Selected quad for the lemma: hand_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
hand_n	advance_v	left_a	right_a	6,499	5	7.6333	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A61139	The gentleman's compleat jockey with the perfect horseman, and experienc'd farrier. Containing, I. The nature of horses; their breeding, feeding and management in all paces, to fit them for war, racing, travel, hunting, or other recreations and advantages. II. The true method, with proper rules and directions to order, diet and physick the running-horse, to bring him to any match, or race, with success. III. The methods to buy horses, and prevent being cheated; noting the particular marks of the good and bad horses, in all their circumstances. IV. How to make blazes, stars and snips: to fatten a horse with little charge, and to make him lively and lovely. V. The whole art of a farrier, in curing all diseases, griefs and sorrances incident to horses; with their symptoms and causes. VI. The methods of shooing, blooding, roweling, purging, and prevention of diseases, and many other things, from long experience and approved practice. by A. S. gent.	A. S.; Speed, Adolphus, fl. 1652-1659.	1697 (1697)	Wing S5; ESTC R219778	132,086	185

make much of him although he did it very meanly then let him pause a little time and give him breath and trot him again in the same manner the like distance of ground and as before so gently use him again but if he do not better every time he is taught he must be still solicited until he do better And after that he can in plain ground perfectly advance then teach him gently upon the hanging knole of a Hill to bring him perfectly to stop and run sliding upon his Buttocks or hinder Legs which is very handsom beautiful and graceful for Manage and Turn and therefore let him do it before he is taught any other Lesson then what is shown and when he will do it upon a soft trot upon the swift trot and afterwards upon a soft gallop and not before but never upon a swift gallop until he be perfect both in Turn and Manage If he advance too high and not just and even with a good grace as he ought then may the fault speedily be found and easily amended by immediately correcting him with one even stroke over his Legs the Wand again order'd and convey'd out of his sight with a sweet staid hand on the Bridle Few Tryals will soon amend and perfect what is amiss in the Horse And whereas some appoint many helps for Horses that are harder to turn on the one side than on the other although I confess their general Desire is more apt to the left hand than to the right yet to a Horse of good Nature and perfect shape a little Art will speedily teach him to teach others Of Half-turnings Doubles Chambetta Manage Coureir c. It now remaineth to shew when to make the Half-turn and the Double the Chambetta the Manage to pass a swift Coureir the Corvet and such-like After he is very perfect in those I have set down he is to make a true and a just half and double turn which should be in this manner First when the Rider hath gently trotted stopped and advanced his Horse the length of a short Coureir let him teach him gently and midly to make the half turn beginning always on the right hand that is for the Rider to turn him with the help of his left Leg that his Head may stand that way which before his Tail stood it is called a half-turn because he maketh but half a circle but if in the turn he set his Head that way it stood at the first that is a whole circle and therefore called a whole-turn But let him first do the half-turn perfect which must be done by helping him with his Voice and Calf of his Leg and not at first by any means to have him spurred if he can be otherwise brought unto it because a Spur is a correction which is not to be used but at that instant when he hath committed an Error and not while he remains ignorant what to do by which means undoubtedly being a sensible Creature he will perceive his Errors and Offences whereby with little correction he will easily amend any Fault Let the Rider never go about to make him despair but continually encourage him for having formerly attain'd a perfection of a just even and swift Trot in the Rings the very true ground of all other Lessons he will easily turn on the right hand setting his Head that way his Tail stood the which being perfectly attained then close it up with another half-turn on the same hand with the perscrib'd helps setting his Head and all his Body in the same way it was at first so give him Breath and make much of him then mak● him do as much on the left hand and to change from hand to hand leaning always on the right 1. In the doing whereof observe whether he bring on the contrary Leg orderly 2. That he do it after the first bound of advancing and after the second or third bound 3. That the Rider always as hath been said begin on the right hand and end on the right 4. That after he is perfect in doing of the whole turn that he make him to do it swiftly and roundly without stop or stay of the half-turn and speedily in closing of every whole-turn and in as narrow a compass as may be 5. After he is perfect as aforesaid give him on each hand three whole turns whereof let the first be very fair and softly beginning at the right hand and ending at the right in performing whereof the Rider must always help him with his Tongue his Rod and his Leg by which continual use before he teacheth him any other Lesson which should never be done unless he be perfect in the Lesson he is learning so that the Rider shall in the end with discreet and temperate teaching bring him to an ●●mirable Perfection keeping time and measure that the one be not swifter than the other if either the last which for the most part is as speedy as perfect Now to proceed to the Managing of a Horse the true signification whereof i● to be rightly understood by such as intend to be expert in Horsemanship for to be ignorant of the Terms is to be ignorant of the Art I take it to be a compound word of the word manus and ago the Hand in this Art being the Instrument of Instruments doth guide and govern the Horse to every Action and therefore may fitly be said Mannagere or as the Italians properly call it Maneggiare which is as much as skilfully to handle And therefore when the Rider shall exercise the Horse perfectly and gracefully in his place Trot Stop Advance Double or Single-turn Coureir Gallop Leap Caperiole Corvet Assault or whatsoever the Hand being the principal Order or prime moter may truly and aptly be called Manage which cannot so rightly be done without the general knowledge of the Practice of the Precepts of the whole Art And altho' many worthy Horsemen have and do only rest and refer Managing to Galloping and to bring a Horse to and fro in one self-same path by half-rest whole-rest and when the Rider manageth with a half-rest causing the Horse at the end of every managing path after he hath stop'd to advance twice together and at the second bound to turn and rest one bound doth not the Rider therein exercise the Trot the Stop the Advance and the Turn which he formerly learned and according to the same manner Or when he manageth with the whole-rest and turns him at the third bound or manage him without the rest by turning him immediately upon the Stop without any tarryance or rest at all which only is most common with us in England and yet the managing of the half-rest is most necessary for the attaining of perfection doth not the Rider keep and maintain the Horse in one path one place of stop making him keep his Ground and therein became his Head Neck Legs and his Body just closing his turn roundly and in a narrow room with

true time and measure in every action as he hath been formerly taught How then can managing be properly refer'd to one only Action when it is the perfect acting of every action and Lesson he hath learned wherein when the Rider's Horse is most ready and perfect he may encrease the often doing of his Lessons as he will and make an alteration of his Turns and Exercises to find out the truth of his Obedience and when they are first artificially and then exactly perform'd then may the Rider be truly said to be a perfect Manager Sundry principal things yet remaining to be known by such as would be Expert or Compleat Horsemen relating to the True Managing Now are to be shewed what are the principal things that are to be observ'd in the true Managing of a Horse He is to be taught his Manage with a soft Trot and not with a Gallop my reason is because thereby he may be at the first sensible of Apprehending what he is to do and how to do and that gracefully by the bowing of his Hoofs behind by turning round with the Chambetta which is by holding up the fore foot on the side he should turn whilst he brings over the contrary Leg and setteth it not down until he have closed his turn so as thereby he shall carry both his fore-feet above the ground not trayling upon the ground which is disgraceful When the Rider teaches his Horse which is after he can stop well let him advance before and turn readily on both hands then with a soft Trot come to the place of stop about twenty paces in length and make him advance twice together and at the second bound turn him on the right hand for on that hand you must always begin helping him so that by bowing his Hoofs behind he move his forepart orderly then immediately in a gentle manner trot him back to the place that you came from and then there after he hath made his stop at the second bound of his advancing turn him on the left hand observing the like order until the Rider has gone ten or twelve times and at the last cause him to advance twice together And thus much for the half-rest which is to advance thrice and at the third bound to turn but be sure he be perfect in one Lesson before you teach him another In all the Rider's Managings let his body still accompany his Horse with a good Grace and when that he hath very perfectly learned his Manage on a soft Trot then he may manage him with a Gallop giving him on each hand one single turn and a little before he is turned let the Rider hold his Wand on the contrary side whereby he will know on what side to turn and at the stop let the Rider make him to advance either with his Voice Rod or Spur always being careful to give him breath evermore beginning with a gentle Gallop until he be perfect but I wish the Rider so to use and exercise his Horse that he may be long Master of a good and perfect Horse and not to spend or spoil him in a little time in teaching him needless toys as some ignorant Persons use to do After the Horse is perfect in such Lessons as have been formerly taught and is grown to his full and perfect strength then let the Rider begin him with a short Coureir in a fair sandy way and with a lively Voice put him forward forcing him to run swiftly roundly and smoothly with a steddy Head and lightly to stop himself on his Buttocks then let him turn him on the left hand and softly pace him to the other end of the Coureir-path and there stop him and turn him again to the right hand and so leave off and rest him And as this passing Coureir or swift Gallop must never be done or taught until the Horse be most perfect in all the Lessons so must it be done very sparingly and seldom as once or twice in a month at the most of Of the bound Leap and Yerk Some have a desire for to have their Horses to bound Leap and Yerk and tho' I know it might be most axactly done by the best-spirited Horses but tending altogether to their destruction and a matter rather of foolish delight than of any use I leave it to the disposition of the Owner wishing much rather to have such dangerous Exercises omitted than practised unless that there were more plenty of Horses that are fit for the same or to be spared to be utterly spoiled Therefore let not my Reader admire that he meets here with so short Remarks on them Of the Caperiole and Corvette The difference betwixt these two is that the Caperiole or Goats-leap is always in going forwards and the Corvette still in one place These are to be learned and taught by one Order but neither of them will ever be learned and therefore never exactly done unless the Horse be very perfect for to stop which must be much bending of the Elbow of the hinder Hoofs or Heels of the Horse Now the Corvette may in some sort resemble the dancing of the Bear at a Stake for when he danceth and pranceth up and down in one place lifting his forefeet even and just together seeming to turn if he might be suffer'd that of the Bear is a proper resemblance of the Corvette the which is never well done unless the Horse be just and steady of Head and Body bowing the hams of his hinder Legs as if he would sit or slide on his Buttocks And the Caperiole is in the same manner but still going forwards seeming as though he would yerk behind by advancing his rump but doth not and as he doth it forward so will he do it backward and side-long Now the Rider need not to teach his Horse either of these until as hath been said he be absolutely perfect in those Lessons formerly mention'd because these Lessons are only learned by stopping and advancing the which if he have once perfectly and long practised the Trot him sundry days upon some hanging Ground and upon the knole of the Hill on the same ground make him to advance twice together the which he will do and then help him with the sound of your Lips to trot two paces farther and there to stop and advance twice together at the end of the two paces all the length of a hanging Hill downwards still remembring to cherish him when he does well and to give him breath that all his Performances may be done with delight And if he be helped with the word saying hup and with the Rider's Rod by striking him upon the fore-part of his Shoulders he will go from stop to stop advancing both the fore Feet and hinder Loyns with time and measure as often as the Rider pleases and in such a just even and staid a manner as will be very pleasant to the Beholders Now because I would not have the young Rider to begin any Lesson

so slope that the knee be not pinched neither the thigh kept from the true resting-place the seat whereof should be of a reasonable length and largeness the bolsters behind bearing forward to inclose and support the thigh to the formost bolsters the straps broad and strong with broad girths and very strong and broad buckles cross girded so as the saddle may rest firm on his back whereby the seat will be easie sure and certain without motion leaving the near stirrop-leather almost half a hole longer then the right stirrop and altho' the Horse be gentle yet because he hath a new Master and Rider not known unto him being neither assured of himself nor of that his Rider would have him to do so as it may be truly said he is not himself but that he is troubled in mind therefore to keep him from fear and perturbation I would have a quiet staid Horse also sadled to be rid before him and then bring them both to the Block ●ut the old Horse first and then the Colt at which time let ●he Rider use all the mild and gentle words to the young Horse making the reins of the bridle even and just holding ●hem in his left hand not stiff nor altogether remiss or loose ●nd as soon as he is mounted on his back let him sit quiet● there a while least any sudden motion should breed any ●erturbation in the Horse until the Rider has setled him●●lf in the saddle his nose directly answering the Horse's ●retop betwixt his ears his legs hanging strait down nei●●er thrusting down the toe nor lifting up the heel but ●ith his foot with such evenness in the sturrop as if he stood ●pon the ground the sturrop-leathers rather short then ●ng winding his toes something nearer to the Horse's ●de then the heel holding the reins even with his crest ●nd the point of the withers a little above the main with ●s thighs and knees close to the saddle and his feet rest●g in the sturrop in due place not too far thrust into the ●urrop with an upright and strait body his ridge-bone ●●swering the ridge-bone of the Horse so as the Horse ●d Rider may ever seem to be as one body in all motions ●●ring which time let the Rider claw the Horse with his ●nd to remove from him all fear or hard conceit of his ●●ing that done let him go forward about two paces ●re and softly and stay again making much of him and ● softly and quietly to the place where he intendeth to ●ead out a ring all which must be done by the Rider ●●dly and without fear and as he must be thus used in ●ing forward so must he be used in treading and pacing ●t the Ring in some new plowed ground that is most ●ep of mould where first let the old Horse enter betwixt ●o furrows so far as the Rider may have space and mould ●ugh and follow with the young Horse close to him which ●l cause him the willinger to go because he is directed ●● guided by the old Horse by which means he will not ● any way discouraged then let the old Horse the young ●●se following enter on the right Hand overthwart the ●●ows and tread out twice together a round ring con●ing in a circuit about thirty paces and being come about the second time where he began let him tread out the like ring on the left hand and after he hath gone twice about let him begin again on the left hand and so continue until he has gone four times about the left ring and the righ● six times that done let him go fare and softly out of the self-same furrow where he began about thirty or forty paces and there stand still keeping his head and his body right in the path remembring always to have one go by to signifie his true performance and to help if need be and then let him go very gently back from the place he came and there let the Rider alight and make much of him by coying him giving him a little grass hay or bread in hi● mouth to procure and win love and thus let him be used for two days with a Horse before him and after him let him then lead and begin himself to tread and pace the ring in this gentle manner for the space of ten days keeping a temperate staid and firm hand upon the reins with a swee● feeling stay carrying his forehead as Rams do when they go to fight whereby he will not only rein well but bea● his head staid just and right and when he knoweth what to do and that for it he is always cherished he will strive to do it faster and faster through the Rider's continua● keeping of his hand steady the Horse will do it with a wonderful pride and delight by giving him liberty but a to● hasty treating of the Horse will work the contrary in hi● exercises c. Of Trotting in the Ring and other Paces to be taught Horse to bring him to be manageable and fit for prope● Services c. In the pacing of the ring the Rider must not carry an● over hard hand to dull the sense but so temperately a● the feeling may be always fresh otherwise by the violen● haling and much galling his Nose where he 'd willingly hav● ease to avoid it he will set his head and his neck awry th● true use whereof is that standing in the furrow just an● streight with his Body the Rider moves him gently to g● forwards and in the very motion turns him on the righ● hand by drawing very softly the right rein shorter with h●● right hand low under the pommel of the Saddle whereunto if he yeild as no doubt but he will especially having trod the same before let the Rider presently make much of him neither drawing nor slacking the rein At which time of his doing both for the ease of the Rider and the Horse if need shall be let some skilful Person his Keeper were most fit come on his left side to his fore Shoulder and thrust him in by little and little and the Rider also by the Calf of the left Leg and the cluck of his Tongue to be a help to make him go forward If the Horse be such an one as I have describ'd he will do it but if he should not in the very motion of the turn then let the Rider draw the Rein with his Hand as before whether it be on the right hand or on the left all which must be done by gentle dealing so as the Horse may hope for rest and quietness whereby he will be ready to do whatsoever his Rider will but if he be a Jade or of an evil disposition by Nature for my own part I esteem him not of any worth not fit to be kept Having spoken of pacing the Horse in the Ring it followeth that after ten days expir'd the Horse be taught to trot the Ring which must be begun in as slow and

as gentle a trot as he was in his first beginning of pacing encrease his Ring-turns by two and two every day until he make ten turns for the left Ring and twelve for the right which will augment his swiftness whereof he should be restrained until he be most perfect and then he will do is with the greatest grace and pride that may be imagined which is the true Property and Quality of all Art evermore to affect and to effect Perfection during which time of beginning of trotting he may not be ridden with a Wand nor wear any Bit until he be most perfect in his trot stop and turn well on both hands and not by any means suffer'd to gallop until that he can also perfectly ●dvance By taking of this course he will be just in his Pace and trot and stop with a staid Head and Neck be●ng the chief lustre and goodness that Nature and Art affordeth Wherefore when you begin to trot the Ring be sure that at the first he is moved thereunto as gently an● quietly as you can devise and so in every Action whatsoever upon a restrained temperate and firm hand with a sweet Stay and with a true Rein that is that his Nose be just under his Forehead neither too much out nor too much in which is the just placing and setting of his Head and will make him have a pleasant Mouth when he cometh to wear the Bit in which consisteth the chief point of Horsemanship because he is so to be maintain'd in all his Actions This is most easie to be done and continued if the Horse be of perfect shape and spirit but if he should make resistance for that he is either rammage or evil broken then trot him swiftly with quickness of Voice Rod and Spur for the time of his troting is the fittest time to make him forget his Toyls and to attend his way and ●● an this will not help ●hen spare not to gallop him and if this fails then be sure he will be a Jade from the beginning to the end for a Horse of a good temper and perfect shape can never be of so bad a nature and quality I shall next tell how to make the Rider perfect in Stop After he hath ended the number of his Ring-turns which is to trot his Horse right out in the middle Furrow betwixt the Rings until he come to the place of stop and there to make a pretty stay keeping his Body right in the path wherein if the whole Body or any part stand overthwart seek not at first to correct him for it thro' your too much Passion but let a a Foot-man direct him to stand right in the Path as we said before by thrusting in that part which stands out of order or that he may cause the Horse to go farther in the same Path and stop him holding that Rein streighter on that side whereon he most forceth his Head than the other which will enforce him to keep right which when he yieldeth ever cherish him and after it will be convenient to trot and stop him on a Ground that is a little steep which something falleth and immediately riseth but when he is perfect then he may do it on a Ground very steep But to teach him to go back you must keep a firm staid hand on him without giving him any Liberty and then gently striking him on the Neck with his Rod in that instant say Back back but if he refuse let a Foot-man with a rod gently strike him on the Knees and so by the gentle puiling in of the Rider's hand and fair means oblige him to it The proper Vse of the Wand Bit and Spur for the well teaching a Horse and to bring him to his Pacings and Management Having shew'd how to ride a Horse without a Wand Bit or Spur I will now shew you how to manage all three together with the true Use of the Hand upon the Bit one of the principal pieces of Horsemanship First therefore when he that rides with a Wand let him take it warily that the Horse be not frighted therewith and to ascertain the Horse thereof presently after he has receiv'd it toy and scratch him about the Neck with the end thereof And for the carrying it it must be in the right hand with the Joynt upright and when he must use it let the point fall close unto him as occasion shall require but in his management of of it let him lay his hand on his right Thigh and the Wand across the Horse's Neck and when he hath made his course and turned on the right hand then before the end of his second course when he is almost ready to turn on the left hand let him lift up his hand and rod and hold the point right forward on the right side against his Eye and as he changeth turns so let him change his rod of the one side and of the other but if his Horse will not turn on the side he would have him let him strike him on the contrary side and when he is any way disorder'd let him carry the Wand on the contrary side and when he would have him carry his fore part right strike him on the Shoulder or Fore-legs and when he would have him light behind strike him on the rump and hanches And thus much for the Use of the Wand as occasion shall serve Now for the use of the Bit which is an Instrument only guided and directed by the hand and because the Ground of the Art of Riding depends wholly upon the use and true government of the hand being guided by Reason and Discourse so as the Horse in all Motions and Actions ● and ought to answer to that Motion which the hand moveth I must not pass it over lightly First therefore let the Bit that you first bit your Horse withal be gentle and pleasant yet so that the gentleness cause him not to despise the Rider nor the hardness drive him to despair for you must understand that Knowledge always presupposeth Reason and Reason Sence and Sence and Reason all which consists in a true mediocrity and therefore amongst the most learned Precepts that were written in the Temple of Apollo in Greece this was in the second place Nothing too much For if you press him with the Bridle if he carry his head well yet must you presently ease your Bridle-hand and make much of him because he sheweth himself obedient to you and whensoever he doth any thing well and with delight you must be very careful not to vox him but ever so to win him that he may be willing to please you So likewise when he bears a firm hand with a stay that thereby the Horse brings in his head and yields to his hand yet he must shorten the Reins of his Bridle till his head be setled in its due place that is neither to carry his Forehead too much out nor too much in and still to

maintain him in that form in all his doings yet not so that it exceed mediocrity or temperature but remain light on the hand with a sweet mouth Thus having shew'd the Rider that it must be done by keeping this order I proceed Let him stay his Horse temperately upon an even hand as his resistance shall require without giving any other Liberty then with his Rod to strike him gently upon the bowing of the Neck provoking him mildly with the Spur on that side on which he most wryeth his Buttock to the ●nd that he may go just until he draw back one of his fore Feet which if he do make much of him and then stay a while and do the like drawing only the Bridle for the former cherishing will make him to understand and then 〈…〉 go lightly back with both the fore Legs when he is touched on the Neck with the Rod saying with a loud Voice Back at which Voice with the feeling of the Rod and drawing of the Bridle he will go back to the Rider's desire And always after when he is out of the due and true stay upon the Bridle let him do the like that is to go back in form aforesaid and altho' some disorder be committed let not the Rider despair for he shall find him easily won to a good Mouth by this use of a temperate and firm Hand which is by the mediocrity of slacking and drawing properly named a sweet Stay making him light upon the hand champing the Bit with great pleasure and a stay'd Head in due place the true Tokens whereof are just Reins staid and a light-born Head with pleasure on the Bit being Properties inseparable in every perfectshap'd Horse's Actions But because it may seem very difficult to have a continuance of Perfection in every action altho' it is common upon stop or standing still to be in order yet perhaps upon motion he will leave playing upon the Bit and bear upon the head especially upon the main courier which proceeds from the want of true Knowledge how to maintain and continue the hand just and firm with a sweet stay so as that he may take pleasure on the Bit And therefore how to maintain a Horse both in furious and quiet doings is to be consider'd of If then that at any time he make any disorder note it diligently so stay him and make him go backward for in going back he will bring himself to his right order agen Then presently make much of him and forthwith move him forwards fair and gently till he come to the place of stop And as he must be thus used in going forward so he must be used in treading of the Rings first gently upon the pace upon the trot and upon the gallop in practising whereof he must precisely observe that it be done with a temperate staid and firm hand otherwise he will gape thrust his Tongue upon the Bit or over the Bit to defend himself thrust his head out suddenly pluck it in disdainfully or else shaking or moving his head one way or other to be freed from the pressing of the intemperate hand which is to him uncouth and contrary to Nature the which Art should evermore labour to please The true form and practice of drawing the Bridle is also to be learnt which is that being mounted in the Saddle let the Rider draw the Reins equal and if the Horse know not the Bit then let the Bit be very slack and let him hold the Reins in his left hand with the little finger and Ring-finger between under the Pummel of the Saddle as near the Withers as he can and then with the right hand draw the Reins softly and equally together through the left hand so as the Standers-by can scarcely perceive it the which he must not remove until he feel the Horse to stay upon the Bit and there hold them without slacking or further drawing until he perceive whether the Head stand in true form which if it be not then let him a little yield his left hand again and standing so a pretty while bring his left hand to his former place again where the Horse made the first stay upon the Bit then let him draw the Reins with his right hand somewhat more through the left as before but so little and gently as scarcely to be perceived for so must all the motions of the Hand be and then keep it firm and staid a pretty while and if he yield tho' very little let him keep his hand still at one stay neither slackening nor drawing it whereby he will feel the ease that he hath got by yielding and then presently make much of him But if it so happen that the Reins fall slack let him not remove his left hand but draw them through his left hand as before for they must not be slack until they stay again upon his right hand whereunto whensoever he yieldeth make much of him continuing still in this manner to solicite him till his Head be in its due place that is neither too much out nor too much in after which if he bear not light let his Rider strike him gently on the Knees of his fore Legs to make him to go back whereby he will bring in his head and then will the Bit move and his Hand find ease but let him be very careful at that instant to keep his hand so firm as that he neither slack nor draw in to the end he may feel and receive the ease of his own motion of yielding which willingly he will not loose it being delightful to his nature but take some pleasure to stir the Bit in his Mouth and go backward with it the which when the Rider finds are tokens of the winning of his Mouth which to his great satisfaction being won with observation of good order he may be brought to a more continued Perfection Thus I have shew'd the expert Rider so much as the Art may help him but if the Shape and Nature of the Horse be opposite and repugnant as in the greatest number of Horses it is to no purpose howsoever for a time it may seem to be taught yet questionless it cannot be of any continuance But because in the whole Art of Riding there is no one thing more difficult than to make a Horse trot just And that the Perfection thereof is the Perfection of all other of his Doings I purpose to give further Rules Particular Rules and Directions for the Management of a Horse to train him up to a good and commendable Trot being the Foundation of all 1. Let the Rider observe that when he is teaching his Horse herein or any other Lesson that he do not trouble him with any other thing at that time neither suffer him to begin to learn any other 2. That he do not suffer any other to ride him until he be perfected by himself in such Lessons as he taught him lest he should be confus'd by the diversity of Teachers

his Ne● Archwise yet venture not to ride him far before he ● Familiar after this feed him with Bread or Grass if ● will take it out of your hand Having thus done t● or three Mornings or Evenings lay by the Trenc● Caveson and Martingals let another ride out befo●● you on a well manag'd Horse and ride him slow or fa● as you see him disposed letting him go equal with the ●ther Horse but not before him till well perfected to be● his Burthen THE Compleat Horseman OR TRUE ART of Horsemanship In all its Parts and Perfections Under sundry Heads And first of all ● Brief Introduction to this Undertaking to render it more apt to be understood by the READER BEfore I come to speak of the Action wherein the true Understanding hereof is most proper I purpose to give a little further Instruction and first of the Voice When you mind to help your ●orse therewith it must be with a most mild and cheerful ●e as to say Hey hey hola hola so boy so hup hup ●ough enough no more and many other such-like but a ●orrection is clean contrary when with a terrible and ●undering Voice whereas in cherishing the most mild ●d sweet Voice is used as My good Boy so my good boy ●th an Inclination of tending your Body to him and ●h-like Encouragements So as also the sound of the Voice to be used as well as a Voice pronounced by givin● a chirk with the Tongue which may be called clacking i● pronouncing whereof the tip of the Tongue striketh the roof of the Mouth And so also there is another sound o● the Voice as Hah halo The next is the Hand the true use and government whereof is the Ground of the whole Art and as for the Bridle and the Rod they are but dead and sensless Instruments without all use when they are not appointed for the right one of the temperate and steddy Hand bearing upon a firm and moderate stay neither too much slacking nor too much drawing in every good Horse causeth a true and just Rein bearing a staidness with a light and sweet Mouth in all actions so a● whatsoever the Horse doth is both easie ready and perfect and being done with delight must of necessity be best done because it best pleaseth both Man and Horse neither of them being moved to any perturbation grief o● pain and as for the rod and wand being instruments onl● for the hand how and when they are to be offered use● or not used and for the Bridle which the Italians properly call Il manico deltimone the handle of the sterne w● shall for the present pass them by The third thing is the Legs wherein the use of the calve● of the Legs the Heels the Stirrup and the Spur are to b● handled I shall to avoid repetition and all manner of tediousness refer them also to their proper places and at present divide this our immediate concernment into certain general Grounds or Rules to follow which the Rider may have daily use in teaching the whole Art to his Horse For as a young Scholar is to be taught so a young Horse in the beginning is to be managed whereby all their Actions might bring delight and admiration to the Beholder● and this must be done by mild and slow teaching not to● much for a Horse may be wearied with long teaching ●● one time but giving him often breath high keeping ●● courage often rewarding cherishing using great famili●rity and observing he has no change of the Rider till he ●● perfect no change of bit nor rough bit no cutting or ga●ling of his nose or mouth but gentleness to render hi● easie no beating nor whipping no violence or passion but proceed with all manner of immitation of Nature's delight this maketh all the Horses actions more then wonderful because Nature hath a natural love to it self and an innate hatred to all things that are Enemies to the same which is plainly testifyed by that natural sympathy and antipathy which may be observed in all Creatures as the Lamb which never had experience of the Wolf's cruelty yet at the first sight of him doth tremble and fly for fear Of Correction Secondly That the Rider never correct his Horse but when gentle means and cherishing will not prevail for no doubt but that he will willingly yield by gentle means if it be made sensible unto him what how and when to do but that Horse that will not be moved by gentle means let the Rider assure himself that he is of a bad Nature but if any thing shall happen wherein of necessity correction is to be used but if he offend in the instant that he erreth correct him wherein how many do offend all Mens eyes are Witnesses beholding the common Horse-breakers and ignorant Rider to minister violent correction when the Beholder cannot so much as find a cause nor himself express the reason but error evermore taketh that for truth which is false so as it plainly appeareth that when a Horse hath been taught and yet notwithstanding erreth in his discipline correct him for error but not for ignorance which renders the Rider either to be mad or as ignorant as the Horse Teaching not fit for such Horses as Nature hath not framed sit to be taught Thirdly That all Riders lose no time in teaching of good Horses but as for club-headed distorted ugly-countenanced fleshy gouty-limm'd short thick-necked fleshy-chopped having their heads set to their necks as a hog low fore-parted narrow shallow-breasted and evil-shap'd Jade turn them either to the Cart Plough or other fervile I●ployments for every particular Nature that is the ten perature of the Elements in every particular Body without all contradiction causeth and maintaineth the particular action of the Body wherein it is and such shaped Horses were never compounded or framed of a true temperature of the Elements and therefore impossible to be reduced to perfection of Action otherwise than by abuse and great force which Nature abhorreth and that is but for a small time such as these made use of do fully the glory of the Kingdom disparage the judgment thereof discourage many Gentlemen either to become Breeders Riders or Maintainers of Horses and cast mists over the perfections of our English Riders Of the Bridle Saddle and bringing the Horse to the Block the mounting and seat of the Rider and of the Ring and first entering on that Exercise When the Horse is made gentle familiar and fit for the Rider to teach put on a head-stall or cavetsane over his nose with a pair of strong reins but so lose and easie for his nose as may neither hurt nor abate his courage or his quick and fresh feeling and in a most gentle manner set a saddle upon him with an upright short pommel so as that the true use of the Hand may not be hindered or injured the holsters whereof should be broad in the top to inclose the thigh and yet to bear

and their manner of Teaching 3. That when he is brought to a just Stay of Head and assurance of the Bit that then the Rider is to maintain him therein to a full perfection 4. When he is out of order then let him stay him and make him go back as before was mentioned 5. When he is in order then let him make much of him and stay not long but with a firm hand gently put him into his Trot again 6. If he continue in his good order cherish him guiding his Body with a pleasant and gentle motion of the Calves of your Legs move him to do it more expeditiously which if he be of a good nature he will speedily perform always remembering to keep a firm hand unless he bring in his Head 7. if his Trot continue not light upon your hand stay him and cause him to go back which will bring him in order again and then gently put him into his Pace and so to his Trot as before which being well done cherish and delight him with all the sweetness that may be so that the Rider may ever win his Love thereby guide him home by some leading Lines and give him a little Grass or Hay out of your hand tickle scratch him and speak to him most loving words which will make him at his next Exercise do all things to his Rider's greatest content and within twenty days or thereabouts he will Pace and Trot in such order as that the Rider may always afterwards trot him most swiftly in the Rings or in the Manage 8. In his swift Trot by all means keep your true Seat and firm Hand so that he lose not that excellent form and grace before prescribed but do not Gallop him till he be just and perfect in his swift Trot and then out of that trot to put him to a swifter gallop in the large Rings even to the Stop But beware you draw not your hand hastily to you but by a little sway of your Body Back and Hand together and stay your hand there until he retreat a step or two and there stay him and suffer him not to go forward and at that instant to make much of him and so let your hand and body reassume the same place again 9. If he should then offer to go forwards stay him with the like sway and then alight and lead him home making much of him as you did before 10. I dare to assure the Rider of the right use of what hath been said and of the success thereof therefore let him follow his Practice and continue it let him pace his Horse overthwart some deep Fallow as fast as he can for half an hour but suffer him not by any means to trot keeping his hand in a firm and temperate stay as before and if he still find his head in due place his carriage light and pleasant upon the Bit he may assure himself that he hath gain'd the perfection of the Hand and the true use thereof for the teaching and making of a young Horse wherein observe that if he be of a perfect shape his Head will be in the due place and light upon the Bit. Of the Manag'd Horse with further Instructions c. I now intend to discourse a little of the Horse that is already taught and brought to perfection with him the expert Rider hath small need to make use of any Rod or other help but to keep his true just and perfect Seat because his Horse by the least token of the Bridle or Spur will do all things in such time and measure as the Beholders will judge the Man and Horse to be but one Body one Mind and one Will And therefore how the Reins should be carried placed and used is the only thing to be spoken of The Reins he must hold in his left hand placing the little finger betwixt the two Reins and the thumb close upon the Reins so as the hand remove not from the Crest of the Horse for by the motion of the hand it is signified to the Horse which way you would have him turn slacking it on the other The Order and Manner whereof hath been and is yet diversly used of the best Horsemen and therefore I leave it to every man's use as he findeth it most fit But in the running at the Tilt where the Horse neither doth nor can turn the Rider must not draw the Bridle towards the Tilt but only strain the Rein that is next the Tilt to make him carry his head towards it 1. Because the true shape and goodness of the nature of the Horse is it that Art attendeth and worketh upon in those Horses the Rules of Art have Perfection with continuance so as the Horse that is of perfect shape and well trught shall not endanger Wind or Limb or Deformity of Body 2. His Person shall never be in peril by rearing or running away 3. Nor shall the Rider never be grieved with heavy bearing upon his hand but perform all with great delight Neither shall he need Canetsan Musrole or Martingale or such-like but only false Reins 4. And lastly this Teaching will manifest the difference betwixt the true Knowers and ignorant Riders which will be perceiv'd by the Doings the Horse doth represent and express when he would appear most beautiful and thereby render both the expert Reader not the ignorant and himself to appear most nobly with such delight to the Beholders that they will seem to be ravish'd with it all which is attain'd by Discretion taking of Time with Moderation and Temperance which is little regarded and of very few who will rather chuse to ride out of order and that with such extremity of Spur and Rod that for want of Breath they commit many strange Disorders whereby the poor Horse is cruelly tormented having no other to ride him than one without Discretion After your Horse hath perfectly learned swiftly to trot and to stop and as well to go back then ought he to be taught rightly to advance which is by lifting up both his fore-Feet just and even together like to a Goat somewhat above the Ground and so to let them fall even and just twice or thrice together the true doing whereof will cause him to make a just perfect manage and a ready and true turn for the attaining whereof trot him gently forty or fifty foot in some plain way then give him a just stop which he will truly perform because be hath before perfectly learned the same let him always keep a steady pleasant and perfect hand on the Bridle then instantly with a mild Voice say Hup hup striking him at that instant with his Wand on the right Shoulder and also with both the Calves of the Legs together but spur him not if possibly without it he will advance and this with a little labour and patient teaching no doubt but he will attempt to do twice or thrice together which if he do then in that instant

ways or more Forward put him to it again and when he stops well attempt to make him Advance upon your stop that is rise with his fore-Legs which is done by a sudden clapping the Calves of the Legs close to his Sides forbearing to touch him with your Spur but shake your Whip or Switch over him which will add much Grace to his stopping and try him till he well understands an● will perform it How to oblige Horses to Retire and endure the various sorts of Bits To make him do this draw him back with a steady Rein that with his Legs lifted up as in a Trot he may retire he may suddenly retreat three or four Pace● which in case you design a Horse for War i● a very commendable thing and indeed in any other on several Occasions observe herein to make him do it in a direct Line not turning to one side or the other nor suffer him ●o Shuffle in his retiring but to take his Legs up even and clever from the Ground Having brought him to this if you design him so War take away his Trench and Martingal leave only the Cavezan of three or four Pieces or Joynts to be used viz. A Joynt in the middle and a strong Ring fastned to it and on each side a Joynt with Rings before them and fasten to them divers Reins in drawing of which you may use your Horse at command Or if this be too hard put into his Mouth a common Bit made up with a French Check fitted to the proportion of the Horse's Neck for if it be otherwise there can be no true Management for the long Check lifts up the Horse's Head and the short one pulls it down Turnings and strait Turns c. The Turnings are when the Face of the Horse in the motion is kept to the Centre or Post or tho' he wheel with his Buttocks swiftly yet keeping his Face properly to the Enemy The strait Turns are when he keeps his Buttocks inward or close to the Center or Post and bearing about makes the Circumference with his fore-part advancing a little toward the Enemy that would avoid him To do the first called the strait Turn fasten a Rein to a ring in the middle of your Cavezan about three Yards in length and to the other two Rings two Reins somewhat shorter so Bridled and Sadled bring him to the Post put the Reins over the Saddle-bolster and fasten them at such straightness to the Pummel that he may feel them and if you be then desirous to turn to the Right take the short Reign on the left hand of the Cavzan and bring it under the Saddle fore Bolster up to the Pummel and fix it at such a straitness that may rather sway his Head from than to the Post his Eyes looking to the Right then let a Stander-by hold the Rein on the right side of the Cavezan at the Post moving it so that the fore-part of your Horse's Body may at full turn about then take the long Rein in your own Hand causing the Horse to bear his hinder parts inwards which may be done by gentle striking him on the outward Shoulder and Buttock as occasion is found causing him to turn about the Post his hinder part being the Centre the fore-part in motion making the Circumference Thus use him on the one hand till indifferent perfect then change the Rein to the other on the outward ring of the Cavezan and so in the like manner teach it him on the other hand and by so doing Morning and Evening you may soon bring him to it with a touch of your Switch observe as he swiftly Trots round that he place his outward fore-Leg over the inward and so by degrees in his Wheeling oblige him to mend his pace swiftly and distinctly and in as direct a Compass as can easily or conveniently be performed till at last he flie with such celerity that his fore and hinder Legs move equal This Lesson perfectly learned Mount and let one hold the long Rein and another the short one and then with the motion of your Hand upon the left Rein of the Cavezan and Bit bearing him Head from the Post and by the motion of the Calves of your Legs and Switch upon his outward Thigh cause him to bear his hinder parts to the Post and Exercise him till he perform it as well with you on his Back as he did before then take away the Cavezan and Exercise only with the short Rein And so having brought him to do it at the Post he will be induced to do it in the open Field without one The strait Turn in keeping his Face to the Post as the Centre and swiftly flying about with his hinder parts the Reins both long and short must be used as before only you must not give the short Rein any scope but darw it nearer to the Post still as he moves about follow his hinder parts with the long Rein and observe in his motion whether he bear his hinder Legs one over the other a● is expressed by the four Legs By the help of your Rod making him bring his hinder part swiftly round the Post and when he is perfect Mount him and cause him to move swift or slow sometimes at the Post and then in open Ground as you see convenient These will accomplish him for the Wars Racing Hunting and other Matters Particular Observations on Ambling Racking and Galioping Observe as to the fitness of pace the Horse's motion of his Legs when he takes them from the Ground and you will perceive in his cross moving what he is properly designed for Viz. If his hinder and fore Leg move together then at one and the same instant and in this motion the nearer he takes up his Limbs from Ground the opener evener and shorter is his Tread but if he do it uneasie slovenly and in a shuffling manner that denotes Stumbling Lameness or some such Imperfection If he tread Cross or Narrow it signifies he is subject to Interfering and will hardly be enduced ever to Tread sure If he takes his steps Askew and Uneven it denotes him subject to Faint and Tire unable to perform long Journeys or hard Service If he treads Long it signifies him subject to Strains and Over-reaches And therefore a moderate even pace and the clever carrying of a Horse's Legs is to be chosen that your labour in Teaching may mot be thrown away But to Particulars As for Ambling If you chuse your Horse for Pleasure and Ease then none is more suitable than this it being opposite to Trotting as thus both the Feet on one side must have equal motion viz. The far fore Leg and the far hinder Leg which must move just Even Smooth and Swift for if the Horse tread false or a wry it takes away much of the easiness of his Pace and if Short then no more Ground is ridded than if he went a round Foot-pace If he treads Rough it denotes Rouling in

for three or four days For the swelling of the Cods Take strong Vinegar white Chalk well powdered stir it well and make a Paste mingle good store of Salt finely powdered and with that Paste anoint the Cods of the Horse about three times a day and in few days this will help him For the Mattering of the Yard Take a pint of White-Wine boil therein a Quarter of Roch-Allum and with a Squirt thrust it up very far into his Yard squirt the same three or four times to pierce and cleanse the bottom from the Filth and thus continue until he be whole For the Tetter Before you meddle with the place first draw Blood from his Legs and then strike the Veins of his Legs on the outside and on the inside but not on the place where the Hoof comes forth then wash the place with White-Wine and mingle the Juice of Prunella with Powder of Galls and clear Water and with this Liquor beat the Hogs-grease and Liquid Pitch that all become like Honey and having so done anoint the Tetter and in six times dressing this will be a present help How to remedy the Wind-gall Cauterize or burn them five times with a large hot Iron on both sides and then open them overthwart only once but if there be occasion to use it under the Knee on the forepart of the Leg then you may cure it as they do other Burns An excellent and speedy Help for the Glanders First you must take one ounce of Fenugreek boil it in Water till it split and open in tw● and after that mingle it with the Decoction and two pound of Wheat-Meal and give it the Horse to drink twice a day keep him fasting Prob. est An excellent Remedy for the Haw in the Eye First take up the Haw with a little Ivory Needle or Pen-knife and then cut it all away with your Scissers for the way to cure it is to cut it out A rare Medicine for a sore Back be it never so wrung with a Saddle Take of Sheeps-dung to the quantity of three parts of your Plaister and the fourth part of Dry Wheat and Rye-Flower and mingle them well together and let them boil a quarter of an hour in good fair Water and then lay it on warm and at two or three times applying it will cure the Back This is a tryed and approved Plaister An excellent Cure for the Scab and the sore Crupper You are to take a little Frankincense Nitre Tartar and the Bark of Ash Vitriol Verdegrease and Helebore white and black Round Birthwort and stamp them altogether with Yolks of Eggs and ordinary Ale then after that boil them and anoint the sore place For the Foaling of the Yard The Cure is To wash the same with warm White-Wine and anoint it with the Oyl of Roses and Honey mingled together then put it up and with a Codpice or Truss keep it up still and dress him every day once till he be whole For the swelling of the Cods or Stones The Cure is To let him Blood on both sides in the Flank-Veins then take of Oyl of Roses and Vinegar of each a pint half a quartern of Bole Armony beaten into Powder mingle them together and being lukewarm anoint the Cods therewith with two or three Feathers and the next day ride him into the Water and give him two or three turns then bring him to the Stable and when that he is dry anoint them again and so continue until that he be whole but if the Cods do swell through any Hurt then cover them with a Charge of Bole-Armony and Vinegar wrought together renewing till the swelling go away and if it will then break then tent it with Melrosarum till it be whole For a bony Excression arising upon any Member of a Horse Take the Root of Elecampane well cleansed and wrap it in a Paper and rost it as you would rost a Warden in hot Embers as hot as the Horse can suffer it for you must not scald him after you have rubbed and chased the Excression clap this thereunto and bind it on hard and in once or twice dressing it will consume the Excression also in a Morning and Evening you must rub the Excression with the Oyl of Origanum which will consume away the Hardness To cure the running Frush or any Impostumation of the Sole of the Foot to dry Scratches Pains and such Ulcerous Sores Take old Urine and burn it with good store of Allum and keep it in a close Vessel by it self then take a good handful or two of green Nettles strong and keen and spread them on some Plate or other Vessel and dry them either before the Fire or in an Oven after the Houshold Bread is drawn then crush and bruise them into a very fine Powder and look what a quantity of Powder there is and take the like quantity of Pepper beaten also into a very fine Powder and mix both very well together then keep this Powder in a close Bladder and when you have occasion to use it first wash the sore place with the Urine and Allum made very warm and the Sore throughly scowred after dry them with a very fine Linnen Cloth and lastly strew the Pounce of the Powder so as that it cover all the Sore And thus always do after Travel or once a day in the time of Rest For Incording or Bursting This is when the Rim that incloseth the Guts is broken so that they fall into the Cods of the Horse which is apparent to the sight and feeling The Cure is to put four Pasterns on his Feet as the Horse-gelders use then bathe his Stones with warm Water and Butter then raise them up from the Body with both your hands being closed by the Fingers fast together and so holding the Stones in your hands work down the Gut into the Body of the Horse by stroking it downwards with your Thumbs one after another until that side of the Stone be so small as the other then having returned the Gut into its right place take a Woollen List of two fingers broad throughly anointed with Fresh Butter and tye his Stones both together or so nigh his Body as may be not over hard but that you may put your finger betwixt that done in all Quietness take the Horse away and let him not be stirred three Weeks after but the next day unloosen the List and take it away and every day after twice or thrice a day cast cold Water upon his Cods to make him shrink up his Stones and at three Weeks or a Months end to geld him of that Stone which done let him eat little and continually drink Water but a little at a time till three Weeks be ended For the Botch in the Groins of a Horse The Cure is To take of Wheat-flower Turpentine and Honey of each a like quantity stirring it to make a little Plaister lay it to the Sore to break it and then lance it and

and boyl it on the Fire then with Wheat-Bran make it into a hot Poultis and being so warm as the Horse may endure it apply it twice a day to the grieved place but in case that the soreness be where you cannot bind any Poultis unto it then you shall only take Patch-grease and being molten very hot with the same bathe the Horse twice a day and give him very moderate Exercise before and after his dressing it will not only take away all Pain and Anguish but also remove all Swellings Guordings or any other Sore whatsoever For the Wens or Knobs in the Body The Cure is Take of Mallows Sage and Red-Nettles of each a handful boyl them in running Water put thereunto Butter and Honey a little quantity and when that the Herbs are soft bruise them then put thereunto of Oyl of Bayes two ounces and two ounces of Hogs-grease and warm them together over the Fire which being well stirred and very hot make a Plaister as big as the Wen upon a piece of Leather and so renew it for the space of eight days always laid as hot as may be and if it come not to a head then lance it very deep afterwards heal it with very clean washed Turpentine the Yolk of an Egg and a little Saffron well wrought together with a Tent of Flax well rowled therein renewing it every day Another Cure for the same Take a pound of strong Lye and Soap a quarter of Vitriol Roman an ounce of Sal Armoniack as much of Roch-Allum and boil them together till they are thick and use it for an Ointment Another remedy for the same Take Gipsiaecum the strongest and lay it on with Cotton three or four times and it will take it away For the falling of the Crest The Cure is First let the Crest be supported to stand upright then on the contrary side that it falleth draw his Crest the depth of a Straw with a hot Iron the edge of which Iron should be half an Inch broad and make your Beginning and Ending somewhat beyond the Fall but the first Draught must go all the way upon the edge of the Main even under the Roots of the same bearing your hand right downward into the neckward then answer that with another Draught beneath and so far distant from the first as the Fall is broad compassing all the Fall and betwixt these two Draughts right in the midst draw another Draught then with a Button of an Inch about or else crossing the same with your Iron burn at each end a hole or else cross the Spaces betwixt the Draughts the Reason is that by the pursing up and shrinking of the Skin on the contrary side the Crest may stand upright Some will afterwards anoint the same with Fresh Butter or something to asswage the Heat but this is a way to enlarge the Skin and for my own part I hold it best until nine days are past then to take away the Scab will not be amiss For the crick in the Neck There are many Opinions how this should come ●● a Horse and therefore many means ought to be used before any extreme means be used first therefore if the Horse have such a Crick that he holdeth his Neck streight and cannot have the use to lift it up and down as was usual then let two Men on each side rub his Neck rub him stoutly sparing no pains till his Neck be grown very hot which being done put a Bit into his Mouth and make tryal if he can or will rein in any seemly Proportion the which if he do then it is to be concluded the same came by some Cold or some Strain and then I would have him let blood on both of the Breast-Veins and all his Neck throughly anointed and laboured with Aquavitae and Nerve-Oil that it may drink into the Skin and two Sheep-skins wrapt about him with the Wool next to the Neck to keep it in a great Heat and so to rest twenty-four hours and if he do not by this means amend but carrieth his Head still down and feedeth slowly then make a hole in his Forehead close under the Foretop and thrust in a Cronet to raise the Skin from the Flesh a handful deep then take a Goose's Feather well anointed with Hogs-grease to keep the hole open that it may run ten days together and every day twice let the Feather be cleansed and new anointed and let his Neck be still laboured with rubbing covered very warm to keep it in a Sweat and if you perceive no Amendment then draw him with a hot Iron from the Root of the Ear on both sides of the Neck through the midst of the same even to the Breast a straw deep that both ends may meet on the Breast but if he carry his Neck awry on one side then only draw the contrary side with a hot Iron and fail not every Morning when he is fasting to ride him with a Bit till he sweat and the hotter he is the more pull in his Rein and when he cometh to the Stable cool him moderately and rub him throughly To draw the Wolves Teeth These are two little Teeth growing in the upper Jaw next to the great grinding Teeth which hinderr the Horse from grinding his Meat so as he will let it fall unchewed and sometimes you shall see some Teeth so long and over-hanging in his Jaws that they race and cut his Cheeks so that he cannot feed The Cure is Tye the Horse's Head to some Raster or Post his Mouth being opened with a Cord so as you may see every part thereof then take a round Iron Tool half a yard long made at the end like a Carpenpenter's Gouge and with your Left-hand set the edge of that Tool at the foot of the Wolves Teeth on the outside of the Jaw turning the hollow-side of the Tool downward holding your hand steadily then with a Mallet in your Right-hand strike on the head of the Tool a pretty hard blow to loosen it and make it bend inward then wrench the Tooth outward with the inside of the Tool and thrust it out of his Head and do the like to the other Tooth and fill the holes with Salt and if any Tooth do over-hang the nether Teeth to the Prejudice of the Horse then with your Mallet and Tool pare the Tooth or as many as over-hang for hurting the Horse's Mouth For the swelling of the Gums The Cure is To make him to bleed well in the Pallate of the Mouth and also to scarifie the Gums that the rank Blood may come out and then rub them throughly with Vinegar and Salt Of the Rifts or Corruption in the Pallate of the Mouth Take sharp Vinegar and Salt and wash the same and then anoint it with Honey For the Lampus or Hadders in a Horses Mouth every Farrier can cure it For the Cumey in the Mouth This proceeds from the eating of filthy Hay that Cats Dogs and other