preserve them from colds while young If you water Imbibe pigeons dung but touch not their leaves therewith when their leaves ar 3 Inches broad Transplant them into a very fat and well mixt soil 2 foot distance prun their Roots and tops and if any worm knots cut them a way and in setting keep their hearts Immedially above ground And all along keep them clean of weeds under hanging and withered leaves let them not suffer drought while young make the water like wort by dung if the ground and seed be good you may expect good heads which if you spend not alltogether before frosts which spoils them take them up in a dry day and ty them in pairs to hang in a dry Room for use the best seed comes from Candia There be many Cabbages sow the Savoy and such tender sorts as cole-flowers albeit not so tender sow the great white and Red the full moon in July Plant them furth in Octob 3 foot distance in well dunged ground set some also in March but then the gardner finds multiplicity of business therefore it s his wisdom to put as much work by hand as can suffer it at least to have all his grounds fallowed before winter you may rake up and hang your Cabbages in Novem as cole-flowers but plant some of the best and hardest for seed up to the neck when they shoot support with stakes and Ropes when full cut and lay on a clothe to perfect But choice the midle rejecting the lower branches Catch snails and worms that graws the young sprouting plants and set nets for birds at the same time the reason why old Cole is full of green worms is dry poor ground never weeded or otherwayes unqualified dungs and unseasonably applyed If they would trench mix c. As in Chap 2. that their ground may be clean and sweet they shall ripen accordingly Common Colworts ar usually sowen at spring planted in summer and eaten through winter and at spring when other green herbes ar scarce you may also sow and set them with Cabbages and ripe their seeds accordingly 3. Of sweet herbes as Clary by seeds and offsets in Aprile at which time you may slip and set Tansie Sage Cost Mint Balme Winter Savory Thyme Penniroyall Wild Marjorum Maudlin Fennell c. Prune their tops and fibres and plant in a garden soil 8 rowes in the bed they all continue long but cutting their tops in growing time makes them more durable and cut them all within a handful of the ground at August that they may recover against winter You may likewayes sow the seed of Fennell Thyme Winter as well as Summer Savory Dill Sweet Basill c. In Aprile a warme cultured soil ordering them as above the three last ar annualls If you would have sweet Marjorum early raise it on the hot bed the sweet Basill requires the same sow it also the latter end of Aprile in a warme fat soil 8 rowes in the bed you may sow it in July and Transplant when two Inches high in a warme bordure at a south wall its seed with Basill comes from hotter Countries Sow Rosmary seed in Aprile or at the same time take its slips or cuttings and twist them a little at the ends and dible in good soil on a south wall-bordure but cut not their tops they easily root being watered in drought with soap water you may ply it to the wall as Shrubs 4. I am now come to Roots they require a light Earth deep trenched fat sand mixt with Sheeps dang its convenient that it be dunged a year before because new dung maks them forke Plant Liquorish offsets and Runners in February in this soil well stirred and mixt after which do not tread save in the furrows six rowes in the bed and cover all the Intervalls with leitter topt with sand but let the plants be free for this is to keep out drought the first summer keep them allwayes clean of weeds and cut their stalks near winter let it stand 3 summers in the ground and in Novem take it up thus begin at one side of the plot and make a trench the whole deepth of their Roots taking it out carefully not breaking it at the face of the same casting the Earth still behind as you proceed then cut off the plants to divide carefully and lay them amongst moist sand in a cellar till setting time And because it stands three seasons you may have three several plantations so shall you have it to take up yearly if you plant accordingly Scorzonera by seeds and by offsets that is by parting the tops of the Root sow in the Spring or when its seed ripes promiscuouly in the beds it continues many years in the ground and growes still the greater and is in season at all times for eating tho it yearly run to seed Order Carvy aa scorzonera its Roots is eaten as parsneeps Skirrets by seeds but chiefly by offsets plant the small sets not many in a bundle in March 8 rowes in the bed when their stalks begin to wither fall a spending them and as you break off their Roots for use lay rheir tops or sets in ground covered a little till the Spring for planting I cautioned you before to change the crops these you spend not e're the frosts come hard house among very dry sand that you may have them when you will rather as be barred from them by the frosts Parsneeps by seed only sow in March promiscuously over the bed but thin spend and house them with skirrets and cut quit off their tops lest they grow amongst the sand reserve some of the best untaken up for seed which will ripe the next season choice the midle stem seed Beat-Rave may be ordered in all cases as parsneeps save that you may begin sooner to eat them viz as soon as they are bigg enough tho they last as long besides these you pickle Carrots as beat Raves Turneeps by seeds in Aprile May June July the first proves not best promiscuously over the bed very thin and scarcely any covering of Earth When they rise thin them late turneeps may be housed as parsneeps and seeds reapt accordingly Horse Radish by offsets and lasts long too The Garden Radish by seed only you may raise for early in the hotbed cases hence every 20 dayes with other sallading through summer because they quickly shoot for seed sow black Radish in August and Septemb for winter these seeds next season Potatoes being cut in as many pieces as you please providing there be an eye at each piece and planted in March 5 rowes in the bed plant not deep neither in wer or stiff ground spend them with parsneeps and in housing spread only through a board-floor Parsly is also a Root for the Kitchen and so is fennell I spoke of them before only you may house some for winter See part 1. Chap 5. for the orderly planting of Kitchen herbes 5. Weeding I think may be accompted the most material
slit the bark on each side a little distance from the bud and about half Inch above and below the same sharp that end below that it may the more easily go down and having a quill cut more than half away about an Inch long at the end for dividing the bud and rind from the stalk therewith take it off dextrously and leave not the Root behind for if you see a hole under the bud on the inside the Root is gone cast it away and prepare another when the bud is ready then with a bone made half round and sharp at the point tapering on the one side raise the bark or rind on each side the slit carefully not hurting the inner rind and with care put in the bud thrusting it down till its top Joyn with the cross cut then bind it close above and below the bud with dry'd Rushes or bass Or You may slit the bark of the stock upwards from the cross cut Or Cut the edges of the bark about the bud oblong squair and the bark of the stock fit to receive the same Or Reserve ¼ of this squair piece bark of the stock untaken off at the upper end which must be raised that the shild may slide up betwixt the same and the stock and so bind gently as before The time for Inoculation is when the sap is most in the stock namely from June till August neer a moneth after unbind i. e. cut through binding and bark with a gentle slit on the back side of the stock leaving the binding to fall away of its own accords at which time you will see who holds In March following cut off the head of the stock 4 Inches above the bud and that time twelve moneths the stub too that it may heal over the wound you may prune as graffes and pull up suckers c. See Chap 4. for more Choise buds from good bearers as before take them from the strong and well growen shoots of the same year and from the biggest end of the same and if you must carry them farr first cut off their leaves and top of the Stalks and wrap them in moist leaves or grass This much at present in general for time and manner of the several wayes of propagation 10. In planting all plants prune their Roots that is Top them a little with a sharp Knife except Asparagus Also cut their heads except Greens and Tops of Forrest-trees ordain'd for Timber yet the Side-boughes must that the head may be proportion'd to the Root Plant no Trees deep albeit some deeper than other when their Roots runs near the surface there they receive the beneficial influence of Sun and Showres that makes vegetables fair and Fruitfull Lay leitter or the like above ground the Compass of their Roots especially the first year of planting and indeed all plants require some shelter shade with Moisture when first planted till they get Rooting and strength Cut the leaves and stalks of flowers and herbes when past flower or yealded seed nor at any tyme suffer too many rather purge them in tyme no more branches flowers fruits on any tree or plant than the root can nourish perfectly Neither plant and sow every year the same plants on the same Ridg or Bed for it Improves them to be changed see more fully planting pruning preserving c. in their respective places following CHAP. II. How to Cultivate and prepare grounds 1. HAving shew'd the several wayes of propagating plants it is also most requisite that you prepare the ground for effectuating the same And that is in the first place To trench it viz. Begin at one end of the ground you mean thus to culture and open a trench from one side to the other thereof 3 or 4 foot broad and from one to two foot deep as the qualitly of the ground admits and plants require therefore liquorish must have deeper this being open measure off other 4 foot parallel at its side turne that into the open trench with the turf or surface in the bottome and the clean earth on the top the filling whereof emptieth an other therefore cut off other fower foot and turne that in as before thus trench by trench till the whole be finshed I presume you carryed the earth of the first trench to fill the last or otherwayes filled hollowes therwith and left the last trench open if convenient for receiving weeds Or if the ground be hollow in the midle begin there and trench both wayes to help the level if high in the midle begin at both sides or ends till the two open trenches meet at the hight for the same reason The latter end of harvest the ground is softest for trenching and it lying all Winter open to the weather is thereby meliorated For as trenching doth well prepare hard barren and untoil'd ground se doth it such as is exhausted by long and unskilfull usage and if at every trenching you apply proper manures mixt with the second spading or under the last shovelling and in 5 years retrench it will become to your wish for all gardens and plantations 2. The next excellent way of preparing ground is fallowing begin as soon as you reap the crop but let the ground be something moist albeit you should stay for a showre if this be not late in Autumne you may fallow in November especially if stiff ground and restirre in March or April when you plant or sow and albeit you should neither plant or sow it that year keep it clean of weeds in summer by hawing c. and at Autumne fallow again but as in trenching so in this work you should mix with proper soil Make use of the English fashion of spades which are now common and let every two delvers have a shoveller to cast up the small that falls in bottom of the furrow and the Delvers should turne up the point of the spade and nimbly break and chop all the clods throughly this is very material as well as the through mixing of the manures with the soil So that mixing stirring restirring fallowing is most pertinent for the cold chilled barren Rugged-natur'd-ground in Scotland all which softens and tenders it and so fits it for nourishing good seed and plants as I can tell by experience therefore 3. I advise our Husband-men also to the fallowing of their land as one flitfolding the same as a second Watering or overflowing land as a thrid burning the Turf as a fourth draining excessive moisture as a fifth applying proper soils and manures and that at proper seasons as a sixt laying the land to rest as a seventh and above all inclosing and planting about their land as the last and best improvement Example At the Autumnal fallowing delve or Plow deep and apply hot unrotted and uncompound dungs and manures at spring re-plow or re-delve and apply such dungs and manures as has layn mixed and rotted with Earth then Mix Rake or Harrow The summer following is to destroy the weeds
years as shall be required And this cutting the Roots will cause Trees that are apt to spend more in wood than Fruit alter there-from add this to the latter-end of the last Section and the ends of the Roots cut off and their buttends raised up a little will serve as flocks to Graff upon When you would enrich your worne out plantations if the ground be poor and dry add well rotten dung prepared and mixt with soil The Water that soaks from a Dung-hill is excellent for it will follow the Roots and Enrich the Trees If the ground be cold and moist add Pigeons dung or Ashes and soot which is also excellent if it be leopared with unskilfull dunging or by noysome weeds that grows about such Roots where the owner is a sluggard hatches or nests moles mice toads c. If you observe the premises you may prevent their diseases such as ill thriving c. But if you have or do neglect and the diseases be come as if Cankers or Galls be entered cut them clean out covering the wound with a Plaister of Cowes dung and clay compound if the bark be pilled by hares conies or mice apply a Plaister of the same but better prevent the last three by swadling the Trees with Straw or Hay ropes unloosed in summer and renewed every Winter if your fence cannot Guard them Ill taken off branches broken or rotten branches must be cut off clean and smooth If any Trees be bark-bound which is the misery of many and especially Forrest-trees slit them in die Spring through the bark on both sides with a sharp Knife from the head to the Root and delve about them otherwayes raise and plant ebber if too deep which is the common cause of this disease together with bad inclosure If Jaundise cut off the diseased wood if moss scrape or singe it off but its vain to attempt the cure untill you first remove the cause which you will find to proceed from some malignity at the Roots whither the disease be Bark-binding Cankers c. And this most commonly by ill-planting and not inclosing as among Clay Water impenitrable Gravel c. Water must be draineds it an intollerable evil Cold clayes stiff and hard soil must be trenched and mixed with dungs and soils often stirred and fallowed as above is directed And if you would have Trees to prosper observe their nature and wherein they most delight and so apply and help them accordingly 9. And for destroying of vermine there is traps for Moles of several forms besides you may watch and delve them up with the spade And for mice the traps from Holland or for want thereof Pots sunk in the Earth where they haunt till their mouth be level with the surface half full of Water covered with a little chaff wherein they drown themselves and so doth Toads Asps c. Cast away the Earth where the ants lodge supplying its place with stiff clay Place Cow-hooves for the woodlice and erwigs to lodg in all night and so scald them early morning Pour scalding Water in the nests of Wasps and hang Glasses of All mingled with Hony where you would not have them frequent Dash Water on the Trees for Caterpillers by the Stroups we get from Holland Gather Snails and Wormes shoot Crows Pyes Jayes and spread Nets before your Wall-Fruit for their preservation See the Appendix how to gather and preserve Fruit and how to make Cyder c. CHAP. VI. Of Fruits Herbes and Roots for the Kitchen 1. ALL the Fruits whereof I spoke in the last Chapter are for the Kitchen or Table but they grow on Trees or Shrubs yet there is some falls in here the tenderest whereof are Melons and are not worth the while for you must raise them on the early Hot-bed the making whereof is in Chap. 2. Sect. 7. which when fit for seed prick 4 or 5 in together at 3 Inches distance through the bed setting drinking Glasses on them at first and cover on the matts over the whole carefully to preserve from Snow Rains and Winds taking off the marts in temperate dayes but keep on the Glasses except in a warme space that you acquaint them a little with the Air by raising the edg of the Glasses with a little Straw on the laun side closing it at night again When they stand in need Water with Water made warme by standing an day or two in the Sun impregnate with pigeons dung but let it be fresh and clean conveying it to the Roots not touching their leaves with it if they be sowen on the last discribed hotbed viz. in cases sow at a wider distance and you need not transplant but renew the heat when needful and as they grow larger cover with the Bell-Glasses giving them Air by hoising the Glasses till they can endure the Sun without them but dill cover all close at night again when they have put out runners 4 or 5 Inches long cut off one or two joynts at the end and when they have gathered more strength cut off all but the prime shoots And when the Fruit knots nip off that runner above the Fruit between the 2d and 3d joynt cutting still off the new ones that spring but do not expose the Fruit to the Sun lay tile under the Fruit wipe the Dew off the Glasses and plants every morning but keep the Glasses on the Fruit and Water non now Cucumbers may be ordered that same Very way and so may Pompions but they are not so tender I have raised them without Glasses Strawberries are a very fine and delicat Fruit and are easily increased but best by the small Plants at the strings when taken Root at the joynts plant them at any or both springs but I find most of fibrous Rooted plants apt to be spued out of ground by Winter if not Rooted sufficiently before Dung delve mix and prepare a light and warme soil prun their Root and top and plant in streight lines 5 rowes in the bed and suffer them never to over-run but keep each stock by themselves still taking off all their strings except at sometime you permit a few for increass weed and haw among them and in September cut them within 2 Inches of the ground and lay Cow dung over the bed reserving their tops free covered with a strinkling of Sand this will much improve them So as they will not need renewing for 6 or 7 years Artichoks is a fine and tailing Fruit and is increased by offsets chiefly planted in the spring a fat and well cultured soil light and warme enriched with Sheeps dung plant in straight lines about 3 foot distance having prun'd their Roots and cut their tops within half a foot Water if needfull with qualified Water and still cut away their under and hanging leaves and haw the weeds as they begin to peep when their Fruit is spent cut them within half a foot of the ground and delve and cover the plot over with dung and leitter
keeping their tops free and in Aprile delve down the same and extirpate them of Suckers sliping them off carefully leaving 2 or 3 at most to each stock forbearing And they will flourish near 9 or 10 years Great beans must be planted early in the Spring as soon as the great frosts or over in deep rich ground 2 foot Intervall and half a foot in their rows these for seed when full ripe cut and bind in little sheaves and lay on Trees to dry Kidnes in Aprile a light and warme soil support them with sticks Peas that you would have early sow in the full moon of Novem if a warme place but do not trust too much unto them Sow in Feb. and hence monthly til Iune that you may have them till the frosts surprize in an open light warme dry soil and if they ly on the bair ground they will sooner ripe by reflection but if you would have them fruitful set sticks amongst them while young for their tenderals to climb on and keep them allwayes clean of weeds when ripe you may easily win some for seed and sow not every year on the same plot to change the ground Improves them I preferre the setting them by lines 5 rowes in the bed as part 1. Chap 5. Sect 2. make the holes nimbly by the lines with a dible 1 ½ Inch deep and 2 Inches distance from another or the same hand fallowing and put one in each hole then give the bed a smooth with the rake head which fills the holes and covers the peas one pound makes move service thus than 3 otherwayes it s soon performed and they spring orderly 2. Of Sallads and pot-herbes the choicest sallad is Asparagus sow its seed in March good ground and that time rewely moneths transplant into an exceeding rich and well mixed ground of Rotted dung and light Earth you may streatch lines alongst and cross the beds and mark with the edg of the rule then gather little huts of Earth at the crossings whereon you must spread the Roots of your Asparagus two or three on a hut but do not top their Roots you may perceive their poynts are like the runners of liquorish then cover the sets with the Rotted dung and Earth 2 Inches over which has been lying a year incompose They cannot abide wet grounds and weeds will quyt destroy them at the Approach of winter cut their stalks and cover their beds with leitter and dung from the stables The winter Raines will wash in its substance to their Roots at Spring e're they peep remove it and loosen the Earth amongst them with a fork and cover them near half Inch with the mould Raked and evened but do not tread on them Follow this direction yearly and in 4 or 5 years it will be excellent for cutting out the biggest and tenderest and a little within the ground but hurt not them ready to peep the seed is ripe when red You may have early Asparagus if you plant some strong Roots on your early hotbed which about a moneth hence will Spring and then dy Purslain may be sowen on the early hotbed it cannot endure deep Interring sow on a fine mould like dust and only clap it a little with the shovell hence on the cold bed but fat and fine soil through the summer in drills for convenience of weeding and cutting and if you please transplant it when 2 Inches long reserve the early sowen for seed till their pods grow blackish then pull and hang to dry and Rub out As purslain so lettice by seeds only at the same seasons but the winter with corn sallad in August they love a fat soil something moist that for winter more dry Suffer these for seed to run up and only cleanse of under and withered leaves It 's ripe when it begins to fly with the wind pull it and lay on a clothe to perfect and Rub out in a dry day Sow cresses at the same times And plant Tarragon by off-sets in the Spring The small cherault by seed as cresses As also Burnet but it continues many years still yielding seed Sampler growes at seaside in Gallaway not so well in out gardens Succory and Endive by seeds and offers at both springs they continue many years Sorrall by offsets some by seeds also in beginning of Aprile a good fat soil a little shade 6 or 7 rowes in the bed weeded all summer and cut near the ground in Septemb In 2 or 3 years replant into another place for they soon Impair the ground of that part appropriate for them Spinage by seed only in Feb and March but that sowen beginning August is most profitable cut it beginning Oct and it will Spring a fresh And be ready for Spring stoves then reserve some uncut for seed it prospers well in a very fat Earth Not too dry And so doth beets who are also propagate the same way only them sowen at Spring are most serviceable Sow beet card in the fattest and when something strong you may transplant they seed the next not that year wherein you sow them Order burrage as spinage it s also Annuall So bugloss but it continues many years Marigold may be ordered as burrage and white Arage as Spinage Parsly by seeds in Feb and March they bring furth their seeds next year whereby they must be yearly renewed Sellery in a light fat soil 8 rowes in the bed as parsly it continues long yearly yielding seed after the first so doth smalladg Alexander They may be blanched as succory and Endive viz. sellery wowen at spring Transplante at midsummer in a very fat and fine earth half foot deep furrowes 3 foot between the rowes and but 3 Inches in the rowes and as it growes up gather the earth at its sides from the Intervalls leaving the top free and still as it growes earth it up so shall it be blanched for a winter sallad Garleeks and shallot by offsets in March a light and fat soil 8 rowes in the bed I use neither cutting nor twisting their stakes but when their fibres begin to Rott latter end August take them up and spread to dry a little and house them in a dry room with board floor for use Leeks by seed in April a fat soil though something stiff In June you may thin them by Transplantation prun their Roots and tops set them at three Inches distance and continue to crop them till Octob the french seed is best ours not worth the while Onyons by seeds in March a Rich Warme light mould well mixt with Rotted compost and sifted pigeons dung give them a thin coat or covering of earth Sow also beginning July for Shibols it s not worth the pains to win their feed Plant offsets of sives in spring 9 rowes in the bed in a rich and low ground Cole Flower is a fine cole sow on the early hot bed for its hard to get winter plants through to purpose sow thin and ebb and carefully
and other herbes Spinage Sorral Scorzonera green Asparagus Lettice and other Sallads Pickled Artichocks Beet-rave Barberries Cucumbers Housed Aples and Pears Conserved Cherries Plumes Peaches Apricocks Goosberries Currans Also the wines of Aples Pears Cherries Liquorish Hony c. MAY. PUll up suckers and haw about the Trees Rub off unnecessary buds Sheer or clip Hedges Prun tender Greens Not the Rosinious bring furth the housed ones refreshing trimming them Plant all sorts of medicinal Herbes Sow all sweet ones which are tender Gather Snails Wormes catch Moles Sow Letice Cresses Purslain Turneep Radish Peas c. Continue weeding and watering Near the end watch the Bees ready to swarm Garden Dishes and drinks in season Coleworts and other Herbes being eaten with contentement is better than a fatted Ox without it sage with Butter Leeks Parsly Thyme Marjorum sorrall Spinage c. Scorzonera Asparagus Letice Purslain and other Sallades and Pot-herbes Pickled Artichocks Barberries Beet-rave Cucumbers housed Aples and Pears for many uses Early Cherries Straw-berries near the end Cyder Metheglin Liquorish Ail c. JUNE CLeanse about the Roots of Trees Suckers and weeds water their Covered Bulks especially the new planted Fell the long small ill-train'd Forrest-trees in the nurserie within half foot of the ground Unbind graffs Prun all Wall and Standard Trees Towards the end you may Inoculat And Increase by circumposition Gather Elm seed and sow Immediatly Transplant Coleslowers Coleworts Beets Leeks Purslain c. In moist weather at least water first the ground if dry Sow Peas Radish Turneep Letice Chervil Cresses c. Destroy Snails Worms c. Begin to lay carnations or July-flowers shade support and prun such as will blow Water pots and thristy plants Weeding and mowing is in season and so is distillation Bees now Swarm look diligently to them Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Cole Beets Parsly Sorrall and other Pot-herbes Purslain Letice and other Sallads Radish Scorzonera Asparagus Green Peas and Artichocks Green Goosberries Ripe cherries Rasps Currans Straw-berries Housed Aples and Pears Cyder Metheglin c. JULY FAllow ground as soon as the crop comes off Prune and purge all Standard-trees Ply Nail Prune and dress your Wal-trees Pull up suckers and weeds Haw and Water where needful Inoculat Fruit-trees Shrubs rare Greens Flower-trees Increase the same by laying Clip your Hedges after Rain Suffer such Herbes and Flowers to run to seed as you would save Cutting the rest a handful from the ground Sow Turneep Radish Lettice Onion Cole-flower Cabbage and Coleworts in the full Moon Near the end sow Beets Spinage c. You may plant Strawberries Violets Camomile Lay July-flowers Plant their seedlings Slip and set Hypaticas Bears-ears Couslips Helibors c. Take up Bulbo and Tuberous ones that are dry in their stalks if you mind to change their places and keep till September but some would be set immediatly Supply voids with potted Annualls Lay Grass and Gravell Make Cherrie and Rasberrie Wine c. Prevent the Bees latter swarmes Kill Drons Wasps c. Garden Dishes and drinks in season Beets and many Pot-herbes and Sweet-herbes Beet-card Purslain Lettice Endive c. Cabbage Cole-flower Scorzonera Beetrave Carrot Radish Turneep Peas Beens and Kidnees Artichocks Strawberries Rasps Currans Goosbeeries Cherries Plumes summer Pears and Aples Cyder Metheglin and other Wines AUGUST FAllow bordures Beds Nurseries and the bulks of Trees Yet Inoculat Ply and purge Trees Pull up suckers and weeds Clip Hedges Gather the Black-cherrie and Morella Stones Gather Mezerion berries Gather the seeds of most Herbes and Flowers Cut your Physick-herbes In the beginning sow Cabbage thô I confess it s too late See the last moneth Beets and Beet-card Spinage Black radish Chervil Letice Corn-sallade Endive Scorzonera Carvy Marygold Angelica Scurvy-grass c. Take up ripe Onions Garleeks and Shallot Unbind buds Inoculated Cut and string Strawberries Lay July-flowers Sow Columbines Holyhoks Larks-heells Candytuffs Popies and such as can endure Winter Take up your bulks and plant as in last Sift the ground for Tulips and Gladiolus Plunge in potted Annualls in Vacants Keep down weeds by hawing c. Lay Grass and Gravel Beat Roll and mow well Make Goosberrie and Curran Wines c. Towards the end take Bees take the lightest first those who are near heaths may differ a little Destroy Wasps straiten the passage by putting on the hecks to secure from Robers Garden Dishes and drinks in season Many Pot-herbes and Sallades Cabbage Coleflower Beet-card Turneep Radish Carrot Beet-rave Scorzonera Peas Beans and Kidnees Artichocks Cucumbers Aples Pears Plumes Apricocks Geens Goosberries Currans Rasps Strawberries c. Cyder Metheglin Cherrie Wine Curran Wine Goosberrie Wine Raspberrie Wine c. SEPTEMBr. FAllow Trench and level ground Prepare pits and bordures for Trees Gather plan seed Almond Peach and white Plum Stones Gather ripe Fruits Plant furth Cabbage Remove bulbs and plant them Refresh Traine and House your tender Greens Refresh and trim pots and cases with July-flowers and other fine Flowers and plants Carrying them to pits shelter and covert giving them Air c. Towards the end gather Safron Make Cyder Perry and other Wines c. Straiten the entrance to Bee-hives destroy Wasps c. Also you may now remove Bees Garden Dishes and drinks in season Varieties of Pot-herbes and Sallades Cabbage Cole-flower Peas Beans and Kidnees Artichocks Beet-card Beet-rave Scorzonera Carrots Turneeps Radish Cucumbers Aples Pears Apricocks Peaches Nectarines Quince Grapes Barberries Filbeards Cyder Liquorish Ail Metheglin and Wine of Cherries Rasps Goosberries Currans c. OCTOBER GAther Winter Fruits Trench and fallow grounds mixing with proper soil to ly over the Winter Prepare dungs and mannures mixing and laying them in heaps bottom'd and covered with Earth Plant Hawthorn Hedges And all Trees that lose their leaves Also lay their branches Prun Roses Gather seeds of Hassell Hawthorn Plan Ash Beach Oak Aple Pear c. Cut Strawberries Artichocks Asparagus covering their beds with dung and Ashes Earth up Winter Sallades Herbes and Flowers a little Plant Cabbage c. Plant Tulips Anemonies and other Bulbs Sow the seed of Bairs-cars Cowslips Tulips c. Beat and Roll Gravel and Grass Finish your last weeding and mowing Lay bair leopered Tree Roots and remove what harms them also delve and dung such as require it Drain excessive moisture wherever it be Pickle and conserve Fruits Make Perry and Cyder You may now safely remove Bees Garden Dishes and drinks in season Coleworts Leeks Cabbage Cole-flowers Onions Shallot Beans Blanched Endive and Sellery Pickled Asparagus Purslain c. Scorâ—onera Beet-rave Carrots Turneeps Parsneeps Potatoes Skirrets Artichocks Cucumbers Aples Pears Plumes Almond c. Cyder Perry and Wine of Cherries Currans Goosberries Rasberries Ail of Liquorish Metheglin c. FINIS
and Pathes be both of a breadth viz. 6 foot box the Bordures and plant them with Flowers lay the pathes as well as the walkes with Gravel plant the Walls with Fruit and Flower-bearing Trees variously Outter Courts hath only one Bordure at the Wall planted with Laurels and other Greens one Pathed or Brick-walk in the midle leading to the midle of the House-front with along Grass plot on each hand 2. The Bordures of your Kitchen-Garden round by the walkes may be boxed with Thyme Lavendar Hysop Rue c. the next with Parsly Strawberries Violets July-flowers c. Cherrie-gardens and Physick-gardens with Sweet-brier often cut or Box cut three times Per annum as April June August minding to cut their Roots at the inside every second year that they exhaust no the strength or nourishment of the Flowers or Herbes But that which I preferre for Flower-Gardens above all is Dwarff-Juniper raised from the seed and Planted thus When the ground is levelled measure out the Bordures but raise them not above the walkes except you minde to lay gravel streatch a line and with the edge of the Rule mark alongst thereby and therein set the young sets of Box or the young Plants of Juniper at 2 years grouth then prepare the Bordures by delving in consum'd dung of Cowes and Sheep covering on a little lime topt with a little sand to ly all summer kept clean from by hawing At the beginning of winter delve and mix together to ly all winter un-Raked and at the Spring redelve stirr and mix it throughly and train and plant your Flowers and other Plants in their seasons See Part 2. Chap 7. 3. In making the walkes in any Gardens first level up the Bordures at its sides secondly drive a Row of Stakes in the midle of the walke and level them accordingly i. e. streatch line cross the walke betwixt the two level Bordures and marke where it hits the Stake in the midle of the walke do this at both ends and viewing betwixt will levell the rest see the next Chap of levelling But you may mind that the walk must rise a little in the midle and yet the midle of the walke and top of the Boxing of the Bordure must be level i.e. The Boxings so much above the side of the walk as the midle of the walke is above its sides Where your Boxing is timber or Stone fill up the bordure of Earth to the top thereof but where your Boxing is of box-juniper or the like the Earth within the bordure and edg of the walks and pathes without must be equal As for the rise or swell that walkes has which makes them Segmenta Circuli grass or brick walkes may have for 30 foot broad 6 Inches rise for 20 foot 4 Inches 10 foot 2 Inches and let gravel have an Inch more proportionally and it agrees with the rule of proport in Arithmetick as 20 is to 4 so is 30 to 6. If gravell or brick walkes or pathes ly by the side of grass make the grass half Inche higher than such If the walke be Grass make 2 foot Tables or pathes of gravel betwixt it and the Bordure 4. To lay grass first level the ground whither walke or plot and it s the better to ly a year so made up before you lay the turff because it may be levelled up again if it sink unto holes If it ly wet bottome with Stones and Rubish and if the Earth be fat take it out and put in sand however lay a foot thick sand immediatly under the Truff then by the squair streatch lines Ritt with the Ritting Iron which is an half round put into the end of a crooked stick raise the Turff with the Turff-Spade which is broad mouthed otherwise all one with the Husbandmens breast-Turffing-spade let the Turff be of equal thickness near Inch and half thick a foot and half broad and as much in length lay their green sides together when you put them in the cart but do not Roll them when brought home lay them all even and closs Feeling each particular Turff with your foot so as you may discern any Inequallity to be helped Immediatly in laying still beating every two three rowes of turff while moist with the Timber beatters and when the the whole is layed and well beat Roll well with the Stone-Roller which should be as big as a hogsehead The Spring and Autumne is the best time And if you mind to keep a good pile of Grass suffer it never to grow Inch long beat mow and Roll often especially in the mornings and moist weather 5 But if you would lay the hard tile or brick walkes prepare as for Grass minding it wants the breadth of the brick of the true hight for you must set them all on their edg closs by other on a bed of lime laying the side each other Row crossing the ends of the other and place one in the midle of the walkes that both sides may be Regular 6. To lay gravel cleanse first the bottomes of the walkes of fat Earth and Root weeds and bottom it with Stones and lay over that about half a foot of clean round gravel and about three Inches top gravel of equal greatness which may be like beans and pease you must make it thus equal by sifting and so Rake Tred and beat and when compleatly levelled bea rt well with the Timber beaters while moist then Roll soundly with the Timber-Roller and afterwards with the Stone-Roller especially in Rain for which the spring and Autumn is best but if dry weather you must dash water one the Roller continually in Rolling with the watering pott and if you ar forced to use Sea or water sand you may beat some good clay to dust and mix with such before you lay it weed and Roll frequently 7. For the orderly planting of flowers there may be three wayes as first in the Bordures of pleasure Gardens or Courts plant 5 rowes in the bordure and Intermixe them orderly i. e. divide and plant every sundry sort through the whole Garden at equal distances and not only so but every sundry colour thereof also let never two of a kind nor two of a colour stand together without other kinds and colours Interveening so as there may not be two three of a kind or Colour at one end Bordure Plot or Place and non thereof through the rest but universally and ornamentally Intermixt and when you find a breach by some being past the flower you may have various Annual Flowers sowen in potts ready to plunge into the vacancies of the Bordures for continuing this beauty Secondly in my sort of flower Gardens which is Bordures and pathes running all one way viz from the House Plant 5 rowes and intermix them not as in the last way but set 5 rowes of each kind cross the Bordure so as 25 of each sort may stand in a Geometrical squair As if you set a squair of Tulips a squair of
Frost Sun and Showres doth crumble and fall tender hence ought such to be prepared by fallowing See more particularly the manner and season for each sort in their respective Chapters following 4. Suckers ar these which growes Runs Springs off or about the mother-Plant whereof is made off setts by severing or parting them off therefrom Take off these on Trees and shrubs with a violent but cleanly pull be carefull of bulbo roots and Anemonies that you wound not the mother-Plant To force such as are unapt to put forth Suckers naturally you may bair the Root of these of a woody substance cut it into the pith slit it down a little and put in a stick to keep the gap open level in the earth again so shall that lip raised spring and so much the better if there was an eye immediatly below the cut When the branches are grown cut off this Plant to live by it self Another way is to cut the Root through a little distance from the Tree with a cleanly slop down-wards and raise up the butt-end of the Root so cut off till it be a little above the surface as for Root graffing hereafter discribed level in and trade the Earth again so shall the piece left at the Tree send furth young Roots and the Root so cut and raised send out a Top. Better Earth for Bulbs and other Roots will assist them to put forth Suckers Cutting the Tops of Fibrous Rooted-herbes in growing-time will help them to off sets and to last long too The season for severing off sets of Hardie-trees that lose the leaf is latter end October and beginning November albeit you may also any time till March weather open Young Tender-trees with Hardie-greens let the winter frost be over and before the sap rise April best for greens Bulbo and Tuberous Roots when they have done springing i. e. their stalkes and leaves beginning to wither All Fibrous Rooted-herbes when springing and before they run up to Flower albeit you may Plant many after the Flower is past Stalkes end leaves cut and they springing a Fresh But the first spring is best If drought Water Shrubs and Fibrous Rooted Plants upon their first Planting at least shade from the Ensuing scorchings by covering the surface with some vegitable or leitter and Water through the same if needful And though you must Water Tubro and Bulbo Roots in drought once in two three dayes yet be sparing and defend them from too much Raines 5. To propagate by cuttings is to cut off the branch or stem of a Plant and to set it in the Earth without Roots Strip it of leaves and branches Plant deeper than these with Roots and in a rich and moist soil keeping it watered and shaded Untill Rooted cut off their Tops save Greens as if your cutting be 12 Inches long let 9 be under and 3 above ground The better to effect their Rooting if a hard substance as Yew Quince c. Twist there ends a little or cleave them a piece If tender Plants of great Pith as Jasmines July-flowers c. Cut only at a joynt or knot and plant them If large stems of Pithy Trees as Poplars c. Sharp their ends down to a point reserving the bark whole on one side If stock July-flowers slit the Bark near the end in several parts round the Stem fold up the Bark so cut and taking the peel'd part close off Plant the same with this Bark spread as you do a Root The time of planting cuttings is if Trees Shrubs a little before they Spring and if Herbes when springing as above for off-sets and let the Stems of July-flowers and Wall-flowers be well shot i. e. something firme and take such as has not had a Flower 6. To increase by laying is to bend down some branch to the ground and with a hooked stick thrust into the ground stay the same in its place and cover with earth of deepness as you see fit let the soil be good watered and shaded in drought and from scorching Sun sheltered in Winter if needfull To force their Rooting if July-flowers Prune off the under and withered leaves and cut it at a joynt into the pith i. e. half way through and slit it up to the next joynt thrust down the cut part Gently into the ground making it fast cover as before If Trees and Shrubs prick the rind full of holes at the place interred or cut away the Bark round at the same place but if the branch be small use it as July-flowers and if any refuse ty them hard and fast above the slit with a piece Pack-threed or Wyre to stop the sap in its course that it may provide for Rooting Cut off all their Tops as you lay them except Greens and some very Pithy Trees The time for laying all Trees and Shrubs that lose the leaf is October as also March if secured from drought All Greens in April which therefore must be shaded July flowers in March April or July The Trees and Sherubs will be Rooted that time twelve moneths at which time transplant them the July flower layed in March may be transplanted in July or if layed in July transplanted next March or April 7. Ciruomposition is in all cases as laying save only that the earth must be raised up to the branch because it will not bend down to it Therefore fasten a Pot Basket old Hatt or the like on the Tree by a stake or some supporter let it have a hole in its bottome through which you must put the branch to be propagated and then fill the Pot with rich earth having ordered the branch as before to cause it Root and Water it often willow earth or Rotten willow sticks at the bottom of the Pot helps to retain the moistuer I have effected this with clay and Cowes dung well mixt after part of the Bark has been taken off round clapt about with a double or triple swadling of Straw or Hay Roaps This is a midsummer as well as Spring-work and very notable for to propagate such as can scarcely be otherwayes obtain'd 8. Graffing is to take a cyon or twig of atree and place into another call'd the stock fit to receite the same that the inward Bark or rind of Both may Joyn saps unite c. Whereof there be several wayes as First of Graffing in the clift saw off the head of the stock in a smooth place about half a foot above ground for Dwarffs and Wall-trees as also for Standard Aple and Pear for they will shoot up for a body but betwixt 3 and 4 foot for Standard-cherrie and Plum Pare smooth its head Ragled by the sow then cleave it a little beside the pith and with your Pen-knife cut away any jags roughness or blackness that remaines after cleaving on each side the clift within then prepare the graff by cutting on both sides from some knot or bud in forme of a wedg suitable to the clift with little shoulderings
and may be done by Turf Plough or by hawing The Hushbandmens flitfolding is equivalent to Gard'ners covering the surface especially of dry and barren ground with leitter c. The dung and urine of Sheep and cattle washes evenly into ground and should be turned down by the summer and Autumnal fallowing lest its substance exhaust by Sun and Air except that for grass then only harrowed with a bush of thorns instead whereof Gard'ners should top their coverings of leitter with a little Earth or Sand and at Autumne delve all down together Husbandmens watering is by Running Plough-furrowes and trenches where needful alongst or cross their land so as the water may gently sweem over the whole this in the Winter on dry and barren grounds which leaves Sulphureous pinguidity behind it and strongly improves either for grass or corn but that this Husbandry ought as well to be practised on wet grounds is evident that the Running of this carryes away the sowr quality of the other I shall speak of Gard'ners watering more particularly Burning land is to pare its surface with the Turf Plough and lay the same in heaps to burn and so spreads the ashes but if moss and heath set fire through without turfing it this destroyes the noxious sowr nature and the salt remains in the ashes for the strengthening the Spirit of the Earth Draining the wet bogie or dropsical ground is by trenches a little deeper than the Spring how deep soever and then apply lyme soot ashes pigeons dung c As for the abounding of superficial water that is easily helped by common watersowers or in some grounds by sinking holes down to the channel As the Husbandman should have his land layed out or divided into several closes some for corn some for medow and others for pasture so when he has taken 5 6 or 7 crops of corn he should lay it out for pasture otherwayes it will wear out of heart and likwayes the pasture must be plowed up for corn especially when it beginnes to grow mossie The way that the Gard'ner turns his ground to rest is by trenching and retrenching whereby it can never wear out albeit he also observes to change the crops as well as the Husbandman How to Inclose and plant about your land see Chap. 4. 4. Among all the Varieties of soils that next the surface of them is best because prepared by the Influence of Sun and Showers That called a loam or light brick Earth is the most natural ground for gardens and plantations strong Blew White or Reid clayes are worst but the nearer they be to a mixture of loam or if they have stones naturally in them they ar the better also the nearer gravelly or sandy grounds incline to loam so much the better therefore if your ground be stiff trench with ferns straw bean-ham thatch leitter Earth under woodstacks small sticks c. If gravelly or sandy then trench and mix with loam or the upper part of clay the Turf of both is good If strong clay trench and mix with fat sand highway Earth that hath drift sand in it Rubish of buildings Lime-Rubish gravel And if it be for gardens or orchards enrich it with dungs mixt with drift-sand or light mouldheaped up stratum superstratum i. e. laying by laying And if the ground be cold the more pigeons and poultrie dung you put in it the lighter and warmer it will be Or make Stratums of Earth dung and unslaked lime-stones to ly a year and then apply this composition which has been hitherto a great secret therefore prize it Binding grounds which will not Rake as you delve if dry and hard trenching and fallowing exposeth them to be softned by weather as is said But if wet and tough mix with Ashes sea-Sand c. In Culturing For preparing my composts I use a pit wherein somtimes I make a hot-bed oblong about 4 foot deep of length and breadth as I can get dungs Vegetables and soils to fill it here to lay all Kindes or sorts with Stratums of Earth as horse neat Sheep Pigeons and Poultrie dung ferns weeds leaves soot ashes sticks saw-dust feathers hair horns bones urine scouring of pondes ditches blood pickle brine sea-water the the cleansing of House of Office c. Let them ly a year at least but not above two then take them out and there Stirre Air mingle and work them with fresh Earth or by themselves as you have occasion till they become sweet and of an agreable scent yet retaining their vertue this frees them from the noxious qualities they otherwayes retaine and consequently not so apt to gender or produce Worms Weeds and Mushroms instead of wholsome and pleasant plants fruits and Roots for the table 5. Observe what manures are proper for the soil as all hot-dungs and manures are proper for cold stiff and moist grounds so all rotten and cold dungs and manures are proper for dry and hot grounds All manures that retaines moisture are for poor Sandy and Gravelly soils As Horse-dung for stiff and cold ground Sheeps for hot and dry Ashes for cold stiff and moist old Woolen-rags for poor dry Lyme most excellent for moorish and heatly land Hair of Beasts for dry and stiff grounds pigeons and poultrie dung for cold and moist Rotten saw dust for dry Rubish of buildings for stiff cold grounds Salt for cold and moist use it moderately it destroyes vegetables on dry ground especially at first but when melted by Winter Raines it fertilizeth Some has sowen it on moist moorish land to great advantage for being farr from the Sun we have little volatile 6. In your applications you are to consider that Rotten dungs and manures are proper for Trees and such slow growing plants and unrotten dungs and manures for Annualls they being quick of digestion Let not the Root of any Tree stand on dung farr less unrotten dung which burns them but upon prepared and proper soil and composed well mixed aired stirred or fallowed Most fit is the cleansings of streets and highwayes together with the mud and scouring of pondes and ditches if first layed on heaps in the open Air to rott and sweeten and if you mix it with stratums of Lyme that adds much to its goodness and fertility Forrest-trees require not so much dung as Fruit-trees but well mixed and fallowed soil Kitchen Herbes and Roots requires very fat light warme and well cultured ground Flowers and fine plants cannot endure soil too rank with dung neither can they prosper if it be poor but fresh clean Earth with rotted neats dung well beaten and mixed together and a little rotten willow Earth a little below the Roots here comes in that delicate soil the Turf of the pasture mixt with a little Lyme Cowes and Sheeps dung well rotted and mingled as before See more particularly what soil each kind or sort of plants delights in or loves best in their respective Chapters and Sections following 7. As for making the hot-bed for
the scorching Sun they come up the same season but if not prefared through winter they lie till the next they love a fresh loamie earth in planting them I advise you to cover the surface of the earth about them with leitter topt with earth the first year at least The horn beam may be ordered as small maple they like a dry stiff ground they are copsis The hassell and filboards seed or nuts is used as wallnuts they delight in dry banks nor are they stately forrest trees The Birch is a proper tree for much of our poor dry and barren grounds I never raised any of them by seed in the wood they are so plentie by suckers c. Many of which handsome trees I have planted succesfully The Beantree foil vulgarly called peascod-tree its seed ripes in Oct. and being kept dry all winter sown at spring comes up that season and affects a moist Ground but sweet The white poplar vulgarly called Abele it s a quick grower and pleasant tree so is Aspen they are easilie propagated by cuttings so the last by suckers see chap. 1. sect 5. They love a good soil something moist The Alder is so propagable and loves the marshes and so is The willowes Sallows and oziers they all affecting a moist ground and must be so kept till Rooted But I come to greens as The Pinetree and pinasters whose husks you may expose to the sun till they open seeds fall out to be sowen in March but if late ere they come home they requiring the summer sun to open them if you then sow they cannot get drength sufficient to withstand the ensuing winter therefore keep them in dry sand all winter and sow them in the spring For they rise that season wherein they are sowed they love a good and tender soil they are something tender while young as all greens are the great Pine is tenderer than pinasters and nice in transplanting therefore observe the Rule in chap. 7. sect 2. Shade and shalter in both extremities of heat and cold while young But non so proper for us as The Scots Firre many one of their husks have I gathered any time between Jan and latter end March lay them on a Cloth to the Sun which opens them to be sowen latter end Aprile they come up that season and loves a soil with Pinus See how to order in nurserie for they must be dibled in again the first year as spued up by frosts they or any Tree will grow on most sorts of grounds if well ordered and prefared and secuted from drought the first year And therefore help the ground where it s not to purpose they will pay you or yours for your pains as if you plant in gravelly or dry sandy ground mix it with clay and turfe a large distance round about the Roots or if in stiff and moist clayes trench 8 or 9 foot on each side round the compass of the Roots adding small gravel fatt sand c. And plant ebb but enough of his in the last Chapter The silver Firre is so ordered only its tender while young and subjecl to blasting The Pitch Tree as common Firre its a hardie Tree and no wonder seeing as I am Informed it growes by nature plentifully in Norraway The Yew is also a hardie Tree only requires some defence while young their Berries ripes in Novem Rub off the flesh or clammy substance and lay them to dry a little but not at the fire then box them Stratum Superstratum of earth and seed placing them in the shade till the spring come twelve moneths at which time fow them and then they spring affecls a good soil not stiff The Holly is to be used as Yew for they ly as long it s the most proper for hedges of all the plants in the World Next thereunto is the Hawthorne tho not a green whose seed ripes in Octob and to be used as Holly for it riseth not till the spring come twelve moneths and the better you prefare and mix the ground with Rotted dung the larger will they shoot Nor let any Imagine that Holly also loves not dunged ground nay say they poor and gravelly soil but I know the contrary by experience I shall speak of some shrubs in Chap 7. for I must leave them here and come shew you how to transplant and prune the stately forrestrees 3. In Transplanting remove with earth about their Roots if you can especially greens at least take all the Roots up a good distance from the stem by making a Trench round and be not hastie then top all their Roots with a sharpe knife slop tending down as a horse foot cut off all the bruised and broken parts till you come at firme wood top the small Roots like hair to make them stiff so as they fold not when the Earth is put in and rott thereby proportion the head also to the Root by thinning it prune fideboughs reserving allvayes some for tapering the Tree these you cut do it close and smooth by the body slanting upwards and they will soon overgrow the wounds if the branch cut off be not great Cut not the tops of Oaks Beaches they cannot endure it neither any Tree that you ordain for timber albeit I have been necessitate to lop great old Trees whose heads could not otherwayes be conform'd to their Roots which necessarly ardiminished upon removal But this is not the case of well trained Trees in anurserie The Rule for removing old large Trees out of woods or other places who was never before Transplanted is to make a trench at two sides of the Tree distance considerable till you can Inforce the Tree upon on side then cut the top Root through saving as many collateral Roots as you can lessen its head or lop it if it can suffer and so set up the Tree again and tread in the earth about it as it was let it stand 2 years to emitt fibres or feeding Roots to nurse it when Planted out But to my nursed trees again When you remove as is directed carry them as quickly to their new quarters as you can let the soil where you set them be as Connatural to the nurserie as nossible see the last chap for preparing grounds and see part 1. chap. 3 and 4. for the orderlie wayes of planting The best way is to make the holes a year before you plant and in summer stirr and tune their earth that no weeds grow thereon make them betwixt 12. and 18. Inches deep and betwixt 4 and 8. foot diameter if ordinarie trees but if the ground be bad and not proper for the trees then trench mix apply till such become more agreeable When you plant lay the surface in the bottome and fill up the hole with fine earth till it can only admit the upper part of the root to stand level with the surface this is not to plant deep for they that do but cheat themselves then set on the Root of
reason why stocks should be raised from the seed Suckers are not so clean and lustie therefore not so able to nurse the graffs and they are apt to send Suckers again Only I look upon plum Suckers as very good because when they Spring off a Root at a distance from the stem they strick good Root of themselves very much resembling seedlings Moreover you may graff on a Root or a stock Sprung off that Root as in Chap 1. Sect. 4. 8. which is near equal to a seedling The seed of crabs or wild Aples and pears may be fit to make stocks of such Trees designed for the fields or more Rugged grounds but for a cultivated soil I would choice the seeds of finer fruits And so the great White-plum is the best stocks for Apricocks or for want thereof any other White-plum with great shoots albeit it doth on any plum but we reject it self for a stock as being too spongie and not so durable But Peaches and nectarins takes only best upon Peach stocks so cherries on geens and Plumes upon plumes Goosberries and currans needs not graffing they do well by Suckers layers and cuttings To make Dwarse Aples Graff or bud on the paradise or any that hath Burry-knots Codlings Redstracks c. Dwarse Pears on the Quince but no Pear holds well on it that I have tryed save Red Pear Achans and longavil but you may re-graff for varieties And if you be very curious for these stocks which I am not you may cut them at the Spring when ready for graffing within 2 Inches of the ground and at August come twelve moneths Inoculate in that young shoot and perhaps they will prosper the better but I think graffing in the Roots of Pears will produce Dwarfs Dwarfe-cherries on the morella or on the common Red cherrie Or on that Red geen spoken of in Chap. 3. Sect. 2. which is more Dwarffish than the black 2. The mellow warme and light ground is for fruits and allthough the best warmest and lightest land yields most excellent corn yet the strong stiff cold moist yields not so good fruits plants Grass Hay c. Aples affect a pretty rich loamy soil tho they will bear in clay mixt with lym dung and Turff Pears will prosper well enough where the soil is mixt with Gravel But both Aples and Pears are better relished in warme grounds that are not over moist than in cold and wet yet there be some grounds hath swect moisture others soure Which last is very bad and therefore must be helped by draining and application of proper Medicine see Chap. 2. Cherries Plumes Apricocks Peaches affect a light sharp soil throughly prefared and mixed with Rotted manures As to their propagation By Graffing are Aples Pears Cherries Plumes Quince Medlar Wallnut Chesnut Filbeard Service c. By Inoculation or budding ar Apricocks Peaches Neclarines Almond Goosberries Currans Aples Pears Plumes Wallnuts c By Suckers are Currans Goosberries Barrberries Rasberries Quince Vine Fig Mulberrie it s the white that feeds the Silk-worme But that 's to little purpose here By layers and circumposition are all sorts By cuttings are Currans Goosberries Vine Quince Aples especially these with Burrie-knots By Nuts and Stones are Wallnuts Chesnuts Filbeards Almond Peach Plum Cherrie By Kirnells or seeds are Aples Pears Quince Goosberries Currans Barberries Vine Mulberrie c. I have told whereupon to Graff Aples Pears Cherries Plumes Apricocks Peaches and as for the Quince you may Graff it on it self or on the Hawthorn Almonds on it self Medlars on Pears or on the Service Filbeards on the Hassell Service Wallnut Chesnut Goosberrie Curran all on their own Kind 3. In raising the stocks observe that Aple and Pear seed must be separate from the Fleshy substance and spread to dry a little especially the Cyder-marie lest it heat you may roll it in Sand to help the separation keep it in a couch of dry Sand till Winter pass then sow them as soon as the frosts are over they come up that season For raising Cherries or Greens see Chap. 3. Sect. 2. Peach Plum and Almond-stones must be used in all cases as Cherries only you may break the Peach Stones Use the Quince-seed as Aples As for the rest I have shewed how they are increased in the last Section and how to performe the several wayes in Chap. 1. But you must prepare a seminary and nurserie as before for Forrest-trees see Chap. 3. Sect. 1. sow every species by themselves keep them clean of weeds and the next or second year after the seeds rise if they shoot lustily draw out the biggest first transplant them into the nurserie in single rowes 2 foot intervall and half a foot in the rowes for conveniency in hawing graffing pruning c. and observe to prun Root and side-branches in planting as I directed with Forrest-trees only when you have got them to a convenient hight for graffing you may cut their tops to make their bodies swell the sooner albeit this be not permitted with Forrest-trees However graff and inoculat while the stocks are young e're they be an Inch Diameter and they will sooner heal the wound let them have a years settlement in the nurserie before you graff but you may inoculat that same insuing summer after planting especially if they be very free and lustie Next year after grassed remove them to a wider distance viz. 3 foot one way and a foot the other Prun there Roots at every removal and enter a pruning that they may provide for a well shapen head cut them near now while young if you would have all their branches of an equal greatness and of order proper as anon I shall inform you In setting your stocks in the nurserie I presume you will set every kind by themselves i. e. Pears with Pears and Aples with Aples c. And when you graff or bud write down in your nurserie-book their species as they stand viz. begin at the end of such a nurserie and say the first row is graffed with such a sort and so furth and if you have more than one in a row then set in a stake betwixt each species and so write thus from such an end of such a row to the first stake is so many of such a sort or species thence to the second stake so many of another c. 4. When you transplant Fruit-Trees into orchards do as I directed with Forrest-trees in groves plant not deep neither trench too deep but tempt the roots by baiting the surface with dungs to make them run ebb within the reach of the Sun and shoures Therefore mix the Earth in the holes which should be 6 or 8 foot diameter with Rotted neats dung and Earth well turned sweetned and Prepared as in Chap 2. Cover delve and haw their bulks as in Chap. 3. Sect. 3. and for further improving and keeping your Fruit-trees in good case see Sect. 6. of this Chapter prune their Roots at every removal as Forrest-trees
part of Gard'nery The learned Evelin takes notice of it his directions are weed and haw betimes continue weeding before they run to seed which is of extraordinary Importance both for saving of charge Improvement of fruit and the neat maintaining of the gardens wherefore sayes he keep your weeds doun that they grow not to seed and begin your work of hawing as soon as they begin allmost to peep by this means you will dispatch more in a few houres than afterwards in a whole day whereas if you neglect it till they are ready to seed you do but stir and repair the Earth for a more numerous crop and your ground shall never be cleared And this agrees with what I had written my self viz destroy weeds while young for when they have growen strong and got deep Rooting they 'le not only take the nurishment from the good plant but there will be such difficulty in grubing them out that the good seed or plant is in danger of being destroyed but if you suffer them to bear and sow their seeds then besides that they exhaust much more of the substance of the ground you shall find the work Intollerable for they 'le poison the whole ground insomuch that one years seeds will cost many years weeding and therefore prevent these things by keeping doun the weeds so shall your work become easie and gardens handsome In beds where hawes cannot go you must weed with your hands on both sides sitting in the furrow on a straw cushion pull up the Root cleanly taking the help of the weeding Iron where needful but make use of the haw in all the Intervalls drill-beds nurseries furrowes tables or pathes whereby one will cleanse more than some six by weeding with their hands and if dry weather they 'le wither where they ly cut otherwayes Rake them in heaps and spread again when Rotted or carry them to some open trench or pit and still be visiting your plantations that as soon as you perceive a weed peep you may chalk it CHAP. VII Of some Physick herbes shrubs and Flowers 1. ALL the herbes in the last chapter are physical and having spoken to them already I have the less to do here however there is more as Garden-Rue I use to environe sage beds with Rue the soil not moist mixt with ashes not cinders you may box bordures with it as well as lavender or hysop which last is also Increased by seed and so is golden Rod feverfew verven celandin they last many years and so doth Wormwoods comfry Solomons seal Catmint Callamint Elacampan Masterwort wall pellitory garden Germander Beatony Camomile Swallowort Suthernwood Lovag Dwarf-elder harts-tongue Maiden-hair Asrum Dropwort Birthwort Horhund Spignell Agrimony Briony Bearsbreach Sea-holly Madder Rhuebarb Dogmercury all which are easily Increased by offsets in the Spring and requires to be cut a little above ground at the beginning of Autumne Angelica Spurg scurvy grass c. Are Annualls but yield seed the second year from sowing you may sow when ripe or in the Spring but if you prevent their seeding by cutting they will last longer Blessed thissell Thorn Aple Tobaco stinking Arag oak of Jerusalem c. Yielding seed and dying the first year therefore sow yearly in Aprile The Virginia Tobaco requites the hotbed the rest a good fat light soil as doth Angelica you must not burie stinking Arag deep sow it as purslain There be many more besides multitudes in the fields Woods Glens Meadowes c. Of good use many whereof you may bring into the garden as I have done I forbear seeing the order is in part 1. Chap. 5. and the wayes of propagation in the first of this and how to order the ground in the second I do not approve of planting the clod with them brought out of the fields for it rotts and turns sour and so kills the plant albeit you may keep the clod about it till you come home but then part it off carefully prun their fibres a little make the holes with the Trowall and plant in a Connatural Earth to that of their wonted abode well stirred and aired which is ane excellent mean that makes all plants prosper and therefore diligently to be observed 2. Of Shrubs that lose their leaves in Winter the choicest whereof are Roses of many sorts they are increased by Suckers and layers the musk may be buded on the Eglantin and set at a Wall the double Yellow bears fairest Flowers if you bud the single Yellow on a Frankfort and rebud the double Yellow thereon I have done it immediatly on the single planted as a Standard a little shaded in Summer and kept clean of Suckers and superfluous buds and any that blow hot freely may be slit at the 5 divisions of the hose Prune your Roses after the Flower is past viz. before the full Moon in October cut behind a leaf-bud and cleanse them of dead wood and if you desire fair Flowers sufter but one Stem on a Root and keep it low and every 5th year cut them down to the ground renewing their earth with old Cow dung Jasmines Honisuckles Pipe-trees c. by suckers layers and cuttings See Chap. 1. Mezerion by seed as Hawthorn they ly as long Of Shrubs that be ever green there is Box Savin Arbor vitae Tamerisk Privite c. by suckers layers and cuttings in Aprile a shade and moist fat soil till Rooted The Cherrie-bay is an excellent Green and not very Apt to blast there is also Laurustinus Philyrea Alaternus I love not Pyracantha Juniper I care not for ever green Oak and Cypress all by seeds which must be couched in Sand before Winter and sowen in Aprile to rise that season except the Juniper which lyes till the next transplant the second year after they rise in Aprile remove by a Trowal with Earth at their Roots toping such Roots as appears without the clod and lessen the head by thinning it See where I have spoken of Holly for the same Rules may be observed for these to be spread on Walls but save the top of Standards they do all well by suckers and layers also except Cypress and Juniper Be carefull to defend your seedling Greens while young from spring blastings yet do not choak them for want of good Air. The Pin Cypress and ever-green Oak the last in special will scarce endure a removal from seminary therefore sow them in drills 2 foot intervall one way and half a foot the other and the next year after they rise make a spade-bit trench between the rowes and work in cautiously till you discover the running down Root at one side which you must top with the pruning Knite and level in the Earth as it was cut off some side-boughes and thin the head let them remain two years then remove and plant them as is instructed Greens that are best worthy our esteem are Scots firr Standard Holly for Hedges the Cherrie-bay for Walls or barren creeping jvy which will neither blast
as a compleat Garden can afford in their seasons Published for the Climate of SCOTLAND By JOHN REID Gard'ner EDINBVRGH Printed by DAVID LINDSAY at the foot of Heriot's-Bridge 1683. READER AS in this little Kalendar thou will find when so in my Book Intituled the Scots-Gard'ner thou will find how to performe the particulars The Gard'ners year is a circle as their labour never at an end Nevertheless their terme is NOVEMBER COntrive or forecast where and what you are to sow and plant Trench and fallow all your vacant grounds Prepare and mix soils and composts throughly miss not high-way Earth cleansings of streets make compositions of dungs soils and lyme Lay bair Roots of Trees that need and dung such as require it Plant all fruit Trees Forrest-trees and shrubs that lose the leaf also prune such Plant cabbage Sow hasties for early peas in warme grounds but trust not to them Gather the seeds of holly yew ash c. Ordering them as in Chap 3. furnish your nurseries with stocks Shelter tender evergreen seedlings House your Cabbag Carrots Turneeps and any time e're hard frosts your Skirrets Potatoes Parsneeps c. Cover Asparagus Artichocks as in the last moneth Sow bairs-ears plant Tulips c. Shut the conservatory Preserve your Choicest Flowers Sweep and cleanse the walks of leaves c. Stop your bees close so that you leave breathing vents Garden Dishes and Drinks in Season are Cabbage Coleflower Onions Leeks Shallot c. Blanched Sellery Succory Pickled Asparagus Purslain c. Fresh Parsneeps Skirrets potatoes Carrots Turneeps Beet-rave Scorzonera parsly and fennell Roots Aples Pears c. Cyder Perry wine of Cherries Rasps Currans Goosberries Liquorish Hony c. DECEMB TRench and prepare grounds Gather together composts plant Trees in nuseries and sow their seeds that can Endure it Gather Firr seed holly berries c. Take up liquorish Continue your care in preserving choice Carnations Anemonies and Ranunculuses from Raines and frosts And keep the green-house close against the piercing colds Turne and refresh your fruit in a clear and serene day Sharpen and mend tools Gather oziers and hassell Rods and make baskets in stormy weather Cover your water pipes with leitter lest the frosts do crak them feed weak bees Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Colworts Leeks c. Housed Cabbage Onions shallot Several dryed sweet herbes Housed Parsneeps Turneeps Skirrets Carrots Potatoes Beat-rave Scorzonera parsly Fennel Roots Pickled Cucumbers Barberries Artichocks Asparagus Purslain c. Housed Aples Pears Conserved Cherries Plumes Peaches Apricocks c. Wine of Aples Pears Cherries Liquorish Hony c. JANUARY PRepare the ground soils and manures Fell trees for mechanical uses Prune Firrs plant Hawthorn Hedges and all Trees and Shrubs that lose the leaf weather open Also prune the more hardy and old planted Dung the Roots of Trees that need draining excessive moisture gather Graffs e're they sprout and near the end Graff begin with the Stone Fruits Gather Holly-berries Firr husks c. Secure choice plants as yet from cold and wet and earth up such as the frosts uncovered Feed weak bees also you may remove them Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Coleworts Leeks c. Dry sweet Herbes Housed Cabbage Onions Shallot Parsneeps Skirrets Potatoes Carrots Turneeps Beat-rave Scorzonera Parsly and Fennel Roots in broth Pickled Artichocks Beet-raves c. Housed Aples Pears and other conserved Fruits With Cyder and other Wines as before FEBRUARY PLant any Trees or Shrubs that lose the leaf also lay and circumpose such for increass see June Likewayes sow all your Seeds Kyes Kirnells Nuts Stones also the seeds of several Greens as Holly Yew Philyrea Laurells c. Prune Firrs c. Continue to destroy Vermine Graffing is now in season see the last moneth Prune all Trees and Shrubs except tender Greens Nail and dress them at the wall Cover the Roots of Trees layed bair the fore-end of Winter if any be Plant Hawthorn Hedges Willows c. Plant Liquorish Potatoes Peas Beans Cabbage Sow Parsly Beets Spinage Marygold and other hardy Pot-herbes Let carnations and such sheltered Flowers get Air in mild weather But keep close the Green-house Now you may remove bees and feed weak stocks Garden Dishes and drinks in season Cole Leiks sweet Herbes Onions Shallot housed Cabbage Skirrets Turneeps Parsneeps Potatoes Beat-rave Scorzonera Carrots besides Parsly and Fennell Roots Pickled Beat-ravo Artichock Cucum Housed Aples Pears and other conserved Fruits with Cyder and other Wines and drinks as above MARCH REdelve mix and Rake your ground for Immediat use Delve about the Roots of all your Trees Yet plant Trees and rather greens Also prun such except the Rosinious Propagate by laying circumposition and especially by cuttings Sow the seeds of most Trees and hardy greens Cover these Trees whose Roots lay bair and delve doun the dungs that lay about your young Trees all winter covering on leitter again topt with Earth to prevent drought in summer this is a material observation and more especially for such as are late planted Slit the bark of ill thriving Trees Fell such as grow croked in the nurserie Graffing is yet in season but too late for stone fruit cut off the heads of them Inoculated Set peas beans Cabbage Asparagus Liquorish Sow parsly beets Endive Succory Bugloss Burrage Sellery Fennell Marigold Plant shollot garleeks Potatoes Skirrets Sow Onions Lettice Cresses Parsneep Beet-rave Radish c And on the hotbed coleflour and if you please cucumber c. Slip and set physick herbes July-flowers and other fibrous Rooted flowers Be carefull of the tender the peircing colds are now on foot Turne your fruit in the Room but open not yet the windows Catch Moles Mice Snails Worms destroy frogs spawn c. Half open passages for bees they begin to fit keep them close night and moring yet you may remove them Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Both green and housed herbes and Roots also Pickled Housed and conserved fruits with their wines as in the former months APRILE PLant Holly Hedges and Hawthorn too if not too foreward Ply and sheer Hedges Nail and prun Wall-trees c. Sow and plant firrs and other greens Slip and set sage Rosemary thym Rue Savory and all fibrous Rooted herbes and Flowers uncover and dress strawberries Plant Artichocks slip them and delve their plottes Set Cabbage Beans Peas Kidnees sow Asparagus Parsly Beets and Beet-card Set Garleeks Shallot Potatoes Skirrets Sorral sow Onions Leeks Lettice Cresses Radish Orach Scorzonera Carvy Fennel c. And on the hotbed Cucumbers Coleflowers Purslain sweet Marjorum Basill Summer Savory Tobaco c. Set Strawberries Violets July-flowers c. Also sow the seeds of july flowers c. Sow all your Annuall flowers and Rare plants some requiring the hotbed Destroy Moles Mice Worms Snails Lay Beat and Roll gravel and grass Fall to your mowing and weeding Open the Doors off your bee-hives now they hatch Garden Dishes and Drinks in season Onions Leeks Colworts Beets Parsly