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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A19628	Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.	Crooke, Helkiah, 1576-1635.; Bauhin, Caspar, 1560-1624. De corporis humani fabrica.; Du Laurens, André, 1558-1609. Historia anatomica humani corporis.	1615 (1615)	STC 6062; ESTC S107278	1,591,635	874

whole packe of the members and moderateth all and singular actions of life of which also it is the next and most immediate cause But because the nature of Fire is such that it hath in it much forme and but a little matter neither can diffuse the beames of his light vnlesse it be receiued into some substance The second principle wherein his power may be vnited therfore it was necessary there should be another Principle not so subtle wherein this aetheriall body might expatiate and disport it selfe according to the diuersity of his functions and that without danger of expence Such a Principle is the mutuall confluence of the seeds of both parents out of whose slimy matter the Plasticall or formatiue faculty of the wombe stirred vp by the vigor of heate diduceth and distinguisheth the confounded power of the parts into their proper actions not without a discerning Iudgement and naturall kinde of discourse This masse of seed irrigated with the power of the whole body according to Hippocrates I call Water not onely because this Element doth delineate nourish and make fruitefull but also because the future siccitie and hardnesse of the spermaticall parts stood in neede of a moist and viscid matter whereby those things which otherwise could hardly be sammed together might receiue their conglutination that so of many dissimilar particles one continued frame might arise This farme thus coagmentated and distinguished for the seruice of the soule we haue How the body is like the world in the beginning of this work compared to the whole world or vniuerse and that not without good ground For as of the world there are three parts the Sublunary which is the basest the Coelestiall wherin there are many glorious bodies the highest Heauen which is the proper seate of the Diety So in the body of man there are three Regions The lower Belly which was framed for the nourishment of the Indiuidium propagation of mankinde The middle Region of the Chest wherein the Heart of man the sunne of this Mycrocosme perpetually moueth and poureth out of his bosome as out of a springing fountain the diuine Nectar of life into the whole body and the vpper Region or the Head wherein the soule hath her Residence of estate guarded by the Sences and assisted by the Intellectuall faculties at whose disposition all the inferior parts are imployed In the lower Region Nature hath placed two parts more excellent then the rest wherof The lower Region one endeuoureth attendeth the conseruation of the Indiuidium the other of the Species or kinde The first is the Liuer which some haue said is the first of all the bowels both in respect of his originall of his nature It is seated in the right Hypocondrium vnder the The Liuer midriffe The figure of it if you except his fissure is continuall but vnderneath vnequall and hollow aboue smooth and gibbous In a man this bowell is proportionably greater then in any other creature and greatest of all in such as are giuen to their bellies The proper parenchyma or flesh of this Liuer which is most like to congealed and adust bloud by a proper inbred power giueth the forme temper and colour of bloud to the Chylus confected in the stomacke deriued into the guts prepared in the meseraick veines and branches of the gate-veine by which also it is transported to the hollow part of the Liuer there as we saide wrought and perfected and so conueyed by the same rootes of the gate-veine and thence exonerated into that which is called the Caua or hollow veine by whose trunks and boughes it floweth into the whole body The temperament of this Liuer is hot and moist for the moderation of which heate and conseruation of the spirits therein contained it receiueth certaine small Arteries which attaine but onely vnto the cauity thereof It is inuested round with a thinne coate wherein two small Nerues belonging to the sixt coniugation of the braine are diuersly dispersed We say moreouer that this same Liuer is the shop or work-house of the venall bloud and the originall of the veines in whose thrummed rootes the more aery portion of the Aliment is conuerted by the in bred and naturall faculty of the Liuer into a vaporous bloud which becommeth a naturall thicke and cloudy spirit the first of all the rest and their proper nourishment which spirit is the vehicle of the naturall faculty and serueth beside to helpe to transport the thicker part of the bloud through the veines into the whole bodye where it needeth but a little ayer and therefore is refreshed and preserued only by Transpiration made by the Anastomoses or inoculations of the Arteries with the veines in their extremities or determinations This Naturall faculty we before mentioned is diuided into The Naturall faculty three faculties the Generatiue the Alteratiue and the Increasing faculty Of the Generatiue we shall speake by and by The action of the Alteratiue faculty is Nutrition which hath many handmaides attending her Attraction Expulsion Retention and Concoction The action of the Increasing Faculty we call Accretion that is when the whole body encreaseth in all his dimensions Finally wee say that Concupiscence as it is a distinct Faculty from Reason and Rage ruleth and beareth sway in the Liuer as in her proper Tribunall and is distinguished into Libidinem Cupediam Lust and Longing But because in all her workes Nature euer intendeth immortality which by reason of The partes of Generation the importunate quarrell and contention of contraries she could not attaine in the indiuiduum or particular she deuised a cunning stratagem to delude the necessity of Destiny The Testicles by an appetite vnto the propagation of the kinde hath sowed the seedes of eternity in the nature of Man For the accomplishing of which propagation shee hath ordained conuenient instruments in both fexes which are for the most part alike but that the instruments of the Male are outward those of the Foemale for want of Naturall heate to driue them foorth are deteyned within The Chiefe of these are the Testicles two Glandulous bodies of an ouall Figure which in men hang out of the Abdomen and are inuested with four Coats whereof two are common the serotum or Cod a thin and rugous skinne and the Darton which hath his originall from the fleshy Panicle The other two are Proper the former is called Erytroides and the latter Epididymis The temperament of these Testicks is hot and moyst and they haue a very great consent with the vpper parts especiallie with the Middle Region as also hath the wombe The manner of the Operation of the Testicles is thus The matter of the seede together with the spirites carrying in them the forme and impression of all the particular parts and their formatiue Faculty falleth from the whole body and is receiued by the Spermaticall Vesselles in whose Labyrinths by an irradiation from the Testicles

sapientia de Administration circa easdem necessitate quae eo magis vrgere soleat quo symptomata plerumque inducunt vt grauiora tristiora ita maxime frequentia Quid quod Scriptura Sacra Rachaelis Menses puerpearum profluvia Carnis saliuationem in Gonorrhoea semen Concubitus Sarae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quam admodum violenter inquit Stephanus seminis Conceptionem pro emissione interpretantur describere non erubuit Quid quod ipsi publicis Dissectionibus non delineatas imagines sed ipsum Corpus humanum vtriusque sexus spectandum palpandumque exhibent partesque obscoenas secant resecantque in Corona populi patrio idiomate singula explicant quo minus alteri vitio vertant quae sibi laudi ducunt At tribuendum est aliquid pudicitiae Certe quidem nos non parum tribuimus quoad fieri potuit re non neglecta quae sub manibus erat honestis Circumlocutionibus argumentum molle exasperatum reddimus vbi proposito insistendum erat Philosophica disputatione Lectoris mentem in diuersum trahimus Ne vatinoceat mala lingua futuro At Icones sunt plusquam Aretinae ita in Theatro Anatomico publicè ad invidiam conciliandam nuperrime nominibantur quae non aliae quam quae nostro hoc seculo Centies impressae vbique terrarum circumferuntur pijs Principibus Rebuspub approbatae non aliae quam quae virgini castissimae Elizabethae sacro-sanctae memoriae principi Dedicatae in manus traditae sunt Crimine ab vno disce omnes frontem tristi censura striatam Deinque dignitatem mihi exprobant Academicam quod aliorum vestigijs insistens de alieno prodigus de proprio parcus fuerim Neque sane diffitebor me sanguinem succumque hausisse ex alijs at Methodum Limina Limamque nostra voco in super quae saepenumero in Disquisitionibus occurrunt partes meas Addidi etiam plurimorum Anatomicorum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suffragia retractationes demonstrationes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quae omnia vel colligere vel collecta repetere vnde desumpta sunt suis quaeque locis disponere non nudi est Tralatoris quanquam fuerunt inter nos sunt viri valde docti quorum diuina ingenia longesequor vestigia semper adoro quibus transferendi munus fastidio non fuit Etiam Parnassia Laurus Parua sub ingenti matris se subijcit vmbra Neque hoc mihi jure quis audaciae loco imputauerit si remigem prius esse me velim quam ad gubernacula manus admouerim neque socordiae si proprio vtar remigio Atque nisi ego fallor si quis in hoc curriculo mecum desudauerit pedem pedi contulerit sentiet profecto se 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ita praecipitijs praeruptis anfractibus totus hic ager scatet Mitto viscerum viam perplexam spinis obsitam quae tot artis proceres collisit quas vasorum Conjugationes quae diuortia quam implicitas divaricationes rimari sequi in suos alueos deducere oportet Musculorum nomina origines progressus implantationes Substructorum ossium appendices processus perforationes suturae harmoniae gomphoses diarthroses synarthroses enarthroses arthroidae ginglymoi eorundem synchondrosis synsarcosis syndesmosis mille tedia superanda sunt immensū aequor arandum antequam fugientem oram prehenderis Neigitur mihi fraudi sit easdem horas his studijs insumere publicae vtilitati consecrare quas alij qui magnae potius quam bonae famae sunt inter globulos fumum prolixe disperdunt Artem tracto tentatam quidem ante me sed subsultim leui pede ab ijs quorum voluntates probaveris potius quam facultates qui tamen cum primum ad vexillum fuerunt merito suo Primipili a me audient In nostro opere fidem invenies indefessam diligentiam orationem non illam quidem ornatam qui poteram in abruptare sed evidentem dilucidam verborum etiam delectum sed non tam quae delectent quam quae instruant quamquam ipsa Artis vocabula adiunximus sed reddita vt apud me lector seipsum apud alios istos ipsos intelligat Atque hactenus consilij mei rationem ita vt teneor exposui quod vt Majestatis tuae bona cum venia sit humillimè obnixè contendo Faueas primitijs crescentis indolis quae si sub tuo Sole adoleverit iustam tandem maturitatem consequuta fuerit non indignos fructus retributuram confido Interim a Te pro meo opere 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pro Te a Deo Opt. Max. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 supplex efflagitabo Serenissimae Majestati tuae Subditus Deuotissimus HELKIAH CROCVS TO THE VVORSHIPFVLL Company of the Barber-Chyrurgeons the Maister Wardens Assistants and Comminalty of the same HELKIAH CROOKE Physitian and Professor in Anatomy and Chirurgery to His MAIESTIE wisheth Happie and prosperous Successe in Your PROFESSION MY Maisters and Worshipfull Friends As from the first I intended this Labor vnto your behoofe so now hauing by Gods assistance brought it to an end I offer it vnto you as a token of my Loue Not that I doubt but there are some among you who as themselues stand in no neede of my helpe so they are also able to haue set out this Banquet with greater variety and to haue Cooked it fitter for you as being better acquainted with your diet and appetites But because it is now a long time since your Banister that good old man first presented you with a seruice of this kinde and no man hath seconded him I haue aduentured to commit vnto you these first fruites of my vntainted fame which if you shall kindly entertaine and make such vse thereof as I may not think my labour misbestowed you shall encourage me cheerefully to run on that course which I haue propounded to my selfe to further your profiting in that Noble Art which you haue taken vpon you to professe For when I first began I intended the Anatomy to be but an entrance into a worke of Chyrurgerie which I had digested into a forme fit as I thinke first to ground and establish you in the Principles and Theory or Contemplatiue part of your profession and after to builde you vp vnto the practise of the same And because the Body of Man is the Subiect of your Art without the knowledge whereof it is impossible for a Chirurgeon to work with any confidence or certainty of successe I began with Anatomy In the next place shall follow a Discourse of the constitution of mans body as he enioyeth a perfect or apportionated health by a due Mixture of the principles whereof he consisteth of the Temperament of each part arising from that mixture of the Offices or Functions proceeding from that temperament and such other things as will fall in with the same For as it is a rule in Geometry that Rectum est index sui obliqus That which is

Right measureth both it selfe and that which is crooked so in our Art he that knowes what should bee the naturall disposition of euerie part will be best able to iudge when Nature declineth from that integrity and how far the declination is from the true and genuine constitution This part indeede is Philosophicall but I shall make it so plaine if God will that a very reasonable capacity shall be able to apprehend it After you haue knowledge of the healthfull and sound constitution which is the rule of the rest I teach the Natures Differences Signes and Prognosticks of diseases so farre as it necessarie a Chyrurgeon should know that is to say of Tumours or Apostemations of Woundes Vlcers Fractures and the like Then followeth the Method of Curing by Indications which are many and intricate but I haue referred them not without great labour to outward diseases and illustrated all by examples to make the better impression in your minds In the next place I handle the Operations of Chyrurgery in generall where you haue all the Instruments of your Art Engines Swathes Ties Bands and Ligatures described by Hippocrates Galen Oribasius and those also of the new Chyrurgeons inuentions with their Figures interpretations and manner of application Afterward I descend to the operations in particular as to Diuision Simple Compound Simple in Section Vstion Compound with Extraction and Extirpation To Iunction also Simple and Compound Simple in Adduction Adaptation and the way how to Conteine them so fitted together Compound with Addition of such decayed Naturall parts as may bee restored or imitated by Art Then I come to the cure of Tumors of all kindes both Simple and Compound of Wounds whether they bee made Caesim or punctim by Contusion by Arrowes Engines or Bullets with Laceration or with out of the bytings or stinging of venomous Creatures with their seuerall Antidotes of burnings scaldings and such like Next I proceed to Vlcers putride sordide sistulated cancerous gangrenated sphacelated and such as are virulent with the Accidents that vse to accompany them to Luxations also and Fractures with their kinds and accidents Afterward I handle those generall diseases which belong to the whole body as the Gowt the Leprosie the Meazels the Pox of both kindes the Plague and such like and then proceede to the particular diseases from the Head to the Foote wherein the Chirurgeons helpe is required Finally I intreat of the Matter of Chyrurgery that is of the Nature of those Drugs Hearbs and Minerals which he hath neede to vse of their correction and preparation of the manner of compounding his Medicines both for outward applications and such inward as may conduce thereuuto And so I thinke I shall haue finished the Art of Chyrurgery throughout I acknowledge that which I haue promised to be a great labor and more then any man whom I haue yet seene hath accomplished but the ground being long a goe laide in my priuate studies and reserences continually now for these sixteene yeares accommodated vnto those groundes haue brought it to such forwardnesse as I can be content to finish it with as much hast as my occasions will giue leaue if I see that this Anatomicall labour is acceptable and of vse vnto you I know well there are some who thinke and do not stitke to affirme euen before your publique Assemblies that you haue meanes enow already haply more then they would you had Their reason can be no other but because they would holde you alwayes abnoxious to themselues For my part I conceiue of the Art of Chyrurgery as of a part of Physick and therefore of Chyrurgeons as Citizens of the Physitians Commonwealth the difference is that wee hauing most-what better meanes by education to aduantage our wittes apply them vnto the more abstruse part of the Art separated from the sense and consisting in contemplation and collection the Chyrurgeon worketh by his eye and with his hand and dwelleth as it were in the Confines of that Countrey whose inner part we inhabit If therefore they warrant the frontiers and keepe their Stations well and duly therein may not we better attend to improoue the portion that is allotted vnto vs But wee are both like couetous Farmers who incroach vppon and get more grounds into their hands then they can well manage for getting that wholesome counsel of the wise Poet Laudato ingentia rura Exiguum colito Praise a great Farme but occupy a small For surely if we aduise well with our selues Physitians shall find work enough though they meddle not with the labour of the hand to minde the subiect of their Art I mean Anatomy wherein too many of vs are wanting to our selues and others the causes of diseases the signes of the part affected the skill of praediction the method of curing and the choise of Medicines with a world of intricate worke beside in apprehending occasions expecting and imitating the motions and endeauors of Nature remoouing her obstacles strengthning her operations the like And if we want imployment in these it seemeth to me more fit to fit our selues thereunto then casting behinde our backes the care of such needfull studies to take vp our precious time in dressing or attending broken heads strained or luxed ioynts new wounds or old Vlcers or in playing the Apothe caries as some do who vnder the name of Cordials of x. li. an ounce Potable Golde precious Quintessences and preparations of Minerals do obtrude vpon the worlde either notable impostures or dangerous poysons ayming indeede at nothing so much if at any thing else as at their priuate gaine and the concealing of their ignorance which would necessarily be detected if they should communicate their practise to Apothecaries as other ingenuous Physitians doe But of these I haue spoken more largely in an Animaduersion vpon Crolius his Admonitory preface in Latine and shall haue fitter occasion to speake more elswhere when I shall be very plaine against those that come in my way To returne whence I haue digressed Hippocrates the Father and Author of Physicke the true paterne of ingenuity put that for one clause in the Oath which himselfe solemnly tooke and which he would haue all Physitians take that they should not cut any man for the Stone but leaue that worke for them that accustome themselues to performe it by that one instance according to his custome interdicting a Physitian all manuary labour as knowing he should finde worke enough to fit his minde for greater difficulties On the other side the Chyrurgean should content himselfe with the limits of his profession and not vsurpe vppon the possession of the Physitian which he doth somtimes indeede for his profit but seldome without the detriment of the patient especially if there be any difficulty in the businesse I do not deny but that a Chyrurgeon yea a Diuine or Gentleman if he lay good foundations and build therafter vpon them may be a Physitian as well and as good as the

to be troublesome to his mother and not lie alwaies lugging at her brests but fall to stronger kinds of meate therefore at length Nature put them foorth for euery particle is then accomplished when Nature standeth in neede thereof and this is the reason why the Teeth are not formed till after the birth For this cause also sayeth Aristotle the Shearers doe yssue before the Grinders because the meate is first shred before it bee ground Dentition or the breeding of the Teeth begins about the seauenth yeare sometimes sooner but then saith Hippocrates in his booke de carnibus they are ingendred of an ill humour The first Teeth that arise are the fore-teeth Democritus saith because their sharp ends make way before their due time Aristotle reprehends him and giueth another reason because that which is sharpe doth soonest grow blunt therefore Nature sendeth a supply of others the broade Teeth are not blunted at all but onely leuigated by attrition and this is Aristotle his conceite in the 8. chapter of his fift booke de generatione animalium When the first Teeth about the seauenth yeare are either drawne or thrust out by those that come vnder them then doe those first Teeth appeare soft and as it were hollowed and therefore some haue thought them onely Appendances of certaine rootes left in the iaw of which roots as it were of seede a new hope or succession of teeth is broght forth Vesalius therefore counsels vs to take heed that when a childes tooth is broken by accident we doe not draw the roote for then haply the tooth will not grow againe But Anatomy teacheth vs the contrary that is to say that there is no coniunction betwixt the imperfect teeth that fall at seauen yeares of age and the perfect that arise after Nay they do not so much as touch one another for there is a partition in the midst betwixt them before the new tooth can breake forth And thus much of the first time of the generation of the teeth within the wombe The second time of their generation is without the womb about the seuenth yeare The 2. time and these teeth are commonly thought to be Regenerated but to say trueth and to speak properly they are then neither generated nor regenerated For together with the first Teeth in the beginning of generation they doe receiue with the rest a rude kinde of forme and are made of the same matter otherwise wee must be constrayned to confesse and that were very absurd that Nerues Vessels Ligaments and Membranes which are spermaticall partes and doe consummate the frame of the Teeth doe beginne their generation after the Infant is borne seuen yeares more or lesse It is true indeed that these latter Teeth are not sooner absolued or perfected then in the seuenth yeare or there abouts and the proportion seemeth not to bee much amisse for they first break out of the Gums about the seauenth month and the second about the seauenth yeare And this proportion Hippocrates in his booke de septimestri partu standeth much vpon not only in the production of the Teeth but also in other mutations in the body of man Falopius conceiueth that the latter Teeth are made of the same matter with the former by the seminary faculty which remaineth in the iawes and Eustachius confesseth that if you remoue the bony partition that is betwixt the first and the later teeth you shall finde the seedes of the Teeth one vnder another I meane of the Shearers and the Dog-teeth but of the Grinders he neuer found any seedes and yet he thinketh it reasonable that they should haue a rude originall in the wombe which is accomplished afterward at leasure The teeth which about the seauenth yeare break out or as some say are renewed are in eyther iaw ten foure Shearers two Dog-teeth and foure Grinders or Maxillaries that is two next vnto the Dog-teeth and two that are called Genuini or Teeth of wisedome The The number of the teeth How they issue shearing teeth when they breake forth do thrust the first shearers out before them and issue betwixt the two first the second and the Dog-tooth that is next vnto them But if the former teeth will not fall or be not pulled out or if the latter issue before the-firstfal then the latter worke their way through new sockets and turne in the vpper iaw outward in the lower iaw inward so that there seemeth to arise a new row of teeth and this indeed hath deceiued many Hystorians and some Anatomists also The Dog-teeth also do fall out and the place of the succeeder is a little of the one side the roote of the former The reason why the teeth about the fourth fift sixt or seauenth yeares do grow loose is because the sockets do continually increase and the teeth are but soft and therefore doe soone perish because the harder Aliment which from thenceforth accreweth vnto them is nothing conuenable to their substance and then they putrifie and fall away but those teeth that breake out at the seauenth yeare receiue nourishment agreeable to their substance and therefore do continue as long as their nourishment is supplyed Among the grinders the two first do somtimes thrust out their predecessors but for the most part they arise at their sides and increase the number those two that are called Genuini doe neuer thrust out them that were before them but yssue somtimes in extreame old age in the very ends of the iawes yea Aristotle reporteth that these teeth haue arisen not without great paine after fourescore yeares Notwithstanding this is more rare in men then in women Hippocrates in his booke de Carnibus witnesseth that these teeth which grow vp so late doe wax old together vnlesse by mischance they fall out or perish The manner of the generation of the teeth Fallopius thus expresseth The quickening faculty by an actiue spirit makes the bone hollowe at the same time is ingendered a The manner of their generation membranous huske which hath two ends one posterior whereat a small nerue a veyne an artery do meete The other anterior whereat hangeth a neruous tayle like growne Malt and this taile creepeth through a narrow perforation of the bone to the side of that tooth which hath a successor and so passeth vnto the Gums In the foresaide husk there gathereth together a white and slimy matter and the first part of the tooth becomes bony when as yet the latter part is soft euen so as we saide it was in the teeth formed in the mothers wombe Euery tooth yssueth through that hole dilated through which the tayle or beard of the huske was transmitted Instantly the huske is broken and becommeth as we said before a ligament to the tooth and the tooth it selfe issueth naked and hard notwitstanding the hardest part of it receiues a further perfection by induration of his matter without the Gums The primary and first vse of the teeth was to diuide to