pulling down all the golden Statues at * In Macedonia Dion ordered all the Inhabitants with their Wives and Children to remove along with him to * Cydoniats their Cruelty Pydna than which a Man may justly say nothing was more Imprudently done by Perseus during this War 52. At this time the * The Inhabitants of Cydonia an Island near Lesbos Cydoniates committed a most Impious Fact against all the Laws and Ush An 418. before Ch. 169. Customs of Greece for being receiv'd by the * Apollonia a City in Asia upon the Sea Coasts another in Thrace This Apollonia is in Creet Apolloniats into the City as Friends in time of Peace they seiz'd upon the Place and put all the Men to the Sword and divided their Wives and Children among themselves and took possession of the whole Territory 53. King Antiochus when he had routed the Aegyptians and might have cut them off every Man rid about and call'd out to his Men to forbear killing them but rather to take them Prisoners from which Councel he reap'd considerable Advantage in a short time Ush An 418. Before Ch. 169. for upon the account of this Humanity he presently gain'd Pelusium and not long after all Aegypt 54. But we cannot observing the method we have propos'd to our selves pass by the Cowardice of Ptolemy for who can but judge him of a most effeminate Spirit that would without a stroke struck give up so great and rich a Kingdom when there was Ptolemy Pholometor Ush An. 420. Before Ch. 169. not the least danger at hand and the Enemy at so great a distance from him Which Effeminateness if it had been Natural would perhaps have been more excusable But being it was apparent from the things he afterwards did that he was a Prince inferior to none for Industry and Resolution this Sloath must needs be imputed to his Education under the * Eulaius Euuuch who breeding him up from his Childhood in Pleasures and Womanish Recreations Emasculated the vigour of his Spirit 55. King Antiochus seem'd to all to be a prudent and active Prince and worthy of the Kindom in every respect excepting that one miscarriage at Pelusium 56. When Perseus understood that a choice Body of Gauls had pass'd the River Ister Perseus his Covetousness in order to assist him he greatly rejoyc'd and sent Messengers into * A Province of Thrace near Macedo i 1. Maedica to hasten their March with all speed But the General of the Galls demanded present Pay according to the Agreement to the value of about 500 Talents which Perseus through his natural Covetousness refusing to pay tho' he had before promis'd it the Gauls return'd back into their own Country 57. Paulus Aemilius as soon as he had receiv'd the Legions call'd them together and put Life and Spirit into the Hearts of his Soldiers for he was now above 60 Years of Paulus Aemilius Age and a Man of great Repute and Authority among the Romans for his noble Services to the State And he had invented many new and subtil Stratagems in that War and by his Valour and Policy had overcome the Macedonians 58. Perseus desirous to have many to go along with him when he fled by Sea brought out to them Money and rich Furniture to the value of 60 Talents to take and carry away with them Afterwards when he arriv'd at Galepsus he told his Companions that some of those things that he had suffer'd them to carry away were formerly the Goods of * The Great Alexander and desir'd they would forthwith restore them to them and he would repay them to the value in Money To which all readily consented and he receiv'd every thing back again but never made good his promise 59. Alexander was of a far different temper from Perseus for the former was of a brave and noble Spirit and gain'd an Empire like to the greatness of his Mind On the Alexander
Scipio Africanus the most Eminent of all the Romans that ever were before him was his Grandfather Scipio thus Nobly descended and taken into so famous a Family approv'd himself not the least unworthy the Glory and Renown of his Ancestors For he was brought up and instructed from his Childhood in the Learning of the Greeks and when he was 18 years of age apply'd himself to the study of Philosophy under the Inspection of Polybius of Megalopolis the Historian his Tutor with whom he continu'd a considerable time and increasing in all manner of Virtue he not only excell'd his equals in years but those far elder than himself in Sobriety Affableness Generosity and all other virtnous qualifications But before he fell to the study of Philosophy it was every bodies Opinion that he was but dull and blockish very unworthy to be Heir to so great a Family In the first place he made it his chief Care and Business to be Sober as conducing much to the commendation of his youthful age which was then at his years a very difficult Task For the Youth at that time were hurried away by filthy Lusts and an Excess of intemperance with an impetuous Current some to Sodomy others to Whores Gluttony Drunkenness Revellings and such like Luxurious and Voluptuous Courses For the Romans presently learnt the Effeminate Manners of the Greeks in this kind through the long continuance of the Persian War and besides having gain'd abundance of Wealth they were plentifully supply'd with Fuel to seed their Luxury 76. But Scipio following another course of Life and combating with all his natural corrupt Lusts as with so many wild Beasts within the space of Five years attain'd to a fix'd and habitual state of Sobriety and Temperance To which all giving their Testimony and generally crying him up upon that account he then put forth himself in acts of Bounty Generosity and Liberality in distributing his Money for the good of others For which sort of Virtue he had an Example in his Father Aemilius under whose instruction he was long bred up and now exhibited as it were a perfect Copy of his Virtue But Fortune likewise presented him an Eminent occasion of expressing his Liberality For when Aemilia the Wife of Great Scipio the Sister of Aemilius who conquer'd Perseus dy'd and left a great Estate behind her of which Scipio was Heir he first gave an instance of his generous disposition upon this occasion For his Mother Papiria being cast off long before the death of his Father had liv'd a considerable time separate from her Husband in a far meaner condition than became one of her Noble Birth But Aemilia the Mother of his adopted Father leaving behind her a great Inheritance besides other Riches had a rich Robe and Womans Gown together with a splendid Retinue of Houshold-Servants as being the Wife of the Great Scipio and so Sharer with him in his Estate and Fortune All these Scipio Nobly bestow'd upon his Mother in which stately Habit when she appear'd in publick amongst the Ladies of Quality the Bounty and Generosity of the young Man and his Piety towards his Mother was highly applauded First among the Women and then among all Companies and Societies of Men throughout the whole City This piece of Liberality was lookt upon by the whole City not only as a thing commendable but even wonderful especially at Rome in which City none easily parts with any thing they have to another After this there being a great sum of Money owing to the Daughters of the Great Scipio as their * Portions Dowries and whereas by the Roman Laws the Party that was to pay such Portions had liberty to pay them in Three years time by a certain proportion every year he paid the whole down at once Afterwards when his natural Father Aemilius was dead and he and his Brother Fabius were constituted joint Heirs of his Estate Scipio did another Honourable Act well worthy to be remembred For when he knew that his Brother had far less than himself he freely bestow'd upon him his own share of the Inheritance amounting to above Sixty Talents and so made his Brother as rich as himself which Act being generally cry'd up he did that which was further remarkable For when Fabius was resolv'd to exhibit single Combats by Gladiators at the Funeral of his Father yet was not well able to bear the great Charge it would require Scipio bore half of the Cost and Expence out of his own Purse A little time after when his Mother died he was so far from taking again what he had before bestow'd on her that he gave not only them but all the rest of his Mother's Inheritance to his Sisters altho' no part of her Estate by the Laws belong'd to them Thus Scipio being cry'd up by the unanimous Consent of all Persons for his generosity he grew every day more and more famous and renown'd which he attain'd unto not so much by greatness of Expence as by choice of fit opportunities to express his Kindnesses and an Art in Conferring of his Gifts and Benefits upon proper Objects He gain'd likewise a just Reputation for his Chastity without any Cost or Charge but only by his Moderation and Sobriety from whence likewise he reapt the great Benefit of Health and Strength of Body and following this Course all his life long he injoy'd a Reward of his Temperance with great pleasure and delight And as for all the parts of Valour which is a Virtue absolutely necessary every where especially among the Romans he was not in the least wanting or negligent in that respect Fortune affording him a special opportunity to approve himself for the Macedonian Kings being much given to Hunting Scipio by far surpass'd them all 77. After that the Romans had Conquer'd * Ptolemy Philometer Perseus they put some of them to death Charopus who had sided with the Macedonians and others they sent to Rome But Charopus being cloth'd with an absolute Power and Authority in Epirus because he seem'd to be a great favourer of the Romans at first dealt with the Epirots something gently and mildly but afterwards growing every day more proud and insolent he turn'd every thing in Epirus upside down For by false Accusations against the richest Men he banish'd some put others to death and Confiscated their Goods And he not only squeez'd Money from Men but from Women by the help of his Mother Philota who was more than a Woman in Cruelty and Wickedness Many likewise who were accus'd to be plotting against the Romans he gave up into the Hands of the People who were all Condemn'd to die 78. Orofernes having depos'd his Brother Ariarathes when he ought to have manag'd Orofernes King of Capadocia Ush An. 460. Before Ch. 160. his Affairs with the greatest prudence imaginable and ingratiated himself into the Hearts of his People by Kindness and Acts of Grace and Favour intended no such Matter But being
Articles made with Scipio their Enemies tho' confirm'd by solemn Oaths most Religiously observ'd and kept his promises with the Besieg'd and us'd them with all Humanity and Clemency when they fell into his hands His Faith and Integrity therefore being nois'd abroad all over Africa none surrendred up themselves into the hands of the Romans unless Scipio join'd in signing of the Articles 86. When there were only three Romans kill'd in the Skirmish and were left lying upon the Ground unbury'd all were very much troubled and concerned at it But Scipio with the Consent of the Consul writ a Letter to Hasdrubal to desire him to bury those Romans who presently order'd the thing to be done and when all was perform'd sent their Ashes to the Consul which added much to the Honour of Scipio as one whose Authority was prevalent even with the Enemies themselves 87. The Counterfeit Philip having beaten the Romans in a great Battle became Proud Cruel and Tyrannical there was not a Wealthy Person which he put not Pseudophilippus call'd Andriscus Liv. Book 50. Flor. Hist lib. 2. c. 14. Orosius lib. 4. c. 22. Ush An. 469. Before Ch. 149. P. Scipio most wickedly to death upon false Accusations He spar'd not his own intimate Friends but dispatch'd many of them out of the Way for he was naturally Fierce and Cruel Proud and Haughty in all his Familiar intercourses and at last deeply ingag'd in Covetousness and all manner of Vice 88. The Romans had such a kindness for Publius Scipio that tho' neither his Age nor the Laws did qualifie him yet they endeavour'd with all their might to Elect him Consul 89. Calpurnius the Consul after he had some Towns deliver'd up to him upon Articles contrary to the Terms agreed upon and against his Faith and Ingagements raz'd them * Lucius Calpurnius Piso to the ground and therefore in all his Designs and Contrivances afterwards he was disappointed as a Faithless and Treacherous Person as if some Deity set himself against him for he attempted many things but was never able to effect any thing 90. King Prusias being both of an ugly Visage and a mean and effeminate Presence was mortally hated by the Bythinians 91. After the taking of Carthage Scipio gave Liberty to the Sicilian Ambassadors to search among the Spoils and order'd every one to carry back into their several Cities Scipio such things as had formerly been taken away from them by the Carthaginians Upon which were found many Statues and Pictures of famous Men of exquisite Workmanship besides many things Devoted and Consecrated to the Gods some of Silver and others of Gold among which was the famous Phalarian Bull of Agrigentum made by Perilaus for the Tyrant Phalaris who caus'd the Artificer himself to make the first experiment of his own Art by executing that sort of punishment upon him which he had invented for the Torturing of others 92. In our time Caius Julius Cesar sirnamed for the greatness of his Actions * Divine Julius Cesar rebuilt Corinth Divus when almost a hundred Years after he saw the Ruins and Rubbish of Corinth was so compassionately Affected and withal desirous to make himself glorious that he put forth himself to the utmost to rebuild the City And therefore it is but just that the Humanity and Clemency that was eminently in this Man should be allow'd its just and due praises and that his Virtues should be Recorded in History for an everlasting remembrance to his eternal Praise and Honour For when his Ancestors were Extreme in their severity against this City he rectified their Excesses by his own Lenity and Moderation preferring Mercy before Cruelty Besides he far excell'd all that were ever before him in the Greatness of his Actions and upon the account of his Virtuous Qualifications was sirnamed Divus To conclude this Man was the most Famous and Renown'd for Eminency of Birth Fluency of Tongue the Art of War and Contempt of Riches of any whatsoever that was in his Age. 93. Viriathus of Lusitania the Captain of the Robbers was just and exact in distributing the Spoil and those who had valiantly behaved themselves in Battle he would A part of Spain now Portugal liberally reward according to their several Merits and he never converted any of the publick Moneys to his own private use and therefore the Lusitanians never shrunk or drew back from any hazardous undertaking when he Commanded them and was their Leader honouring him as the Common Benefactor and Saviour of their Country 94. Plautius the Roman Praetor greatly misgovern'd his Province being therefore Condemn'd by the People because he had dishonour'd his Government he fled from Rome C. Plautius 95. In Syria King Alexander being far unfit for so high a Station by reason of his Sloath and Meanness of Spirit gave up the Government of Antioch to Hierax and Diodotus Vid. Liv lib. 40. Alexander of Syria call'd Alexander Belas a Counterfeit Son of Antiochus Epiphanes See Joseph lib. 13. c. 8. Ush An. 470. Before Ch. 140. 96. The Kingdom of * In the Greek it is Aegypt but mistaken I conceive Demetrius Nicanor Son of Demetrius Soter Josephus ib. 1 Mac. 11. Olymp. 158. An. 1. Syria being now brought low and Demetrius being only the surviving Branch of the Royal Stock believing himself to be out of all Danger disregarded the Deportment of the former Kings who studied to ingratiate themselves into the good Opinion of their People by their affable and courteous Behaviour But he growing every day more and more unsufferable fell at length to downright Cruelty and all sorts of hainous Enormities The cause of all which is not only to be attributed to his own corrupt Disposition but to one of his Friends who had the Management of all the Affairs of the Kingdom For being a Wicked and Rash Fellow he incited by his Flattery the young Man to all manner of Wickedness At first therefore he put to death all that had sided against him in the War with unusual sorts of Punishments Afterwards when the Antiochians Taunted and Jear'd at him as they were wont to do * One Lastlienes he got together a Company of Mercenary Soldiers against them and commanded that they should be disarm'd but the Antiochians refusing to deliver them some he kill'd as they fell into his hands others he Murdered in their own Houses together with their Wives and Children upon which a great Uproar being rais'd in the City he burnt down most of the Town to the Ground and many that were accus'd to be Heads of this Commotion were put to death and their Estates Confiscated and brought into the Kings Exchequer And therefore many of the Citizens both out of Fear and Hatred of Demetrius Fled Ush An. 475. Before Ch. 145. out of the City and wander'd up and down all Syria watching for a fit time and opportunity to be reveng'd In the mean time Demetrius hated of every Body
Body they could invent 15. Ptolemy Physcon when he saw his Sister Cleopatra was so great an Enemy to him and Ptolemy Physco his barbarous Cruelty Justin c. 8. 39. Livy Olymp. 162. 4. Ant. Ch. 130. Val. Max. lib. 9. c. 2. This of Vales. Prag cited by Ush An. 494. Atheneus cited by Ush Ant. Ch. 128. Hegelocus Marsyas See Ush An. 495. Valesius his Fragments cited Ant. Ch. 139. could not revenge himself otherwise upon her contriv'd a most notorious piece of Villany for that purpose For he imitated the Cruelty of Medea Murdering her Son Memphites Begotten by himself who was then in Cyprus and a very young Boy And not content with this he committed a far more wicked Act For cutting off the Child's Limbs he put them in a Chest and deliver'd them to one of his Guard to be convey'd to Alexandria and whereas Cleopatra's Birth-day was then near at hand he commanded that in the Night next before that day he should set down the Chest at the Palace Gates which being accordingly executed Cleopatra made great lamentation and all the People were in a great Rage against Ptolemy 16. Atheneus Antiochus his General in a short time met with a just and due Reward for his Insolencies and Abuses in all places wherever he Quarter'd in his March For being the first that fled and forsook Antiochus in the heat of the Fight coming to some of the Towns where he had abus'd his Quarters all shut their Doors upon him and every one refus'd to help him either with Meat or Drink so that he wander'd up and down the Country till at length he was famish'd to death 17. Hegelochus General of Ptolemy Physco sent against Marsyas the Alexandrian General took him prisoner and cut off all his Army When Marsyas was brought before the King and all concluded that he would forthwith put him to some cruel death Ptolemy pardon'd him beyond all Mens expectation For now he began to repent of his former Cruelties and endeavour'd to regain the Peoples Love and Favour by acts of Clemency 18. Euemerus King of Parthia Born in Hyrcania exceeding all other Princes in Cruelty Euemerus omitted no sorts of Torments he could invent For many of the Babylonians upon slight grounds with their whole Families he made Slaves and sent them into Media to be Sold. He burnt likewise to the ground the Market-place and some of the Temples in Babylon and raz'd the fairest and most beautiful parts of the City 19. Alexander sirnam'd Zabinas when those Renown'd Captains Antipater Ponius and Alexander Zabinas cited Ush An. 498. Ant. Ch. 124. Aeropus * Revolted from him to Seleucus Demetrius Son of Nicanor Caius Sextius Revolted from him and seiz'd upon Laodicea he at length took the City However he Generously spar'd them all For he was of a mild and gentle Disposition and pleasing Temper and of a wonderful Affability in his Converse or Discourse and was therefore greatly Belov'd of every Body 20. When Caius Sextius had Taken the City of the Gauls and Sold the Inhabitants for Slaves One Crato who was led in Chains with the rest came up to the Consul as he sate upon the Tribunal and told him He had ever been a Friend to the Romans and for that reason had suffer'd many Injuries and had undergone many Stripes and Scourgings from his fellow Citizens Upon which Sextius forthwith with all the demonstration of Kindness as of a Kinsman Released him from his Bonds and Restor'd him his Goods And for his Good Will to the Romans gave him Power to set free 900 of the Citizens such as he himself thought fit For the Consul was more Generous and Bountiful to Crato than he expected to the end the Gauls might see how exactly Just the Romans were both in their Punishments and Rewards 21. Alexander not being very confident of the multitude both in regard of their Rawness Alexander Ush An. 498. this cited in Martial Affairs and their natural Inconstancy and hankring after Innovations would not adventure upon a pitcht Field but having got together as much Money as he could out of the Publick Treasuries and pillag'd the Temples resolv'd by Night to steal away into Greece But whilst he attempted by the help of some of his Barbarians to plunder Jupiter's Temple he was seiz'd upon and himself and whole Army had like to have been cut off but he soon escap'd out of their hands and made towards Seleucia But the Seleucians having heard before-hand the Brute of his Sacriledge shut their Gates against him Failing there of his purpose he went to Pisidium and never after departed from the Sea-Coast 22. After Caius Gracchus was kill'd by the hands of his own Servant Lucius Lucius Vitellius his Treachery to his Friend C. Gracchus Vitellius who had been one of his particular Friends was the first that got his Body and was so far from being troubl'd at his death that he cut off his Head and carry'd it to his own House thereby giving a remarkable Instance of his Cruelty and Covetousness For when Lucius * Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist lib. 33. c. 3. Opinius the Consul by Proclamation promis'd to Reward him that should bring to him Gracchus his Head with the weight of it in Gold Vitellius bor'd a hole in the Neck and drawing out the Brains poured in melted Lead in the room Then he brought the Head to Opinius and return'd with the promis'd Reward but was afterwards hated by all to the day of his death as a Betrayer of his Friend The Flacci were also all put to death 23. In Lybia the two Kings drew up their Armies one against another and Jugurtha Jugurtha and Adherbal Two Brothers Kings at War routed the Numidians in a great Battle slaying many of them whereupon Adherbal his Brother fled to Cirta where being straitly Besieg'd he sent Ambassadors to Rome to intreat them not to suffer a King that was their Friend and Ally to be utterly ruin'd Whereupon the Senate forthwith sent Messengers into Numidia with Orders to Jugurtha to raise his Siege which he disregarding they sent another Embassy vested with Power and Authority but that was as fruitless as the other and at length Jugurtha straitly blocking up the City round through extremity of Famine forc'd it to a Surrender and most unnaturally slew his Brother as he was going out of the City with his Children and leaving the Kingdom beseeching him only to spare his Life neither regarding the Laws of Nature and Consanguinity nor of Arms in sparing those that beg for Quarter He likewise scourg'd all the Italians to death that sided with his Brother 24. Publius Scipio Nasica the Consul was a Man renown'd both for his Virtue and Nobleness Scipio Nascica his Commendation of Birth for he was of the same Family with Africanus and Hispanicus of whom the first Conquer'd Africa the other Asia and the third Spain and from thence gain'd the several Sirnames
likewise the Son of Asclepâ—odorus Lord Lieutenant of Syria Epimenes the Son of Arseus and Anticles the Son of Theocritus together with Philotas the Son of Carsides the Thracian were all brought in by him to join in the same Treason The Night that it came to Antipater's turn to wait in the Bedchamber was the time pitch'd upon to kill Alexander when he was asleep But it hapned as some write that Alexander that very Night sate up Drinking till Morning But Aristobulus says That a certain Woman of Syria pretending to be divinely inspir'd still follow'd Alexander from place to place whom Alexander and his Courtiers at first ridicul'd but when what she had foretold was still verify'd by the Event she was no longer despis'd by Alexander but was freely admitted to the King both by night and by day and often was in his Bed-chamber when he was asleep 'T is said at that time this Prophetess by chance met the King as he came from his Cups and entreated him to return to his Companions and spend the whole Night in Drinking Alexander judging it might be a Divine Warning return'd and by that means disappointed the Traiterous Designs of the Pages The next day Epimenes the Son of Arseus one of the Conspirators discover'd the whole matter to his Friend Caricles the Son of Menander Caricles to Eurylochus the Brother of Epimeues Eurylochus going into Alexander's Tent reveal'd all to Ptolemy the Son of Lagus the Esquire of the King's Body and he to Alexander who forthwith order'd all that Eurylochus had nam'd to be seiz'd who being apprehended upon their Examination confess'd their Treason and discover'd some others Aristobulus indeed says that they declar'd Calisthenes stirr'd 'em up to undertake this piece of Villany which Ptolemy likewise confirms But there are some others that give another account of this matter viz. That Alexander perfectly hated Calisthenes and because there was a great Intimacy between him and Hermolaus he was easily wrought up on by the Informers to suspect Calisthenes Some likewise say That Hermolaus being brought beforethe Macedonians confess'd that he himself plotted the Treason and that it was not in the Power of any free-born Man to endure the Disgrace and Dishonour Alexander had brought upon him and then reckon'd up all that Alexander in that kind had done to wit the unjust Death of Philotas and with far more Injustice his putting to death Parmenio Philotas's Father and the rest that were then kill'd the Murder of Clitus through his Drunkenness his assuming the Habit of the Medes the Edict for his Adoration not yet recall'd his carousing and drunken Dozing which vile Courses he not able further to endure he was earnest to regain Liberty both to himself and the rest of the Macedonians Hereupon Hermolaus and the rest that were seiz'd were ston'd to death by the Standers-by But Aristobulus says That Calisthenes was carry'd about with the Army in Chains and died Ptolemy says he was first rack'd and afterwards hang'd So that these Authors though of great Credit and Repute and who were themselves present in the Army and attending upon Alexander at the very time when these things were acted yet cannot agree about a matter whereof there cou'd be no doubt at all at the time when it was done 10. The King's Expedition against those call'd Nauticans or Naurans and the Destruction of many of his Army by a great Snow Curtius lib. VIII c. 4. THese things being thus set in order the third Month he march'd * From Naura or Nautica out of his Winter-Quarters towards a Country call'd †In Sogdiana Gabaza The first day he had an easie March the next day was not as yet stormy or gloomy but something darker than the day before not without some threatning of a Storm at hand The third day the whole heaven flash'd with Lightning sometimes light then presently dark which not only amaz'd the Eyes but terrify'd the Hearts of the distracted Army The Air resounded with continual Thunder and Thunder-bolts up and down seem'd to be shot from the Clouds the Army even struck deaf with the Thunder as Men astonish'd durst neither march nor stand still Then on a sudden fell down a Storm of Hail like a violent Torrent At first they cover'd themselves with their Shields but presently their henumb'd and frozen Hands let fall their Arms neither did they know towards what Place or Country to move themselves the Violence of the Storm being greater than could possibly be avoided turn themselves which way soever they would Their Ranks and Order therefore being broke they wander'd through the * Oâ—r Forest Wood in Parties as they could and many fainting rather with Fear than through Weariness fell down upon the Ground although the Fierceness of the Cold had frozen the Hail others lean'd themselves to the Bodies of Trees which was to many both a Support and Defence Neither were they deceiv'd in chusing out a place to die in when their natural Heat overcome by the Cold left them immovable But it was a grateful Sloth to them that were tir'd out neither did they count it iâ—ksome to find Rest by Death for the Cold was not only vehement but also not likely to abate and the dark Shades of the Wood besides the Storm which was as the Night supprest and kept out the Light that common Comfort and Refreshment The King only was patient under this sad Misforttune and walk'd round his Camp and brought together the dispers'd and lifted up them that were down shewing them the Smoak that came from Chimneys afar off advising every one to take the highest Refuge Neither did any thing conduce more to their Safety than to see the King who had taken more Pains than they yet most unwearied of any and therefore were asham'd to leave him But Necessity more forcible than Reason in their Distresses found out a Remedy for the Cold For hewing down the Trees with their Axes they set the Heaps of Wood up and down on fire so that you would have thought all the Wood had been on a â—lame and scarce any place left for the Army to lodge This Heat presently enliven'd their benumb'd Limbs and by degrees their Spirits which the Cold had even clos'd up began freely to pass Some were entertain'd in the Houses of the Barbarians which hid from them in the late Wood but now their Necessity had discover'd others lodg'd in their Tents which though wet yet were more tolerable the Fury of the Storm being something abated This unhappy Accident swept away a thousand Soldiers and other mean * Scullions Horse-boys c. Attendants upon the Camp 'T is reported that some were found standing at the side of the Trees and seem'd not only as if they had been alive but as if they had been discoursing one with another in the same posture as they were in when they died 11. How Alexander falling in Love with Roxana marry'd her and induc'd many
against Olynthus the greatest City of those Parts with a very numerous Army and having first routed the Olynthians in two Battels he laid Siege to the Town upon which he made many Assaults and lost a great number of his Men in their approaches to the Walls At length by bribing Euthycrates and Lasthenes the Chief Magistrates of Olynthus he entred the City by Treachery and Plunder'd it and Sold all the Citizens for Slaves and expos'd Philip takes Olynthus and other Cities in the Hellespont to sale all the Prey and Plunder under the Spear Whereby he furnished himself with abundance of Money for the carrying on of the War and put all the rest of the Cities into a terrible Fright Then he bountifully rewarded such as had behav'd themselves with Courage and Valour and having exacted vast Sums of Money from the Richest of the Citizens of the Cities round about he made use of it to corrupt many to betray their Country so that he himself often boasted that he had enlarg'd his Dominion more by his Gold than by his Sword In the mean time the Athenians being jealous of the growing Greatness of Philip ever after sent Aid to them whom he invaded by his Arms and dispatch'd Ambassadors to all The Athenians jealous of Philip the Cities to look to their Liberties and to put to death such of their Citizens as should be discover'd to go about to betray them promising withal to join with them upon all Occasions At length they proclaim'd open War against Philip. Demosthenes the Orator at that time the most Eminent in Politicks and Eloquence of Demosthenes incites the Athenians against Philip. all the Grecians was the chief Instrument that incited the Athenians to take upon them the Defence of all Greece But the City could not cure that itch of Treason that infected many of the Citizens such a shoal of Traitors there was at that time all over Greece And therefore it is reported that Philip having an earnest desire to gain that once strong and eminent City and one of the Place telling him it could never be taken by Force he ask'd him whether it were not possible that Gold might mount the Walls for he had learn'd by Experience That they that could not be subdu'd by Force were easily overcome by Gold To this end he had by his Bribes procur'd Traitors in every City and Philip corrupts the Cities by Bribes such as would receive Money he call'd his Friends and Guests And thus with Evil Communication he corrupted Men's Manners After the taking of Clynthus he celebrated Olympick Games to the Gods in Commemoration of his Victory and offer'd most splendid Sacrifices and in regard there were a vast number of People got together he set forth specious Sports and recreating Plays and invited a great number of Strangers to his Feasts And in the midst of his Cups would talk courteously and familiarly with them and drink to many and reach over the Cup to them with his own Hands To many he gave rich Gifts and made large and liberal Promises to all to the end his Kindness and Generosity might be bruited abroad by them that had had the Experience During the time of his Feasting observing Satyrus the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Stage-player to look four and knit his Brows he ask'd him why heonly would not accept of the Fruits of his Bounty and Generosity To which he answer'd That he would very willingly receive a certain Gift from him but he was afraid if he should ask it openly he would deny him Upon which the King fell a laughing and bid him ask what he would and he would freely bestow it upon him Upon which he desir'd that two young Maids in the flower of their Age the Daughters of one that was his Host might be given to him from among the Captives whose Liberties he crav'd not to make any Gain or Advantage of them himself but really to give them Portions out of his own Estate and procure them Husbands and likewise to prevent their being injur'd by any unworthy Attempt Whose Request the King so approv'd as that he not only forthwith order'd the Virgins to be deliver'd to Satyrus without Ransom but bestow'd upon him likewise many other rich Gifts and Presents as special Marks of his Favour and Bounty so that many excited with the Hopes of Reward strove which should serve Philip most and be the first that should betray their Country into his Hands The next Year Themistocles was Archon at Athens and Caius Cornelius and Marcus Popilius Olymp. 108. Ant. Ch. 345. 2. An. M. 3601. Battelt between the Boeotians and Phocians Roman Consuls at which time the Boeotians over-ran the Country of the Phocians with Depredations and beat the Enemy at Hyampolis killing about Seventy of them But not long after engaging with the Phocians in another Battel they were routed at Coroâ—ea and lost many of their Men. And whereas the Phocians were possess'd of some small Towns in Boeotia the Boeotians made an Inroad upon them and shamefully spoil'd and destroy'd all their standing Corn but in their Return were beaten While these things were acting Phalecus the General of the Phocians being convicted Phalecus depriv'd and others chosen of Sacrilege in converting the Sacred Treasure of the Temple to his own use was depriv'd of his Commission and three others were created in his room viz. Democrates Callias and Sophanes who manag'd the Business and Trial concerning the Sacred Treasure at such time as the Phocians demanded an Account of them that had the disposing of it The greatest part of the Money was found to be intrusted in the hands of Philon who not being able to give a clear Account was condemn'd and being put upon the Rack Ant. Ch. 345. by order of the Generals he nam'd many of his Accomplices At length being tortur'd to the utmost extremity he died upon the Rack and so came to an end worthy his Impiety The Robbers indeed restor'd the rest of the Monies that were left but they themselves were put to death as Sacrilegers The first of the former Generals Philomelus forbore to meddle with the Sacred Treasures but his Brother and Successor Onomarchus converted much of those Treasures to the use of the War The third General Phayllus Brother of Gaods taken out of the Temple Onomarchus while he executed that Command made use of many of the consecrated Things of the Temple for the paying off the foreign Soldiers For he melted down and coin'd into Money the Hundred and twenty Golden Tiles dedicated by Croesus King of Lydia In the same manner he dealt with the 300 Golden Bowls or Viols every one weighing Two Minas and likewise the Lion and Woman of Gold all which weigh'd 30 Talents of Gold so that all the Gold according to the value of Silver would amount to Four thousand Talents And besides these there were Things in Silver dedicated by Croesus and others
more ready and willing to observe all Words of Command whenever they should engage In the mean while he sent Mazeus one of his Faithfull Friends with a Battalion of stout Men to guard the Passage over the River Tygris and secure the Ford. Others he commanded to burn up all the Country through which the Enemy was to pass For he reresolv'd to make use of the River as a Defence and Bulwark against the Enemy's approach But Mazeus observing that the River was not passable both by reason of its depth and Ant. Ch. 329. swiftness of its Stream wav'd the guarding of it and employ'd himself in wasting and destroying of the Country concluding that when that was done the Enemy could not pass that way through want of Provision Alexander when he came to the River Tygris being inform'd by the Inhabitants where Alexander passes over Tygris the Ford lay pass'd his Army over but with very great Toil and extream Hazard for the Water came up above their Breasts and several were taken off their Feet and hurry'd away by the violence of the Stream many others likewise were born away and perish'd through the rapid Course of the Water involving it self within their Arms. Alexander to withstand the Violence of the Water order'd his Men to stand close in a Body together like a Rampire against the Stream By this means they got safe over and after so much danger and difficulty he permitted them to refresh themselves for one day The next day he march'd in Battalia against the Enemy and at length encamp'd near to them But while he revolv'd in his Mind the vast number of the Persian Army and what great Difficulties he was to cope with and that now all lay at stake he spent all that Night in anxious Thoughts concerning the Event But he fell into so deep a Sleep about the Morning-Watch that though the Sun was now up yet he could not be awak'd His Friends at the first were very glad of it as judging the longer he rested the more lively he would be and so more able to bear the Fatigues of the Day But Time drawing far on and the King still fast asleep Parmenio the Oldest of the Commanders gave Command through the Army to prepare for an Engagement The King sleeping still some Ant. Ch. 329. of his Friends stept in to him and had much ado to awake him While all wonder'd at a thing so unusual and expected to hear the Cause from himself Now says Alexander I am free from all Fear and Care as concerning Darius who has brought his whole Strength together into one Place for by one Day 's Battel for the Trial of all I shall be quit and discharg'd of all my Hazards and Toils for the time to come Upon which without any delay he made a Speech to encourage his Officers to pluck up their Spirits and with Courageous Hearts to 〈◊〉 all the Dangers that were before them Upon which he march'd in Battalia against the Barbarians with the Horse in the Front of his Army The Right Wing was Commanded by Clitus surnam'd Niger wherein were other special Friends under the Command of Philotas the Son of Parmenio supported by seven other Regiments of Horse under the same Commander After them were plac'd the Battalion of Foot call'd * Silver Shields Argyraspides glittering in their Arms most excellent Soldiers led by Nicanor the Son of Parmenio to support them he plac'd next the Squadrons of †Elimia a City of Macedonia Elimia whose Leader was Cenus In the next Squadron stood the Oresteans and Lyncestians whose Captain was Perdiccas next to these was Meleager with his Squadron and after him Polysphercon commanded the Stympheans and next to him Philip the Son of Balacrus commanded another Squadron and after him Craterus To the Squadrons of Horse before-mention'd were â—oin'd as Auxiliaries those from Peloponnesus and Achaia together with the Phthiots Malieans Locrians and Phocians commanded by Erigyrus of Mitylene After these were plac'd Ant. Ch. 329. the Thessalians for Valour and Horsemanship far beyond all the rest whose Commander was Philip. Next to these he drew up the Archers from Crete and the Mercenaries from Achaia Both Wings were drawn up into the Form of an half-moon that the Macedonians might not be hemm'd in by the multitude of the Persians The King provided against the hook'd Chariots that they might not break in upon them by this Contrivance he commanded the Foot that when the Chariots advanc'd near in their Career they should strike with their Javelins upon their Shields lock'd one into another that the horses frighted with the noise might start back but that if they still press'd forward in order to force their way that then they should open that so they might shun them without any prejudice He himself took upon him the Command of the Right Wing and drawing up in an oblique Line resolv'd to venture himself wherever there was any Danger Darius drew up his Army according to the distinction of the several Nations and advanc'd against the Enemy in that Wing opposite to Alexander And now both Armies The Battel at A 〈…〉 drew near one to another and the Trumpets on both Sides gave the Signal to Battel and the Soldiers made at one another with a great shout and forthwith the hook'd Chariots rushing forward with a mighty force greatly amaz'd and terrifi'd the Macedonians For Mazeus the General of the Horse charging with a great Body close after the Chariots caus'd them to be more terrible In the midst of the Action a mighty Crash and dreadful Noise was made on a sudden by the Foot 's striking with their Javâ—lins upon their Ant. Ch. 329. Bucklers as the King had commanded upon which many of the Chariots through the fright of the Horses were turn'd aside and the Horses being altogether ungovernable made away back again into the Persian Army Most of the rest of the Chariots breaking in among the Foot by opening to make way were either quite destroy'd by Darts and Arrows or diverted Some indeed forc'd their way with that Violence that with their Hooks they bore down all before them and many perish'd by several sorts of deadly Wounds For such was the Force and Violence together with the Sharpness of the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an 〈…〉 B 〈…〉 Destruction hook'd Sithes contriv'd for Destruction that many had their Arms with their Shields in their Hands cut off and not a few had their Heads so suddenly shear'd off that they tumbled to the Ground with their Eyes open and their Countenance in the same Posture as they were when alive Some were so mortally gash'd and cut through their Sides that they forthwith fell down dead When the Armies came closer together and all their Darts and Arrows both from their Bows and Slings and those cast by the Hand were spent they fell to it hand to hand The first Charge was by the Horse
the Macedonians being in the Right Wing opposite to Darius who commanded the Left of the Persians in which were his Kindred and near Relations For there was a Regiment of a Thousand Horse compos'd only of such as were in greatest Reputation and Account for their Valour and special Love to the King These having him a Spectator of their Valour readily and chearfully receiv'd all the Darts that were cast at the King They were seconded by the Melephorians who were numerous and stout Men and with them were join'd the Mardians and Cisseans Men admir'd for their Courage and the Bulk of their Bodies Besides these there were Ant. Ch. 329. those of the King's Houshold and some of the stoutest of the Indians All these made a fierce Charge with a great Shout upon the Macedonians who were put very hard to it by reason of their Multitude * Mazeus Mazeus likewise in the Right Wing with a brave Body of Horse charg'd with that briskness that he laid many at his Feet at the first onset Then he order'd Two thousand Cadusian Horse and a Thousand more of the Scythians to take a compass round the Enemies Wings and to break in upon the Trenches that defended their Carriages who presently thereupon put in execution what they were commanded Thus having forc'd into the Macedonians Camp some of the Prisoners catch'd up Arms and join'd with the Scythians and rifled the Carriages Upon which through the suddenness of the Surprize a great Noise and Clamour arose throughout the whole Camp Then other Prisoners ran in to the Barbarians But Sisygambris the Mother of Darius would not stir though she was mov'd to it but with a kind of an affectionate Regard to her Condition continu'd in the same place not trusting to the uncertain Turns of Fortune nor judging it fit and honourable to manifest so much Ingratitude towards Alexander The Scythians having at length rifled most of the Carriages return'd to Mazeus and gave him an Account of the happy Success With the like good Fortune that Body of Horse with Darius put the Macedonians overpower'd with Number to flight While Ant. Ch. 329. the Victory seem'd thus to incline to the Persians by this second Success Alexander making it his only Business with all the speed possible to rally his broken Forces and to repair his Losses charg'd Darius with his own Brigade and some others of the bravest Horse in the Army The Persian King receiv'd the Enemy's Charge with great Resolution and fighting mounted upon his Chariot dispatch'd many with Darts that assaulted him neither were they few that defended him And while both Kings were eager to destroy one another Alexander in throwing a Dart at Darius miss'd him but kill'd his Chariot-driver Upon which those about the King that were at some distance set up a great Cry believing that the King was kill'd and forthwith betook themselves to their Heels and then the next to them follow'd Presently the Troops next to Darius himself gave ground by degrees till such time as he was left naked on one side and then he himself in a great Consternation made away with all speed The Persians being thus dispers'd the Horse in their flight rais'd so great a Cloud of Dust that Alexander and his Men who pursu'd close at the Heels of the Enemy could not see which way Darius fled Nothing was heard but the Groans of dying Men the trampling of Horses and continual Noise and Lashing of Whips In the mean time Mazeus in the Right Wing having the bravest and stoutest Horse of any of the Persians press'd grievously upon those Troops with whom he was Ant. Ch. 319. engag'd So that though Parmenio with the Thessalian Horse and others join'd with them were greatly distress'd yet he bore the Brunt for some time and at first through his own Valour and the Bravery of the Thessalian Horse worsted the Persians but the Horse with Mazeus by their Number bearing down the other that Wing of the Macedonians was quite routed so that a great Slaughter was made and there was now no standing before the Barbarians Parmenio therefore sent Horsemen after Alexander to intreat his Assistance with all speed who hasted away to execute the Orders and Command given But when they heard that a great part of the Army was fled they return'd without going further However Parmenio bestirring himself and rallying his Troops as well as he could with the help of the Thessalian Horse hew'd down many of his Enemies and at length with The Persians routed at Arbela much ado put the Barbarians to flight who were in Amaze and Consternation upon hearing that Darius was fled Darius in the mean time being an expert General and help'd by the thick Cloud of Dust took not his Course strait forward like the rest but turn'd a different way and so being not discern'd by reason the Dust rose so high escap'd clear away and brought all those that went along with him safe into the Towns and Villages that lay at the Backs of the Macedonians At length all the Barbarians taking to their Heels and the Macedonians killing all that Ant. Ch. 329 were in the Rear in a short time all that large Plain was cover'd over with dead Carkasses There were kill'd in this Battel of the Barbarians Horse and Foot above Ninety thousand of the Macedonians Five hundred only but great Multitudes wounded Amongst whom Hephestion one of the bravest of Alexander's Commanders and Captain of his Guard was shot through the Arm with a Dart. Perdiccas Cenas Menidas and some others likewise were wounded And this was the Issue of the Battel at Arbela CHAP. VI. The Graecians conspire to Revolt Memnon rebells in Thrace Antipater marches against him The Lacedaemonians raise an Army are routed by Antipater and Agis their King kill'd ARistophon was at that time Lord Chancellor of Athens and Cneius Domitius and Aulus Olymp. 112. 3. Ant. Ch. 328. An. M. 3620. Cornelius were created Roman Consuls when many of the Cities of Greece upon the News of the Victory at Arbela began to bestir themselves to defend their ancient Liberties whilst the Persians had any Power left to assist them and therefore resolv'd to assist Darius with Monies to raise Foreign Soldiers from all Parts For they concluded that Alexander durst not divide his Army lest he should disturb them but if they should suffer the Persians to be destroy'd they were not able of themselves to defend their Liberties And an Insurrection in Thrace encourag'd them the more to Revolt For Memnon being sent General into Thrace having both Courage and Force sufficient at the Instigation of the Barbarians rebell'd and with a great Army now appear'd in open War Upon which Antipater gather'd all his Forces together and march'd through Macedonia into Thrace against Memnon Things thus falling out the Lacedaemonians judging that now a fair Opportunity was offer'd them to prepare for War sollicited the Graecians to Confederate
sail'd back first to Cyprus and then to * In Aegypt Pelusium where Ptolemy richly rewarded him for so great a Service and withal promoted him to a far higher Dignity and Place of Honour than he was in before as the Author He 's highly rewarded by Ptolemy of so great a Victory But releas'd Perilaus and some other Prisoners which Antigonus desir'd by a Messenger sent to him for that purpose And then himself going to a Place call'd Ecregma came to a Parly with Antigonus but Antigonus refusing to grant him what he demanded he left him and return'd Having now given an account of the Affairs of the European Greeks both in Greece and Macedonia we shall run over to the Parts lying towards the West Agathocles Prince of Syracuse having possess'd himself of a Castle belonging to the Messenians promis'd to restore it upon receiving of Thirty Talents of Silver Which The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily when the Messenians had paid he not only broke his Faith but endeavour'd to have seiz'd upon Messina it self For being inform'd that part of the Walls were fallen down he sent a Party of Horse by Land from Syracuse and he himself in some Ships call'd * Barks or Frignts Hemiolias went by Sea and arriv'd in the Night close under the Walls of the City But they coming to understand his Design before-hand wholly defeated him in what he had contriv'd However He came to Mylas and upon laying Siege to the Castle had it Ant. Ch. 313. deliver'd up to him and then return'd to Syracuse In Harvest-time he made a second attempt upon Messina and Encamping near the City made continual Assaults but was not able to effect any thing considerable For many Exiles were flock'd into this Place from Syracuse who both for the sake of their own Preservation and out of Hatred to the Tyrant fought most Courageously About this time came Ambassadors from Carthage arguing the Case with Agathocles and complaining of the Breach of Articles and making Peace with the Messenians they forc'd the Tyrant to restore the * Mylas P. 707. Castle and then sail'd back into Africa After which Agathocles went to Abecenus one of his Confederate Cities and there he put to Death Forty whom he look'd upon to be his Enemies In these times the Romans were at War with the Samnites and took Ferentum by Storm and the Inhabitants of Nuceria call'd Alphatema were by the Persuasions of some Persons prevail'd with to desert the Romans and join in League with the Samnites CHAP. V. The Acts of Aristodemus Antigonus his General in Peloponnesus The Dimeans in Achaia seek to free themselves from Cassander's Garison They take the Cittadel Alexander Son of Polysperchon Assassinated The praise of Cratesipolis his Wife The Acts of Cassander in Etolia and other Parts of Greece The Cruelty of the Etolians Cassander sends an Army into Caria and Aristotle with a Fleet to Lemnos The Acts of Cassander's Army in Caria Antigonus Leaves his Son Demetrius in Syria to watch Ptolemy His troublesome March into Asia The Affairs of Sicily Acrotatus his Misgovernment and Cruelties in Sicily The Acts of Agathocles The Affairs of Italy WHEN the former year was ended Nichodorus was created Archon at Athens and Olymp. 116. 3. Ant. Ch. 312. An. M. 3658. Lucius Papirius chosen the Fourth and Quintus Publius the second time Consul at Rome At that time Aristodemus made General by Antigonus hearing of the Defection of Alexander the Son of Polysperchon after he had open'd the Justice of the Cause before the Senate of the Etolians sollicited them to be assistant to the Affairs of Antigonus Then passing into Peloponnesus with the Mercenaries found Alexander with the Eleans besieging Aristodemus raises the Siege of Cyllene The Acts of Aristodemus in Peloponnesus Cyllene and coming in nick of time rais'd the Siege and then leaving a Garison to defend the Place he mov'd towards Actria and frees Patras from the Garison of Cassander but Egeum he took by Force and being possess'd of the Place was ready to restore the Egeans to their Liberty according to the former Decree but that he was prevented by this Accident The Soldiers began to Plunder and upon that occasion many of the Citizens were kill'd and the greatest part of the Town was burnt down to the Ground After which he sail'd back into Etolia the Dymeans who were aw'd by a Garison Ant. Ch. 312. Of Dyme in Achaia The Dimeans seek to free themselves from Cassander's Garison of Cassander's in the Castle separated their City from the Cittadel by a Wall drawn round it and encouraging one another to stand up for their Liberties besieg'd the Castle and infested it with continual Assaults Of which Alexander receiving Intelligence he came upon them with his Army on a sudden and drave them within their Walls and enter'd pell-mell with them into the City and took it Some of the Dymeans he put to the Sword others he Imprison'd and many of them he Banish'd After Alexander went away the rest of them were quiet for a little while being both terrify'd with the greatness of the late Calamity and likewise wanting the Assistance of their Confederates But some time after they made application to Aristodemus his Mercenaries who march'd to them from Egeum Whereupon they again assaulted the Cittadel and took it and freed the City and put many of the Garison to the Sword and put to Death such of their own Citizens as favour'd Alexander's Party Amongst these Turns and Changes of Fortune while Alexander with his Army was Alexander Son of Polyspachon kill'd marching from Sycion he was kill'd by Alexion a Sycionian and some others who pretended themselves to be his Friends His Wife Cratesipolis after his Death took upon her the Management of Affairs and kept the Army in due Obedience Her obliging Carriage and Bounty was such as that she was greatly belov'd of the Soldiers for she The praise of Cratesipolis Wife of Alexander Son of Polysperchon was continually affording all the help she could to them that were in Distress and relieving and supporting many that were in Want Besides she was a Woman of admirable Prudence in managing Affairs and of Courage beyond the natural Temper of her Sex For when the Sycionians in contempt of her after the Death of her Husband rose up in Arms for the Recovery of their Liberty she executed her Revenge by cutting off Multitudes Ant. Ch. 312. of them in a Field-battel and crucify'd Thirty of those she had taken Prisoners and so having settled the Affairs of the City she reign'd over the Sycionians having under her Command multitudes of Soldiers ready upon all occasions for any Undertaking though never so hazardous And this was then the State and Condition of Peloponnesus Cassander perceiving that the Etolians assisted Antigonus and were then likewise engag'd in a War with their Neighbours the Acarnanians judg'd that the most probable way to