it_o be_v about_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n diameter_n if_o you_o make_v your_o hole_n with_o a_o iron_n crow_n make_v it_o big_a enough_o that_o you_o do_v not_o thrust_v up_o the_o bark_n when_o you_o thrust_v they_o into_o the_o hole_n or_o if_o you_o make_v they_o with_o a_o stake_n observe_v the_o same_o but_o if_o you_o fear_v the_o bark_n to_o part_v from_o the_o wood_n tie_v it_o about_o the_o low_a end_n with_o a_o piece_n of_o wier_n etc._n etc._n set_v they_o about_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a deep_a if_o great_a deep_a or_o if_o you_o have_v a_o quantity_n to_o set_v and_o will_v set_v they_o well_o then_o have_v a_o auger_n make_v somewhat_o like_a to_o a_o pump_n a_o little_o big_a than_o your_o set_n so_o may_v you_o set_v your_o set_n in_o and_o ram_v the_o earth_n close_o to_o they_o but_o however_o you_o set_v they_o be_v sure_a to_o ram_n the_o earth_n close_o to_o they_o i_o prefer_v the_o beginning_n of_o winter_n for_o the_o best_a season_n unless_o your_o ground_n be_v very_o wet_a then_o defer_v it_o till_o february_n but_o if_o you_o have_v ground_n that_o be_v wet_a and_o barren_a and_o that_o you_o be_v mind_v to_o plant_v make_v drein_n two_o spade-deep_a and_o a_o yard_n wide_a and_o at_o every_o two_o yard_n asunder_o cast_v up_o the_o earth_n upon_o the_o two_o yard_n of_o ground_n you_o leave_v and_o sow_v it_o the_o first_o year_n with_o oat_n to_o mellow_v the_o ground_n which_o may_v pay_v a_o good_a part_n of_o your_o charge_n if_o not_o all_o the_o next_o winter_n set_v it_o with_o these_o sort_n of_o wood_n water-pople_a and_o other_o alder_a willow_n withy_o sallow_n etc._n etc._n and_o in_o four_o or_o five_o year_n after_o you_o may_v have_v a_o good_a fall_n of_o wood_n so_o may_v you_o have_v every_o five_o or_o six_o year_n after_o for_o many_o year_n to_o encourage_v you_o esquire_n evelin_n tell_v you_o of_o a_o abele_n that_o do_v shoot_v in_o one_o year_n seventeen_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o as_o thick_a as_o your_o wrist_n and_o also_o inform_v you_o of_o some_o willow_n that_o have_v shoot_v no_o less_o than_o twelve_o foot_n in_o one_o year_n therefore_o to_o those_o gentleman_n that_o have_v wet_a or_o moorish_a ground_n which_o be_v bad_a and_o will_v not_o graze_v well_o do_v i_o direct_v this_o good_a husbandry_n especial_o where_o wood_n be_v scarce_o and_o fell_v well_o the_o charge_n to_o do_v this_o will_v not_o be_v great_a and_o to_o satisfy_v you_o the_o more_o i_o shall_v here_o show_v you_o if_o you_o dig_v two_o spade_n deep_a then_o there_o will_v be_v but_o one_o three_o part_n of_o ground_n to_o dig_v that_o be_v to_o dig_v your_o trench_n one_o yard_n wide_a and_o leave_v two_o yard_n there_o to_o lay_v the_o earth_n and_o to_o sow_v one_o year_n or_o to_o set_v the_o set_v as_o soon_o as_o you_o have_v make_v the_o ground_n ready_a 160_o rod_n in_o one_o acre_n divide_v by_o 3_o give_v one_o 3_o d._n of_o 160_o which_o be_v 53_o and_o â…“_n this_o 53_o double_a neglect_v the_o â…“_n as_o needless_a in_o such_o a_o business_n be_v 106_o now_o if_o i_o allow_v 3_o d._n a_o rod_n for_o one_o spade-deep_a that_o be_v 6_o d._n for_o two_o and_o then_o 2_o d._n a_o rod_n for_o set_v be_v 8_o penny_n the_o rod_n leave_v the_o set_v out_o and_o not_o count_v they_o because_o i_o do_v not_o know_v the_o scarceness_n or_o plentifulness_n of_o they_o where_o you_o intend_v to_o plant_v though_o they_o will_v cost_v but_o little_a now_o if_o i_o divide_v 106_o by_o 2_o be_v 2_o six_o pence_n be_v one_o shilling_n it_o give_v 53_o s._n and_o then_o divide_v 106_o by_o 6_o be_v 6_o two_o pence_n make_v one_o shilling_n be_v 17_o s._n 8._o d._n by_o this_o it_o appear_v that_o if_o the_o ground_n be_v plant_v this_o way_n have_v the_o trench_n dig_v two_o foot_n deep_a which_o be_v the_o best_a way_n to_o plant_v any_o sort_n of_o ground_n if_o the_o soil_n be_v shallow_a as_o i_o shall_v show_v full_a hereafter_o the_o charge_n except_v the_o set_v be_v but_o 3_o l._n 10_o s._n 8_o d._n where_o man_n can_v dig_v such_o ground_n for_o 3_o d._n the_o rod._n but_o if_o the_o ground_n be_v not_o very_o wet_a or_o the_o soyl_v surface_n very_o shallow_a then_o may_v you_o dig_v one_o yard_n and_o leave_v another_o throwing_z half_a your_o earth_n on_o one_o side_n and_o half_a on_o the_o other_o suppose_v you_o be_v to_o plant_v a_o acre_n of_o ground_n this_o way_n there_o will_v not_o be_v half_o dig_v especial_o if_o the_o ground_n be_v a_o oblong_a square_n but_o if_o you_o count_v it_o at_o half_a that_o be_v 80_o rod_n which_o at_o the_o same_o price_n 3_o d._n the_o rod_n be_v 20_o s._n for_o if_o you_o divide_v 80_o threepence_n by_o four_o the_o three_o in_o a_o shilling_n the_o quotient_a give_v 20_o then_o 80_o twopence_n for_o set_v be_v 13_o s._n 4_o d._n for_o if_o you_o divide_v 80_o by_o 6_o the_o twopence_n in_o one_o shilling_n it_o give_v 13_o in_o the_o quotient_a and_o 2_o over_o which_o 2_o twopence_n be_v 4_o d._n that_o be_v then_o 13_o s._n 4_o d._n and_o 20_o s._n be_v one_o pound_n 13_o s._n 4_o d._n charge_n yet_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o the_o more_o oblong_o the_o piece_n be_v it_o will_v cost_v somewhat_o the_o less_o provide_v you_o divide_v your_o ground_n into_o yard_n or_o as_o near_o it_o as_o you_o can_v and_o leave_v a_o yard_n next_o the_o side_n where_o you_o begin_v and_o one_o at_o the_o side_n where_o you_o end_n have_v show_v you_o the_o charge_n or_o pretty_a near_o it_o and_o also_o two_o way_n how_o to_o prepare_v your_o ground_n you_o may_v set_v truncheon_n of_o water-pople_a all_o sort_n of_o sallowe_n alder_n willow_n oziers_n &c._n &c._n of_o root_n abele_n poplar_n and_o if_o not_o too_o wet_a elm_n ash_n etc._n etc._n let_v none_o of_o these_o soft_a wood_n stand_v too_o long_o unlopt_v if_o pollard_n or_o unfel_v if_o stub_n for_o the_o reason_n before_o mention_v of_o all_o the_o popler_n water-pople_a endure_v best_o lop_n when_o great_a than_o the_o abele_n the_o asp_n worst_o when_o the_o bough_n be_v great_a this_o water-pople_a do_v not_o increase_v of_o a_o runner_n as_o the_o other_o do_v i_o suppose_v this_o be_v the_o same_o which_o some_o call_v the_o black-pople_a it_o grow_v in_o several_a place_n about_o ware_n by_o their_o ditch-side_n and_o bring_v they_o good_a profit_n and_o therefore_o you_o that_o have_v wet_a ground_n get_v some_o of_o this_o to_o set_v by_o your_o ditch_n one_o row_n of_o this_o and_o one_o of_o willow_n for_o if_o you_o set_v one_o of_o these_o worth_n a_o halfpenny_n if_o they_o grow_v they_o will_v bring_v you_o that_o yearly_a for_o twenty_o year_n or_o more_o prune_n all_o soft_a wood_n at_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o winter_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xxvi_o of_o raise_v the_o alder._n this_o tree_n may_v be_v raise_v of_o truncheon_n as_o the_o other_o i_o last_o write_v of_o some_o say_v of_o seed_n but_o if_o you_o cut_v they_o about_o two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a long_o and_o set_v they_o two_o foot_n in_o the_o ground_n if_o the_o ground_n be_v proper_a for_o they_o they_o will_v certain_o grow_v and_o yield_v you_o good_a profit_n they_o love_v a_o wet_a moorish_a ground_n and_o will_v not_o grow_v on_o dry_a ground_n they_o will_v grow_v well_o on_o your_o boggy_a ground_n which_o seldom_o yield_v good_a grass_n some_o advise_v you_o to_o fell_v they_o every_o three_o or_o four_o year_n which_o be_v good_a counsel_n but_o do_v not_o defer_v above_o five_o or_o six_o year_n the_o wound_a place_n will_v be_v too_o great_a if_o you_o stay_v long_o and_o with_o wet_a will_v grow_v hollow_a if_o it_o be_v great_a before_o it_o can_v overgrow_v the_o wound_n as_o for_o soft_a wood_n or_o aquatic_a tree_n fell_a or_o lop_v none_o till_o to_o ward_n the_o spring_n viz._n february_n be_v the_o best_a season_n and_o the_o moon_n increase_a chap._n xxvii_o of_o raise_v the_o withy_a willow_n sallow_a oziers_n the_o withy_a do_v best_a grow_v on_o ground_n that_o be_v not_o very_o moist_a but_o yet_o the_o moisture_n must_v not_o be_v far_o from_o he_o as_o on_o the_o weep_a side_n of_o a_o hill_n where_o some_o spring_n break_v out_o or_o on_o bank_n by_o river_n or_o ditch_n side_n or_o on_o bank_n in_o your_o moorish_a ground_n etc._n etc._n the_o willow_n love_v to_o grow_v on_o such_o like_a ground_n both_o this_o and_o the_o former_a be_v set_v in_o such_o place_n as_o the_o water-pople_a be_v and_o of_o such_o set_v as_o it_o be_v to_o make_v pollard_n tree_n see_v the_o chapt._n before_o of_o the_o water-pople_a
and_o chap._n 6._o which_o teach_v how_o to_o set_v all_o sort_n of_o cut_n remember_v to_o keep_v they_o well_o fence_v for_o two_o or_o three_o year_n and_o to_o cut_v off_o all_o the_o side-shoots_a which_o they_o will_v be_v subject_a to_o put_v out_o below_o the_o head_n and_o thin_a the_o head_n as_o you_o see_v it_o convenient_a leave_v not_o above_o six_o or_o eight_o for_o arm_n so_o do_v will_v make_v the_o body_n of_o your_o tree_n swell_v and_o lie_v hold_v on_o the_o ground_n the_o better_a and_o as_o for_o the_o variety_n of_o kind_n of_o these_o and_o the_o follow_v i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v myself_o to_o inquire_v after_o for_o i_o intend_v only_o to_o show_v you_o how_o to_o raise_v they_o not_o to_o describe_v they_o and_o if_o you_o know_v how_o to_o raise_v some_o you_o may_v then_o soon_o be_v able_a to_o raise_v they_o all_o but_o there_o be_v one_o sort_n more_o which_o be_v call_v the_o smell_a willow_n which_o deserve_v to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o it_o shoot_v a_o great_a shoot_n bear_v fine_a broad_a shine_a green_a leave_n and_o will_v grow_v on_o most_o ground_n that_o be_v not_o too_o dry_a it_o bear_v a_o sweet_a beautiful_a flower_n and_o worthy_a to_o be_v set_v in_o orchard_n you_o that_o have_v river_n run_v by_o your_o orchard_n plant_v some_o of_o this_o if_o you_o have_v not_o yet_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v moist_a and_o pretty_a good_a it_o will_v grow_v mighty_o and_o yield_v ornament_n and_o profit_n it_o be_v easy_o increase_v of_o cut_n which_o if_o set_v as_o be_v show_v in_o chap._n 6._o will_v grow_v every_o one_o only_a mind_n if_o your_o ground_n have_v a_o dry_a bottom_n than_o set_v they_o on_o the_o north_n side_n of_o a_o wall_n beside_o the_o beauty_n and_o smell_n the_o industrious_a bee_n love_v it_o much_o it_o be_v as_o easy_o increase_v as_o any_o sallow_a and_o bear_v as_o good_a a_o lop_n then_o endeavour_v to_o make_v it_o as_o common_a from_o one_o small_a plant_n i_o have_v raise_v some_o hundred_o and_o have_v set_v several_a in_o our_o wood-walks_a at_o cashiobury_n where_o they_o grow_v well_o notwithstanding_o our_o dry_a ground_n but_o they_o be_v root_v before_o i_o set_v they_o there_o i_o commend_v the_o like_a husbandry_n to_o the_o lover_n of_o plant_v and_o to_o those_o that_o be_v lover_n of_o that_o busy_a martial_a creature_n for_o it_o be_v a_o early_a relief_n to_o they_o it_o may_v also_o be_v very_o plentiful_o increase_v by_o lay_v for_o if_o it_o be_v but_o cover_v with_o ground_n it_o will_v root_n of_o sallow_n there_o be_v three_o common_a sort_n all_o of_o they_o love_v a_o moist_a ground_n but_o that_o with_o the_o round_a leaf_n will_v grow_v on_o bank_n as_o in_o hedge_n for_o if_o you_o set_v they_o for_o stake_n they_o will_v take_v root_n and_o though_o they_o be_v no_o very_o good_a fence_n yet_o they_o will_v yield_v good_a profit_n the_o two_o other_o grow_v best_a on_o moorish_a ground_n and_o there_o will_v yield_v great_a shoot_n they_o will_v grow_v of_o cut_n much_o and_o may_v be_v increase_v well_o by_o lay_v both_o which_o way_n you_o may_v thicken_v your_o wood_n very_o much_o but_o than_o you_o must_v keep_v out_o cattle_n especial_o all_o deer_n for_o two_o or_o three_o year_n and_o above_o they_o may_v be_v raise_v by_o seed_n as_o the_o elm_n be_v some_o year_n for_o the_o seed_n be_v not_o all_o year_n good_a with_o we_o no_o more_o be_v the_o elm_n and_o line_n i_o have_v raise_v many_o of_o they_o of_o seed_n in_o the_o downy_a substance_n but_o they_o be_v so_o easy_o increase_v by_o cut_n and_o lay_v that_o you_o need_v not_o trouble_v yourself_o to_o raise_v they_o of_o seed_n it_o be_v as_o profitable_a a_o wood_n for_o under-wood_n in_o wood_n as_o any_o you_o can_v set_v in_o they_o for_o fire_n produce_v strong_a and_o great_a shoot_n therefore_o where_o you_o stock_n up_o tree_n in_o your_o wood_n set_v two_o or_o three_o sallow_a truncheon_n with_o some_o other_o wood_n that_o be_v subject_a to_o run_v as_o elm_n cherry_n abele_n etc._n etc._n so_o may_v you_o have_v a_o thin_a wood_n make_v a_o thick_a good_a wood_n or_o if_o you_o have_v a_o ground_n that_o be_v moorish_a and_o will_v not_o yield_v good_a grass_n then_o plant_v as_o be_v before_o show_v of_o the_o water-pople_a and_o it_o will_v yield_v you_o quick_a and_o great_a profit_n if_o you_o will_v see_v more_o large_o of_o these_o sallowe_n etc._n etc._n see_v esquire_n evelyn_n 19_o the_o chapt._n he_o tell_v you_o you_o may_v graft_v fig_n and_o mulberry_n on_o they_o and_o that_o they_o will_v thrive_v exceed_o the_o first_o be_v true_a you_o may_v graft_v on_o they_o but_o you_o have_v best_o try_v the_o other_o for_o i_o fear_v it_o be_v borrow_v from_o pliny_n etc._n etc._n but_o i_o forbear_v of_o oziers_n there_o be_v several_a sort_n and_o be_v all_o raise_v of_o truncheon_n as_o the_o sallow_a they_o love_v a_o moist_a and_o more_o moorish_a ground_n than_o the_o sallow_a or_o willow_n the_o basket-maker_n know_v best_a the_o time_n to_o fell_v they_o which_o may_v be_v do_v any_o time_n in_o winter_n they_o must_v be_v keep_v well_o fence_v from_o cattle_n and_o thus_o i_o shall_v conclude_v of_o the_o aquatic_a tree_n only_o let_v i_o desire_v all_o those_o that_o have_v moorish_a ground_n and_o such_o as_o yield_v little_a profit_n especial_o where_o wood_n be_v scarce_o but_o to_o make_v use_n of_o these_o sure_a direction_n and_o i_o do_v engage_v you_o a_o great_a and_o certain_a profit_n chap._n xxviii_o of_o the_o pine_n fir_n pinaster_n etc._n etc._n these_o stately_a tree_n want_v more_o respect_n with_o we_o than_o they_o have_v and_o there_o be_v three_o thing_n which_o make_v it_o so_o the_o first_o be_v ignorance_n in_o plant_v they_o and_o that_o be_v they_o miss_v the_o right_a time_n or_o season_n of_o the_o year_n to_o set_v they_o plant_v they_o when_o other_o tree_n be_v plant_v as_o from_o november_n to_o march_v which_o be_v the_o very_o worst_a time_n in_o the_o year_n but_o the_o best_a time_n to_o remove_v these_o or_o most_o sort_n of_o green_n be_v from_o mid_a march_n to_o the_o latter_a end_n or_o from_o mid_a august_n to_o the_o last_o which_o be_v the_o very_o best_a time_n unless_o for_o tender_a green_n and_o i_o shall_v not_o so_o much_o as_o name_v any_o of_o they_o as_o to_o the_o ground_n they_o love_v not_o dung_n but_o a_o fresh_a gravelly_a soil_n mix_v with_o loom_n also_o mind_n but_o the_o root_n and_o they_o will_v tell_v you_o that_o these_o sort_n of_o tree_n must_v not_o be_v set_v too_o deep_a therefore_o take_v heed_n you_o commit_v not_o that_o fault_n to_o they_o for_o if_o you_o look_v into_o gerrard_n herbal_a with_o jonson_n addition_n to_o it_o pag._n 1364._o you_o be_v there_o inform_v by_o that_o laborious_a author_n that_o firre_v grow_v on_o the_o top_n of_o rock_n in_o great_a plenty_n and_o also_o large_a tree_n in_o the_o cold_a country_n of_o norway_n etc._n etc._n and_o of_o pine_n that_o grow_v in_o the_o cold_a country_n beyond_o denmark_n as_o in_o russia_n etc._n etc._n then_o certain_o they_o may_v and_o will_v grow_v here_o in_o england_n very_o well_o if_o you_o will_v but_o mind_n to_o set_v and_o preserve_v they_o then_o a_o second_o reason_n why_o man_n do_v raise_v but_o few_o of_o these_o and_o plant_v but_o few_o may_v be_v because_o they_o love_v they_o not_o and_o it_o be_v with_o other_o man_n because_o they_o many_o time_n die_v or_o do_v not_o grow_v well_o with_o they_o and_o this_o make_v they_o not_o fancy_v they_o but_o such_o man_n want_v good_a instruction_n and_o i_o hope_v i_o shall_v give_v they_o some_o that_o will_v make_v they_o again_o in_o charity_n with_o these_o fine_a tree_n but_o other_o there_o be_v that_o have_v ground_n and_o fit_a place_n to_o plant_v tree_n in_o but_o mind_v they_o not_o these_o man_n do_v not_o love_v tree_n no_o nor_o themselves_o nor_o their_o posterity_n the_o three_o great_a hindrance_n of_o plant_v these_o and_o other_o tree_n be_v there_o be_v many_o man_n that_o love_v plant_n and_o improve_n of_o tree_n but_o be_v hinder_v by_o not_o have_v ground_n of_o their_o own_o convenient_a to_o plant_v in_o and_o if_o they_o nurse_v up_o or_o plant_v tree_n for_o their_o landlord_n they_o many_o time_n meet_v with_o but_o small_a encouragement_n for_o so_o do_v for_o many_o time_n they_o be_v turn_v out_o of_o their_o farm_n before_o they_o come_v to_o perfection_n or_o if_o there_o be_v any_o that_o be_v come_v to_o be_v fit_a to_o fell_v many_o time_n another_o man_n shall_v have_v they_o as_o cheap_a as_o he_o that_o nurse_v they_o up_o in_o
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the_o march_n follow_v and_o cut_v all_o other_o bought_n that_o be_v needful_a at_o that_o time_n and_o you_o need_v not_o fear_v hurt_v your_o tree_n though_o my_o french_a curate_n be_v against_o it_o the_o best_a way_n to_o keep_v they_o be_v in_o story_n about_o a_o yard_n between_o one_o another_o but_o do_v not_o cut_v their_o end_n as_o some_o do_v neither_o let_v they_o grow_v thick_a on_o a_o heap_n but_o if_o you_o keep_v they_o in_o story_n they_o will_v grow_v taper_n and_o you_o may_v take_v off_o some_o when_o you_o see_v cause_n and_o so_o help_v they_o up_o to_o a_o great_a height_n and_o straight_o as_o a_o arrow_n for_o they_o natural_o grow_v in_o a_o good_a shape_n lay_v the_o clog_n before_o the_o fire_n and_o they_o will_v gape_v so_o may_v you_o take_v out_o the_o seed_n the_o better_a pliny_n call_v one_o sort_n of_o pine_n the_o pinaster_n jonson_n herbal_a pag._n 1350._o chap._n xxix_o of_o raise_v the_o yew_n holly_n box_n juniper_n bayes_n and_o laurel_n 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good_a for_o it_o will_v burn_v up_o your_o seed_n or_o plant_n this_o dung_n be_v too_o hot_a and_o quick_a for_o the_o seed_n of_o tree_n for_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o pigeon_n to_o eat_v salt_n and_o to_o go_v to_o the_o seaside_n early_o in_o the_o morning_n and_o there_o to_o pick_v up_o salt_n which_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n make_v by_o dry_v up_o the_o salt_n water_n and_o then_o leave_v the_o salt_n upon_o the_o sand_n now_o this_o fowl_n feed_v so_o much_o upon_o salt_n the_o dung_n of_o it_o be_v hot_a and_o salt_a than_o any_o fowl_n i_o know_v now_o the_o reason_n why_o it_o be_v good_a for_o cold_a land_n and_o withal_o to_o sow_v it_o early_o be_v these_o every_o one_o know_v that_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o salt_n that_o the_o dryer_n and_o hot_a it_o be_v keep_v the_o more_o it_o keep_v its_o own_o body_n and_o do_v not_o turn_v to_o water_n and_o when_o it_o stand_v in_o a_o cold_a and_o moist_a place_n it_o than_o dissolve_v in_o a_o little_a time_n to_o water_n and_o when_o it_o be_v turn_v into_o this_o element_n of_o water_n then_o be_v it_o fit_a for_o the_o nourish_a and_o feed_v of_o seed_n especial_o annual_n for_o they_o be_v always_o prepare_v to_o set_v forward_o in_o their_o journey_n provide_v they_o meet_v but_o with_o suitable_a entertainment_n but_o the_o seed_n of_o most_o forrest-tree_n they_o will_v stay_v the_o time_n that_o their_o and_o our_o great_a god_n have_v allot_v they_o but_o then_o why_o salt_n shall_v be_v a_o feeder_n of_o plant_n or_o seed_n i_o take_v the_o reason_n to_o be_v this_o namely_o salt-water_n yet_o i_o do_v not_o mean_v of_o salt_n in_o a_o great_a quantity_n and_o in_o meet_a place_n that_o will_v turn_v it_o into_o water_n i_o have_v oft_o observe_v that_o salt_n if_o fall_v upon_o a_o board_n or_o other_o place_n it_o will_v be_v long_o a_o dry_n and_o if_o heat_v have_v make_v it_o dry_a than_o dew_n or_o rain_n make_v it_o moist_a again_o than_o it_o steam_v forth_o and_o that_o 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bank_n into_o a_o marsh_n of_o my_o father_n in_o lincolnshire_n and_o do_v overflow_v that_o marsh_n and_o some_o other_o with_o salt_n sea-water_n the_o next_o summer_n prove_v dry_a all_o our_o grass_n be_v clear_o burn_v up_o so_o that_o i_o be_v very_o much_o concern_v for_o some_o particular_a reason_n think_v that_o all_o our_o grass_n have_v be_v quite_o kill_v and_o indeed_o so_o it_o appear_v the_o next_o summer_n prove_v wet_a so_o that_o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n we_o have_v some_o grass_n again_o and_o the_o three_o summer_n we_o have_v grass_n enough_o but_o the_o four_o and_o many_o after_o in_o abundance_n so_o that_o it_o appear_v the_o ground_n be_v stupefy_v with_o too_o much_o kindness_n at_o first_o but_o after_o the_o rain_n have_v allay_v the_o too_o much_o strength_n of_o the_o salt_n water_n than_o the_o grass_n can_v well_o digest_v the_o gentle_a fume_v i_o will_v have_v those_o that_o lay_v salt_n on_o their_o gravel-walks_a to_o kill_v their_o weed_n 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principal_a and_o first_o matter_n of_o all_o thing_n as_o a_o learned_a author_n have_v it_o in_o the_o genealogy_n of_o mineral_n p._n 44_o so_o wonderful_o have_v god_n create_v water_n the_o first_o matter_n of_o nature_n which_o though_o it_o be_v so_o tender_a and_o feeble_a a_o substance_n yet_o from_o thence_o be_v create_v the_o most_o solid_a and_o durable_a fruit_n that_o be_v from_o the_o fume_n of_o a_o oily_a earthy_a water_n be_v the_o life_n of_o all_o plant_n the_o part_n of_o the_o dust_n be_v thus_o fill_v upon_o the_o sun_n attract_v that_o and_o the_o plant_n the_o root_n embrace_v this_o fume_v this_o little_a root_n it_o have_v not_o life_n to_o grow_v turn_v to_o earth_n and_o its_o grave_n be_v a_o room_n to_o lead_v the_o root_n of_o another_o plant_n in_o it_o will_v give_v good_a entertainment_n to_o its_o own_o kind_a thus_o you_o see_v the_o destruction_n of_o one_o be_v the_o increase_n of_o another_o a_o little_a of_o this_o be_v good_a for_o some_o seed_n of_o forrest-tree_n but_o sow_v it_o not_o too_o thick_a for_o any_o thing_n lest_o it_o mould_n or_o turn_v musty_a note_v that_o the_o place_n which_o be_v best_a for_o the_o root_n to_o be_v in_o when_o the_o tree_n or_o plant_n be_v grow_v be_v the_o place_n that_o bring_v it_o soon_o to_o destruction_n when_o dead_a and_o contrary_a for_o a_o tree_n can_v live_v in_o water_n or_o always_o dry_a and_o those_o preserve_v the_o timber_n long_o when_o the_o tree_n be_v dead_a this_o may_v be_v further_o improve_v by_o ingenuity_n note_v also_o that_o the_o place_n which_o be_v best_a to_o keep_v the_o fruit_n of_o a_o tree_n in_o be_v the_o very_o worst_a for_o a_o tree_n or_o plant_n to_o grow_v in_o and_o contrary_a old_a rag_n of_o woollen_a cloth_n as_o be_v find_v by_o experience_n by_o the_o industrious_a farmer_n cut_v into_o small_a piece_n be_v a_o good_a compost_n for_o their_o ground_n they_o draw_v the_o dew_n and_o rain_n to_o they_o and_o keep_v it_o till_o sol_n presence_n make_v it_o fit_a for_o the_o root_n of_o the_o plant_n i_o judge_v they_o to_o be_v best_a for_o a_o pure_a dry_a soil_n because_o they_o hold_v their_o moisture_n long_o and_o i_o suppose_v it_o be_v a_o soil_n that_o be_v last_v for_o wool_n will_v not_o rot_v with_o wet_a sudden_o a_o little_a of_o this_o for_o the_o tree_n or_o seed_n on_o a_o dry_a ground_n will_v do_v good_a to_o they_o as_o appear_v by_o the_o aforesaid_a reason_n for_o annual_n better_o conny-clippings_a be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n but_o i_o do_v suppose_v they_o will_v not_o last_v so_o long_o and_o be_v better_o for_o a_o stiff_a ground_n sawdust_n if_o well_o rot_v and_o of_o soft_a wood_n be_v very_o grateful_a to_o the_o tender_a root_n or_o seed_n of_o any_o sort_n it_o be_v good_a for_o dry_a ground_n for_o it_o hold_v water_n and_o make_v way_n for_o the_o root_n of_o tree_n very_o well_o and_o be_v as_o good_a as_o most_o preparer_n be_v rotten-dust_n out_o of_o hollow_a tree_n especial_o those_o of_o soft_a wood_n be_v a_o rich_a leader_n of_o tender_a young_a root_n the_o reason_n be_v show_v before_o soot_n be_v good_a to_o kill_v moss_n for_o its_o heat_n kill_v the_o root_n for_o they_o lie_v on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o good_a also_o to_o keep_v worm_n from_o do_v harm_n to_o your_o seed_n sea-coal_n ash_n be_v very_o good_a in_o cold_a stiff_a ground_n either_o for_o tree_n or_o any_o other_o plant_n to_o make_v that_o ground_n work_v well_o and_o to_o keep_v it_o hollow_a for_o the_o root_n to_o run_v in_o etc._n etc._n rubbish_n of_o building_n that_o
your_o tree_n will_v be_v taper_n but_o top_v your_o shoot_n all_o but_o your_o leading-shoot_a which_o will_v make_v the_o body_n of_o your_o tree_n swell_v the_o more_o and_o hinder_v they_o from_o equal_v the_o leading-shoot_a and_o by_o top_v the_o other_o it_o will_v grow_v the_o strong_a i_o need_v not_o tell_v you_o which_o shoot_v you_o shall_v leave_v to_o be_v the_o leading-shoot_a for_o your_o tree_n not_o question_v but_o sense_n and_o reason_n will_v teach_v you_o to_o leave_v that_o which_o grow_v straight_a and_o strong_a if_o you_o do_v leave_v any_o shoot_v as_o most_o often_o it_o be_v necessary_a leave_v they_o not_o right_a against_o one_o another_o for_o that_o will_v make_v the_o tree_n grow_v too_o sudden_o thick_a in_o that_o place_n but_o leave_v they_o one_o above_o another_o so_o will_v your_o tree_n grow_v the_o more_o taper_n for_o it_o will_v be_v less_o and_o less_o upward_o between_o the_o shoot_v which_o shoot_v you_o must_v take_v off_o year_n after_o year_n as_o your_o tree_n run_v up_o in_o height_n mind_v still_o now_o and_o then_o to_o leave_v some_o side-bough_n to_o keep_v the_o tree_n taper_n or_o else_o you_o will_v want_v your_o height_n of_o timber_n or_o your_o tree_n may_v grow_v top_n heavy_a and_o so_o crooked_a i_o speak_v of_o timber-tree_n or_o the_o way_n to_o order_n tree_n for_o timber_n for_o i_o wish_v all_o oak_n be_v fit_a for_o timber_n but_o if_o your_o leading-shoot_a be_v much_o crooked_a then_o top_v it_o underneath_o a_o bud_n that_o tend_v upward_o so_o low_a as_o if_o that_o bud_n lead_v away_o it_o may_v grow_v near_o straight_o up_o or_o cut_v off_o the_o leading-shoot_a under_o another_o that_o grow_v more_o upright_a order_v it_o to_o be_v the_o leading-shoot_a so_o as_o your_o tree_n grow_v mind_n to_o lead_v it_o up_o every_o year_n according_a as_o you_o see_v cause_n take_v care_n to_o keep_v off_o the_o sucker_n especial_o the_o first_o year_n unless_o you_o find_v the_o head_n grow_v too_o great_a for_o the_o body_n then_o leave_v some_o side-bough_n to_o receive_v some_o sap_n and_o to_o make_v your_o tree_n taper_n but_o this_o you_o shall_v hardly_o find_v in_o oak_n in_o their_o first_o year_n growth_n namely_o to_o grow_v too_o much_o in_o head_n thus_o endeavour_v to_o keep_v your_o tree_n of_o what_o sort_n soever_o it_o be_v if_o it_o be_v for_o timber_n with_o no_o great_a head_n still_o keep_v the_o leading-shoot_a uppermost_a by_o sometime_o head_v the_o other_o side-bough_n about_o a_o foot_n or_o more_o from_o the_o body_n or_o else_o they_o will_v be_v ready_a sometime_o to_o make_v your_o tree_n top-heavy_a therefore_o keep_v your_o tree_n till_o you_o have_v get_v it_o to_o the_o height_n you_o intend_v by_o keep_v it_o as_o be_v abovesaid_a and_o if_o you_o find_v it_o be_v not_o taper_n by_o these_o mean_n then_o in_o the_o month_n february_n slit_v the_o bark_n quite_o thorough_a on_o three_o or_o four_o side_n according_a to_o the_o bigness_n of_o your_o tree_n but_o if_o small_a but_o one_o or_o two_o so_o if_o the_o tree_n be_v three_o yard_n high_a to_o the_o head_n then_o let_v three_o slit_n go_v up_o one_o yard_n two_o slit_n two_o yard_n high_a and_o one_o to_o the_o top_n but_o if_o it_o be_v a_o straight_a tree_n and_o taper_n as_o you_o will_v have_v it_o if_o the_o bark_n be_v bind_v slit_v it_o on_o one_o or_o two_o side_n from_o the_o ground_n to_o the_o top_n if_o your_o tree_n be_v young_a though_o thrive_a it_o will_v do_v it_o no_o harm_n but_o much_o good_a for_o you_o may_v see_v in_o many_o thrive_a tree_n the_o bark_n part_n of_o itself_o tell_v you_o that_o it_o want_v your_o help_n therefore_o observe_v nature_n and_o assist_v she_o in_o all_o your_o undertake_n for_o wisdom_n stand_v not_o only_o in_o the_o street_n but_o in_o the_o wood_n call_v to_o you_o to_o learn_v of_o she_o note_v also_o if_o you_o find_v any_o tree_n crooked_a slit_v it_o in_o the_o ham_n at_o the_o aforesaid_a time_n and_o take_v off_o some_o of_o the_o low_a side_n of_o his_o head_n and_o you_o will_v help_v the_o crook_n of_o the_o tree_n whether_o it_o be_v great_a or_o small_a and_o in_o time_n by_o so_o do_v it_o will_v grow_v straight_o for_o by_o slit_v the_o bark_n in_o the_o ham_n it_o make_v the_o tree_n swell_v there_o and_o so_o set_v the_o tree_n straight_o therefore_o make_v two_o or_o three_o slit_n in_o the_o ham_n according_a to_o the_o bigness_n of_o the_o tree_n and_o crook_n but_o if_o the_o tree_n be_v pretty_a great_a then_o take_v your_o bill_n and_o cut_v the_o bark_n through_o in_o the_o ham_n in_o several_a place_n about_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n asunder_o let_v the_o cut_n be_v cut_v slant_v upward_o a_o little_a across_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o tree_n by_o so_o do_v you_o will_v stop_v the_o sap_n in_o that_o place_n the_o bark_n will_v dilate_v and_o the_o place_n grow_v great_a and_o so_o the_o tree_n will_v grow_v straight_a sometime_o if_o your_o tree_n be_v not_o taper_n in_o summer_n when_o it_o shoot_v much_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o head_n will_v draw_v the_o body_n crooked_a and_o the_o head_n will_v incline_v to_o the_o ground_n in_o such_o tree_n leave_v shoot_n on_o the_o body_n to_o check_v and_o receive_v the_o sap_n and_o to_o keep_v it_o from_o abound_v too_o much_o in_o the_o head_n but_o when_o you_o find_v your_o tree_n grow_v crooked_a by_o the_o head_n in_o summer_n with_o leave_n and_o bough_n weigh_v it_o down_o as_o soon_o as_o you_o find_v it_o begin_v to_o lean_v take_v off_o some_o of_o the_o bough_n on_o the_o lean_a side_n and_o top_n some_o according_a as_o you_o see_v cause_n by_o this_o summer-pruning_a you_o may_v keep_v your_o tree_n straight_o therefore_o observe_v it_o i_o have_v find_v good_a success_n on_o walnut-tree_n and_o line_n by_o it_o etc._n etc._n but_o though_o oak_n grow_v crooked_a it_o be_v not_o often_o by_o their_o great_a shoot_n for_o on_o most_o ground_n it_o grow_v slow_o but_o sometime_o their_o head_n or_o lead_v shoot_n be_v crop_v off_o by_o cattle_n it_o than_o break_v out_o on_o the_o side_n into_o several_a lead_n shoot_v and_o one_o lead_v one_o way_n and_o another_o another_o and_o so_o distribute_v the_o sap_n which_o make_v the_o tree_n not_o only_o grow_v crooked_a but_o slow_o and_o sometime_o the_o early_o shoot_v of_o the_o leading-shoot_a in_o the_o spring_n cause_v the_o same_o for_o frost_n come_v upon_o the_o tender_a leaf_n and_o leading-bud_n kill_v they_o and_o then_o it_o be_v force_v to_o break_v out_o a_o new_a on_o the_o side_n this_o happen_v oftentime_o to_o young_a seedle_v oak_n in_o long_a grass_n which_o will_v glad_o be_v more_o in_o the_o open_a air_n but_o by_o make_v too_o much_o haste_v many_o time_n they_o lose_v their_o head_n for_o it_o now_o in_o such_o case_n you_o must_v take_v off_o some_o and_o cut_v some_o half_n a_o foot_n off_o from_o the_o leading-shoot_a preserve_v that_o which_o be_v most_o likely_a for_o the_o lead_a shoot_n which_o though_o it_o be_v crooked_a despair_v not_o for_o natural_o it_o will_v grow_v straight_a and_o if_o you_o use_v prune_v and_o the_o aforesaid_a rule_n it_o will_v be_v straight_o much_o the_o soon_o but_o in_o case_n you_o find_v your_o young_a oak_n very_o much_o stub_a near_o the_o ground_n and_o never_o a_o shoot_n that_o be_v fit_a to_o lead_v to_o make_v a_o tree_n in_o such_o a_o young_a tree_n you_o must_v cut_v it_o off_o close_o at_o the_o ground_n in_o the_o springtime_n so_o shall_v you_o have_v one_o fine_a shoot_n or_o more_o but_o be_v sure_o take_v off_o all_o but_o one_o and_o then_o you_o shall_v find_v that_o shoot_v thrive_v very_o much_o till_o it_o have_v get_v such_o a_o head_n in_o bigness_n as_o the_o head_n be_v before_o and_o the_o bark_n be_v then_o fine_a it_o will_v enlarge_v itself_o for_o the_o growth_n of_o the_o shoot_n and_o give_v good_a way_n for_o the_o sap_n to_o run_v into_o the_o head_n and_o so_o make_v a_o fine_a tree_n therefore_o if_o your_o tree_n be_v stun_v or_o much_o crooked_a then_o take_v this_o course_n to_z head_z they_o close_o at_o the_o ground_n and_o the_o summer_n follow_v neglect_v not_o to_o take_v off_o all_o the_o shoot_v but_o one_o for_o at_o midsummer_n it_o be_v as_o good_a nay_o better_o to_o prune_v some_o tree_n than_o in_o the_o spring_n for_o then_o the_o sap_n will_v soon_o cover_v round_o that_o wound_a place_n and_o if_o not_o heal_v it_o quite_o it_o will_v preserve_v it_o from_o much_o harm_n till_o the_o spring_n follow_v and_o at_o that_o time_n shoot_v will_v not_o break_v out_o much_o into_o the_o head_n to_o make_v it_o
to_o vindicate_v what_o i_o have_v say_v of_o it_o for_o walk_n i_o shall_v lay_v down_o these_o follow_a reason_n 1._o i_o do_v suppose_v with_o myself_o that_o whosoever_o be_v a_o lover_n of_o walk_n will_v not_o fell_v the_o timber-tree_n in_o a_o stately_a walk_n while_o the_o timber_n be_v in_o its_o prime_n for_o most_o tree_n will_v continue_v many_o year_n very_o ornamental_a after_o they_o be_v in_o their_o prime_n even_o while_o they_o be_v fit_a for_o no_o use_n but_o fire_n wood_n and_o why_o not_o the_o line_n then_o for_o walk_n as_o well_o as_o any_o sort_n of_o timber_n tree_n 2._o it_o will_v grow_v as_o well_o on_o different_a ground_n as_o any_o tree_n i_o know_v which_o be_v a_o considerable_a encouragement_n to_o the_o ingenious_a planter_n to_o see_v their_o labour_n prosper_v 3._o it_o will_v grow_v as_o great_a and_o as_o high_a if_o keep_v with_o prune_v up_o as_o most_o tree_n we_o have_v for_o the_o greatness_n of_o it_o i_o shall_v borrow_v the_o word_n of_o the_o learned_a dr._n brown_n which_o he_o write_v to_o esquire_n evelyn_n as_o he_o have_v it_o in_o his_o discourse_n of_o forrest-tree_n chap._n 29._o pag._n 82._o his_o word_n be_v these_o a_o extraordinary_a large_a and_o stately_a tilia_fw-la linden_n or_o linetree_n there_o grow_v at_o depenham_n in_o norfolk_n ten_o mile_n from_o norwich_n who_o measure_n be_v this_o the_o compass_n in_o the_o least_o part_n of_o the_o trunk_n or_o body_n about_o two_o yard_n from_o the_o ground_n be_v at_o least_o eight_o yard_n and_o a_o half_a about_o the_o root_n nigh_o the_o earth_n sixteen_o yard_n in_o circuit_n the_o height_n to_o the_o uppermost_a bough_n about_o thirty_o yard_n etc._n etc._n this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o broad-leaved_n line_n which_o how_o great_a and_o stately_a they_o grow_v you_o may_v observe_v out_o of_o this_o wise_a and_o learned_a doctor_n discourse_n who_o commend_v this_o tree_n with_o the_o epithet_n of_o large_a and_o stately_a 4._o it_o will_v last_o sound_v long_o as_o appear_v by_o the_o greatness_n of_o its_o grow_n 5._o it_o be_v a_o tree_n will_v soon_o grow_v over_o the_o place_n where_o you_o cut_v off_o side_n bough_n and_o be_v not_o subject_a to_o put_v forth_o many_o 6._o it_o be_v a_o tree_n that_o natural_o grow_v taper_n and_o straight_o 7._o no_o tree_n keep_v such_o a_o constant_a pyramid-shape_n as_o this_o the_o head_n of_o other_o tree_n grow_v of_o several_a shape_n and_o form_n though_o all_o of_o one_o kind_a this_o keep_v its_o head_n as_o if_o it_o be_v cut_v and_o the_o body_n straight_o 8._o for_o shade_n few_o better_a have_v a_o thick_a head_n and_o large_a leave_n only_o it_o drop_v his_o leave_n too_o soon_o 9_o the_o bark_n of_o this_o tree_n be_v tough_a keep_v its_o head_n from_o break_v off_o by_o great_a wind_n 10._o it_o be_v a_o tree_n that_o as_o seldom_o blow_v aside_o as_o any_o tree_n whatsoever_o for_o its_o mat_a root_n and_o taper-body_n preserve_v he_o upright_o all_o his_o life-time_n 11._o the_o flower_n be_v beautiful_a the_o scent_n count_v healthful_a and_o break_v out_o strange_o on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o leave_n much_o different_a from_o other_o flower_n of_o tree_n or_o plant_n 12._o the_o shoot_v be_v of_o a_o fine_a red_a glossie_n colour_n be_v very_o please_v to_o behold_v in_o the_o winter-season_n 13._o it_o be_v a_o tree_n that_o seldom_o grow_v hollow_a in_o the_o body_n for_o it_o soon_o overgrow_v the_o wound_n and_o so_o keep_v himself_o sound_a both_o body_n and_o limb._n 14._o it_o be_v the_o best_a wood_n for_o carve_v that_o be_v know_v 15._o at_o last_o when_o he_o be_v dead_a his_o bark_n will_v make_v you_o mat_n and_o rope_n useful_a for_o several_a thing_n 16._o and_o last_o its_o wood_n be_v a_o good_a sweet_a free-burning_a firewood_n the_o charcoal_n make_v of_o it_o be_v commend_v before_o all_o other_o for_o gunpowder_n now_o put_v all_o these_o together_o and_o judge_v if_o this_o be_v not_o a_o fine_a tree_n for_o walk_n but_o if_o you_o will_v have_v they_o shape_v themselves_o fine_o set_v they_o two_o rod_n asunder_o if_o for_o a_o shady_a walk_n what_o distance_n you_o please_v i_o fancy_n that_o a_o single_a row_n to_o bound_v a_o lawn_n round_o set_v two_o or_o three_o rod_n asunder_o will_v be_v mighty_a oblige_v to_o the_o noble_a sense_n for_o than_o they_o will_v show_v themselves_o more_o clear_o than_o when_o set_v in_o double_a row_v to_o make_v walk_n or_o they_o will_v show_v mighty_a well_o set_v thin_a on_o the_o side-of_a a_o hill_n one_o top_v another_o with_o their_o curious_a natural_a shape_n and_o so_o adieu_o my_o belove_a line-tree_n if_o treat_v of_o the_o line_n i_o have_v write_v amiss_o i_o will_v thank_v you_o if_o you_o will_v show_v wherein_o it_o be_v but_o if_o you_o meet_v with_o any_o thing_n do_v well_o say_v nothing_o on_o it_o but_o study_v to_o excel_v chap._n xix_o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o maple_n the_o maple-tree_n be_v very_o plentiful_a in_o most_o place_n 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the_o wood_n under_o it_o therefore_o suffer_v not_o high_a tree_n or_o pollard_n to_o grow_v in_o your_o hedge_n but_o fall_v they_o close_o to_o the_o ground_n and_o so_o it_o will_v thicken_v your_o hedge_n and_o not_o spoil_v its_o neighbour_n so_o much_o you_o may_v increase_v it_o from_o the_o root_n of_o a_o old_a tree_n as_o be_v show_v in_o chap._n 7._o it_o be_v a_o good_a wood_n to_o plant_v for_o under-wood_n in_o coppice_n and_o wood_n for_o it_o produce_v a_o good_a shoot_n and_o thicken_v your_o wood_n it_o love_v a_o dry_a ground_n or_o bank_n best_a chap._n xx._n the_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o sycamore_n this_o fine_a tree_n be_v much_o out_o of_o favour_n with_o a_o great_a many_o for_o these_o reason_n viz._n because_o the_o leave_n fall_v upon_o their_o walk_n turn_v into_o soil_n soon_o and_o so_o spoil_v they_o breed_v grass_n and_o weed_n and_o also_o that_o notwithstanding_o its_o fine_a shade_n it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o plant_v they_o near_o 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dry_a and_o light_a it_o grow_v fast_o it_o produce_v tall_a tough_a and_o good_a timber_n for_o several_a use_n it_o grow_v apace_o from_o a_o stub_n and_o be_v good_a firewood_n it_o may_v be_v raise_v of_o seed_n which_o be_v best_a or_o by_o lay_v or_o by_o root_n sow_v the_o seed_n not_o on_o too_o wet_a or_o stiff_a ground_n as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v ripe_a and_o the_o next_o spring_n it_o will_v come_v up_o whereby_o on_o a_o little_a ground_n you_o may_v raise_v a_o great_a many_o plant_n to_o set_v in_o your_o nursery_n keep_v they_o clean_o from_o weed_n by_o dig_v and_o prune_v up_o every_o year_n till_o you_o have_v get_v they_o
big_a enough_o for_o walk_n wood_n or_o what_o you_o please_v thus_o much_o at_o this_o time_n of_o the_o sycamore_n only_o remember_v as_o i_o say_v before_o that_o it_o be_v a_o good_a wood_n to_o plant_v in_o coppice_n and_o wood_n chap._n xxi_o of_o raise_v and_o order_v the_o hornbeam_n i_o tell_v you_o but_o now_o of_o the_o sycamore_n be_v fit_a to_o be_v set_v in_o park_n because_o deer_n do_v not_o often_o bark_v they_o but_o of_o all_o tree_n that_o i_o know_v for_o that_o purpose_n this_o be_v the_o best_a for_o a_o deer_n will_v starve_v before_o he_o will_v so_o much_o as_o taste_v the_o bark_n of_o the_o hornbeam_n they_o do_v not_o love_v much_o the_o very_a small_a top_n this_o tree_n may_v be_v raise_v of_o seed_n or_o by_o lay_v but_o by_o seed_n be_v best_a though_o the_o young_a seedling_n be_v tender_a the_o seed_n may_v be_v sow_v at_o the_o time_n direct_v for_o the_o ash_n for_o it_o lie_v a_o year_n in_o the_o ground_n before_o it_o come_v up_o and_o then_o you_o must_v look_v to_o keep_v it_o well_o shade_a or_o else_o it_o will_v soon_o be_v go_v than_o you_o think_v for_o it_o natural_o love_v to_o grow_v on_o stiff_a ground_n where_o it_o will_v grow_v and_o bring_v great_a lop_v to_o the_o owner_n when_o the_o tree_n be_v but_o a_o very_a shell_n as_o indeed_o most_o old_a tree_n be_v hollow_a within_o which_o i_o judge_v not_o to_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o tree_n so_o to_o grow_v but_o the_o fault_n of_o those_o that_o look_v to_o they_o for_o they_o have_v too_o many_o master_n which_o be_v bad_a husband_n and_o no_o friend_n to_o this_o tree_n and_o many_o other_o as_o the_o elm_n ash_n etc._n etc._n who_o let_v the_o lordship_n be_v great_a before_o they_o lop_v they_o perswade_v themselves_o that_o they_o have_v more_o great_a wood_n which_o be_v most_o useful_a never_o consider_v that_o great_a lop_v do_v endanger_v the_o life_n of_o the_o tree_n or_o at_o best_a wound_n it_o so_o much_o that_o many_o tree_n decay_v 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error_n but_o our_o ordinary_a husbandman_n will_v vindicate_v their_o countrey-husbandry_n to_o be_v better_a than_o the_o next_o for_o indeed_o country_n do_v differ_v much_o in_o the_o order_n of_o tree_n and_o hedge_n and_o they_o as_o much_o condemn_v we_o for_o it_o be_v as_o hard_a to_o persuade_v they_o out_o of_o their_o self-conceited_a opinion_n and_o tradition_n as_o it_o be_v to_o make_v a_o jew_n turn_n christian_n this_o tree_n make_v the_o very_o best_a hedge_n of_o any_o tree_n we_o have_v in_o england_n that_o shed_v the_o leaf_n i_o mean_v for_o ornament_n for_o you_o may_v keep_v it_o in_o what_o form_n you_o please_v and_o it_o will_v grow_v very_o thick_a to_o the_o very_a ground_n therefore_o to_o make_v a_o private_a walk_n or_o to_o sense_n in_o avenue_n at_o a_o convenient_a distance_n without_o the_o bound-range_a of_o tree_n or_o walk_n or_o to_o hedge_v in_o riding_n causewayes_o or_o to_o make_v close_a walk_n or_o arbour_n this_o tree_n be_v much_o to_o be_v commend_v especial_o on_o such_o ground_n which_o it_o like_v you_o may_v be_v better_o satisfy_v about_o this_o tree_n at_o hampton-court_n in_o his_o majesty_n garden_n which_o be_v keep_v by_o the_o ingenious_a artist_n and_o my_o good_a friend_n mr._n tobias_n gatts_n it_o be_v good_a firewood_n and_o yield_v good_a increase_n both_o from_o stub_n and_o pollard_n it_o increase_v much_o by_o sow_v itself_o therefore_o you_o that_o love_v plant_n get_v a_o few_o into_o your_o plantation_n and_o try_v whether_o they_o will_v thrive_v with_o you_o or_o not_o which_o doubtless_o it_o will_v on_o many_o ground_n where_o now_o it_o be_v not_o and_o so_o will_v many_o other_o tree_n do_v mighty_a well_o in_o wood_n and_o coppice_n to_o thicken_v they_o and_o make_v they_o the_o more_o beautiful_a especial_o those_o that_o increase_n from_o the_o run_a root_n as_o the_o noble_a elm_n cherry_n sarvice_n abel_n poplar_n etc._n etc._n and_o some_o other_o for_o to_o seed_v if_o you_o have_v they_o not_o as_o ash_n sycamore_n line_n hornbeam_n maple_n quickbeam_n etc._n etc._n and_o with_o those_o which_o you_o see_v thrive_v best_o you_o may_v at_o every_o fall_v furnish_v your_o wood_n where_o they_o be_v thin_a and_o i_o do_v assure_v you_o it_o will_v pay_v you_o for_o your_o pain_n with_o interest_n chap._n xxii_o of_o raise_v the_o quickbeam_n the_o quickbeam_n whitchen_n or_o wild-ash_n though_o very_o scarce_o in_o the_o south_n part_n of_o this_o land_n be_v pretty_a plentiful_a in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o north_n as_o in_o nottinghamshire_n etc._n etc._n and_o will_v be_v there_o more_o plentiful_a be_v it_o suffer_v to_o grow_v great_a to_o bear_v the_o great_a quantity_n of_o seed_n for_o i_o think_v it_o increase_v as_o the_o ash_n do_v only_o from_o seed_n it_o produce_v straight_o small_a and_o long_o shoot_v which_o in_o that_o country_n they_o cut_v off_o while_o they_o be_v young_a to_o make_v goad_n as_o they_o call_v they_o or_o whip_n to_o drive_v their_o ox_n with_o for_o it_o be_v as_o tough_a a_o wood_n as_o most_o be_v i_o do_v guess_v the_o seed_n lie_v a_o year_n in_o the_o ground_n before_o they_o come_v up_o i_o be_o now_o about_o try_v to_o raise_v some_o let_v i_o desire_v some_o kind_a planter_n to_o get_v some_o of_o this_o wood_n into_o their_o bound_n where_o it_o be_v not_o that_o it_o may_v be_v try_v whether_o it_o will_v grow_v in_o the_o south_n or_o not_o as_o no_o doubt_n but_o it_o will_v if_o you_o will_v but_o try_v i_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o of_o this_o tree_n because_o i_o can_v yet_o speak_v much_o on_o my_o own_o knowledge_n chap._n xxiii_o of_o raise_v the_o birch_n this_o tree_n increase_v froom_n the_o root_n or_o sucker_n and_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v it_o may_v be_v raise_v of_o seed_n for_o i_o do_v suppose_v there_o be_v seed_n in_o that_o which_o it_o shed_v in_o the_o spring_n though_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o try_v it_o delight_v to_o grow_v on_o your_o hungry_a gravel_n as_o it_o do_v about_o cashicbury_n in_o several_a wood_n therefore_o you_o that_o have_v barren_a ground_n where_o your_o wood_n be_v get_v some_o set_n of_o this_o wood_n to_o help_v to_o thicken_v your_o wood_n for_o though_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o worst_a of_o wood_n yet_o it_o be_v very_o useful_a and_o the_o great_a god_n have_v order_v it_o to_o be_v content_v with_o the_o worst_a of_o ground_n and_o beside_o that_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v despise_v by_o his_o servant_n he_o have_v endow_v it_o with_o a_o faculty_n of_o attract_v and_o prepare_v from_o the_o earth_n a_o very_a medicinal_a liquor_n which_o be_v both_o pleasant_a and_o healthful_a for_o man_n which_o to_o take_v from_o the_o tree_n and_o also_o to_o prepare_v this_o water_n and_o to_o demonstrate_v what_o disease_n it_o be_v good_a for_o i_o shall_v make_v bold_a to_o borrow_v out_o of_o esquire_n evelyn_n discourse_n of_o forrest-tree_n pag._n 32_o etc._n etc._n about_o the_o begin_n of_o march_n with_o a_o chisel_n and_o a_o mallet_n cut_v a_o slit_n almost_o as_o deep_a as_o the_o very_a pith_n under_o some_o bough_n or_o branch_n of_o a_o well-spreading_a birch_n cut_v it_o oblique_a and_o not_o long-waye_n insert_v a_o small_a stone_n or_o chip_n to_o keep_v the_o lip_n of_o the_o wound_v a_o little_a open_a fasten_v thereto_o a_o bottle_n or_o some_o other_o convenient_a vessel_n appendant_a out_o of_o this_o aperture_n will_v extill_o a_o limphid_v and_o clear_a water_n retain_v a_o obscure_a smack_n both_o of_o the_o taste_n and_o odour_n of_o the_o tree_n thus_o may_v you_o obtain_v this_o water_n i_o will_v present_v you_o a_o receipt_n how_o to_o make_v it_o as_o
it_o be_v send_v i_o by_o a_o fair_a lady_n say_v he_o to_o every_o gallon_n of_o birch-water_n put_v a_o quart_n of_o honey_n well_o still_v together_o then_o boil_v it_o almost_o a_o hour_n with_o a_o few_o clove_n and_o a_o little_a limon-peel_n keep_v it_o well_o scummed_a when_o it_o be_v sufficient_o boil_a and_o become_v cold_a add_v to_o it_o three_o or_o four_o spoonful_n of_o good_a ale_n to_o make_v it_o work_v which_o it_o will_v do_v like_o new_a ale_n and_o when_o the_o yeast_n begin_v to_o settle_v bottle_n it_o up_o as_o you_o do_v other_o winey_a liquor_n it_o will_v in_o a_o competent_a time_n become_v a_o most_o brisk_a and_o spirituous_a drink_n which_o be_v a_o very_a powerful_a opener_n this_o wine_n may_v if_o you_o please_v be_v make_v as_o successful_o with_o sugar_n instead_o of_o honey_n lib._n 1._o to_o each_o gallon_n of_o water_n or_o you_o may_v dulcifie_v it_o with_o raisin_n and_o compose_v a_o raison-wine_n of_o it_o i_o know_v not_o whether_o the_o 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hedge_n and_o a_o very_a fine_a show_n when_o it_o be_v full_a of_o its_o fine_a red_a berry_n which_o appear_v like_o bead_n of_o red_a coral_n among_o the_o dark_a green_a leave_n it_o like_v our_o entertainment_n so_o well_o that_o it_o will_v grow_v well_o on_o most_o ground_n our_o winter_n disturb_v it_o not_o and_o it_o be_v very_o easy_a to_o be_v multiply_v or_o increase_v by_o lay_v or_o cut_n they_o that_o have_v store_n of_o ground_n and_o be_v lover_n of_o plant_n i_o hope_v will_v not_o be_v without_o these_o few_o name_v and_o many_o more_o that_o will_v be_v very_o acceptable_a but_o they_o be_v not_o some_o of_o they_o so_o proper_a for_o hedge_n many_o more_o there_o be_v that_o will_v make_v very_o fine_a hedge_n for_o pleasure_n if_o well_o keep_v as_o the_o double-blossom_n cherry_n the_o laurus_fw-la tinus_fw-la or_o wild_a bay_n primme_a savin_n etc._n etc._n these_o few_o be_v only_o for_o ornament_n and_o make_v any_o of_o they_o fine_a hedge_n alone_o or_o 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very_o curious_a hedge_n of_o pear_n cherry_n etc._n etc._n but_o i_o be_o too_o far_o get_v into_o the_o orchard_n or_o garden_n i_o must_v retreat_v to_o my_o forrest-tree_n to_o shelter_v i_o from_o the_o gardiner_n anger_n of_o those_o sort_n that_o be_v for_o ornament_n profit_n and_o for_o fence_n i_o have_v tell_v you_o that_o there_o be_v two_o peculiar_a sort_n viz._n the_o white-thorn_n and_o the_o crab_n which_o be_v indeed_o the_o most_o proper_a to_o fence_v in_o our_o forrest-tree_n and_o wood_n of_o any_o i_o know_v i_o know_v most_o hedge_n which_o be_v mix_v with_o many_o sort_n of_o wood_n be_v apt_a to_o come_v too_o fast_o without_o plant_v set_v of_o white-thorn_n which_o in_o most_o place_n be_v plentiful_a to_o be_v have_v burr_n if_o you_o will_v raise_v they_o of_o haws_n order_v they_o as_o be_v show_v of_o the_o cherry_n or_o yew-berry_n now_o to_o raise_v your_o crab_n or_o apple-stock_n though_o the_o crab-stock_n be_v better_a than_o your_o apple-stock_n 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the_o kernel_n i_o mean_v a_o little_a moist_a till_o february_n and_o then_o sow_v they_o but_o be_v sure_a your_o ground_n be_v well_o prepare_v beforehand_o with_o good_a tillage_n and_o clean_o pick_v cover_v they_o about_o one_o inch_n or_o a_o little_a more_o with_o fine_a mould_n afterward_o when_o they_o come_v up_o keep_v they_o constant_o clean_a from_o weed_n remember_v if_o you_o sow_v at_o michaelmas_n that_o you_o take_v care_n to_o keep_v trap_n set_v for_o fear_v mouse_n rob_v you_o of_o your_o kernel_n thus_o may_v you_o raise_v what_o quantity_n of_o stock_n you_o please_v which_o at_o two_o and_o three_o year_n old_a you_o may_v set_v where_o you_o will_v have_v they_o to_o stand_v for_o to_o raise_v tree_n or_o to_o make_v hedge_n for_o fence_v in_o your_o ground_n keep_v they_o clean_o from_o weed_n by_o digging_z or_o hoe_z thus_o have_v show_v you_o how_o to_o furnish_v yourselves_o with_o store_n of_o stock_n in_o a_o little_a time_n which_o will_v make_v you_o as_o strong_a and_o good_a fence_n as_o most_o wood_n whatsoever_o and_o be_v very_o profitable_a too_o both_o to_o yield_v good_a liquor_n for_o drink_v and_o to_o bring_v good_a fuel_n to_o the_o fire_n i_o shall_v now_o show_v you_o how_o to_o plant_v these_o quickset_n both_o for_o hedge_n with_o ditch_n and_o for_o stant-hedge_n as_o some_o call_v they_o without_o ditch_n first_o strain_v a_o line_n where_o the_o inside_n of_o your_o ditch_n must_v go_v next_o your_o hedge_n then_o mark_v along_o by_o the_o line_n slope_v as_o you_o will_v have_v the_o bank_n of_o your_o hedge_n to_o slope_v then_o strain_v the_o line_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o ditch_n and_o mark_v it_o out_o slope_v inward_a
to_o the_o ditch_n as_o you_o do_v the_o other_o side_n for_o example_n suppose_v you_o make_v your_o ditch_n a_o yard_n at_o the_o top_n and_o three_o spade_n or_o a_o yard_n deep_a let_v it_o slope_v so_o on_o both_o side_n that_o it_o may_v come_v to_o a_o foot_n wide_a at_o the_o bottom_n but_o let_v the_o hedge-side_n slope_v the_o most_o then_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v green-sword_n and_o stiff_a land_n with_o a_o ture_a iron_n take_v all_o the_o turf_n off_o the_o breadth_n of_o your_o ditch_n then_o cut_v out_o a_o triangle-piece_n all_o along_o next_o the_o bank_n turn_z hat_z upsidet_fw-la down_n for_o to_o make_v the_o slope_n of_o your_o bank_n lay_v some_o of_o the_o turf_n you_o cut_v off_o or_o all_o of_o it_o on_o the_o backside_n of_o that_o triangle-piece_n thereon_o set_v one_o row_n of_o quick_a cover_v the_o root_n with_o crumb_n of_o mould_n the_o ditch_n one_o yard_n and_o the_o bank_n a_o yard_n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o figure_n 3._o where_o a._n be_v the_o triangle-piece_n cut_v out_o of_o the_o ditch_n b._n the_o piece_n lay_v on_o the_o bank_n with_o the_o turf_n lay_v grass-side_n downward_o and_o the_o set_a on_o the_o top_n of_o that_o piece_n then_o level_v up_o the_o bank_n till_o it_o come_v level_a with_o the_o top_n of_o the_o piece_n b._n and_o then_o lie_v on_o such_o another_o angular_a piece_n and_o on_o the_o top_n of_o that_o a_o quickset_a as_o the_o other_o then_o level_v up_o as_o before_o and_o set_v another_o angular_a piece_n with_o the_o quick_a on_o the_o top_n so_o have_v you_o three_o row_v of_o quickset_a which_o let_v stand_v about_o one_o foot_n from_o another_o in_o each_o row_n and_o if_o your_o ground_n or_o the_o bank_n be_v dry_a set_v they_o a_o foot_n deep_a and_o if_o you_o will_v you_o may_v set_v one_o row_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o bank_n but_o three_o row_v set_v each_o against_o other_o open_a triangle_n make_v a_o excellent_a fence_n if_o set_v as_o be_v aforesaid_a see_v fig._n 3_o and_o note_v that_o the_o high_a and_o large_a you_o make_v your_o bank_n the_o better_a your_o quick_a will_v grow_v for_o this_o paradox_n be_v true_a in_o plant_v that_o the_o more_o you_o spend_v the_o more_o you_o shall_v get_v but_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v a_o light_a soil_n than_o you_o need_v not_o take_v off_o the_o turf_n from_o the_o triangle-piece_n because_o the_o turf_n will_v make_v such_o ground_n hold_v up_o the_o bank_n the_o better_a but_o than_o it_o will_v grow_v out_o at_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o angle_n and_o so_o will_v trouble_v you_o the_o more_o to_o weed_v your_o quick_a and_o beside_o you_o will_v want_v it_o to_o lay_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o your_o bank_n which_o will_v feed_v your_o set_v much_o and_o make_v they_o grow_v the_o better_a but_o if_o you_o will_v make_v a_o stant-hedge_n without_o a_o ditch_n the_o usual_a way_n be_v to_o dig_v a_o trench_n about_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a wide_a therein_o set_v two_o or_o three_o row_v of_o quick_a which_o on_o good_a land_n may_v prove_v indifferent_a well_o but_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v bad_a or_o that_o you_o will_v make_v it_o grow_v and_o prosper_v well_o on_o any_o land_n then_o dig_v a_o place_n where_o your_o hedge_n must_v stand_v one_o yard_n wide_a and_o make_v a_o bank_n with_o earth_n one_o yard_n high_a be_v one_o yard_n at_o the_o bottom_n and_o narrow_v by_o degree_n to_o a_o foot_n at_o the_o top_n set_z two_o row_v of_o set_v on_o each_o side_n this_o bank_n as_o be_v show_v before_o about_o plant_v the_o bank_n by_o the_o ditch_n or_o you_o may_v make_v this_o bank_n two_o foot_n wide_o below_o and_o two_o foot_n high_a set_v one_o row_n of_o quick_a on_o each_o side_n and_o one_o on_o the_o top_n as_o be_v before_o direct_v and_o ever_o observe_v that_o the_o large_a you_o make_v your_o bank_n the_o better_a your_o set_v will_n grow_v as_o be_v before_o note_v you_o may_v if_o your_o fence_n be_v near_o to_o a_o highway_n have_v earth_n sufficient_a from_o thence_o to_o make_v this_o bank_n which_o will_v be_v a_o little_a fence_n of_o it_o self_n and_o help_v the_o growth_n of_o your_o set_v much_o or_o you_o may_v slope_v off_o your_o ground_n a_o foot_n deep_a by_o this_o bank_n and_o some_o ten_o foot_n off_o come_v out_o to_o the_o level_n of_o the_o ground_n there_o may_v you_o furnish_v yourself_o with_o earth_n to_o make_v the_o bank_n plough_v or_o dig_v up_o that_o ground_n where_o you_o take_v off_o the_o earth_n add_v a_o little_a dung_n to_o it_o which_o you_o may_v sow_v in_o the_o spring_n with_o corn_n or_o hay-seed_n and_o your_o ground_n in_o little_a time_n will_v be_v never_o the_o worse_o especial_o if_o the_o soil_n be_v good_a thus_o have_v set_v your_o hedge_n cut_v off_o all_o the_o set_v within_o one_o inch_n or_o two_o of_o the_o ground_n and_o keep_v they_o weed_v for_o two_o or_o three_o year_n and_o when_o they_o have_v shoot_v two_o year_n on_o good_a or_o three_o year_n on_o indifferent_a ground_n cut_v they_o off_o within_o three_o inch_n of_o the_o ground_n but_o if_o there_o be_v some_o place_n too_o thin_a there_o lay_v down_o some_o into_o the_o gap_n and_o cover_v they_o and_o the_o rest_n over_o one_o inch_n with_o mould_n leave_v the_o end_v of_o the_o the_o layer_n out_o which_o will_v draw_v root_n and_o thicken_v your_o hedge_n let_v his_o be_v practise_v at_o all_o time_n when_o you_o make_v or_o lay_v your_o hedge_n but_o note_n if_o your_o hedge_n be_v set_v with_o crab_n or_o apple-stock_n that_o you_o leave_v one_o stand_v uncut_v up_o at_o every_o twenty_o foot_n or_o at_o every_o ten_o or_o twelve_o foot_n if_o the_o ground_n be_v your_o own_o on_o both_o side_n the_o hedge_n then_o may_v you_o so_o order_v they_o by_o prune_v or_o stake_n that_o one_o may_v lean_v into_o one_o ground_n and_o the_o other_o into_o another_o etc._n etc._n prune_n up_o these_o stock_n yearly_a till_o you_o have_v get_v they_o out_o of_o cattle_n reach_v and_o then_o graft_v they_o with_o red-strake_a jennit-moyl_a or_o what_o cider_n or_o other_o fruit_n you_o please_v but_o if_o your_o stock_n be_v of_o apple-kernel_n you_o may_v let_v they_o stand_v ungraft_v and_o they_o will_v yield_v you_o very_o good_a syder-fruit_n but_o stock_n ungraft_v will_v be_v the_o long_a before_o they_o bear_v and_o also_o when_o you_o graft_v you_o may_v be_v certain_a of_o your_o kind_a but_o if_o you_o find_v a_o very_a natural_a stock_n that_o be_v likely_a by_o leaf_n shoot_v and_o bud_n try_v it_o by_o so_o do_v you_o may_v have_v a_o new_a fine_a fruit_n if_o you_o like_v it_o not_o you_o may_v graft_v it_o when_o you_o please_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o hedge_n when_o it_o have_v shoot_v three_o or_o four_o year_n you_o may_v lay_v for_o to_o make_v a_o fence_n of_o itself_o for_o you_o must_v mind_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o cattle_n till_o it_o come_v to_o be_v lay_v and_o one_o or_o two_o year_n after_o and_o now_o to_o lay_v it_o i_o shall_v give_v some_o few_o rule_n which_o may_v direct_v you_o when_o you_o lay_v any_o fence-hedge_n of_o what_o sort_n of_o wood_n soever_o it_o be_v first_o at_o every_o lay_v lay_v down_o some_o old_a plash_n or_o young_a one_o if_o your_o hedge_n be_v thin_a but_o let_v they_o point_v with_o their_o end_n to_o the_o ditch-side_n of_o the_o bank_n keep_v the_o end_v low_a on_o the_o bank_n they_o will_v the_o better_o thicken_v the_o bottom_n of_o your_o hedge_n and_o keep_v up_o the_o earth_n of_o your_o bank_n second_o at_o every_o laying_z lay_v earth_n on_o your_o bank_n to_o heighten_v it_o and_o to_o cover_v your_o layer_n all_o but_o the_o end_n which_o earth_n will_v help_v your_o quick_a much_o and_o make_v the_o fence_n the_o better_a by_o heighten_v the_o bank_n and_o deepn_v your_o ditch_n three_o do_v not_o cut_v your_o plash_n too_o much_o but_o just_a so_o much_o as_o they_o may_v well_o bend_v down_o and_o do_v not_o lay_v they_o so_o upright_o as_o some_o of_o our_o workman_n do_v but_o lay_v they_o near_o to_o a_o level_n the_o sap_n will_v break_v out_o at_o several_a place_n the_o better_a and_o not_o run_v so_o much_o to_o the_o end_n as_o it_o will_v when_o they_o lie_v much_o slope_v if_o you_o have_v wood_n to_o spare_v cut_v up_o most_o of_o those_o that_o grow_v near_o the_o ditch_n but_o hang_v the_o bank_n then_o with_o bush_n to_o keep_v the_o cattle_n from_o crop_v they_o the_o first_o year_n these_o will_v shoot_v strong_a and_o secure_v your_o hedge_n well_o keep_v up_o the_o bank_n and_o thicken_v the_o bottom_n of_o your_o hedge_n etc._n etc._n four_o