Selected quad for the lemma: ground_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	leaf_n	small_a	white_a	3,529	5	7.2911	4	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68246	His Maiesties gracious letter to the Earle of South-Hampton, treasurer, and to the Councell and Company of Virginia heere commanding the present setting vp of silke works, and planting of vines in Virginia. And the letter of the treasurer, Councell, and Company, to the gouernour and Councell of State there, for the strict execution of his Maiesties royall commands herein. Also a treatise of the art of making silke ... Together with instructions how to plant and dresse vines, and to make wine, and how to dry raisins, figs, and other fruits ... Set foorth for the benefit of the two renowned and most hopefull sisters, Virginia, and the Summer-Ilands. By Iohn Bonoeil Frenchman, seruant in these imployments to his most excellent Maiesty of Great Brittaine, France, Ireland, Virginia, and the Summer-Ilands. Published by authority.	Bonoeil, John.; Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of, 1573-1624.; England and Wales. Sovereign (1603-1625 : James I).; Virginia Company of London.; Counseil for Virginia (England and Wales)	1622 (1622)	STC 14378; ESTC S109109	46,285	96

them into the Vat or Tub make a little bundle of short Vine-branches then make a hole in the low end of the Vat or Tub in the forepart to draw the Wine out when it is purged put the said bundle of Vine-branches within the said vessell iust before the tap-hole and lay a cleane stone or Bricke vpon it to keepe it from heauing vp with the Wine this will hinder when you draw the Wine that the skins or huskes of the Grapes come not out at the tap-hole with it You must let the Wine worke and purge it selfe fiue or sixe dayes or more if you will haue it looke very red After that draw it below and put it in Barrels or Hogsheads By this time you hauing gathered your greener Grapes after you haue trodden the same as we haue said put them into the Vat or Tub with the huskes or skinnes of the former pressed Grapes out of which you haue drawne the Wine and mingle them well together either with the foot or with a staffe and let the Wine worke together as before and it will bee a meane small Wine for the houshold After when it hath purged it selfe seuen or eight dayes draw it out and barrell it Beware you stop not the large vpper hole of the vessell vntill the Wine hath lost and spent all his great heate There are some who after this presse the huskes in the presse drawing out all that can come thereout putting that liquor into a Barrell by it selfe Others goe further and put water to the huskes and latter Wine at diuers times not all at once but by little and little putting one Tenth part of water in proportion of the quantity of the Wine which they haue so drawne and they let it worke and purge it selfe in the Vat or lesser vessell fiue or sixe dayes and then draw it and barrell it This will be prettie smal Wine for the seruants or houshold And whosoeuer will make Wine meerely white let him gather all his white Grapes by themselues and let the Wine worke and purge it selfe in the Vat but two or three dayes for if you let it stand longer the colour will be yellow this is the manner practised in Languedoc Prouence and elsewhere but in Poictou and in some other parts of France they doe otherwise that it may be the whiter After it hath been trodden draw out the Wine and put it in Barrels and there let it purge without his huskes or skinnes You must be carefull to fill vp the Barrels euery day according as it diminisheth with working otherwise the Lees and other corruptions will goe downe into the Barrels and when hot weather commeth will spoile the Wine You may do so with the Claret when you will not haue it too red but cleere and namely in hot countries 9. Obseruations touching the wild Vine that groweth in Virginia and how to make Wine of the same I Haue been informed by such as haue bin in Virginia that there grow infinite number of wilde Vines there and of seuerall sorts some climbe vp to the top of trees in the woods and they bring forth great quantities of small blacke Grapes which are the plainer to be seene when the leaues are falne off from the trees Another sort of Grapes there is that runne vpon the ground almost as big as a Damson very sweet and maketh deepe red Wine which they call a Fox-Grape A third sort there is which is a white Grape but that is but rare which are all deuoured by the birds and beasts Now if such men as dwell there would take the paines to gather some of them when they be ripe and tread them as aforesaid and make the Wine worke with water putting it in Vats or Tubs as we said it would purge it selfe as well as good Wine doth and if the Grapes bee too hard they may boyle them with some water and if the Cauldron be too little to boyle them all together boyle them one after another till all be boyled and then put them all into the Vat or Tub to wit the Wine the water and the huskes of the Grapes and then let them worke thus together fiue or sixe dayes or else so long till you thinke it fit and good to bee drunke After that you may draw it and barrell it as wee haue said and vse it when you need I haue oftentimes seen such Wine made reasonable good for the household And by this meanes euery man may presently haue Wine in Virginia to drinke 1. How to plant the Figge tree and the nature of the same THe Figge tree is a tree that groweth speedily and the second yeere beginneth to beare fruit and is of that nature that during a moneth or fiue weekes in that season when Grapes are ripe and good to eate you may gather ripe Figs of it euery day The Fig tree heerein is like the Vine that it may be planted without rootes of a branch albeit such as haue roots bring forth sooner And being either plucked vp or cut off a long time before you must put them in water as we haue said of the Vine and plant them in the like manner And in hot Countries they plant them ordinarily in the open Vineyards for it loues naturally to grow with the Vine as hauing affinity together for their fruit grow and are ripe at one time When you plant the Figge tree without root you must lay the branch within the earth as we haue said of the Vine 2. How to plant Peach trees and the nature of them THe Peach trees of euery kinde are trees of no long continuance and ordinarily are planted in the open Vineyards as the Figge trees without hurt to them and their fruit ripens in one season Many being in their Vineyards when they gather and eate a Peach that pleases them well in their taste doe forthwith plant the stone thereof in the earth in that place where they will haue a Peach tree grow the next yeere and there the same groweth without any further labour The like may be done of all sorts of Peaches yea euen with Apricots and those that will not plant them in their Vineyard may plant them first in their Garden and transplant them afterwards where they please and they will bring forth the like fruit as the tree of which the stone was There are places in France as at Paris where they graft them vpon Plum-trees or Almond-trees which are more lasting though not fit to be planted in Vineyards because the Plum-tree breeds too many roots and suckers which spoyle the Vine 3. How to plant Quince-trees AS for Quince-trees they may be planted of a bough thereof without roote as Figge trees though it is better to plant them with rootes when such may be had They like well to be planted in moyst ground yet they will grow euery where Also you may graft them one vpon the other thereby to get the better fruite Likewise you may

is such that it bringeth them foorth without so much handy labour there their fruit is better And those men that will haue some trees planted vpon their land they are to make good choice of them in Summer and marke them so as they may know them in Winter to remooue them in the due season fit to plant them in And to chuse the very best of them you are to cull out such as haue round leaues and not forked for both the fruit and the leaues of them are better then those of the other Trees These fiue and twenty yeeres I haue seene diuers Countreys where they began and afterwards found it very profitable to plant Mulbery trees about their grounds in stead of hedges where they grow so speedily that the second yeere they may begin to gather some leaues during the time that the Wormes are small forasmuch as the leaues of little trees grow sooner then they of big Trees To plant Mulbery trees in forme of a thicke hedge for to haue the first yong leaues for the Wormes new hatched you must make a ditch of a foote and a halfe deepe and as broad and therein plant your yong trees then fill the ditch with earth almost full then cut off the branches of the trees that you haue set for that will make them grow the better and place them two foot neere one another And whosoeuer will haue a double hedge of them let him make another ditch three or foure foote neere that and plant it as in the other Their Wood when they are plashed is as good to burne as any other and their Ashes better 20. How to prepare the seed of Mulbery trees to make a Nurcery WHosoeuer will make a Nurcery of the seed of Mulbery trees when the fruit is ripe let him obserue that Tree that beares the fairest and roundest leafe and of that tree let him gather so many Mulberies as will fit him for his seed which must be thus vsed First wash the Mulberyes in two or three waters pressing them with your hands and then take vp the seed that remaineth in the bottome of the water After that dry your seed in the house and keepe it till the moneth of March next comming Such men as will gaine one yeere sow it assoone as they haue gathered it without drying it And other men sow the Mulberies whole as they are in that manner that we will say 21. In what manner you are to sow the seed of Mulbery trees for a Nurcery FIrst you must dig husband and make beds of fat earth the mold being made small and wel dunged with good old dung thorowly rotten and you must make your beds foure foot or foure and a halfe broad And within the said beds you must make foure or fiue straight lines of rayes or furrowes all halfe a foot equally distant one from another and euery furrow must bee two inches deepe and foure broad And betweene euery bed you must leaue little Allies or spaces halfe a foot broad which will serue you to goe to weed or water them without treading vpon them Then are you to sowe the seed in the said furrowes and couer it an inch deepe or thereabout of the finest mould The first yeere you must take care to water it often if the weather bee dry and the earth must bee kept cleane from weeds A yeere after that you may pull vp and transplant your Mulbery trees into another ground more at large viz. two foot one from the other as ordinarily other trees are disposed of and there let them grow till they bee as bigge as a mans arme at his wrest or thereabouts And then you may transplant them into the place or ground where you will haue them continue for euer Leauing a distance the one from the other of fifteene or sixteene foote namely so as the boughes of one tree grow not within another Care must bee had that in hot Countreys these trees be set deeper into the earth then in a cold soyle for feare of burning the Rootes 1. Another Discourse how to plant the Vine how to dresse and husband it sundry wayes how to chuse the ground and the seate to that effect FIrst such as will plant Vines they are to chuse a soyle proper and conuenient for that vse If you plant it in a low ground and moyst there the Vine growes well and beares store of fruit but the Grapes neuer ripen well and therefore the wine is not good nor can it be kept long You must then make choice of a dry soyle whose aspect is toward the full South Sunne and couered or sheltered from the Noth wind if it bee possible And if you meete with rising ground as the sides of hills hanging downe they are most proper and though they bee full of little stones and grauell they are also the better for them and not the worse the wine of such places being better able to be kept long and fitter also to be carried farre First you must open the earth and dig it one foot and a halfe deepe or thereabouts And after you haue digged as much earth as you haue plants to set you must make ditches in the said ground looking towards the full South one foot and a halfe deepe and as broad and of the length that the place is of The ditches must bee three or foure foot distant one from another so after you haue selected your plants whether with roots or without as of slips or cuttings for the Vine growes aswell without root as with and that which is set without root is of the longer indurance and lasting though true it is that the first yere it will not grow so much as that which hath rootes These plants I say must bee planted three or foure foot one from another in as much distance as the ditches are one from another And the Vine plants must be planted in a straight line in forme of a Checker quadrangle-wise Heere obserue that if the plants bee without rootes you must cause them to soke in fresh water twelue or fifteene dayes ere you plant them putting the big end of the plant in the water a foot deepe But if they haue roots you must cut them off vnlesse they were pluckt vp one day or two at most before you plant them and put them in water two or three dayes He that shall plant the Vine must haue one to helpe him who shall lay the Vine in the ditch all along the said ditch of what distance he will one from the other And in planting he shall tread in the ditch letting some of the digged earth fall into the place where hee is to plant or set his Vine then shall hee take his plant and bow it one foot in the earth of the ditch or thereabouts according to the length of the plant putting the biggest end within the ditch towards the plumpe South of the Sunne-rising and with the hand raising vp the point end or top of

said quantitie of Silke And of an ounce of Calabrian Silke-seed they make there in Brescia eleuen and twelue pound waight of Silke and the Wormes of that seede as being of a bigger breede eate about three hundred Brescia waight of Mulbery leaues and no doubt but in other places of Italy which are yet more proper for this businesse they make of the like proportion of seed a greater quantity of Silke then this Such difference there is betwixt Clymate and Clymate in the naturall propriety of it to the great increasing and bettering of this worke Considering therefore the great charge and labour that Italy and France is at in planting of Mulbery trees and for that purpose sowing Mulbery seeds and expecting sixe or seuen yeere after for so long it is ere they grow to perfection afore they can make good profit of them and considering besides that their Clymate is nothing so proper for this Silke-commodity as Virginia is and yet for all that they make their greatest gaine of it It cannot be doubted then but Virginia hauing infinite store of the best sort of Mulbery trees ready growne vp to your hands without your charge or labour and hauing the Clymate as is experimented more naturally proper for this worke and the food for the Silkewormes better whereby they become more strong to passe their naturall and other casuall sicknesses with lesse danger and so are generally more healthfull and also are bigger bodied and make larger Silke-bottomes and finish their worke in a shorter time then other doe other-where hauing all these preeminences it cannot be doubted I say by any reasonable man but that Virginia is euery way better fitted to yeeld incomparably a farre richer profit by the Silkeworkes to you then France or Italy can doe to them And if in France their profit be thus rated by them which account alwaies that the fourth part of the price of the Silke defrayes all the charges there remayning three parts of cleere gaine to the Owner and in Italy a sixth part will discharge al expences making fiue parts of cleere gaine where they reckon neuerthelesse that the price of the Mulbery leafe as I will shew by and by counteruailes the full halfe of the whole charge of the Silkeworke you may then certainely assure your selues that in Virginia where you haue what store of Mulbery leaues you will for nothing with all the other aduantages afore mentioned that the tenth or twelfth part of your Silke you make there must needs cleere all your charges and make nine ten or eleuen parts cleere gaine to your selues Your chiefe charge will be for the gathering of the leaues to feed the Wormes A man and a boy will feede the Wormes comming of sixe ounces of seeds till they be past their fourth sicknesse and within a fortnight of spinning But for the last fortnight because the Wormes must be then carefully and often fed that being the chiefe time wherein they conceiue and store vp the matter for the Silke which they after vomit out and spin then you must adde three or foure helpers to the other two aforesaid For the feeding and shifting of the Wormes and other imployments women children and impotent persons may be vsed And as one skilfull gouernour of the Silkewormes may imploy hundreds vnder him so he may in sixe weekes space easily teach them the chiefest points of this art if they be capable and will addict themselues to the learning of it The Gouernour of the Silkewormes in France hath two three and foure crownes a month besides his diet and his charge continues from the first hatching of the Wormes to the finishing and winding of the Silke Moreouer you must not thinke it to be absolutely necessary to be so superstitious in curiously following all the booke rules and written precepts so as if any of them be omitted or euery thing be not precisely followed in the hatching lodging feeding and tending of the Silkewormes that then all the businesse is spoiled and ouerthrowne for it may notwithstanding profit and succeed to the contentment of those that keepe them Onely let euery man doe what he can commodiously to his power and ability and assure himselfe though he keepe not all strict rules in euery thing that yet he may make a great gaine notwithstanding still the greater the more curious he be in obseruing and practising all the approued experiments Rules and precepts hereunto belonging These Rules are chiefly to shew the perfection of this Art and that also a man may learne thereby that if the Silkewormes miscarrie or prosper not so well one yeere what might be the cause of it and where the fault lay and how next yeere that may be remedied which was amisse afore without despayring or being discouraged Besides you must know that all generall Rules euer admit some exceptions and varie according to some particular circumstances And therefore to make the Rules the surer for you the nature of the Clymate must be obserued how and in what one Clymate differs from another as also the season of one yeere altering from another in cold heat drought or moysture the manner of the lodgings the qualities of the windes to be let in and kept out vpon occasion fitting and so according to all the different qualities to gouerne this worke differently with discretion As if it be a cold season to vse more artificiall heat for the cherishing the Wormes if it be a verie hot season to let in the coole ayre and the windes as much as may be to refresh them especially when they spin their Silke for feare of stifling them with too much heat If it be a moist time the worst season of all other euer for the Silkewormes to vse drying heats and perfumes so much the more to qualifie the moist and the ill season and to be carefull that the Mulbery leafe be wel dried and kept the longer after it be gathered afore it be giuen But if the season be dry then consider that the leafe after it hath lyen and cooled a while may be giuen the fresher and the Mulbery tree roots may be watered in these droughts to refresh the leaues as they doe sometimes in Spaine especially if it be in a drie and hot ground which otherwise without these cautions were not so good Then must you consider also if the Mulbery tree grow in a shady place or in a sowre foule or wet soile what inconuenience that food may bring vnto the worm thereafter either to auoid it wholy if it be possible or else to qualifie it as well as may be Neuerthelesse noting that in a hot and dry yeere a man may be more bold to feed with those leaues that grow in a shady or moist ground by reason the temper of the season hath the better corrected the ill quality of them Thus regard with reason alwaies what kinde of ground the leafe grew in and in what qualified season you gather it in and