leav'd Tobacco will doubtless grow up there the next year and this is called Female Tobacco Also if you sow the seed of Male or large leaved Tobacco in ground not hot enough or which is barren it will produce the Female for the Male in such abundance that you will hardly get it out again but it will yearly spring of it self Renealmus cals this sort {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} because the leaves are born up by a small stalk which the Greeks call {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} Pennius cals it Nicotiana minor Lobelius Tobacum minus Herba Sana sancta minor The French call it Nicotiane Petite The Dutch Kleyne Taback The Germans Schmalblaterch Indianisch Wundtkranâ— The third Kind THe third fort called the lesser Tobacco is but a foot and half high and farre lower than the former The root is white going deep downwards the length of a span as thick as ones finger and is much set about with leaves on the sides The stalk is round fat with fine down upon it of a pale green upon which the leaves are green somewhat round fat full of juyce somewhat hairy not unlike to mad Nightshade but they are greater and more white The flowers are of a yellow pale colour standing in dented leafie cups farre smaller than those of great Tobacco they are hollow and are unfolded into five blunt once divided edges and when these fall there remains roundish heads that are full of pale wan seeds like to the small ones of the former Tobacco but they are bigger and round Bauhinus cals this kind yellow Henbane Matthiolus cals it the third sort of Henbane At Lions they call it black Henbane Dodoneus will have it yellow Henbane so will Lonicerus Gesner and Camerarius Tabernomtanus cals it Henbane of Peru. Gesner cals it Priapaeja of the Garden and Caesalpinus a kind of Tornabona The Neotericks call it smaller Tobacco like Henbane and at Lyons the lesser Tobacco The Germans name it Wundbilsam gelb Wundtkraut Lobelius cals it a doubtfull kind of yellow Henbane with leaves of Nightshade But I with the most learned Herbalist Dalechampius do not think this herb can be referred to Henbane for their faculties are quite contrary for the seed of this tasts sharp as also the leaves if you chew them they are a long time of a hot tast in your mouth and it cannot be extinguished but in long time and this is a great argument of heat Wherefore the famous Donanaeus did not well to call it Henbane of Peru nor any of the rest for it cannot be referred to any kind of it for the leaves are notably acrimonious which argues a hot and no cold temperament like to Henbane Noble Clusius cals this the fourth kind of Tobacco The Temperament VVHat concerns the faculties of the Male Tobacco for in this Discourse I chiefly treat of that there is great dissention amongst learned men Monardes holds it to be hot and dry in the second degree and moderate in the rest and Dalechampius holds the same Caesalpinus faith it is hot in the first and dry in the third degree Edward Done an English Writer holds it to be hot and dry almost in the third degree Others deny it to be hot but say it is extream cold because the smoke troubles the mind and brings a man almost into an Extasis and therefore they referre it to some kind of Henbane as I gave notice of before Bauhinus he sayes as much moved thereto by its stupefying quality and likeness of the forme that it hath with Henbane Mercatus saith it is extream hot Iacobus Gohorius dares not give his opinion but puts it off to some other time Lobelius thinks it is hot intensly in the second degree and he answers Dodonaeus that it bites in taste and is hot in the mouth yet Dodonaeus afterwards changed his opinion I with Renealmus say that the green leaves are hot and dry in the second degree which temperament the Sunne gives to them as it doth to the root and stalk by its heat and the Moon gives them their color but when they are dried they are hot and dry in the end of the third degree Tobacco is acrimonious and causeth thirst troubles the mind makes the head heavy which could not be unless some hot vapour flew up and fill'd the brain They do but sport that say it is cold for it hath all symptoms of heat The Time IT is sowed in the Island Hispaniola as also in other hot clymates about Autumn where almost all the year long it brings leaves flowers and buds It will grow with us if continual care be to help it It is not sowed with us before the warm Spring that is about the Ides or Nones of April as the weather is hot for it is chill and at the first fall of the leaf or cold weather it fades wherefore it must be well fenced from cold Noble Clusius thinks it should be sowed in August or September because the small seed lieth very long under ground before it spring forth and being sowed in March or in the Spring in August it will bring flowers and now and then seed But we find by experience that the seed of Tobacco sowed in April in our Countrey springs forth more happily and sooner and the stalks are more fruitfull and longer and the leaves are farre greater and fattâ—â— than when the seed is sowed in September The Plant is gathered when the Sunne is in the 18 19. and 20. degree of Leo Being once planted when the seed comes to be ripe it will sow it self plentifully of its own accord in many Gardens and Fields whether it is carried by force of winds It is sowed in the increase of the Moon and cut when the Moon decreaseth The seed is dedicated to Aquarius and Mars being very hot which quality it hath from Mars In Winter it can hardly be kept but in pots or woodden chests or little baskets made with osiers and that in Panteries and places under ground or hot houses or stowes and so it may be preserved without hurt for three or four years Caesalpinus would also have the stalks planted yet Basilius Beflerus Eistettensis saith he tried that in his Garden but it proved in vain The Place IT loves a fat and pleasant soyl the Bed to be plain smooth black well dressed it loves not sandy nor clay ground nor doth it delight in gravel wherefore it is no small charge if every other year it be dunged with Oxe dung some fift ashes very fine and mingle them but that comes forth very slowly and makes it long before it come to perfection It wonderfully desires water and therefore it must be watered especially in such dayes as are very fair when there fals no rain Let the Lands upon which you sow it be long and about three foot broad that by the furrows between he may pass on both sides that must pull or cut off the
which is reported of them to their disgrace to prepare this juyce or Caldo also the use of Aniseeds is from the Spaniard To stand constantly to ferment we say Broyen This signifies a moderate heat next to strong heat yet â—ot come so farre as to burne but onely to foster and ferment Such a heat Depilatories bring to the parts and Birds to their egges when they sit to hatch their young The Aegyptians produce such a heat in their Ovens when they by Art hatch abundance of Hen Egges as Bellonius observes Some despise the use of Tâ—bacco that grows with us yet Experience teacheth us that our green Leaves will cure Wounds Vlcers and other Diseases sooner and more certainly than the dried Leaves brought from the Indies It is crâ—dible that those dried Leaves coming so farre have lost great part of their strength oft-times Others there are that maintain that our Tobacco Leaves dried and prepared after the Indian manner are more effectuall here than the Indian Tobbacco because that our Leaves be they what they will agree better with our temper and we can have the choice of the fresh Leaves better than of those that are brought to us from other parts whereof the greatest part is to be suspected as being most frequently Sophisticated Agrippa lib. de Vaintate Scient. c. 84 saith Adulterated or such as are to be rejected or are Suffocated in the Ship in the Passage or Sobbed in the water or corrupted with age or not gathered in fit time and place whereby there may be danger The same Author saith well it is folly to fetch out of India what we have plenty at home not being contented with our own Land or Sea prefering Forrain Commodities before those of our own Country things costly before those that are cheap and things hard to come by before such as are easie desiring to fetch them from the Worlds end c. At this day in Zeland there is a Merchant that soweth yearly about five Acres of ground with Tobacco Seed with great cost and the Plants that grow he dresseth after the Indian manner he drieth and prepareth the Leaves as the Indians do and he sels them â—very where which hitherto hath brought him â—â— small profit And now almost ten years the use of this Tobacco hath so prevailed here that men do not much care for Virginy Tobacco or what comes from other Countries The Vertues THe Spaniards have learned that Tobacco is an enemy to the most deadly Poyson that the Cannibals were wont to dip their Arrows and Darts in It happened that some Cannibals Sailed in their boats to St Iohns Port to shoot all the Indians and Spaniards they could find and kill them with their Arrows when they were Arrived they wounded some Indians and Spaniards and some they killed These wanting Sublimate which they were wont to strew upon their Wounds in such Cases they were taught by an Indian to annoynt their Wounds with the juyce of Tobacco pressed forth and to lay a bruised Lease upon them The pains presently ceased and all those Symptoms which use to attend such Wounds the Poyson was quickly conquered and the Wounds were cured It chiefly opposeth Hellebore the King of Spain would needs try this and commanded a Huntsman to wound a Dog in the throat to strew Hellebore into it and after that to put in plenty of the juyce of Tobacco and lay on the bruised Leaves this was done presently and the experiment was made the Wound being bound up in a very short time the Dog was recovered which made them all to wonder at it I shall here adde what Aedigius Everhardus reports concerning his Panacaea It fell out that at Antwerp one gave a Gentle Womans Cat that was somewhat fierce Poyson to drink The Cat run madding up and down trying but in vain to vomit up the Venome The Gentle Woman thought of a way how to wrap up a Leafe to Tobacco bruised in butter and to thrust that down the Cats throat this was done and the Cat soon cast up the Poyson and escaped It is worth observing what the most Learned Monardes Writes that the Indians do stop hunger and thirst by the use of Tobacco in this fashion They burn some shels of shell Fish of the Rivers and then break them like Lime they take as much Tobacco Leaves as of this Lime and they chew them untill they come into one Lump of this they make Trochesks greater than Peas and they dry them in the shade and keep them for their use when they journey in desart places where they cannot easily come by Meat or drink they put one of these Pellets betwixt their lips and lower teeth and they suck it and they swallow down the moisture that comes from it instead of meat and drink when that is spent they take another This way they will live without Meat or Drink for three or four daies and be never weary or lose any strength for by continuall chewing of these Pellets they draw Flegmatique Humours from their Brains which their stomach digests into nutriment for want of better food Pliny l. 7. c. 2. Reports that at the furthest part of the Indies Eastward toward the Fountaine of Ganges there are men called Astomi that want mouths and live only by the Aire and sweet smels they draw in by their Nostrils they have neither Meat nor Drink but they live only by the sweet and fragrant sents of Roots Flowers and wilde Apples which could not be unless they were truly nourished for life and nourishment are almost all one Iohannes Alexandrinus opening that place of Hippocrates sexto Epidemiorum saith that Democritus the Abderite a Philosopher when the Feasts of Ceres was nigh being requâ—sted that he would not pollute his house lived onely with the vapour and sent of Honey for four daies This is the opinion of some men from whom he relates it but others say it was done by the smell of new bread hot from the Oven Oribasius 1. Aphor. Com. 12. mentions the same thing saying The Philosopher relates that one Man lived forty daies by the sent of Honey But hâ—re is a most notable mistake to put 40 for 4. but by the figures it might be quickly overslipt Also we read in the Book that hath that Title who ever was the Authour that Aristotle lived for sometime only by the smell of an Apple Some there are that dip hot bread in good Wine and apply it to the Nostrils of sick people and if we apply it likewise to the Temples and sides it will very much restore strength Also Conciliator Aponensis reports that he used to restore his life when he was dying with Safron and Casâ—oreum bruised and mingled together with Wine and that he gave that composition to old people and it did them as much good by smelling to it as by drinking it But these are no wonders for as by Meat and Drink
as Christians shall be more charitable and more composed in love and unity amongst themselves I must not tire your patience by writing a Volume upon this subject left the portal prove too great for the house I shall onely speak something more concerning Tobacco And First It is no great friend to Physicians though it be a physical plant for the very smoke of it is held to be a great Antidote against all venome and pestilential diseases It is also singular in Clysters against the wind-Cholick and therefore King Iames merrily said That was the way to take it But the Duke of Savoy who was so cured by it was of another mind The Irish they are altogether for snuff Tobacco to purge their brains The Indians swallow down the smoke against weariness till they fall into an Extasie The upper Scout of Amsterdam as some report chews it against all diseases and likes it better than Partridge or Pheasant But the ordinary way to suck it from a pipe and puff it out again is held the best way to cure Rheums and distiâ—lations from the head It works such contrary effects that Philosophers contend almost about it as much as Chymists do concerning Mercury they cannot certainly conclude whether it be hot and dry or cold and moist for it quencheth thirst and yet is the fittest shoing-horn to draw down drink and to make men dry it abates hunger yet is excellent to provoke a mans appetite to meat It is a fit companion for mirth or melancholy it will make one sleep who wants rest yet will it keep a Scholar waking in his study and a souldier upon his guard It puts Physicians to a non-plus for it agrees with all ages sexes and tempers D. Venner in his Via recta ad vitam longam allows any man be he Cholerick Phlegmatique Sanguine or Melancholique six pipes a day Wherefore some object That it is a vain thing I answer with Solomon so are all things else Vanity of vanities all is vanity Yet I should counsel no man to take it who doth not stand in need of it and those that do to use it with that moderation as is required in the use of all other things When thou hast found honey eat not too muah of it Ubi mel ibi fel where honey is there is gall and in every thing in this world there is something to be avoided Nature her self speaks the same to us with a loud voice in this Tobacco plant as much as in any thing in the world For those two groundleaves that grow upon it which the Spaniards call Bascheros must be cut off and thrown away they smell and taste so unpleasantly that should they be mingled with the rest they would spoil all As therefore the Planters are very carefull to cast these leaves away so should Christians be in the use of all temporal things to cast away all earthly thoughts and desires that are too near the ground all that is vicious and offensive to God or man that all their thoughts words and deeds may be sweet sented in the nostrils of God that they may be at length transplanted from their uncertain Plantations here on earth to an everlasting Plantation in Heaven which is the prayer of him for your Worships and for all the worthy Merchants and Planters of this Nation who is Your Worships in all Christian duty I. R. THE PREFACE IT is an Axiome of Aristotle in the first Chapter Analyt Post All kind of Learning and all Discipline proceeds from some precedent knowledge I suppose that this Axiome belongs to all teaching whatsoever that is undertaken concerning any matter according to the Rules of Reason if it be Methodicall and handsome and if the Philosopher doth not affirm the same I am certain he doth not contradict it Wherefore because I am minded to discourse of Tobacco by rule perfectly I am bound to take great care that I do it in a fit Method as I ought to do and this I shall performe if I do it orderly as is observed almost by all Authours in almost every matter propounded First Therefore I shall briefly Treat of the Etymologie or Reason of the Name of this Universall Remedy Secondly I shall lay down the differences of it Thirdly I shall shew the Tempâ—rament Fourthly I shall teach the time when it must be Sowed and when gathered Fiftly I shall enquire in what place it prospers best Sixtly I shall in brief set down the way to prepare the Leaves which few Men know Seventhly and Lastly I shall search into the singular forces of it and the known proved effects and shall speak of all Vâ—guents made with Tobacco Plaisters Balsams Liniments Cerats Anodyus c. I shall discover how to make these to help the Apothecaries and studious Men that every one may be able to provide them himself and when need is he may bring them out as from a store-house of his own PANACEA Or The Universall Medicine Being a Discourse and Discription of TOBACCO With its Preparation and Use The Reason of the Names SInce that Galen 1. de Meth. c. 2. c. 3. lib. 1 ad Thrasybul faith That to undertake to know a thing without the knowing of the explication of the Name is but to labour in vain It is my part to Discourse first of the Names of this great Panacâ—â— and of their first Originals and who they were that first taught us the use of it which I shall exactly examine Tobacco took the Name from the Name of that Country which is a Province in new Spain in the WeIndies or the new World about Forty foure Miles above Mexico the Metropolis of Hispaniola In this lay the Province Tobacco which was under subjection to the government of Iucatan the Spaniards afterward called it the Province of the Blessed Victorious Virgin because in the Year 1519. Ferdinand Cortesius Founder of new Spain won a great victory in that place here was this Noble Plant first found that Cures almost all Diseases and from thence afterwards it borrowed the Name Those of Pern call it Petum so do almost all the people that live toward the Antartick-Pole or Picielt as Monardis holds or Perebecenuc as Oviedus will have it yet this is not the proper name for Tobacco but is ascribed to some other Indian Plant by Authours and it differs from Tobacco as it appears to me Vulgarly it is called Nicotiana or Nicosiana from D. Iohannes Nicotius of Nismes who was Counseller to Francis the second King of France and Master of requests afterwards and of petitions in the Court who first discovered this Herb to France as that most famous Knight and Sea Admirall Sr Francis Drake about the Year 1586. made it known in England for whose sake it ought to be gratefully received in Memory of him by all Men unto whomsoever the same of this healing Plant shall be brought This D. Nicotius when in the Year 1560. he was sent by his
superfluous leaves for otherwise these will suck to themselves the force and nutriment of the greater leaves dig the earth with your finger or a little stick and make a hole in it and put into it ten or twelve grains and put a piece of Oxe dung both at the botom and top of them Do not put fewer seeds into one hole for they are so small that they would be choaked and lost It hates cold exceedingly as I told you and therefore you must raise a wall with clay or stone upon the North side of it that it may lie open to the Sâ—uth Sunne that so in Winter it may receive some warmth for then it must be â—enced and covered with mats and straw The Preparation of the Leaves IT may at first be sowed in an open field and when it is grown forth to the height of the leaves or tender branches of Colâ—worts it may be transplanted and be set apart in the fâ—resaid long bedâ— three foot broad and they must be planted in that order that every plant may stand three or four foot off from another least when the plants grow big the greater leaves should touch and hurt one the other and this would prove to be very great damage Bâ—t when they are growne so great that the flowers begin to peep forth presently before the flowers open themselves you shall cut away all the young shoots and tops with all the small twigs on the sides and the lesser leaves that use to grow between the rest For Tobacco must not bring flowers or seeds if you intend to preserve the force of it entire Moreover at the lower end of the stalk of it there are commonly two leaves found the Spaniards call them Bascherâ—s which take away the pleasant taste of Tobacco if they be mingled with the others You shall therefore be sure to cut off these with the rest that are superfluous and do not use them in any use with the rest for they tast ill and do not smell well and leave but ten or twelve gâ—eat leaves upon the stalk commonly when the foresaid smalleaves with the shoots on the top and the two lowest and such as are to be rejected are cut off But have an espâ—cial care that the Tobacco you desire to sell into these Germane Countreys England or France you suffer it not to runne to flower for all the forces of it will be lost when it flowers Moreover you shall mingle and bruise together the foresaid smaller leaves cut off with the small sprouts and buds of the flowers utterly rejecting those two greater leaves at the bottom called Boscheros as being good for nothing and unprofitable and having pressed forth the juice you shall boyl it in the best sweet strong Spanish Malago wine others adde to it Dants Ale and you shall skim it well and when it is well purified you shall put in good store of salt that the juyce may be as salt as Sea water then cast in a good quantity of Anni-seed and Ginger beaten into very small pouder and let it boyl one hour longer then let it stand that the dregs may settle to the bottom and pour off all that is clear You must keep this juyce thus boyled the Spanisâ— call it Caldo in a vessel close stopt that the forces may be kept within untill such time as the greater leaves which you lefâ— upon the stalk for in these resides all the strength of the plant are grown full ripe which when they are come to you shall presently cut them off next to the stalk and you shall seâ— the foresaid juyce or Caldo upon the fire and boyl it almost yet it must not boyl for should it boyl the strength of it would flie away to nothing and you must dip all the said leaves in that juyce severally But if it be too troublesome to dip all the leaves in one by one you must spread a woollen cloth on the ground upon a floor or in a barn or place where the wind hath no power though it be in the open air and upon this y on shall lay a row of leaves as close as to touch one the other and upon this rank of leaves you shall lay another rank of leaves in the same order yet not wet in the foresaid juyce and taking into your hands a great watering vessel which you must dip into the said juyce or Caldo you shall water by sprinkling all the foresaid leaves and those being watered you shall lay upon them a third and fourth rank and so forward a fifth rank and upon that a sixth of new leaves sprinkling all the rows with the foresaid Ewer or with a brush still observing the same order untill such time as the leaves thus disposed in order rise to be a foot and half high Then you must cover the leaves yet hot with the liquor newly sprinkled upon them with other woollen clothes that all the rows of the leaves may hold their former â—eat and lie to ferment But if that heat or fermentation cannot be procured by those woollen clothes covering the leaves you may lay Horse dung upon those clothes to raise the heat to cherish the leaves and make them stand in a constant fermentation But that they may not grow over hot you must often look upon the leaves untill they change colour And if by the heat they begin to look any whit red and to appear so which may be seen if the leaves be held against the light it is time to uncover the leaves and to take the coverings away for being too much heated they would grow black which is a sign of burning and of corruption and there must be principal care taken that that befall not for this is the chiefest thing to be obâ—erved Tobacco being thus warmed and fermented the foresaid leaves must be hanged up with small packthreds thrusting the needle through the greater nerve of the leaves that is on the backside and so they must be hanged up in a windy place but not very high where the Sunne shines for by the Sunnes heat all their forces would vanish When the wind hath dried them enough they must be bound in bundles binding them with cords as hard as you can so that each bundle must be as great about in the circumference of it as a great Spanish Daller but above all take care that thâ—y be most closely bound together The leaves of Tobacco thus prepared must be diligently and closely pack'd in vessels thrusting them in as much as you can And by this preparing and preserving of Tobacco it will have excellent force and vertue Note in Spanish or Malago wine This way of preparation is of later time and invented by the Spaniards for the use of themselves and strangers For it is probable that the Indians that are the Inhabitants untill such time as wine was brought unto them from other parts beyond the Seas used wine of Dates or of Coccos or some other liquour not to say piss