Selected quad for the lemma: ground_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	leaf_n	root_n	stalk_n	2,658	5	11.2070	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42668	The history of four-footed beasts and serpents describing at large their true and lively figure, their several names, conditions, kinds, virtues ... countries of their breed, their love and hatred to mankind, and the wonderful work by Edward Topsell ; whereunto is now added, The theater of insects, or, Lesser living creatures ... by T. Muffet ...; Historie of foure-footed beasts	Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625?; Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625? Historie of serpents.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 1. English.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 5. English.; Moffett, Thomas, 1553-1604. Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum. English.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1658 (1658)	Wing G624; ESTC R6249	1,956,367	1,026

fed on and wherewith she was sustained was held and contained Her egges were found to be in a safe place above the receptacle next to the mouth there were many of them on a heap together being all of a whitish colour The lesser Earth-worms for perspicuities sake we with Georgius Agricola will name Ascarides and these are often found in great numbers in Dung-hills Mixens and under heaps of stones Of this sort some are red which we Englishmen call Dugs and these be they that Anglers and Fishers do so much desire for Fishes will greedily devour them and for that end they with them do bait their hooks There be some others of these lesser Earth-worms that are somewhat of a blew colour other-some again are yellow only about the tail whereupon they have purchased the name of Yellow tails Some again are ringed about the necks withall very fat Some others there be that have neither chains nor rings and these commonly be more lank and slender of body then the former and these I judge to be the males These Worms do specially breed in Autumn or at the fall of the leaf by reason then there is but little moisture in the earth and this is Aristotles opinion Both kindes do live long in the water but yet at length for want of sustenance there they die They move from place to place with a kinde of reaching and thrusting forwards for we cannot properly say that they do either rowl or tumble Olympio in Plautus would go about to make a simple plain fellow believe that Worms did eat nothing but very earth because he used these words to Chalinus Post autem nisi nisi ruri tu ervum comederis for thus Lambine readeth Aut quasi Lumbricus terram In English thus And afterward thou nought but Tares shalt eat Or else like Worms the earth shall be thy meat But by earth here in this place he understandeth not pure earth and such as is without any other mixture but rather the fat juyce and moisture of the same And this is the reason that Earth-worms are not to be found in all soils alike as in barren sandy stony hard and bare grounds but only in fat gravelly moist clammy and fertile And for this respect England hath many Worms because both Countrey and soil are very moist and this moisture whereon they feed must not be salt sowre tart or bitter but sweet and toothsome and therefore it is that Lucretius in his second Book writeth that Worms are bred most when it showreth as in rainy seasons and moist weather Quatenus in pullos animaleis vertier ova Cerminus alituum vermesque effervere terram Intempestivos cùm putror coepit ob imbres In English thus Even as in time of rain we see Birds Egges their young forth hatch And Worms in heat of gendering be When they clouds rot do catch And to this opinion of Lucretius Nicander seemeth to lean when he affirmeth that these Worms are nourished altogether of the earth that is moistned with long rain or with some smoaking shower for making a difference between the Serpent Scytale and the Amphisbaena he thus writeth Steileies pachetos tes elminthos pelei ogros He cai entera ges oia trephei ombrimos aia Id est Manubrii ligonis latitudo longitudo verò ei quae Lumbrico Aut terrae intestinis quae imbribus irrigata terra alit That is to say As broad as haft of Spade his length like little Worm And fed with dreary earth moist by clouds and rainy form The greater sort of Earth-worms live in the bowels of the earth and most of all in an open free air and where there is some repair and confluence of people Every morning they withdraw themselves into their secret holes and corners within the ground fencing the entrance of them with their excrements they have voided forth in a fair and Sunshine weather but in rainy weather they use to stop the mouths of their holes with some stalk or leaves of herbs or trees being drawn a little inwardly into the earth They feed upon the roots of those Plants which have any sweet juyce or moisture in them and therefore one may many times finde them amongst the roots of common Meddow-grasse and they do live for the most part by the fat moisture of the earth yet will they also greedily devour crums of white Bread unleavened as I have often seen In the Spring time they first appear to come forth from the bowels of the earth and all the Winter they lie hid in the ground but yet if it be a very sharp and pinching cold Winter and a dry Summer follow for lack of moisture they do almost all die Besides if you dig into the earth or make a great motion trampling or hard treading upon the same pouring in any strange liquor or moisture into the same wherewithall they are unaquainted as for example the juyce of Wall-nut-trees the water wherein Hemp either seeds or leaves are soaked or been laid to rot in common lye and the like they will issue out of the earth speedily and by this means Fisher-men and Anglers do take them In like manner they cannot endure Salt or aromatical things nor by their good will come neer them for but touching any of these they will draw themselves on a heap and so die Worms are found to be very venomous in the Kingdom of Mogor and the Inhabitants there do stand in so great fear of them that they be destroyed and slain by them when they travel any journey and therefore there they use ordinarily to carry Beesoms with them to sweep the plain ways for fear of further hurt Georgius Agricola saith that the little Worms called Ascarides are not all of one colour for some are white some yellow as I remembred a little before and others again are very black and many of these in tilling the earth are cast up by the plough and many found in divers places all on a heap together These be they that destroy corn-fields for by sharing or biting the roots the fruit dyeth Some say that those Worms do most mischief to corn-grounds which in some places of Italy the people term Zaccarole and these are thick almost a finger long being naturally of a very cold constitution of body and therefore they never use to come forth of the earth but when the weather is passing hot for then will they come forth even to the surface of the ground as it is notably set down by the famous Poet Homer à quo ceu fonte perenni Vatum Pieriis labra rigantur aquis In English thus By whom as by an everlasting filling Spring With Muses liquor Poets lips are bath'd to sing Homer very fitly compareth Harpalion when he fell down dead amongst his companions to a silly Worm when as seeking to escape by flight out of the battel he was wounded to death by Meriones shooting an arrow or steel dart into his hanch

skin and kernel hath Worms called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and it is a mischief not to be neglected saith Theophrastus for it will not only waste all the oyl and the juice but will eat up the stones that are so hard wherein the kernel is Also little Worms are found in Galls that are eaten through and they are bred in the very inmost pith out of which afterwards ariseth a kinde of Flies and Gnats as Valerandus Doures an Apothecary of Lions testifieth Moreover in Oak Acorns and spongy Apples sometimes Worms breed and Astrologers presage that year to be likely to produce a great famine and dearth I need not contend that there are Worms in small Nuts for all men know it especially when the Summer is moist and the wind blowes from the South It is strange that Ringelbergius writes lib. de experiment that these Worms may be fed to be as big as a Serpent with sheeps milk yet Cardanus confirms the same and shewes the way to feed them Lib. de rer varictat There are little Worms bred in dry Figs like those in Hazel-nuts with a black head and the rest of the body is a whiti 〈…〉 yellow but they are smaller Bellonius saith he found that Cedar as well as Pine Apples were sub●ect to Worms They are for thickness like to the female Glow-worm a fingers breadth long with a head like an Emmer but more compact with twelve incisions on each side it hath three feet near to the head and two circular foreyards with a thick belly and a sharp tail Also in the hard and woody hulls of the Witch-tree there is a broad seed and oft-times eaten with Worms and you shall finde there oft-times their very Aurelia's Lastly no fruit can be named but some Moth or Worm will infest it even Manna it self sometimes which the Poets feign to be the meat of the gods the Scriptures maintain to be the meat of the sons of God corrupted and bred Worms when contrary to Gods Word it was laid up till morning CHAP. XX. Of Worms of Fruits Pulse Corn Vines Herbs UPon the lower Willow especially when swelling gals break forth sometimes there are found like to roses that are full of Worms as it also happens in the leaves of the Mastick-tree Quinqueranus saith there are two kindes of scarlet Oak one like a great tree the other a small shrub about a foot and half high it spreads very broad and the leaves are smooth and shining with a numerous thorny beard in the circumference rising up with many siences like to the Rose-bush Our Countreymen call it a Beech-tree though it be nothing like to a Beech-tree It growes on plain ground but that stands high with little dry hillocks and unfruitfull when the shrubs are bedewed with showres in the midst of the Spring the Cochineal begins thus When the lower stalk divides into two branches and in the middle of these there comes forth a thing that is round and of the colour and bigness of a Pear they call this the Mo●her because from this the other grains proceed Besides every one of these shrubs hath com●●only five Mothers which at the beginning of Summer and in hot weather put forth a great company of little Worms and they cleave in the top A new off-spring of shoots growes up severally on high of a white colour that produce living creatures But wheresoever they meet with the hollow places of the twig budding where the Worms are they fall down and become as great as Millet-seed Then growing up more freely the white colour changeth into ash-colour and then they appear no more living creatures but again like unto Pease Then those grains being ripe gathered now great with colour'd Worms whilest they are carried to the Merchants the thin skin that goes about them breaks The price of a pound of these Worms that are come forth of the skin is a gold noble but that part which is yet in the skin is sold for a fourth part of it the mean while the little Worms are as if they were dead and move not But when the season of the year comes they are hastned by putting them in linnen cloths and exposing them to the Sun Then but seeling the heat they presently creep forth and strive to fly away but by the keeper of them who watcheth them continually they are shaked back into the middle of the linnen cloth till they die whilest this is doing and for three daies after there is so sweet a smell and delightful that no Civet Musk or Amber-greece nor yet Lemon flowers can surpass it But if any grains escape from him that gathers them they presently send forth a numerous army of winged creatures into the air It was observed one year that in a stony field in the Countrey by Arles the profit of this increase was reckoned at 11000 crowns So writes Quinqueranus And Carolus Clusius saith that in his time the same fashion of gathering Cochineal was observ'd about Narbon in France and also in Spain For they have plats of ground in the open air provided for the purpose with the sides something high and they lay a● linnen cloth upon them and pour forth the Cochineal upon that the keepers stand ready about it with little wands continually when the Sun shines very hot and they strike the outsides of the linnen cloth that they may drive back into the middle of the cloth these little Worms that hasten to come forth But Petrus Bellonius l. 1. observ c. 17. tels us of another manner of preparing Cochineal The Weevil spoils a mighty heap of corn It is formed like a small Beetle it hath a beck proper to it self and with three forks Some of them are with black bodies others with brown but others that are the greater are greenish and the middle of their body very small This creature is so dry that with the least touch it will turn to dust It is bred chiefly in the Spring some few daies before that Bees swarm Theophrastus saith they breed of one part of the grain and the other part they feed● on Our Countrey-men finde by experience that this wheat-worm will lay eggs in chinks of wals and under the tyles and from thence by procreation comes a new off-spring They speak of three wonders concerning these little creatures First that though they be but few at first yet in a short time they will increase infinitely Secondly that they will lie between the tyles and in chinks of wals without any meat at least three years Thirdly that if they be put into water three daies with Wheat or Barly when they are taken forth they wil live again Our Countreyman Siliardus a diligent observer of Nature describes the propagation of Weevils thus when Ants have eaten off the top of the ear of wheat the Weevill goes up and in that little hole he laies one or two eggs but seldom three so great as a grain of Millet long and yellow full of

them afterward when it waxeth stronger turn him out into the field with his dam lest the Mare over-mourn her self for want of her foal for such beasts love their young ones exceedingly After three dayes let the Mare be exercised and rid up and down but with such a pace as the foal may follow her for that shall amend and encrease her milk If the Colt have soft hoofs it will make him run more speedily upon the hard ground or else lay little stones under their feet for by such means their hoofs are hardned and if that prevail not take Swines grease and Brimstone never burned and the stalks of Garlick bruised and mingled all together and therewithal anoint the hoofs The Mountains also are good for the breeding of Colts for two causes first for that in those places their hoofs are hardened and secondly by their continual ascending and descending their bodies are better prepared for induring of labour And thus much may suffice for the educating and nursing of foals For their weaning observe this rule first separate them from their dams twenty four hours together in the next morning let them be admitted to suck their belly full and then removed to be never more suckled at five moneths old begin to teach them to eat bread or hay and at a year old give them Barly and Bran and at two years old wean them utterly Of handling taming or breaking of Horses THey which are appointed to break Horses are called by the Grecians Eporedicae Hippodami and Hippocomi the Latins Equi ones Arulatores and Cociones in Italian lo Rozone Absyrtus is of opinion that foals are to be used to hand and to be begun to be tamed at 18 moneths old not to be backed but only tyed by the head in a halter to a rack or manger so that it may not be terrified for any extraordinary noise for which cause they use them to brakes but the best time is at three years old as Cresce 〈…〉 ensis teacheth in many Chapters wherefore when they begin to be handled let him touch the rough parts of his body as the mane and other places wherein the Horse taketh delight to be handled neither let him be over severe and Tyrannous and seek to overcome the beast by stripes but as Cicero saith by fair means or by hunger and famine Some have used to handle them sucking and to hang up in their presence bits and bridles that so by the sight and hearing the gingling thereof in their ears they might grow more familiar And when they came to hand to lay upon their backs a little boy flat on his belly and afterward to make him sit upon him formally holding him by the head and this they do at three year old but commit him to no labour untill he be four year old yet domestical and small Horses for ordinary use are tamed at two year old and the best time for the effecting hereof is in the moneth of March. It is also good in riding of a young Horse to light often and to get up again then let him bring him home and use him to the stable the bottom whereof is good to be paved with round stones or else planks of Oak strewing litter upon it when he lyeth down that so he may lie soft and stand hard It is also good to be regarded that the plankes be so laid as the Urine may continually run off from them having a little close ditch to receive it that so the Horses feet may not be hurt thereby and a good Master of Horses must oftentimes go into his stable that so he may observe the usage of this beast The manger also ought to be kept continually clean for the receiving of his provender that so no filth or noisome thing be mingled therewith there ought also to be partitions in it that so every beast may eat his own allowance for greedy Horses do not only speedily raven up their own meat but also rob their fellows Others again have such weak stomachs that they are offended with the breath of their fellows and will not eat except they eat alone The rack also is to be placed according to their stature that so their throat may not be too much extended by reaching high nor their eyes or head troubled because it is placed too low There ought also to be much light in the stable lest the beast accustomed to darkness be offended at the Sun light and wink over much being not able to indure the beams when he is led abroad but yet the stable must be warm and not hot for although heat do preserve fatness yet it bringeth indigestion and hurteth a Horses nature therefore in the Winter time the stable must be so ordered as the beast may not be offended or fall into diseases by overmuch heat or suddain cold In the Summer time let them lodge both night and day in the open air This also in stabling of your Horses must be avoided namely the sties of Swine for the stink the breath the gruntling of Hogs is abominable for Horses and nature hath framed no sympathy or concord betwixt the noble and couragious spirit of a Horse and the beastly sluggish condition of a Swine Remove also far away from your Horses stables all kinde of fowl which were wont to haunt those places to gather up the remnant grains of their provender leaving behind them their little feathers which if the Horse lick up in his meat stick in his throat or else their excrements which procureth the looseness of his belly It must also be regarded that the stable must be kept neat sweet and clean so as in absence of the Horse it may not lie like a place for Swine The instruments also and implements thereof such as are the Horse cloathes the Curry-combs the Mane-combs Saddles and Bridles be disposed and hung up in order behind the Horse so as it may neither trouble him eating or lying nor yet give him occasion to gnaw eat and devour them to their own damage or hurt for such is the nature of some wanton Horses to pull asunder and destroy whatsoever they can reach They are therefore oftentimes to be exercised and backed and principally to be kept in a good diet for want of food dejecteth the spirit of the noblest Horse and also maketh the mean Horse to be of no use but on the contrary a good diet doth not only make a mean Horse to be serviceable but also continue the worth and value of the beast which thing Poets considered when they fained that Arion the Horse of Neptune and some others were made by Ceres the Goddess of Corn which any mean witted man may interpret to signifie that by abundance of provender the nature of Horses was so far advanced above ordinary that like the Sons of the Gods they perform incredible things whether therefore they eat chaffe or hay or grasse or grain according to the diversities of Countries

in the folds of their own accord they will lick thereof and it will encrease in them great appetite In the Winter time when they are kept within doores they must be fed with the softest hay such as is cut down in the Autumn for that which is riper is less nourishable to them In some Countries they lay up for themselves especially green Ewe leaves or Elm three-leaved-grass sowed-vines and chaffe or pease when other things fail where there are store of Vines they gather their leaves for Sheep to eat thereof without all danger and very greedily and I may say as much of the Olive both wilde and planted and divers such other plants all which have more vertue in them to fat and raise your beast if they be aspersed with any salt humor and for this cause the Sea-wormwood excelleth all other herbs or food to make fat Sheep And Myndius writeth that in Pontus the Sheep grow exceeding fat by the most bitter and vulgar Wormwood Beans encrease their milk and also Three-leaved-grass for that is most nourishable to the Ews with young And it is observed for the fault which in Latine is called Luxuria segetum and in English ranckness of corn there is no better remedy then to turn in your Sheep in May when the ground is hard if not before for the Sheep loveth well to crop such stalks and also the corn will thrive never the worse for in some places they eat it down twice and in the Countrey about Babylon thrice by reason of the great fertility thereabouts and if they should not do so it would turn or run all into stalk and idle and unprofitable leaves The same extasie is reported to follow Sheep when they have eaten Ering●a that we have expressed also in the History of Goats namely that they all stand still and have no power to go out of their pastures till their Keeper come and take it out of their mouths It is reported that they are much delighted with the herb called Laserpitium which first purgeth them and then do fat them exceedingly It is therefore reported that in Cyrene there hath been none of this found for many years because the Publicans that hire the pastures are enemies to Sheep For at the first eating thereof the Sheep will sleep and the Goat will fall a neezing In India and especially in the Region of the Prasians it raineth many times a dew like liquid Honey falling upon the herbs and grass of the earth wherefore the shepheards lead their flocks unto those places wherewithal their cattle are much delighted and such as is the food they eat such also is the taste of the milk they render neither need they to mingle Honey with their Milk as the Graecians are constrained to do for the sweetness of that liquor saveth them of that charge Such a kinde of dew the Hebrews call Manna the Gracians Aeromelos and Drosomelos the Germans Himmelhung and in English Honey-dew but if this be eaten upon the herbs in the month of May it is very hurtful unto them We have shewed already that in some parts of Africk and Aethiopia their Sheep eat flesh and drink milk and it is apparent by Philostratus that when Apollonius travelled towards India in the Region Pegades inhabited by the Orite they fed their Sheep with fishes and so also they do among the 〈…〉 nian Indians which do inhabit the Sea-coasts and this is as ordinary with them as in Caria to feed their Sheep with figs because they want grass in that Country and therefore the flesh of the Sheep doth tast of fish when it is eaten even as the flesh of Sea-fouls The people of that Countrey are called Ichthy●phagi that is fish-eaters Likewise the Sheep of Lydia and Macedonia their Sheep grow fat with eating of fishes Aenius also writeth of certain fishes about the bigness of Frogs which are given unto Sheep to be eaten In Arabia in the Province of Aden their Oxen Camels and Sheep eat fishes after they be dryed for they care not for them when they be green the like I might say of many other places generally it must be the care of the shepheard to avoid all thorny and stony places for the feeding of his Sheep according to the precept of Virgil Si tibi lanicium curae primum aspera sylva Lappaeque tribulique absint Because the same thing as he writeth maketh them bald and oftentimes scratcheth their skin asunder his words are these Turpis oves tentat scabies cum tonsis illotus ad haesit Sudor hirsuti secuêrunt corpora vepres Although a Sheep be never so sound and not much subject to the Pestilence yet must the shepheard regard to feed it in choice places for the fat fields breed strait and tall Sheep the hills and short pastures broad and square Sheep the Woods and Mountain places small and slender Sheep but the best places of all are the plowed grounds Although Virgil prescribeth his shepheard to feed his flock in the morning according to the manner of the Countrey wherein he lived for the middle part of the day was over hot and not fit for cattel to eat in yet other Nations especially Germany and England and these Northern parts of the world may not do so The whole cunning of shepheards is excellently described for the ordering of their Sheep in these verses following Ergo omni studio glaciem ven●osque nivales Quo minus est illis curae m●rtalis egestas Avertes victumque feres virgea laetus Pabula nec to●a claudes foenilia bruma Al vero Zephyr is cum laeta vocantibus aest is In saltus utrumque gregem atque in pascua mittes Luciferi primo cum sydere frigida rura Carpamus dum mane novum dum gramina canent Et ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba est Inde ubi quarta sitim coeli collegerit hora Et cantu querulae rumpent arbusta cicadae Ad puteos aut alta greges ad stagna jub●to Currentem illignis petare canalibus undam Aestibus at mediis umbrosam exquirere vallem Sicubi magna Jovis antiquo robore quercus Ingentes tendat ramos aut sicubi nigrum Ilicibus cr●bris sacra nemus occubet umbra Tum tenues dare rursus aquas pascere rursus Solis ad occasum cum frigidus ae●a vesper Temperat saltus reficit jam roscida luna Litioraque halcyonem resonant acanthida dumi When they return from their feeding the shepheard must regard that he put them not into the folds hot and if the time of the year be over hot let them not be driven to pastures a far off but seed them in those which are near and adjacent to their folds that so they may easily have recourse unto the shadow they ought not also to be turned out clustering al together but dispersed abroad by little and little neither must they be milked while they are hot until they

bite at it then at Ambrosia the very meat of the Gods Earth-worms do also much good to men serving them to great use in that they do prognosticate and foretell rainy weather by their sodain breaking or issuing forth of the ground and if none appear above ground over-night it is a great signit will be calm and fair weather the next day The ancient people of the world have ever observed this as a general rule that if Worms pierce through the earth violently and in haste by heaps as if they had bored it through with some little Auger or Piercer they took it for an infallible token of Rain shortly after to fall For the Earth being as it were imbrued distained made moist and moved with an imperceptible m 〈…〉 on partly the South winde and partly also a vaporous air it yeeldeth an easie passage for round Worms to winde out of the inward places of the Earth to give unto them moist food and to minister store of fat juyces or fattish jelly wherewith they are altogether delighted Some there be found that will fashion and frame Iron after such a manner as that they will bring it to the hardnesse of any steel after this order following They take of Earth-worms two parts of Raddish roots one part after they are bruised together the water is put into a Limbeck to be distilled or else take of the distilled water of Worms l. iij. of the juyce of Raddish l. i. mix them together for Iron being often quenched in this water will grow exceeding hard Another Take of Earth-worms l. ij distil them in a Limbeck with an easie and gentle fire and temper your Iron in this distilled water Another Take of Goats bloud so much as you please adding to it a little common salt then bury them in the earth in a pot well glased and luted for thirty days together Then distil after this the same bloud in Balneo and to this distilled liquor add so much of the distilled water of Earth-worms Another Take of Earth-worms of the roots of Apple-trees of Rapes of each a like-much distil them apart by by themselves and in equal portions of this water so distilled and afterwards equally mixed quench your Iron in it as is said before Antonynus Gallus It shall not be impertinent to our matter we handle to add a word or two concerning those worms that are found and do breed in the snow which Theophanes in Strabo calleth Oripas but because it may seem very strange and incredible to think that any worms breed and live only in the Snow you shall hear what the Ancients have committed to writing and especially Strabo his opinion concerning this point It is saith he received amongst the greater number of men that in the snow there are certain clots or hard lumps that are very hollow which waxing hard and thick do contain the best water as it were in a certain coat and that in this case or purse there do breed worms Theophan s calleth them Oripas and Apollonides Vermes Aristotle saith that living creatures will breed also even in those things that are not subject to putrefaction as for example in the fire and snow which of all things in the world one would take never to be apt to putrefie and yet in old Snow Worms will be bred Old Snow that hath lyen long will look somewhat dun or of a dullish white colour and therefore the Snow-worms are of the same hiew and likewise rough and hairy But those Snow-worms which are found to breed when the air is somewhat warm are great and white in colour and all these Snow-worms will hardly stir or move from place to place And Pliny is of the same judgement and the Author of that Book which is intituled De Plantis falsely fathered upon Aristotle Yet some there be that denying all these authorities and rejecting whatsoever can be objected for confirmation thereof to the contrary do stoutly maintain by divers reasons that creatures cannot breed in the Snow because that in Snow there is no heat and where no quickning heat is there can be no production of any living thing Again Aristotle writeth that nothing will come of Ice because it is as he saith most cold and hereupon they infer that in all reason nothing likewise can take his beginning from Snow neither is it credible that husbandmen would so often wish for Snow in Winter to destroy and consume Worms and other little Vermine that else would prove so hurtful to their corn and other fruits of the earth And if any Worms be found in the Snow it followeth not straightways that therein they first receive their beginning but rather that they first come out of the earth and are afterwards seen to be wrapped up and lie on heaps in the Snow But by their leaves these reasons are very weak and may readily be answered thus that whereas they maintain that nothing can breed in the Snow because it is void of any heat at all herein they build upon a false ground For if we will adhibit credit to Averrhoes there is nothing compounded and made of the three Elements that is absolutely without heat And Aristotle in his fift Book De Generatione Animalium telleth us precisely that there is no moisture without heat His words are Ouden hugron aneu thermou Now Snow is a compact and fast congealed substance and somewhat moist for although it proceedeth by congelation which is nothing else but a kinde of exsiccation yet notwithstanding the matter whereof it first cometh is a vapour whose nature is moist and with little ado may be turned into water I must needs say that congelation is a kinde of exsiccation but yet not simply for exsiccation is when as humidity goeth away it putteth forth any matter but in Snow there is no humidity that is drawn out but it is rather wrapped in and inclosed more strongly and as it were bounded round Furthermore Aristotle in his first Book of his Meteors saith that Snow is Nubes congelata a clowd congelated or thicked together and that in Snow there is much heat And in his fift Book De Generatione Animalium he further addeth that the whitenesse of the Snow is caused by the air that the air is hot and moist and the Snow is white whereupon we conclude that Snow is not so cold as some would bear us in hand I well hold that nothing will take his Original from Ite in regard of his excessive coldnesse but yet snow is nothing nigh so cold as that So then all the hinderance and let is found to exceed of cold which is nothing so effectual or forcible as in Ite and the cold being proved to be far lesser there can nothing be alleadged to the contrary but that it may putrefie Now in that Snow is such an enemy to Worms and many other small creatures as that for the most part it destroyeth them yet it followeth not that the reason of Aristotle is

will stand to the judgement of Hippocrates that women are more ●ot than men but if they be not so yet it must needs be acknowledged that the female Grashoppers are more hot than the male because under the midriffe they are not so divided but the males in that place were it not for that little membrane to hinder they might easily be blown through Nature certainly intended by denying a voice to the females of these Grashoppers to teach our women that lesson 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 what ornament silence brings to the female sex They begin first of all to sing about the latter end of the Spring the Sun being 〈◊〉 past the Meridian and perchance in hotter Countreys sooner where quickse●s or thicke●s are 〈◊〉 rare there they live more happily and sing more willingly For they are of all creatures the least melancholy and for that reason they do affect not only green and pleasant 〈…〉 es but 〈…〉 on and open fields Yea they are not to be found in those places where there are no trees at all nor where there are too many and too shady Hence it comes to passe sa●t● Arist that a● Cyrene in none of the fields there is there any Grashoppers to be found whereas near the Town they are frequently heard They shun also cold places indeed they cannot live in them They love the Olive tree because of the thinness of the bough and narrowness of the leaves whereby they are lesse shady They never alter their place as neither doth the Stork or at least very seldome or if they do they are ever after silent they sing no more so much doth the love of their native soyl prevail with them In the Countrey of Miletus saith Pliny they are seldome seen In the Island Cepholenia there runs a River on the one side whereof there is plenty of them on the other in a manner none that which I should take to be the cause is either the want of trees or the too much abundance or else a certain natural antipathy of the soyl as Ireland neither brings forth not breeds any venomous creature for the same reasons they do not fancy the Kingdome of Naples although Niphus relates that to be done by the enchantment of one Maro Timaeus that writeth the History of Sicily reports that in the Countrey of Locris on the hither side of the River Helicis they are marvellous loud on the other side toward the city of Rhegium there is scarce one to be heard they are not therefore silent because Hercules prayed against them for disturbing him of his sleep as Solinus fabulously relates but because they are more merry and jocond at home as the Cock is whence it is that the Locrian Grashoppers will not sing at Rhegium nor theirs on the contrary near Locris and yet there is but a small river runs between them such a one as one may cast a stone over Much certainly doth their Countrey which comprehends in it all the love that may be move them where like the people of the Jewes they refuse to sing their native Songs in a strange Countrey who being cast out of their own habitation seek means to die rather than waies to live so prodigal seem they of their short life and desirous after their native dwelling They do so affect the company of men that unless they see fields full of Mowers or harvest folk and the waies with passengers they sing very low and seldome or silently and to themselves But if once they hear the reapers making merry talking and singing which is commonly at noon then they sing so loud as if they strove who should sing loudest together with them Wherefore not undeservedly was the Parasice in Athenaeus called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who being naturally obstemious by nature yet was so full of talk as if he strove that no body should be heard at the table but he Socrates in his Phaedro recites the History of the Grashoppers very wittily warning men not to sleep in the heat of the day lest the Grashoppers mock them for the Poets report how their diligence was highly rewarded For they ●ay that the Grashoppers before the Muses were were men who afterwards when the Muses came taught them to sing but some of them were so delighted with musick and singing that altogether neglecting their meat and drink inconsiderately they perished the which afterwards being turned into Grashoppers the Muses gave them that for a reward that they should be able to live even in the heat of the day without meat or drink neither to have any need of bloud or moisture They couple and generate with creatures of the same kinde as Aristotle tels us and the male casts his seed into the female which she accordingly receives they bring forth in fallow grounds hollowing it with that sharp picked hollow part of their tail as the Bruchus doth and therefore there is great plenty of Grashoppers in the Countrey of Cyrene Also in reeds wherewith the vines are propped they make hollow a place for their nest and sometimes they breed in the stalk of the herb Squilla but this brood soon fals to the ground This is also worth the notice which Hugo Solerius writing upon Aetius affirmeth that the Grashoppers dye with bringing forth the ventricle of the female being rent asunder in the birth the which some being very much deceived therein do report of the Viper the which I exceedingly marvel at For they lay white eggs and do not bring forth a living creature as the field mouse doth unless it be by reason of weakness of the egge comes a little worm of that comes a creature like to the Aurelia of the Butterfly which is called Tettigometra at what time they are very delicate meat to be eaten before the shell be broken afterwards about the Solstices in the night come forth of that matrix the Grashoppers all black hard and somewhat big When they are thus got out those that are for the quicksets betake themselves thither those that live amongst the corn go and sit upon that at their departue they leave behinde them a little kinde of moisture not long after they are able to take wing and they begin to sing That therefore which Solerius feigneth concerning the bursting of the womb of the mother I should conceive to be understood of the matrixes A certain woman did bring up some young Grashoppers for her delight sake and to hear them sing which became with young without the help of the male if we may believe Arist 1. l. de hist anim but since he hath told us that all the females of Grashoppers are mute by nature and this spontaneous impregnation is far from truth either the woman deceived Aristotle or he us There is another kinde of Generation of Grashoppers that we read of For if clay be not dug up in due time it will breed Grashoppers so saith Paracelsus and before him Hesychius For this cause Plato saith

of a Dog if it be tied on it will cure all pains Pliny writ this out of Nigidius Also he asserts that if a womans loyns be anoynted with the bloud of it she will abhorre venery Moreover nine or ten Goats Tikes taken in wine will stop the terms Dioscorides Anoynt your eye-lids with the bloud of a Tike taken from a Bitch the hairs being first pluckt off saith Galen Simpl. 10. c. 5. and they will never grow again So also Pliny and Avicenna write but it is from other mens opinions Dionysius Melesius prescribes such a Depilotary against pricking thorny hairs Burn a Sea-hare in a new earthen pot and keep the ashes with Tikes bloud in a horn box use this first pulling out the hairs Many English men have learned by experience that one dram and a half of Sheeps Lice given in drink will soon and certainly cure the Jaundies CHAP. XXVII Of the Garment-eating Moth. PEnnius beginning to write the history of this Insect saith that Tinea is a word that signifies many things as Lice of Hawk-weed according to Albertus Wood-lice in Plautus the plague of Bee-hives in Virgil and it signifies the creeping ulcers of the head that are eaten like to garments whence it may be Glaudian writes The filthy M●ths have gnawn the loathsome head Gaza translates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tineas but very ignorantly as we observed in the history of Catterpillars Also Pliny saith that Tineae do destroy the seeds of Figs he means the Worms that breed in Figs from whence grow 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Niphus cals that little Scorpion which eats books Tineas whereof I spake in the history of Scorpions But 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 if a man will speak properly is a Worm that eats garments It is called in Latine Tinea a tenendo from holding for it sticks fast in garments and will not easily change its station The French call it Teigne the Spaniards Tina the Italians Tignola the Muscovites Mel the Polonians Mol the English Moth the Hebrewes Hhasch and Sas as you shall finde it Job chap. 13. and Isai 51. It is a little Worm of a wan white colour of which ariseth that small kinde of Flie that will fly at night about the Candle-light There are some of them that are silver-coloured the English call them silver-moths the Dutch Schietes from their swift motion Niphus greatly erred making this the Scorpion amongst Books There is also a certain Worm that is thick or with a coat saith Pliny called Tinea that drawes its coat along with it as a Snail doth its shell and when she is deprived of this she presently dieth But if this coat grow too great it changeth to a Chrysali● out of which at a set time a little Glow-worm comes This kinde hanging by a thred hangs a long time in houses before it changeth to an Aurelia It hath a little black head the rest of the body is a whitish dark brown the Case of it is something long made almost of a Cobweb not round at all but lightly compacted and at each end something hairy The Phalenae that come from thence stick by the feet to the roofs of houses untill their bodies being corrupted and putrefied they are bred again when their bodies corrupt and their wings and feet fall off of themselves they hang with a thred by the tails At length they get a Case and are turned into this kinde of Moth. In Germany and Helvetia there is a Moth of a sad red colour with a little thick head the body grows by degrees smaller even to the tail The colour of its belly is lighter something yellow and like a soft downy silk It is a very tender Creature especially that which is silver'd over and it is bruised to pieces if you do but touch it Whence that Kingly Psalmist Psal 39. When thou with chastisements shalt correct man thou makest him to consume away as a Moth. And Job Chap. 40. he amplifying the certain destruction of the wicked They shall be bruised saith he before the Moth. All Moths are reckoned amongst the number of six-footed Creatures and they breed in Garments as well of Wooll as skins that are not cleansed from dust and filth and so much the sooner if a Spider be shut in as Aristotle writes For the Spider drinks up all their inbred moysture and dries them wherefore care must be had that garments be not layd up full of dust and when the Air is thick and moyst Some to avoid Moths ventilate their garments in the hot Sun-shine which our women severely forbid and lay them up in the shade and when the winde is high and very cold For they hold that the Sun-beams are kindly for Moths but windes and tempests and the shade are enemies to them These Worms when they have by degrees insensibly eat off the outmost superficies of the cloth then they eat up the inward part and so insinuate themselves into the middle substance of it that those that search never so well for them can hardly finde them The Ancients were most expert to kill Moths For the garments of Servius Tullius lasted to the destruction of Sejanus for they were kept with so great diligence by the keepers of the Wardrobe that they neither consumed by age nor were Moth-eaten They that sell woollen Clothes use to wrap up the skin of a Bird called the Kings-Fisher amongst them or else hang one in the shop as a thing by a secret Antipathy that Moths cannot endure They are handsomely destroyed by the sent and smoke of Savin Hops Finger hood Wormwood Rosemary Poley Panax Aniseed Golden-flower Pomegranates Citron-pills for this was the chiefest use of Citrons in old time the out-landish Myrtle Cedar Cypresse Calamint Brimstone Downy feathers The Books that were found in Numa his Tomb were said to be anoynted with the juice of Cedar wherefore as Pliny writes they were supposed to be free from Moths above 530. years The bones of Bergesterts I know not what beast it is being brought to powder and strew'd amongst garments will drive away Moths if we will credit Hildegard Rhas●s reports that Cantharides hung up in the middle of the house will do as much Who saith moreover that garments wrapt up in a Lions skin will never have any Moths Some wet a a linnen cloth in a strong lie and dry it in the Sun without pressing it and they affirm that clothes wrapt in that will not be Moth-eaten Cato bids sprinkle your Wardrobe with Oyl-lees That which Pliny reports is a wonder that a Cloth laid under the Biere of a dead body will never have Moths to hurt it The richer people who as Horace writes Whose hangings rot in Chests rich for the Worms and Moths take diligent care in Summer to look up their garments and taking them out of their Coffers they air them in open place for the winde and then they beat off the dust with the leaves of Indian

Millet or Hogs bristles or Broom Mosse or with Worm-wood branches Of old they were wont to do it with an Ox tail for so Martial writes If that with yellow dust thy costly clothes abound Thou mayst with an Ox tail brush't off upon the ground There are also rich Merchants that have Cedar and Cypresse Chests and they put up powder of Origanum Worm-wood Orris Citron-pills Myrtle-berries with their clothes and by such remedies they drive far from them this Wooll-devouring Creature We writ before amongst the six-footed Worms of Worms in books wood the skin the fruit devourers I have nothing more to add to this Chapter but only to exhort rich men to lay up their treasure there where neither Moths shall eat their garments nor rust confume their Silver and let them in the mean time leave off that infinite expense in clothes of which can they look for any better end to use the words of the Lyrick Poet Than to feed black Bugs and the Lazy Moths If a man saith Calvin born of a woman having but a short time to live and alwayes waxing old and corrupting would think himself to be like a garment that Moths eat certainly he would lay aside all pride and blush and fall lowly upon his knees unto Almighty God CHAP. XXVIII Of the Flea THe Latin word Pulex in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes saith Isidore from Pulvis dust or the son of dust in Spanish Pulga Italian Pulice French Puce English Flea the Germans from its nimblenesse in flight call it Floch Fleas are not the least plague especially when in greater numbers they molest men that are sleeping and they trouble wear●ed and sick persons they escape by skipping from us and so soon as day breaks they forsake the bed They are a vexation to all men but especially as the wanton Port hath it to young maids whose nimble fingers and that are as it were clammy with moysture they can scarce avoyd These Fleas are either common or extraordinary The common ones are small Creatures about the bignesse of Lice but their bodies are softer and they are bunch-backt almost like a Hog they are black and shining their breast and belly is yellow from black in white Dogs they are more clear in red more yellow in black Dogs blacker than in others Here I desire you to observe the wonder of Nature that their hinder little legs are bent backwards toward their bellies and their forelegs toward their breasts as four-footed beasts are as it is usual almost in all Insects to whom Nature hath given but four feet It may be for that end the joynts of Fleas are so disposed that they may with the more ●ase hide themselves in the long foldings and plights of the blankets from those that hunt after them The ends of their feet are divided into two parts and are hooked and sharp and seem as it were to be horny not only that they may more surely creep up upon high places but also that they may sit and stick faster to the smooth skin They have a little head and a mouth not forked but strong and brawny with a very short neck to which one Mark an Englishman most skilfull in all curious work fastned a Chain of Gold as long as a mans finger with a lock and key so rarely and cunningly that the Flea could easily go and draw them yet the Flea the Chain lock and key were not all above a grain weight I have also heard from men of credit that this Flea so tied with a Chain did draw a Coach of Gold that was every way perfect and that very lightly which much sets forth the Artists skill and the Fleas strength The point of his nib is something hard that he may make it enter the better It must necessarily be hollow that he may suck out the bloud and carry it in They seek for the most tender places and will not attempt the harder places with their nibble with two very small foreyards that spring out of their foreheads they both prove their way and judge of the nature of the object and whether it be hard or soft where they bite they leave a red spot as a Trophie of their force which they set up In rainy weather they bite sorely and are bold to run over ever part of mans body They have but one small intestine with folds inward which is either relaxed or contracted as they eat more or lesse The lesser the leaner and the younger they are the sharper they bite the fat ones play and tickle men more willingly It is very probable that they have eyes both because they choose their places of retreat and because they withdraw themselves when the day breaks They will not sit upon corrupt or dead flesh Those that have the Kings evil because they are of bitter juice and such as will die because of the corruption and stink of the same they will not meddle with At all times they trouble men and Dogs but chiefly in the night Though they trouble us much yet they neither stink as Wall-lice doe nor is it any disgrace to a man to be troubled with them as it is to be lowsie They only punish sluggish people for they will remove farre from cleanly houses when they finde they are arraigned to die and they feel the finger coming on a sudden they are gone and leap here and there and so escape the danger whilest those that hunt them endeavour to measure their jumps as Aristophanes saith they but play the fools In the morning after they have fed they creep into the rough blankets and stick to the walls or else they hide themselves in the rushes or dust and so they ly in ambush for Pigeons Hens and other Birds also for men and Dogs Moles Mice and vex such as passe by Our hunters report that Foxes are full of them and they tell a pretty story how they quit themselves of them The Fox gathers some handfulls of wool from thorns and briars and wrapping it up he holds it fast in his mouth then he goes by degrees into a cold River and dipping himself in by little and little when he finds that all the fleas are crept so high as his head for fear of drowning and so for shelter crept into the wooll he barks and spits out the wooll full of Fleas and so very froliquely being delivered from their molestation he swims to land Their first Originall is from dust chiefly that which is moystned with mans or Goats urine Also they breed amongst Dogs hair from a fat humour putrefied as Scaliger affirms A little corruption will breed them and the place of their originall is dry filth Martyr the Author of the Decads of Navigation writes that in Perienna a Countrey of the Indies the drops of sweat that fall from their slaves bodies will presently turn to fleas Some Countreys are such enemies to Fleas that if they be brought in thither