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ground_n	leaf_n	small_a	spread_v	1,707	5	9.9652	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A71305	Purchas his pilgrimes. part 3 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.	Purchas, Samuel, 1577?-1626.	1625 (1625)	STC 20509_pt3; ESTC S111862	2,393,864	1,207

Tanguth in the entrance of the State of Grand Can who said he was called Daimi● Can and sent his Officers to the gouernment of the said Cities which are the first toward the Muslemans and are Idolaters He went thither with a Carauan which went with merchandises out of Persia and from the places adioyning to the Caspian Sea for the Regions of Cataio which Carauan they permit not to pierce further then Succuir and Campion nor any other Merchant therein except he goe Ambassadour to the great Can. This Citie of Succiur is great and populous with faire houses of hewen stones after our manner and hath many great Temples with their Idols of stone It is situate in a Playne where runne infinite Riuolets is abundant in victuals of all sorts and yeelds silke there made of the black Mulberies in great quantitie hath no Wine growing but they make a drinke with Hony as it were Ale Of fruits by reason the Countrey is cold there grow none but Peares Apples Apricocks Peaches Melons and Cucumers Hee said that Rhubard of this commoditie Memet had brought great store at that time to Venice growes all ouer the Countrey but the best in certaine high stony Hills neere adjoyning where are many Springs and Woods of diuers sorts of high Trees and the Land is of a red colour and by reason of many Raynes and Springs almost alway myrie He shewed out of his bosome a picture of the Plant brought out of the Countrey which Ramusio in his Preface to M. Polo hath also presented with this discourse the description of which is this The leaues he said are ordinarily two spans long more or lesse as the Plant is in bignesse narrow below and broad aboue downy with as it were small hayres in their circumference the stalke or trunke is greene foure fingers high and sometimes a span from the ground the greene leaues with age grow yellow and spread on the ground In the midst of the trunke growes a thin branch with flowres fastned within like the Mamole violets in forme but of the colour of Milke and Azure and greater then those violets of a noysome sent The roote within ground is a span or two long of a tawny colour in the barke some as bigge as a mans thigh or legge out of which grow little Roots or Sprigs which spread in the ground and are cut away from the great Roote which within is yellow with many veynes of faire red full of red and yellow juyce cleaning to the fingers and making the hand yellow and being cut in peeces the viscous juyce issueth out and the roote becomes light they lay them therefore on boords turning them vp and downe diuers times a day that the juyce should incorporate therein lest it lose the goodnesse after foure or six dayes hanging them to drie in the winde where the Sunne may not come at them being in two moneths drie and perfect They ordinarily take it out of the ground in the Winter the vertue being then most vnited in the Roote the Spring there beginning at the end of May which at other times is dispersed into the leaues and flowers that juyce also being gone and the roote light and hollow They sell one of their Cart lodes of Roots with leaues for sixteene siluer Saggi not much vnlike ours for they haue no Coynes but make their gold and siluer in small thin rods and thence cut peeces of a Saggio weight which in siluer is twentie Soldi Venetian and in gold a Ducket and halfe He said that they would not gather it if forren Merchants should not come to trade for it themselues making no reckoning thereof and that the Merchants of China and India carry away the greatest part who if they should cut and dresse it as before is expressed after it is brought in Car●s in foure or six dayes it would corrupt and seuen burdens greene hee said would not yeeld aboue one drie When it is greene it is intolerably bitter and in Cataio they vse it not for medicine but beate and mixe it with other odoriferous compositions for perfumes to their Idols In some places there is such store that they burne it dryed in stead of wood others giue it their crased horses so little doe they esteeme it in Cataio But there they much prize another small Roote which growes in the Mountaines of Succuir where the Rubard growes and call it Mambroni cini very deare vsed for diseases those specially of the eyes nor did he thinke any of it was brought into these parts He said also that in all Cataio they much vse the leaues of another herb which they ●all Chiai Catai which growes in a place of Catai called Cacianfu They boyle it whether new or drie and taking off a Beaker or two of that decoction fasting as hot as can be borne takes away the Feauer payne of the Head or Stomack Back Ioynts and other diseases especially the Gowt and it is good for digestion They vse to carry it with them in their Voyages and will giue a sack of Rubarb for an ounce of Chiai Catai And the Cataians say that if our Merchants Persians and Frankes knew the goodnesse thereof they would buy no Rauend Cini so they call Rubard I asked him of his Voyage from thence to Constantinople and hee answered mee by Mambre our Interpreter that hee returned not that way he went with the Carauan by reason that the Greene-head Tartars called Iescilbas sent an Embassador at that time when hee was to come away with a great company by the way of Tartaria Deserta aboue the Caspian Sea to the great Turke at Constantinople to make a league against the Persian their common enemie Whereupon he thought good to come with them and so did to Caffa I asked of the way he went He said he should haue returned from Campion to Gauta in six dayes eight Farsen●s each of which is three Italian miles are a dayes iourney but on the Hils and Desarts they goe not halfe so much from Gauta to Succuir in fiue dayes from Succuir to Camul in fifteene here the Musulmans or Mahumetans begin from Camul to Turfon is thirteene From Turfon they passe three Cities Chialis ten dayes iourney thence after that Cuchia other ten and after that Acsu in twentie From Acsu to Cascar are other twentie dayes all rough Desart all the former way being thorow places inhabited From Cascar to Samarcand are fiue and twentie dayes From Samarcand to Bochara in Corassam fiue from Bochara to Eri twentie from thence to Veremi in fifteene from Veremi to Casbin in six thence to Soltania in foure and thence to Tauris in six dayes Now for some particulars of those places he related that Campion is subiect to Daimir Can great Emperor of the Tartars the Citie placed in a fertile Playne all cultiuated and abundant in prouisions They are apparelled in black Cotton cloth furred in Winter with skins of

rest is not for that they eate it greene dry whole and beaten in the pot and in sawces being the chiefe sawce all the spice they haue at the Indies When this Axi is taken moderately it helps and comforts the stomack for digestion but if they take too much it hath bad effects for of it selfe it is verie hot fuming pierceth greatly so as the vse thereof is preiudiciall to the health of yong folkes chiefely to the soule for that it prouokes to lust They vse Salt to temper this Axi hauing great force to correct it and so they moderate one with the other by the contrarietie that is in them They vse also Tomates which are cold and very wholesome It is a kinde of graine great and full of iuyce the which giues a good taste to sawce and they are good to eate They haue generally throughout the Indies of this Indian Pepper at the Ilands new Spaine Peru and all the rest that is discouered And as Mays is the generall graine for Bread so Axi is the most common spice for sawces The thing wherein was most resemblance in my opinion betwixt the Planes at the Indies and those which the Ancients did celebrate is the greatnesse of the leaues for that these haue them very great and coole But in truth there is no more comparison nor resemblance of the one with the other then there is as the Prouerbe saith betwixt an Egge and a Chesnut For first the ancient plane carries no fruite at the least they made no account thereof but the chiefest reason why they esteemed it was for the shadow for that there was no more Sunne vnder a Plane than vnder a roofe And contrariwise the reason why they should regard it at the Indies yea make great accompt thereof is by reason of this fruite which is very good for they haue little shade Moreouer the ancient Plane had the body so bigge and the boughs so spread that Plinie reporteth of one Licinius a Romane Captaine who with eighteene of his companions dined at ease in th'hollow of one of these Planes and of the Emperour Caius Caligula who with eleuen of his ghests feasted vpon the top of another Plane where he made them a sumptuous banquet The Indian Planes haue neither so great nor hollow bodies not so broad boughs The leaues of the Indian Plane are of a wonderfull bignesse and are in a manner sufficient to couer a man from the foote to the head It is a Plant that makes a stocke within the earth out of the which springs many and sundry siens and sprigges diuided and not ioyned together These sprigges grow bigge euery one making a small tree apart and in growing they cast forth these leaues which are of a fine greene smooth and great as I haue said When it is growne to the height of a stade and a halfe or two it puts forth one onely bough of fruite whereon sometimes there are great numbers of this fruite and sometimes lesse I haue told vpon some of these boughs three hundred whereof euery one was a spanne long more or lesse and two or three fingers bigge yet is there much difference herein betwixt some and others they take away the rinde and all the rest is a firme kernell and tender good to eate and nourishing This fruite inclines more to cold then heate They are accustomed to gather the boughes or clusters as I haue said being greene and put them into vessels where they ripen being well couered especially when there is a certaine hearbe mingled with it which serues for this effect If they suffer them to ripen on the tree they haue a better taste and a very good smell like to Camoisses or sweete Apples They last almost all the yeare for that there are alwaies yong ones that grow out of this stocke so as when one ends another beginnes to yeelde his fruite the one is halfe ripe and the other begins to bud anew so as one su●ceedes another and the fruite continues the whole yeare In gathering the cluster they cut the sprigge or stalke for that it beares but one and neuer but once but as I haue said the stalke remaines and casts forth new sienes or stalkes vntill it growes old and dies This Plane continues many yeares and requires much moisture and a very hot ground They put ashes at the foote of it for the better entertaining thereof and they make small groues and very thicke the leafe is as broad as a sheete of Paper or little lesse and foure times as long Although the Plane be the most profitable yet that Cacao is most esteemed at Mexico and the Coca in Peru in which two trees they haue great superstition The Cacao is a fruite little lesse then Almonds yet more fat the which being roasted hath no ill taste It is so much esteemed amongst the Indians yea and among the Spaniards that it is one of the richest and the greatest traffickes of new Spaine for being a drie fruite and that keepes long without corruption they carrie whole Ships loaden from the Prouince of Guatimalla The last yeare an English Pirat did burne in the Port of Guatulco in new Spaine aboue a hundred thousand charges of Cacao They vse it instead of money for with fiue Cacaos they buy one thing with thirtie another and with a hundred another without any contradiction and they vse to giue it to the poore that beg for almes The chiefe vse of this Cacao is in a drinke which they call Chocholate whereof they make great accompt in that Country foolishly and without reason for it is loathsome to such as are not acquainted with it hauing a skum or froth that is very vnpleasant to taste if they be not very well conceited thereof Yet it is a drinke very much esteemed among the Indians wherewith they feast Noble men as they passe through their Countrie The tree whereon this fruite growes is of reasonable bignesse and well fashioned it is so tender that to keepe it from the burning of the Sunne they plant neere vnto it a great tree which serues onely to shadow it and they call it the ●●ther of Cacao There are places where they are like to the Vines and Oliue trees of Spaine The Prouince where there is greatest abundance for the trafficke of Marchandise is Guatimalla There growes none in Peru but Coca wherein they hold another great superstition which seemes to be fabulous It is a kinde of Marchandise by the which all their Markets and Faires are made with great expedition This Coca whereof they make such account is a small greene leafe which groweth vpon small trees about a fadome high and in hot and moist grounds eu●ry foure moneths it casts forth this leafe which they call Tresmitas or Tremoy it requires great care in planting being very tender and much more to keepe it when it is gathered They lay it in order in long and narrow baskets and so

Guaturo the King whereof rebelling from the obedience of your Maiestie was pursued by me and taken Prisoner at which time I with my company passed ouer a very high Mountaine full of great Trees in the top whereof we found one Tree which had three roots or rather diuisions of the roote aboue the Earth in forme of a Triangle or Treuet so that betweene euery foot of this Triangle or three feet there was a space of twentie foot betweene euery foot and this of such height aboue the Earth that a laden Cart of those wherewith they are accustomed to bring home Corne in time of Haruest in the Kingdome of Toledo in Spaine might easily haue passed through euery of those partitions or windoores which were betweene the three feet of the said Tree From the Earth vpward to the trunke of the Tree the open places of the diuisions betweene these three feete were of such height from the ground that a Footman with a Iauelin was not able to reach the place where the said feet ioyned together in the trunke or bodie of the Tree which grew of great height in one piece and one whole bodie or euer it spread in branches which it did not before it exceeded in height the Towre of Saint Romane in the Citie of Toledo from which height and vpward it spread very great and strong branches Among certaine Spaniards which climbed this Tree I my selfe was one and when I was ascended to the place where it begunne to spread the branches it was a maruellous thing to behold a great Countrey of such Trees toward the Prouince of Abrayme This Tree was easie to climbe by reason of certaine Besuchi whereof I haue spoken before which grew wreathed about the Tree in such sort that they seemed to make a scaling Ladder Euery of the foresaid three feet which bore the bodie of the Tree was twentie spannes in thicknesse and where they ioyned altogether about the Trunke or bodie of the Tree the principall Trunke was more then fortie and fiue spannes in circuite I named the Mountaine where these Trees grow the Mountaine of three footed Trees And this which I haue now declared was seene of all the company that was there with mee when as I haue said before I took King Guaturo Prisoner in the yeere 1522. Many things more might here be spoken as touching this matter as also how there are many other excellent Trees found of diuers sorts and difference as sweet Cedar Trees blacke Date Trees and many other of the which some are so heauie that they cannot float about the water but sinke immediately to the bottome and other againe as light as a Corke As touching all which things I haue written more largely in my generall Historie of the Indies And for as much as at this present I haue entred to entreate of Trees before I passe any further to other things I will declare the manner how the Indians kindle fire onely with Wood and without fire the manner whereof is this They take a peece of wood of two spannes in length as biggeas the least finger of a mans hand or as an arrow well pullished and of a strong kinde of wood which they keepe onely for this purpose and where they intend to kindle any fire they take two other peeces of wood of the driest and lightest that they can finde and binde them fast together one with another as close as two fingers ioyned in the middest or between these they put the point of the first little staffe made of hard and strong wood which they hold in their hands by the top thereof and turne or rubbe it round about continually in one place betweene the two peeces of wood which lye bound together vpon the earth which by that vncessant rubbing and chasing are in short space kindled and take fire I haue also thought good here to speake somewhat of such things as come to my remembrance of certaine Trees which are found in this Land and sometime also the like haue beene seene in Spaine These are certaine putrified trunkes which haue l●en so long rotting on the earth that they are very white and shine in the night like burning firebrands and when the Spaniards finde any of this wood and intend priuily in the night to make warre and inuade any Prouince when case so requireth that it shall be necessarie to goe in the night in such places where they know not the way the formost Christian man which guideth the way associate with an Indian to direct him therein taketh a little starre of the said wood which he putteth in his cap hanging behinde on his shoulders by the light whereof he that followeth next to him directeth his iourney who also in like manner beareth another starre behinde him by the shining whereof the third followeth the same way and in like manner doe all the rest so that by this meanes none are lost or stragle out of the way And for as much as this light is not seene very farre it is the better policie for the Christians because they are not thereby disclosed before they inuade their enemies Furthermore as touching the natures of Trees one particular thing seemeth worthy to be noted whereof Plinie maketh mention in his naturall Historie where he saith that there are certaine Trees which continue euer greene and neuer loose their leaues as the Bay-tree the Cedar the Orange-tree and the Oliue-tree with such other of the which in altogether he nameth not past fiue or six To this purpose I say that in the Ilands of these Indies and also in the firme land it is a thing of much difficultie to finde two Trees that lose or cast their leaues at any time for although I haue diligently searched to know the truth hereof yet haue I not seene any that lose their leaues either of them which we haue brought out of Spaine into these regions as Orange-trees Limons Cedars Palmes or Date-trees and Pomegranate-trees or of any other in these regions except onely Cassia which loseth his leaues and hath a greater thing appropriate to it selfe onely which is that whereas all other Trees and Plants of India spread their rootes no deeper in the earth then the depth of a mans height or somewhat more not descending any further into the ground by reason of the great heate which is found beneath that depth yet doth Cassia pearse further into the ground vntill it finde water which by the Philosophers opinion should be the cause of a thinne and watery radicall moisture to such things as draw their nourishment thereof as fat and vnctuous grounds with temperate heate yeelde a fast and firme moisture to such things as grow in them which is the cause that such Trees lose not their leaues as the said thinne and waterish moisture is cause of the contrarie as appeareth by the said effect which is seene onely in Cassia and none other Tree or Plant in all these

determining either to bring that to passe which was intended or else to dye the death And as for them which were with Master Chancelor in his Ship although they had great cause of discomfort by the losse of their companie whom the foresaid tempest had separated from them and were not a little troubled with cogitations and perturbations of minde in respect of their doubtfull course yet notwithstanding they were of such consent and agreement of minde with Master Chancelor that they were resolute and prepared vnder his direction and gouernment to make proofe and tryall of all aduentures without all feare or mistrust of future dangers Which constancie of minde in all the companie did exceedingly increase their Captaines carefulnesse for hee being swallowed vp with like good will and loue towards them feared left through any errour of his the safetie of the companie should bee indangered To conclude when they saw their desire and hope of the arriuall of the rest of the Ships to bee euery day more and more frustrated they prouided to Sea againe and Master Chancelor held on his course towards that vnknowne part of the world and sayled so farre that hee came at last to the place where hee found no night at all but a continuall light and brightnesse of the Sunne shining cleerely vpon the huge and mightie Sea And hauing the benefite of this perpetuall light for certaine dayes at the length it pleased God to bring them into a certaine great Bay which was of one hundreth miles or there about ouer Whereinto they entred and somewhat farre within it cast anchor and looking euery way about them it hapned that they espyed a farre off a certaine Fisher-boate which Master Chancelor accompanied with a few of his men went towards to common with the Fishermen that were in it and to know of them what Countrey it was and what people and of what manner of liuing they were but they being amazed with the strange greatnesse of his ship for in those parts before that time they had neuer seene the like began presently to auoyd and to flee but hee still following them at last ouertooke them and being come to them they being in great feare as men halfe dead prostrated themselues before him offering to kisse his feete but hee according to his great and singular courtesie looked pleasantly vpon them comforting them by signes and gestures refusing those duties and reuerences of theirs and taking them vp in all louing sort from the ground And it is strange to consider how much fauour afterwards in that place this humanitie of his did purchase to himselfe For they being dismissed spread by and by a report abroad of the arriuall of a strange Nation of a singular gentlenesse and courtesie whereupon the common people came together offering to these new-come ghests victuals freely and not refusing to traff●que with them except they had beene bound by a certaine religious vse and custome not to buy any forraine commodities without the knowledge and consent of the King By this time our men had learned that this Countrey was called Russia or Muscouie and that Iuan Vasiliwich which was at that time their Kings name ruled and gouerned farre and wide in those places And the barbarous Russes asked likewise of our men whence they were and what they came for whereunto answer was made that they were English-men sent into those coasts from the most excellent King Edward the sixt hauing from him in commandement certaine things to deliuer to their King and seeking nothing else but his amitie and friendship and traff●que with his people whereby they doubted not but that great commoditie and profit would grow to the subiects of both Kingdomes The Barbarians heard these things very gladly and promised their ayde and furtherance to acquaint their King out of hand with so honest and a reasonable a request In the meane time Master Chancelor intreated victuals for his money of the Gouernour of that place who together with others came aboord him and required hostages of them likewise for the more assurance of safetie to himselfe and his companie To whom the Gouernours answered that they knew not in that case the will of their King but yet were willing in such things as they might lawfully doe to pleasure him which was as then to affoord him the benefit of victuals Now while these things were a doing they secretly sent a messenger vnto the Emperour to certifie him of the arriuall of a strange Nation and withall to know his pleasure concerning them Which message was very welcome vnto him insomuch that voluntarily he inuited them to come to his Court But if by reason of the tediousnesse of so long a iourney they thought it not best so to doe then hee granted libertie to his Subiects to bargaine and to traffique with them and further promised that if it would please them to come to him hee himselfe would beare the whole charges of poste Horses In the meane time the Gouernours of the place differred the matter from day to day pretending diuers excuses and saying one while that the consent of all the Gouernours and another while that the great and weightie affaires of the Kindome compelled them to differ their answer and this they did of purpose so long to protract the time vntill the messenger sent before to the King did returne with relation of his will and pleasure But Master Chancelor seeing himselfe held in this suspense with long and vaine expectation and thinking that of intention to delude him they posted the matter off so often was very instant with them to performe their promise Which if they would not doe hee told them that he would depart and proceed in his voyage So that the Muscouites although as yet they knew not the minde of their King yet fearing the departure indeed of our men who had such wares and commodities as they greatly desired they at last resolued to furnish our people with all things necessarie and to conduct them by land to the presence of their King And so Master Chancelor began his iourney which was very long and most troublesome wherein he had the vse of certaine sleds which in that Countrey are very common for they are carried themselues vpon sleds and all their carriages are in the same sort the people almost not knowing any other manner of carriage the cause whereof is the exceeding hardnesse of the ground congealed in the Winter time by the force of the cold which in those places is very extreame and horrible whereof hereafter wee will say something But now they hauing passed the greater part of their iourney met at last with the Sled-man of whom I spake before sent to the King secretly from the Iustices or Gouernours who by some ill hap had lost his way and had gone to the Sea-side which is neere to the Countrey of the Tartars thinking there to haue found our ship But hauing long erred and wandered out

taken from the height aforesaid there rested 14. degrees which substracted from 90. degrees then the height of the Pole was found to be 76. degrees and 15. minutes then we found the variation of the Compasse to bee 26. degrees The same day two of our men went againe to the Crosse and found no Beares to trouble vs and wee followed them with our Armes fearing least wee might meet any by chance and when we came to the second Crosse we found the foot-steps of two Beares and saw how long they had followed vs which was one hundred foot-steps at the least that way that we had beene the day before The two and twentieth being Munday wee set vp another Crosse and made our Marke thereon and lay there before the Crosse Iland till the fourth of August meane time we washt and whited our Linnen on the shoare The thirtieth the Sunne being North there came a Beare so neere to our ship that we might hit her with a stone and we shot her into the foot with a Piece wherewith shee ranne halting away The one and thirtieth of Iuly the Sunne being East North-east seuen of our men killed a Beare and slayed her and cast her bodie into the Sea The same day at noone by our Instrument we found the variation of the Needle of the Compasse to be 17. degrees The first of August we saw a white Beare but she ran away from vs. The fourth we got out of the Ice to the other side of the Iland and anchored there where with great labour and much paine we fetched a Boat full of stones from the Land The fifth wee set sayle againe towards Ice point with an East Wind and sayled South South-east and then North North-east and saw no Ice by the Land by the which we lauered The sixth we gate about the point of Nassaw and sayled forward East and East and by South along by the Land The seuenth we had a West South-west Wind and sayled along by the Land South-east and South-east and by East and saw but a little Ice and then past by the Trust-point which we had much longed for at Eeuening we had an East Wind with mistie Weather so that we were forced to make our ship fast to a piece of Ice that was at least thirtie sixe fathome deepe vnder the water and more then sixteene fathome aboue the water which in all was two and fifty fathome thick for it lay fast vpon ground the which was thirtie sixe fathome deepe The eight in the morning we had an East Wind with mistie Weather The ninth lying still fast to the great piece of Ice it snowed hard and it was mistie weather and when the Sunne was South we went vpon the Hatches for we alwayes held watch where as the Master walked along the ship he heard a beast snuffe with his nose and looking ouer-boord he saw a great Beare hard by the ship where hee cryed out a Beare a Beare and with that all our men came vp from vnder Hatches and saw a great Beare hard by our Boat seeking to get into it but we giuing a great shout she was afraid and swamme away but presently came backe againe and went behind a great piece of Ice whereunto we had made our ship fast and climbed vpon it and boldly came towards our ship to enter into it but we had torne our Scute Sayle in the ship and lay with foure Peeces before at the Boot-sprit and shot her in the bodie and with that shee ranne away but it snowed so fast that wee could not see whither shee went but wee ghest that shee lay behind a high Hoouell whereof there were many vpon the piece of Ice The tenth being Saturday the Ice began mightily to breake and then wee first perceiued that the great piece of Ice whereunto we had made our ship fast lay on the ground for the rest of the Ice draue along by it wherewith wee were in great feare that wee should bee compassed about with the Ice and therefore we vsed all the diligence and meanes that we could to get from thence for we were in great doubt and being vnder sayle wee sayled vpon the Ice because it was all broken vnder vs and got to another piece of Ice whereunto we made our ship fast againe with our Sheate Anchor which we made fast vpon it and there we lay till Eeuening and when we had supped in the first quarter the said piece of Ice began on a sudden to burst and rend in pieces so fearefully that it was admirable for with one great cracke it burst into foure hundred pieces at the least we lying fast to it weighed our Cable and got off from it vnder the water it was ten fathome deepe and lay vpon the ground and two fathome aboue the Water and it made a fearefull noyse both vnder and aboue the Water when it burst and spread it selfe abroad on all sides And being with great feare gotten from that piece of Ice wee came to another piece that was six fathome deepe vnder the Water to which wee made a Rope fast on both sides Then wee saw another great piece of Ice not farre from vs lying fast in the Sea that was as sharpe aboue as it had beene a Tower whereunto wee rowed and casting out our Lead we found that it lay twentie fathome deepe fast on the ground vnder the Water and twelue fathome aboue the Water The eleuenth being Sunday we rowed to another piece of Ice and cast out our Lead and found that it lay eighteene fathome deepe fast to the ground vnder the Water and ten fathome aboue the water The twelfth wee sayled neere vnder the Land the better to shunne the Ice for the great flakes that draue in the Sea were many fathome deepe vnder the Water and we were better defended from them being at foure and fiue fathome Water and there ranne a great current of water from the Hill There we made our ship fast againe to a piece of Ice and called that point The small Ice point The thirteenth in the morning there came a Beare from the East point of the Land close to our ship and one of our men with a Peece shot at her and brake one of her legs but she crept vp the Hill with her three feet and we following her killed her and hauing flayed her brought the skinne aboord the ship From thence wee set sayle with a little gale of Winde and were forced to lauere but after that it began to blow more out of the South and South South-east The fifteenth we came to the Iland of Orange where we were inclosed with the Ice hard by a great piece of Ice where we were in great danger to lose our ship but with great labour and much paine we got to the Iland the Wind being South-east whereby we were constrayned to turne our ship and while we were busied thereabouts and made such noyse

the times of the Genoes it was a wealthy and populous Citie But after it was taken from the Genoes by the Turkes aboue a hundred yeeres since the Italian Christian● were brought into such a straight that there are but a very few and obscure remaines of them left The Citie hath in a manner lost her pristine splendour The Romish Churches of Christians are demolished the Houses cast downe the Walls and Towers wherein are seene many tokens of honour of the Genoes and Latine inscriptions are fallen Onely two Catholicke Temples and two Armenian remayne whole in which it is granted them of the Turke after their owne custome to maintaine their proper Priests and to bee present at their publike deuotions It is replenished with Turkes Armenians Iewes but very few Italian and Greeke Christian inhabitants Now also it is famous ouer all that part of Taurica for Nauigation and the Hauen It hath almost innumerable Vineyards Orchards and Gardens Men sayle often to Capha from all the bordering and remote Ilands of Greece but oftner from the Citie Constantinople for with a prosperous winde they come thither by Ship in the space of two dayes or little more The Petigoren Prouince or Colchis is inlarged as farre as the Caspian or Hircan Sea and is much subiect to Mountaines and very large Woods which are now seene in these Confines It is a very free people and hath many braue Commanders to whom all the Nations and Families obey Moreouer they professe themselues Christians and it is manifest in the time of the Genoes very many of them were Christians but now wanting Priests and Churches they onely retayne the opinion of Religion Most and the greatest part of them are Idolaters amongst themselues rapacious and cruell but to Strangers hospitall and free-hearted The Parents although they bee of the more Noble or of the Rustickes sell their owne Children their Sonnes for Slaues their Daughters for Wiues to the Turkes and Tartars also to many Christians and those which they are wont to steale secretly among themselues they sell closely beyond the Sea to barbarous strangers after a more then barbarous manner Betweene Perecopia Cremum and Customa are Townes on the North. Taurica or the Peninsula is exceeding plaine not very hilly and altogether champaine It hath a very fertile soyle in great part stonie but great scarcitie of good water Yet there are found in diuers places very many extraordinarie deepe Fountaynes or Wells of a wonderfull profunditie and difficultie in times past digged and made by the elder Greekes or those great and antique Nations who inhabited the Peninsula before the Greekes From Perecopia the space of a mile there is a great Lake congealed naturally of admirable Salt from whence the purest and best Salt is continually gathered as if it were frozen it hath many other Salt lakes In certayne commodious and in very many places in Mountaynes and Groues are found in great number ancient huge Grecian ruines of Castles Cities Temples and Monasteries which while they haue many ages beene destitute of inhabitants by reason of their antiquitie haue lost their names All Taurica or that Peninsula from the West and North is plaine and champaine and hath few Townes many Villages extends in length the summe of fiftie miles But from the South and East it is mountaynous and wooddie and hath euery where maruellous high large stony Mountaynes In which betweene Cremum and Capha it is reported that veynes of Gold and Siluer and the best Iron were whilom found by the Inhabitants It hath a very fruitfull ground Floods delightsome Riuers Fishes Meadowes Pastures abundance of wilde Beasts Harts Goates Boares Beares Vineyards Orchards Territories Champaines Townes Villages Hamlets many and large Granges Taurica or the Peninsula is spread in Latitude after a sort into a circle in some places the distance of one or two dayes journey but in most places about the quantitie of one The Castles and Sea-cities and the rest of all the Peninsula which are described in their order with many Villages and Hamlets of Greeke Christians except the Holds and Sea-townes and many lesse suspected walled Townes in Perecopia and Cas●louia and a few Villages of Greeke Christians are subiect to the Turkish Emperour and all obey his behests and are kept with a sure Garrison The Peninsula which lyes in the middle from the East and South against Perecopia hath a milde winter and temperate ayre For in the end of December is the beginning of winter but in the midst of Februarie the sharpenesse of winter which is more snowie then cold or subiect to Ice neither yet doth that endure aboue three dayes together neither continues it any longer then to the beginning of March Therefore about the beginning of the Spring and alway in a hot Autumne the ayre is very contagious In Bratislauia the Sauranen Oczacouien and Bialodogroden Plaines are situate betweene Hipanis or Bogus Tyra or Nester From the North toward Neper or Boristhenes and Bogas are somewhat plaine and champion grounds but from the West towardes the Riuer Nester and Pruth or Hierasus more wooddie and hilly Podolia Camenecia and Moldauia betweene the streames Nester and Pruth euery where border on the middle Tachuia and Bialogrod which is by the Lake Vidouo or Obidouo and the Euxine Sea on the West confine on the Plaines and on the Euxine Sea on the South Bralogrod Kibia and the Riuer Danubius Oczacouia hath on the North Boristhenes into which Bogus there dischargeth it selfe and spatious Plaines on the South the Euxine Sea and the ouerflowing Salt meere Berezania from the West the adioyning Riuer Nester Further that Continent which is betweene Oczacouia and Boristhenes in the fashion of an I le hath into the West Boristhenes as though it were betweene Boristhenes the Fen Meotis and the Euxine Sea on the North the Riuers Tanais or Donum on the South the Euxine Sea and that Isthmus or Continent but beyond Oczacouia and Boristhenes as far as Perecopia that Continent is verie narrow in many places but beyond Perecopia to the Castle Ossonum a ranke soyle and all champion and plaine For in that neck of Land almost all the Perecopian and Ossouen Tartars feed their Flockes and Cattle and liue there all Summer and Autumne That Continent or Isthmus from Oczacouia as farre as Ossonum for there it is limitted is stretched out in Longitude as is manifest out of the Tartars Diaries more then a hundred miles but in Latitude not after an equall manner For it is larger as well beyond Perecopia as toward Oczacouia or Boristhenes The Taurican or Chersonesen Tartars who are now called Perecopen or Crims doe certainely seeme by the ancient Writers of the Schythians to haue been the Iauolgenses and to haue had their originall and appellation from Rha or the Riuer Volga Moreouer between the famous deepe and great Riuers of the North Tanais or Don and Boristhenes it manifestly appeare that they passed by little and

words following Through the will of the almightie and without beginning God which was before this world whom we glorifie in the Trinitie one onely God the Father the Sonne and the holy Ghost maker of all things worker of all in all euery where fulfiller of all things by which will and working he both liueth and giueth life to man that our onely God which enspireth euerie one of vs his onely children with his word to discerne God through our Lord Iesus Christ and the holy quickning spirit of life now in these perillous times established vs to keepe the right Scepter and suffer vs to raigne of our selues to the good profit of the land to the subduing of the people together with the enemies and the maintenance of vertue And so the Metropolitan blessed and laid his crosse vpon him After this he was taken out of his chaire of Maiesty hauing vpon him an vpper roabe adorned with precious stones of all sorts orient pearles of great quantity but alwayes augmented in riches it was in weight two hundred pounds the traine and parts thereof borne vp by six Dukes his chiefe imperiall Crowne vpon his head very precious his staffe imperiall in his right hand of an Vnicornes horne of three foote and a halfe in length beset with rich stones bought of Merchants of Ausburge by the old Emperour in Anno 1581. and cost him 7000. Markes sterling This Iewel Master Horsey kept sometimes before the Emperour had it His Scepter globe was carried before him by the Prince Boris Pheodorowich his rich cap beset with rich stones and pearles was carried before him by a Duke his sixe Crownes also were carried by Demetrius Iuanowich Godonoua the Emperours vnckle Mekita Romanowich th● Emperors vnckle Stephen Vasiliwich Gregorie Vasiliwich Iuan Vasiliwich brothers of the bloud royall Thus at last the Emperour came to the great Churchdoore and the people cried God saue our Emperour Pheodor Iuanowich of all Russia His Horse was there ready most richly adorned with a couering of imbrodered pearle and precious stones saddle and all furniture agreeable to it reported to be worth 300000. markes sterling There was a bridge made of a hundred fiftie fadomes in length three manner of waies three foot aboue ground and two fadome broad for him to goe from one Church to the other with his Princes and nobles from the presse of the people which were in number infinite and some at that time pressed to death with the throng As the Emperor returned out of the Churches they were spred vnder foot with cloth of Gold the porches of the Churches with red Veluet the Bridges with Scarlet stammelled cloth from one Church to another and as soone as the Emperor was passed by the cloth of gold veluet and scarlet was cut taken of those that could come by it euery man desirous to haue a piece to reserue it for a monument siluer and gold coine then minted of purpose was cast among the people in great quantitie The Lord Boris Pheodorowich was sumptuously and richly attired with his garments decked with great orient pearle beset with all sorts of precious stones In like rich manner were apparelled all the family of the Godonouaes in their degrees with the rest of the Princes and nobilitie whereof one named Knez Iuan Michalowich Glynsky whose roabe horse and furniture was in register found worth one hundred thousand markes sterling being of great antiquitie The Embresse being in her Pallace was placed in her chaire of Maiesty also before a great open window most precious and rich were her robes and shining to behold with rich stones and orient Pearles beset her crowne was placed vpon her head accompanied with her Princesses and Ladies of estate then cried out the people God preserue our noble Empresse Irenia After all this the Emperour came into the Parliament house which was richly decked there he was placed in his royall seat adorned as before his sixe crownes were set before him vpon a Table the Bason and Ewre royall of gold held by his knight of gard with his men standing two on each side in white apparell of cloth of siluer called Kindry with scepters and battle-axes of gold in their hands the Princes and nobility were all placed according to their degrees all in their rich roabes The Emperour after a short Oration permitted euery man in order to kisse his hand which being done he remoued to a princely seate prepared for him at the table where he was serued by his Nobles in very princely order The three out roomes being very great and large were beset with plate of gold and siluer round from the ground vp to the vauts one vpon the other among which plate were many barrels of siluer and gold this solemnitie and triumph lasted a whole weeke wherein many royall pastimes were shewed and vsed after which the chiefest men of the Nobilitie were elected to their places of office and dignitie as the Prince Boris Pheodorowich was made chiefe Counsellour to the Emperour Master of the Horse had the charge of his person Lieutenant of the Empire and warlike engins Gouernor or Lieutenant of the Empire of Cazan and Astracan and others to this dignitie were by Parliament and gift of the Emperour giuen him many reuenewes and rich lands as there was giuen him and his for euer to inherite a Prouince called Vaga of three hundred English miles in length and two hundred and fiftie in bredth with many Townes and great Villages populous and wealthy his yearely Reuenew out of that Prouince is fiue and thirtie thousand Markes sterling being not the fifth part of his yeare Reuenue Further he and his house be of such authoritie and power that in forty dayes warning they are able to bring into the field a hundred thousand Souldiours well furnished The conclusion of the Emperours Coronation was a peale of Ordnance called a Peale royall two miles without the Citie being a hundred and seuenty great pieces of brasse of all sorts as faire as any can be made these pieces were all discharged with shot against bulwarkes made of purpose twentie thousand hargubusers standing in eight ranks two miles in length apparelled all in veluet coloured silke and stammels discharged their shot also twise ouer in good order and so the Emperour accompanied with all his Princes and Nobles at the least fiftie thousand horse departed through the Citie to his palace This royall coronation would aske much time and many leaues of paper to be described particularly as it was performed it shall suffice to vnderstand that the like magnificence was neuer seene in Russia The Coronation and other triumphs ended all the Nobilitie officers and Merchants according to an accustomed order euery one in his place and degree brought rich presents vnto the Emperour wishing him long life and ioy in his kingdome The same time also Master Ierom Horsey aforesaid remaining as seruant in Russia for the Queens most excellent Maiestie was called for to the Emperour

prosper better there then the Indian Plants doe brought into Europe There are other rootes that serue them for dainties as the Cochucho it is a small sweete roote which some prouide for more delight There are other rootes fit to coole as the Piquima which is the qualitie very cold and moist and in Summer it refresheth and quencheth the thirst but the Papas and Ocas be the chiefe for nourishment and substance The Indians esteeme Garlike aboue all the rootes of Europe and hold it for a fruite of great force Seeing we haue begunne with the lesser Plants I might in few words touch that which concernes Flowers and Pot-hearbes and that which the Latines call Arbusta without any mention of Trees There are some kindes of these shrubbes at the Indies which are of verie good taste The first Spaniards named many things at the Indies with such Spanish names as they did most resemble as Pines Concombres and Prunes although they be very different fruites to those which are so-called in Spaine The Pines or Pine-aples are of the same fashion and forme outwardly to those of Castile but within they wholly differ for that they haue neither Apples nor scales but are all one flesh which may be eaten when the skin is off It is a fruite that hath an excellent smell and is very pleasant and delightfull in taste it is full of iuyce and of a sweete and sharpe taste they eate it being cut in morsels and steeped a while in water and salt They grow one by one like a cane or stalke which riseth amongst many leaues like to the Lillie but somewhat bigger The Apple is on the top of euerie cane it growes in hot and moist grounds and the best are those of the Ilands of Barlouente I haue seene in new Spaine conser●es of these Pines which was very good Those which they call Concombres are no trees but shrubbes continuing but one yeare They giue it this name for that some of this fruite and the most part is in length and roundnesse like to the Concombres of Spaine but for the rest they differ much for they are not greene but violet yellow or white neither are they thornie or rough but pollished and euen hauing a verie different taste and farre better then that of Spaine for they haue a sharpe sweete taste very pleasant when it is ripe yet is it not so sharpe as the Pine They are very coole full of liquor and of easie digestion and in time of heate fit to refresh They take away the rinde which is white and all that remaines is meate They grow in a temperate soile and require watering And although for the resemblance they call them Concombres yet are there many of them round and others of a different fashion so as they haue not the figure of Concombres I doe not remember to haue seene this kinde of fruite in new Spaine nor at the Ilands but vpon the Lanos of Peru. That which they call the little fruite of Chille is of the same sort verie pleasant to eate and comes neere the taste of Cherries but in all other things it differs much for that it is no tree but an hearbe which growes little and spreads vpon the earth casting forth this little fruite the which in colour and graines resembles almost the Mulberie when it is white and not ripe yet is it more rough and bigger then the Mulberie They say this little fruite is naturally found in the fields of Chille where I haue seene of them They set it vpon Plants and branches and it growes like any other shrub Those which they call Prunes are verily the fruits of trees and haue more resemblance then the rest to our Plumbs But to returne to Pot-hearbs I finde not that the Indians had any Gardens of diuers Hearbes and Plants but did onely till the Land in some parts for pulses which they vse as those which they call Frisolles and Palares which serue them as our Lentils Beanes or Tares neither haue I knowne that these Pulses or any other kindes that be in Europe were there before the Spaniards entred who carried Plants and Pulses from Spaine thither where they now grow and increase wonderfully and in some places exceede greatly the fertilitie of these parts As if we speak of Mellons which grow in the Vallie of Yuca in Peru whose roote becomes a stalk that continues many yeares carrying Mellons yeerely and they trimme it like vnto a tree a thing which I doe not know to be in any part of Spaine But that is more monstrous of the Calibasses or Indian Pompious and the greatnesse they haue as they grow especially those which are proper to the Countrie which they call Capallos the which they eate most commonly in Lent boiled and trimmed with some other sawce There are a thousand kindes of Calibasses some are so deformed in their bignesse that of the ●inde cut in the middest and clensed they make as it were baskets to put in all their meate for their dinner Of the lesser they make Vessels to eate and drinke in and doe trimme them handsomely for manie vses They haue not found at the West Indies anie kinde of Spices proper or peculiar to them as Pepper Cloues Cinamon Nutmegs or Ginger although one of our companie who had trauelled much and in diuers parts told vs that in the Desarts of the Iland of Iamaique he had found trees where Pepper grew But they are not yet assured thereof neither is there anie trade of these spices at the Indies The Ginger was carried from the Indies to Hispaniola and it hath multiplied so as at this day they know not what to doe with rhe great abundance they haue In the fleete the yeare 1587. they brought 22053. quintals of Ginger to Seuille but the naturall spice that God hath giuen to the West Indies is that we in Castill call Indian Pepper and at the Indies Axi as a generall word taken from the first Land of the Ilands which they conquered In the language of Cusco it is called Vchu and in that of Mexico Chili This plant in well knowne and therefore I will speake a little onely we must vnderstand that in old time it was much esteemed amongst the Indians that they carried into places where it grew not as a Marchandise of consequence It growes not vpon cold grounds as on the Sierre of Peru but in hot Vallies where it is often watered There is of this Axi of diuers colours some is greene some red some yellow and some of a burning colour which they call Caribe the which is extreamely sharpe and biting there is another sort not so sharpe but is so sweete as they may eate it alone as any other fruit There is some of it verie small and pleasing in the mouth almost like to the smell of Muske and is verie good That which is sharpe and biting in this Axi be the veines and the grain onely the

lade their sheepe of the Country which goe in troopes with one two or three thousand baskets of this marchandise They bring it commonly from the Andes and vallies where there is an extreame heate and where it raines continually the most part of the yeare wherein the Indians endure much labour and paine to entertaine it and often many die for that they goe from the Sierre and cold places to till and gather them in the Andes Their vse is to carry it in their mouthes chawing it and sucking out the iuice but they swallow it not They say it giues them great courage and is very pleasing vnto them They willingly imploy their money therein and vse it as money Maguey is a tree of wonders whereof the Notaries or Chapetons as the Indians call them are wont to write miracles in that it yeeldeth Water Wine Oyle Vinegar Honie Sirrope Thred Needles and a thousand other things It is a tree which the Indians esteeme much in new Spaine and haue commonly in their dwellings some one of them for the maintenance of life it growes in the fields and hath great and large leaues at the end whereof is a strong and sharpe point which serues to fasten little pins or to sew as a needle and they draw out of this leafe as it were a kinde of thred which they vse They cut the body which is bigge when it is tender wherein is a great hollownesse by which the substance mounts from the roote and is a liquor which they drinke like water being sweete and fresh This liquor being sodden turnes like Wine which growes to Vinegar suffring it to soure and boiling it more it becomes as honie and boiling it halfe it serues as sirrope which is healthfull enough and of good taste in my iudgement it is better then the sirrope of Raisons Thus do they boile this liquor and vse it in diuers sorts whereof they draw a good quantitie for that in some season they draw daily some pots of this liquor There are also of these trees in Peru but they are not so profitable as in new Spaine The wood of this tree is hollow and soft and serues to keepe fire like to the match of a harquebuze and preserues it long I haue seene the Indians vse it to that end The Tunall is another famous tree in new Spaine if wee may call a tree a heape of leaues gathered together one vpon another it is the strangest fashiond tree of all other for first there growes one leafe out of the ground then another vpon it and so one vpon one till it commeth to his perfection but as the leaues grow vp and on the sides those vnderneath doe become great and loose in a manner the forme of leaues making a body and branches which are sharpe pricking and deformed so as in some places they doe call it a Thistle There are Thistles or wilde Tunalls the which doe carrie no fruite or else it is very pricking without any profit There are likewise planted Tunalls which yeelde fruite much esteemed amongst the Indians the which they call Tunas and they are much greater then Pl●mbes and long They open the shell which is fat and within it is meate and small graines like to those of figges which be very sweete they haue a good taste especially the white which haue a pleasing smell but the red are not vsually so good There is another sort of Tunalls which they esteeme much more although it yeeldes no fruit yet it beares another commoditie and profit which is of the graine for that certaine small wormes breede in the leaues of this tree when it is well husbanded and are thereunto fastned couered with a certaine small fine web which doth compasse them in daintily and this is that Indian Cocheuille so famous and wherewith they die in graine They let it drie and being dried carrie it into Spaine which is a great and rich marchandise The arobe of this Cocheuille or graine is worth many ducats In the fleete the yeare 1587. they did bring fiue thousand six hundred seuentie seuen arobes which amounted to two hundred fourescore three thousand seuen hundred and fiftie peeces and commonly there comes euery yeare as great a wealth These Tunalls grow in temperate grounds inclining to cold In Peru there growes none to this day I haue seene some Plants in Spaine but they deserue not estimation I will speake something likewise of the Anir although it comes not from a tree but from an hearbe for that it serueth for the dying of cloth and is a marchandise which agrees with the graine it groweth in great abundance in new Spaine from whence there came in the fleete I mentioned 5263. arobes or there abouts which amounted to so many peeces Cotten likewise growes vpon small shrubs and great trees like to little apples which doe open and yeelde forth this webbe which being gathered they spinne to make stuffes and the yeare that I spake of there came 64000. arobes These Plants we haue spoken of are the most profitable of the Indies and the most necessarie for the life of man yet there are many other that are good to eate among the which the Mameys are esteemed being in fashion like to great Peaches and bigger they haue one or two stones within them and their meate is somewhat hard There are some sweete and others somewhat sowre and haue the rinde hard They make conserues of the meate of this fruite which is like to Marmelade The vse of this fruite is reasonable good but the conserues they make thereof are better They grow in Ilands I haue not seene any in Peru. It is a great tree well fashioned and a reasonable faire leafe The Guauyanos be other trees which commonly carrie an ill fruite full of sowre kernels and are like to little Apples It is a tree little esteemed vpon the firme Land and at the Ilands for they say it smels like to the P●n●ises The taste and sauour of this fruite is verie grosse and the substance vnholesome In Saint Dominique and other Ilands there are whole Mountaines full of these Guayanos and they say there was no such kindes of trees before the Spaniards came there but that they brought them they know not from whence This tree hath multiplied infinitely for that there is no Beast that will eate the kernels or the graine so as being thus scattered on the earth being hot and moist it multiplies in this sort In Peru the Guayanos differs from others for that the fruite is not red but white neither hath it any ill smell but is of a very good taste and of what sort of Guayanos soeuer it be the fruite is as good as the best of Spaine especially of those which they call Guayanos de Matos and of other little white Guaynilles It is a fruite reasonably holesome and agrees with the stomack being of a strong digestion and cold The Paltas commonly are hote and delicate