Selected quad for the lemma: ground_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	leaf_n	like_a	stalk_n	1,574	5	11.3921	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A74931	The country-mans recreation, or The art of [brace] planting, graffing, and gardening, [brace] in three books. The first declaring divers waies of planting, and graffing, and the best times of the year, with divers commodities and secrets herein, how to set or plant with the root, and without the root; to sow or set pepins or curnels, with the ordering thereof, also to cleanse your grafts and cions, to help barren and sick trees, to kill worms and vermin, and to preserve and keep fruit; how to plant and proin your vines, and to gather and presse your grape; to cleanse and mosse your trees, to make your cider and perry, with many other secret practises which shall appear in the table following. The second treateth of the hop-garden, with necessary instructions for the making and maintenance thereof, ... with some directions for tabaco. Whereunto is added, The expert gardener, containing divers necessary and rare secrets belonging to that art, ... hereunto is likewise added the Art of angling.	Barker, Thomas, fl. 1651.; Barker, Thomas, fl. 1651.	1654 (1654)	Thomason E806_16; ESTC R207486	120,559	229

place of preheminence it sufficeth for the glory and commendation of the Beere that here in our own Countrey Ale giveth place unto it and that most p●rt of our Countreymen do abhor and abandon Ale as a loathsome drink whereas in other Nations Beere is of great estimation and of strangers entertained as their most choice and delicate drink Finally that Ale which is most delicate and of best account borroweth the Hop as without the which it wanteth his chief grace and best verdure These things considered ye may proceed to the making of your Garden wherein you are yet to have counsell for the laying out thereof for the due season and the right trade to cut and set Hop-roots what choice ye shall make of them what charge ye shall be at for them you are yet also to learn the time when and the way how to prepare your ground and to make it able to entertain and nourish them to frame your Hils to maintain them pull them down to cut to fashion to erect to pull up to peserve your Poles to gather to dry and to pack your Hops with many other circumstances necessarily appertaining her●unto Finally ye must be taught the reformation of many ●normities and abuses which are received in most places for good rules the which God willing I will set forth truly according to the notes of exp●rience although not learnedly after the rules of Rhetorick Of the Preparation of a Hop-Garden YOu must lay forth the Ground which you determine to imploy in this way in as levell square and uniform wise as you may If your Ground be grassie rough or stiffe it should de first sown with Hemp or Beans which naturally maketh the ground mellow destroyeth weeds and neverthelesse leaveth the same in good season for this purpose But in what plight or state soever your ground be till it in the beginning of Winter with the Plough if it be great or with the Spade if it be small and this do not onely the year before you Plant it but every year after even so long as you mean to receive the uttermost commodity of your Garden assuring your self that the more pains you take and the more cost you bestow hereupon the more you do double your profit and the nearer you resemble the Trade of the Flemming Howbeit in some Cases these pains may be spared that is to say where the mould is not deep and the hill made both good and great in this case I say the hills being pulled down the earth contained in them will cover the whole Garden and all weeds growing therein and the same will with help of dung maintain your hill for ever The time to cut and set Hop-roots IN the end of March or in the beginning of April repair to some good Garden orderly kept as wherein the Hops be all of a good kind yearly cut and wherein all the hills are raised very high for there the roots will be greatest then compound with the owner or keeper thereof for choice roots which in some places will cost six pence an hundred but commonly they will be given unto you so as you cut them your self and leave every hill orderly and fully dressed but what order you shall use herein I will hereafter shew Rules for the choice and preparation of roots ANd now you must choose the biggest roots you can find that is to say such as are in bignesse three or four inches about And let every root which you shall provide to be set be nine or ten inches long Let there be contained in every such root three joynts Let all your roots be but the Springs of the yeare last past You must have great regard that you cumber not your Garden with wild Hops which are not to be discerned from the good by the roots but either by the fruit or by the stalk Of the Hoppe THe kindely Hop beareth a great and grene stalke a large hard and a green bell it appeareth out of the ground naked without leaves until it be halfe a foot long Of unkindly Hopps THe Hop that liketh not his entertainment namely his seat his ground his keeper his dung or the manner of his setting c. cometh up small and green in stalk thick and rough in leaves very like unto a Nettle which will commonly be much devoured or much bitten with a little black flie who also will do harme unto good Hops where the garden standeth bleak or the Hop springeth rath but be not discomforted herewith for the heat of the Summer will reforme this matter and th● latter Springs will be little annoyed with this flie who though she leave the leafe as full of holes as a Net yet she seldome proceedeth to the utter destruction of the Hop Of the wild Hop OF the wild Hop the fruit is either altogether seed or else loose and red light bells the ●●alk is red howbeit herein the difference between the good and the bad Hop is not to be discerned until the stalk be two or three yarde high for at their first comming up the one aswell as the other appeareth red and the best Hop is alwaies the most red Provide your roots therefore where you are assured of of their goodnesse before hand Of setting of Hop-roots HAving made your provision of roots in this wise return therewith to your Garden speedily and either set them immediately or lay them in some Puddle near thereunto or bury them in the ground untill conveniency or winde weather and leisure the want whereof may sometimes prevent good expedition shall serve Provided alwaies that you leave them not in water puddle above xxiv hours but in the earth you may leave them as long as the time of setting endureth that is to say till the middest of Aprill Your Garden being dressed as before I advised you it shall be easie for you to direct your hils aright and that in equall distance with a Pole or rather with a line that will not stretch tying thereupon short threds or placing in it pins according to the proportion of space which you mean to leave between your hils whereof if one be placed out of order it shall blemish and hurt a great part of your Garden The distance of the Hils IF your Garden be one Acre in bignesse and lye square leave between every hole three yards or eight foot at the leaft in space as well that the hils may be made the greater and that the Hops of one pole reach not to another as also that the Sun may the more freely and universally passe thorow your Garden which by this means may yearly be ploughed betwixt the Hills whereas otherwise it must be digged which is a more tedious and costly businesse If your Garden be very little you may set the hills somewhat nearer together namely seven foot asunder A description of the Line YOur line being laid levell you must digge underneath every thred or pin placed upon the same a hole

like a Pitfall one foot square and one foot deep When you have made twenty or thirty holes take up so many roots from where you bestowed them as ought to be therein and go to work on this wise alwaies watching a time if you may that the winde be in some part of the South or West but be not so scrupulous herein that you overslip the moneth of April least Salomons saying be spoken of you He that regardeth the Wind shall not sow and he that hath respect to the Clouds shall not reap For he that neglecteth the Moneth of April shall have a bad season to cut or plant Hops Take two or three of your roots which by this time will yeeld forth green Cions or white buds and will also have small roots or beards growing out of them the which must be all saving the smaller sort of white buds pared away by the old root joyn them close together so as in any wise they may be even in the tops set them also together bolt upright directly under the foresaid thred or pin holding them hard together with one hand while you fill the hole with the other with fine mould prepared and made ready before hand regarding that the tops of the roots be levell with the face or uppermost part of the ground Take good heed also that you set not that end downward that grew before upward which you shall know by the buds that appear in the knots of each root and let no part of the dead remain upon the uppermost part of the joynt thereof And when you have thus done presse down the earth with your foot hard to the roots not treading upon them but driving the loose earth close to the corner where the roots are set And here is to be noted that the readiest and evenest way is alwayes to set your roots at one certain corner of the hole which corner should alwaies be right underneath the said pinne or thred as is aforeshewed At this time you must make no hill at all but onely cover the tops of your roots about two inches thick with the finest mould you can get When you are driven to set your roots late if there be any green springs upon them you may take the advantage thereof leaving the same spring uncovered otherwise you both destroy the spring and endanger the root Abuses and disorders in setting SOme use to set at every corner of the hole one root but this is a naughty and tedious trade because a man shall be longer in dressing one of these than about four other To be short you shall this way so cumber both your self and your Garden that you will soon be weary with working and your Garden as soon weary of bearing Some wind them and set both ends upward and herein the cunning of the workman and the goodness of the roots are lively expressed for if the roots were good they could not be so wound or if the workman were skilful he would not be so fond as to set them in that order Some use to lay them thwart or flat but I say flatly that is a praeposterous way for they can neither prosper well as being set contrary to their nature and kind of growing nor be kept as they ought to be Some use to make hills and set the roots therein but the moisture in regard of the hill cannot administ●r succour to them besides other inconveniences which may follow Some bury the roots under a great hill made on them after the setting this differs not much from the other onely the hill so choaks these that they will do no good Finally there be as many evill wayes to set as there be ignorant men to devise Provision against annoyance and spoile of your Garden IF your Garden be small and very nigh to your house you may arm every hill with a few thorns to defend them from the annoyance of Poultry which many times will scrape and bath amongst the hills and so discover and hurt the springs but a Goose is the most noysome vermine that can enter into this Garden for besides the Allegory that may be applyed in this case a Goose will knabble upon every young science or Hop bud that appeareth out of the ground which will never grow afterwards and therefore as well to avoid the Goose as other noysome cattell let your closure be made strong and kept tight Of Poles IT remaineth that I speak now of Poles because Poling is the next work now to be done If your hils be distant three yards asunder provide for every hill four poles if you will make your hils nearer together three poles shall suffice And note that in the first year you may occupy as many poles as in any year after the reason whereof I will declare in the title of Hils Alder poles are best for this purpose as whereunto the Hops seem most willingly and naturally to encline because both the fashion of these poles being as a Taper small above and great below and also the roughnesse of the Alder-ryne stayeth the Hop stalk more firmly from sliding down than either Ash or Ok which for continuance be somewhat better howbeit these with the order that I shall prescribe will endure six or seven years These are also best cheap and easiest to be gotten in most places and soonest grown ready for this purpose There is in the Spring of these least danger in growing or in being destroyed or bitten by cattell Finally by the expence of these there ensueth the least annoyance to the Co●mon-wealth as well for the causes aforesaid as also because they grow not in so great quantity to so good timber nor for so many purposes as either Oke or Ash The best time to cut your poles is between Alhallontide and Christmas but you must pile them up immediately after they are cut sharped reformed in length and smoothed lest they rot before you occupy them You may not leave any scrags upon them the reason whereof you shall conceive in the Title of gathering Hops Your Poles may not be above xv or xvi foot long at the most except your ground be very rich or that you added thereunto great labour in raising up your hills or else except your hills stand too near together if any of these chance to be or if all these three things meet in one Garden the best way of reformation is to set the fewer poles to a hill or to let them remain the longer Otherwise the Hops will grow from one pole to another and so overshadow your Garden the fault thereof being especially to be imputed to the nearnesse of the hills Therefore chiefly you must measure your poles by the goodnesse of your ground Your Hop never stocketh kindly untill it reach higher than the Pole and return from it a yard or two for whilst it tendeth climbing upward the branches which grow out of the principal stalk wherein consisteth the abundance of encrease grow little or

nothing Let the quantity of your Poles be great that is to say nine or ten inches about the lower end so shall they endure the longer and withstand wind the better To describe the price of poles or what it will cost you to furnish a Garden containing an acre of ground it were a hard matter because the place altereth the price of Wood. But in a Wain you may carry an hundred and fifty poles and I see small cause why a load of these should be much dearer than a load of any other Wood. After the first year Poles will be nothing chargeable unto you for you may either pick them out of your own provision of Fuell or buy them of your Neighbours that have no occasion to apply them this way For the yearly supply of two loads of Poles will maintain one Acre continually Your rotten and broken Poles will do you good service for the kindling of your fires in the Oste whereupon you should dry your Hops and they should be preserved chiefly for that purpose At Poppering where both scarcity and experience hath taught them to make carefull provision hereof they do commonly at the East and North-side of their Gardens set and preserve Alders wherewith they continually maintain them Before you set up your Poles lay them all alongst your Garden between every row of hills by three or four together I mean beside every hill so many Poles as you determine to set thereon so shall you make the more speed in your work Of the erection of Poles You must ●et every Pole a foot and a half deep and within two or three inches at the most of the principall root If your ground be rockie and shallow tarry the longer before you set up your Poles so as your Hops may be grown two or three foot high that you may adventure to make a hill or bank at every pole to stay uphold the same without burying any of the young Springs which may afterward be covered with lesse danger and annoyance of the principall root Let the Poles of every hill lean a little outward one from another Of Ramming of Poles THen with a piece of wood as big below as the great end of one of your poles ramme the earth that lyeth at the outside of the Pole thereunto but medle not within the compasse of your Poles as they are placed lest you spoile the Springs Of Reparation of Poles IF any of the Poles chance to break in many pieces when the Hop is grown up undoe and pull away the same broken pole and tye the top of those Hops to the top of a new pole then winding it a turn or two about according to the course of the Sun set it in the hole or besides the hole where the broken pole stood but some being loth to take so much pains turn it about the other Poles that stand upon the same hill and so leave it But if it be not broken above the middest the best way is to set a new pole or stalk beside the broken pole to the same which may uphold the said broken pole and preserve the Hop If the pole be onely broken at the nether end you may shove the said pole again into the hill and so leave it Of pulling up Poles ANd because when the hils are made great and raised high you can neither easily pull up any nor possible pull up all your poles except you break them c. especially if the weather or ground be dry or else the Poles old or small I thought good to shew you an Instrument wherewith you may pull them up without disease to your self destruction to your Poles or expence of your money the charge being duly foureteen or fifteen pound of Iron wherewith the Smith shall make you a paire of Tongs or rather you may call them a pair of Pinsers of the fashion here set down the which may also be made with wood if you think good The way to make the Instrument wherewith to pull up the Hop-poles THey must be one yard in length whereof six or seven inches may be allowed for the mouth or lower end of them which serveth to clasp or catch hold on the Pole the same nether end should be the strongest part thereof and the mouth somewhat hollow in the middest and there also bending downward whereby the extream point may rise a little upward Upon the upper edges of the infide thereof the Smith should hack or raise a few small teeth whereby your tool may take the surer hold upon the Pole He must also fasten upon every side of this Instrument a riding hook the which may clasp and stay both sides together when they have caught hold on the pole The manner of pulling up the Hop-poles YOu shall lay a little square block upon the top of the hill and the better to remove the same from hill to hill you may thrust therein a Pin. Upon the same block you may rest your Pinsers when they have clasped the very lowest part of your Pole and then holding the upper part of each side in your hands the hook being clasped and pulled up hard towards you you may easily weigh up your Poles Of the preservation of Poles ANd although ye are not come to the laying up of Poles I am bold herein as I began too late so to make an end too quickly because I would touch the whole matter of Poles to●ether laying them by themselves I mean comprehending under one Title the businesse pertaining unto them For the preservation and better continuance of Poles some make houses of purpose and lay them up therein Some set them upright to a Tree and over them make a penthouse of boughs or boords Some lay a great heap of Hop-stalks upon the Ground and upon them a great heap of Pol●s and upon the Poles again lay another heap of stalks c. These men hereby do ex●resse no great experience although by their diligence they signifie a good desire You shall need to do no more but thus At the ends or sides of your Garden take three Poles standing upon three Hills placed directly one by another and three like Poles upon three other hills of the next row right over against them constrain them to meet together by two and two in the tops and so hold them till one with a forked wand put three wit hs lik unto three Broom bands which may be made of the stalks of Hops upon each couple of the said six Poles so shall the same six Poles being so bound by two and two together stand like the roof or rafters of an house To keep the Poles that shall lye nether most from rotting by the moistnesse of the ground within the compasse of your said six hills underneath the Poles that you have fastened together in the tops raise three little banks crosse or thwart from hill to hill as though you would make your six hills to be but three Upon those banks lay

roots for then it will rather do harm than good but when the Hop is wound about the pole then should you do it The order for reforming your ground IN March you may return to your Garden and find it replenished with weeds except by tillage c. you have prevented that matter already It must as well therefore because the earth may be more fine rich and easie to be delivered unto the hils be digged over or plowed except in the case mentioned The order of cutting Hop roots WHen you pull down your hills which if you have not already done you must now of necessity go about to do you should with your Garden tool undermine them round about till you come near to the principal roots and then take the upper or younger roots in your hand and shake off the earth which earth being again removed away with your said tool you shall discern where the new roots grow out of the old Sets In the doing hereof be carefull that you spoil not the old Sets as for the other roots which are to be cut away you shall not need to spare them to the delay of your work except such as you mean to set Take heed that you uncover not any more than the tops of the old Sets in the first year of cutting At what time soever you pull down your hills cut not your roots before the end of March or in the beginning of April and then remember the wind In the first year I mean at the first time of cutting and dressing of your roots you must with a sharp knife cut away all such roots or springs as grew the year before out of your Sets within one inch of the same Every year after you must cut them as close as you can to the old roots even as you see an Osiers head cut There groweth out of the old Sets certain roots right downwards not joynted at all which serve only for the nourishing and comfort of those Sets or principall roots which are not to be cut off There be other like unto them growing outward at the fides of the Sets If these be not met withall and cut asunder they will cucumber your whole Garden Because it may seem hard to discern the old Sets from the new springs I thought good to advertise you how easie a thing it is to see the difference thereof for first you shall be sure to find your Sets where you did set them nothing increased in length but somewhat in bignesse enlarged and in few years all your Sets will be grown into one so as by the quantity that thing shall plainly appear and lastly the difference is seen by the colour the old root being red the other white but if the hills be not yearly pulled down and the roots yearly cut then indeed the old Sets shall not be perceived from the other roots If your Sets be small and placed in good ground and the hill well maintained the new Roots will be greater than the old If there grow in any hill a wild Hop or whensoever the stalk waxeth red or when the Hop in any wise decayeth pull up every root in that hill and set new in their places at the usuall time of cutting and setting or if you list you may do it when you gather Hops with the roots which you cut away when you make your picking place Of divers mens follies Many men seeing the springs so forward as they will be by this time are loth to lose the advantage hereof and more unwilling to cut away so many goodly roots but they that are timorous in this behalf take pity upon their own profit and are like unto them that refrain to lay dung upon their Corn land because they will not beray it with so uncleanly a thing And some that take upon them great skill herein think that for the first year they may be left unhilled and uncut c. deceiving themselves with this conceit that then the Sets prosper best within the ground when they send least of their nature and state out of the ground In this respect also they pull away or suppresse all such Springs as soon as they appear which grow more and besides them which they mean to assign to each Pole as though when a mans finger were cut off his hand would grow the greater Indeed if there be no hill maintained then the more Springs are suffered to grow out from the principall root the more burden and punishment it will be to the same But when the Springs are maintained with a hill so much as remaineth within the same is converted into roots which rather adde than take away any state from the principall root in consideration hereof the suppressing of the Springs may not be too rathe for whatsoever opinion be hereof received the many Springs never hurt the principall root if the the hills be well maintained but it is the cumbring and shadowing of one to another that worketh the annoyance When you have cut your Hops you must cover them as you were taught in the Title of Setting and proceeding according to the order already set down Of disorder and maintainers thereof SOme there be that despise good order being deceived with a shew of increase which sometime appeareth in a disordered ground to them I say and say it truly that the same is a bad and a small increase in respect of the other I say also that although disorderly doings at the first may have a countenance of good successe yet in few years the same and all hope thereof will certainly decay Some others there be that despise good order satisfying themselves with this that they have sufficiently to serve their own turn without all these troubles and surely it were pitty that these should be troubled with any great abundance that in contempt of their own profit and of the Common-wealth neglect such a benefit preferred unto them Of an Oste NOw have I shewed unto you the perfect Platform of a Hop-Garden out of the which I led you for a time and brought you in again when time required and there would I leave you about your businesse were it not to shew you by description such an Oste as they dry their Hops upon at Poppering with the order thereof c. Which for the small charges and trouble in drying for the speedy and well drying and for the handsome and easie doing thereof may be a profitable pattern and a necessary instruction for as many as have or shall have to do herein Of the severall rooms for an Oste FIrst a little house must be built of length xviii foot or xix foot of widenesse eight wherein must be comprehended three severall rooms The middle and principall room must be for your Oste eight foot square The fore part which is to contain your dryed Hops will fall out to be five foot long and eight foot wide a piece The chief matters that are to be by me described

the Soyle that is required for the Sowing Planting or Transplanting Tabaco THe most fruitfull and fertil soyle naturally or by art so made is most requisite for this purpose if the Soyle be naturally fat and strong regard likewise must be had of the scituation of the ground whether in field or garden that the place be not over-shadowed with Trees whereby the Sunne may be hindered from yielding unto it its heat neither must your Tabaco be planted or sowne in wide large fields which lies open to all winds and weathers especially the North winds And as unkindly blasts are a great enemy to the thriving of it on the one side so on the other side the want of the comfort of the heat of the Sunne will so chill it that it will never come to perfection But if by Art your ground must be well dunged and manured which ought to be mixed and incorporated with the earth that there may not be the least appearance of Dung. Moreover the Dung you so make use of must lie a long time rotting if it be gathered out of the stable Your best soyle therefore for present occasion is such as is taken up in the streets or else Ashes sifted Your Hops and Tabaco will require the selfe manuring and I am of opinion that such lands as they sow their Hempe in must needs be fit for this purpose because it is fat and mellow The best way of sowing your Seeds SOme are of opinion that the Seeds should be carelesly cast abroad without either sowing or raking the ground being first prepared with the Plough or the Spade Others againe will tell you that you must make a small hole in the ground with your finger about the depth of your fingers length wherein you may put ten or twelve seeds and so cover the hole againe and this reason they give for their so doing for say they the seeds being very small are either subject to be blowne away by every small winde or else parched by the extreame scorching heat of the Sunne I prefer this way before the former Others againe would have us sow the seeds as Lettuces and other small seeds are committed to the ground by taking some of the finest moulde and putting it into a platter of wood or some such like vessell mixing the earth very well with the seed and so cast to it on the ground very thinne and sparingly This may be their reason because the seed being mixed so well with the earth will stick close to some small crummes of earth that the wind cannot disperse it and besides it occasioneth the speedier rooting thereof and somewhat shelters it that the heat of the Sunne will not much annoy it but if you shall put a small quantity of Ashes very finely sifted into the vessell among the earth and seeds it would be much better The time of Sowing or Planting IN the Moneths of March Aprill or May the Seed may be committed to the earth but the most fit and convenientest season is conceived to be in the middest of Aprill or before if the Spring be very forward for March winds are no good friend unto them wherefore a good way were to cover your beds already sowed with old Matts and when the Sunne doth appeare to uncover them the next morning but because you should spare some daily labour and toyle you might be put to once for all fence it with reeds against the North-wind for the space of a moneth or two Of ordering your ground after Sowing your Seed IN the first place keep your ground cleare from weeds aswell before the sowing of the seed as afterwards because otherwise the weeds will choake the plant and steal away the strength of the ground which should nourish it Also it would not be amisse to remove all stones from about them because the stones will impede their growth and may occasion it to grow awry contrary to the nature of it Indeed if we will believe authors it is a very sullen Plant and apt to take distast which may be the reason that Physicians terme it a hearbe of Mars and I may adde another observation of my owne that from hence it is that all the Souldiers so generally approve of it that scarce one of a hundred can be well long without it I write not this to give any encouragement to our English Planters of Tabaco because when they have done all they can they are recompenced with a sorry crop in eonclusion it being generally stiled by the name of Mundungos but rather to animate Gentlemen who happily may have spare ground enough to sow and plant it in their Gardens not that they should think thereby to make any great gain by it but to have it in readinesse when occasion shall require either for his own or neighbours use The rare vertues of Tabaco the Physicians Apothecaries and Herbalists can best acquaint you with If the Season of the year prove hot and dry after the sowing of your seed you must have a speciall care to the watering of your ground and this must be done neither too early nor too late in the morning especially in the Moneths of April or May nor too late in the Evening and after the leaf hath appeared above ground about a foot high you may then transplant them The manner of transplanting Tabaco YOu shall for you must be very chary of roots that you perish them not take a knife or some other tool and cut round about the roots all the earth so deep as you may take up the roots entire which when you have done you must be very chary in separating of them if there be more than one root wherefore your best way is to take the earth that you so digged up with the roots and put it into a Tub of water and in short time the water will wash away the earth from the small and tender Imps and by this means you may sever the one Imp from the other without any danger of breaking them the one being parted from the other set them in the place which before either was or must now be prepared for them about four foot distance the one from the other and as near as you can so order it that it may have the benefit of the South Sun and that they may be defended from the North-winds with all let them not want of their due watering in Summer for as drink to a thirsty soul so water cherisheth and refresheth the drooping and almost dropping leaves of each Plant but chiefly this Plant which above all other will require it for of it sell it is very hot by nature The time of gathering it for your use THe store that you intend to keep for your use by you must be gathered before that it either flowreth or seedeth and therefore I conceive your best time woud be about the middle of June for then it is in its full strength and having gather'd it you may not leave it

in the Sun to dry but as Colesfoot is ordered in drying so may you order your Tabaco and be sure that each leaf be through dry before you put them together for fear lest they should grow musty and by that means made uselesse and to prevent this your wisest course will be to let them hang severally by themselves as at first onely you may if you please remove them from the drying place in Winter into some warmer place because though in the Summer it lying open to the aire it was beneficiall to you it may in the Winter prove as prejudiciall The time of flowring and seeding IT beareth Flowers from the latter end of June till the latter end of August and they are of a greenish yellow colour which the stalk branching forth doth bear at the top thereof these flowers are set in green husks but appear not much above the brims of of the husks The seed is likewise contained in the great heads after the flowers are decayed Of the Roots and Leaves THe Roots and Leaves do yield a Gluish and Rofinsh kind of juice somewhat yellow and smelling somewhat like Rosin but unpleasant and of a sharp eager and biting taste which shews that it is by nature hot more than in the second degree and dry in the first whereupon we may inferre that it is no kind of yellow Henbane To preserve the Plant or Roote from dying ●n the Winter THe root as I said before may spring up againe of its owne accord but seldome after a sharp winter for when long and tedious frosts have crusted the earth out of all question the roote if not perished will be much endangered and at the ' Spring time not be able thorough weaknesse to prosper Therefore I shall direct you how to preserve them and keep the leaves green all the winter Some would have you sence about your ground with reeds or such things as will breake the force of the cold winds and to preserve them from frosts they advise you to cover the Plants with Matts but as such a weight continually pressing the Plant downe will rotte it so will it do but little good to the Plants in extremity of Winter Others would have you make a slight house of Deale about your Plants to preserve them which you may remove afterwards Such as have enough may be at this un necessary charge But the best way as I conceive to preserve them is by removing them in the winter the manner thus Take up the root with the earth about them put all into some pot or any other thing fit for the purpose and set them in a warme place about your house and let it abide there all the winter but if the Sun chance to shine very hot afford your Plant the benefit thereof for one hour or two and so returne it to its former place this is the most certaine way to preserve roots and Plants all the Winter and in the Spring set them into the ground with the same earth about them FINIS The expert Gardener OR A Treatise containing certaine necessary secret and ordinary knowledges in Grafting and Gardening with divers proper new Plots for the Garden Also sundry expert directions to know the time and season when to sow and replant all manner of Seeds With divers remedies to destroy Snailes Canker-wormes Moths Garden-Fleas Earth-wormes Moles and other Vermine Faithfully collected out of sundry Dutch and French Authors LONDON Printed by William Hunt 1654. Certaine common Instructions how the Stumpe must be chosen whereupon you will graffe or plant EVery diligent Housholder who will plant should use thereto a convenient place to the end that the wild beast chaw not nor paire the plants or if they be young wholly eat in pieces which to avoid is needfull to be in a towne or closed Orchard where there is not too much shadow but a sweet ground well muckt tilled and turned Every Plant will have foure things First moistnesse so that the seeds or stumpe bee moist or green Secondly a convenient place which hath such earth as will lightly be rubbed to pouder and that Sun may come to it for where there is filthy lome a lean ground or sandy dry burnt or salt ground there is nothing good to be planted to have any continuance neverthelesse where the ground is lean there you must give more dung in a fat ground not so much Take heed the ground be not too moist nor too dry and muck the trees with hogs dung Thirdly a mediate water or nourishing moistness therefore be those Orchards best which are scituated between two waters for those that are placed by a water side remaine still young and fruitfull and have commonly the bark smoother and thinner than the others And those trees are more fruitful then others which are planted in a vally or in the lower part of a deep hill for from those hils may come to them nourishment and moistness and the ground which is so scituated is very fruitfull But he that cannot get for his trees such a ground must with all diligence seek to bring to his trees a little spring or pond of which the trees may sometimes find some reviving and if you may not have any of those and have a garden who by it selfe is naught the trees wil grow with thick roots which hindereth the growing of them and drieth them at length Fourthly the air is required which must be agreeable to them and of complexion to bear for there be some trees that doe prosper in all aires to wit apple and peare cherry and plum-trees Some will have a cold air to wit chesnut-trees and some a very warm aire as the palme and pepper trees therefore they be rare with us That plant which hath these four things shall prosper and if they want one or more of these four things they will decay and their prospering perish At what time trees ought to be planted and set ALL kind of trees may be planted transported and cut in March but it is better to turn them in October for then the frost hurteth them not so much as at other times for learned men say that in dry Towns and warm Countries they plant in October or November and that in moist Towns and cold vallies they plant in February or March in none other time may you plant or graffe When you will plant or set againe wild stumps if there be any thing broken at the root cut it off Every plant must be set two foot one from another or at the least one foot especially when they should beare strong fruites likewise when thou wilt set strong seeds as nuts almonds and peaches When a man will plant two stumps so must they be of two yeare old except the vine These things you must understand of those plants or stumps which are planted with roots How the stumps and plants must be prepared and dressed which you will plant THe plant or sprout you must cut round

noisome vermine or creeping things will not breed of the Pot-herbes if the Gardener shall before the committing to the earth dry all the seeds in the skin of the Tortoise or sow the herbe Mint in many places of the Garden especially among the Coleworts The bitter Fitch and Rocket as I before uttered bestowed among the pot-herbs so that the seeds be sowne in the first quarter of the Moon doe greatly availe us Also the Canker and Palmer wormes which in many places work great injury both to the Gardens and vines may the owner or Gardener drive away with the fig-tree ashes sprinckled on them and the herbs There be some which sprinckle the plants and herbes made with the lee of the fig-tree ashes but it destroyes the wormes to strew as experience reporteth the ashes alone on them There be others which rather will to plant or sow that big on you named in Latine Scilla or Squilla here and there in beds or hang them in sundry places of the Garden Others also will to fixe River Cresses with nailes in many places of the garden which if they shall yet withstand or contend with all these remedies then may the Gardener apply to exercise this devise in taking the Ox or Cow urine and the mother of oyle Olive which after the well mixing together and heating over the fire the same be stirred about untill it be hot and when through cold this mixture shall be sprinckled on the pot-herbs and trees doth marvellously prevaile as the skilfull Anatolius of experience reporteth The worthy Paladias Rutilius reporteth that if the owner or Gardener burne great bundles of the Garlicke blades without heads dried through all the allies of the Garden and unto these the dung of Backes added that the savour of the smoke by the helpe of the wind may be driven to many places especially to those where they most abound and swarm and the Gardener shall see so speedy a destruction as is to be wondred at The worthy Pliny of great knowledge reporteth that these may be driven from the pot-herbes if the bitter Fitch seeds be mixed and sown together with them or the branches of the trees Crevises hanged up by the hornes in many places doth like prevaile These also are letted from increasing yea they in heaps presently gathered are destroied as the Greeks report of observation if the Gardener by taking certaine Palmer or Canker-wormes out of the Garden next joyning shall seeth them in water with Dill and the same being through cold shall sprinckle on the herbes and trees that the mixture may wet and soke through the nests even unto the young ones cleaving together that they may taste thereof will speedily dispatch them But in this doing the Gardener must be very wary and have an attentive eye that none of the mixture fall on his face or hands Besides these the owner or Gardener may use this remedy certain and easily prepared if about the big armes of trees or stumps of the herbs he kindle and burn the stronger lime and brimstone together Or if the owner make a smoake with the Mushromes growing under the Nut tree or burne the hoofs of Goats or the gum Galbanum or else make a smoak with the Harts horne the winde aiding by blowing towards them The husbandmen and gardeners in our turne have found out this easie practise being now common every where which is on this wise that when these after-showres of rain are cropen into the warm sun or into places standing against the Sunne early in the morning shake either their fruits and leaves of the pot-herbes or the boughes of the trees for these being yet stiffe through the cold of the night are procured of the same the lighter and sooner to fall nor able after to recover up againe so that the Palmer worms thus lying on the ground are then in a readinesse to be killed of the Gardener If the owner mind to destroy any other creeping things noyous to herbes and trees which Paladius and Rutilius name both herb and Leek-wasters then let him hearken to this invention and devise of the Greek Dyophanes who willeth to purchase the maw of a Wether sheep new killed and the same as yet full of his excrementall filth which lightly cover with the earth in the same place where these most haunt in the Garden and after two dayes shall the Gardiner find there that the mothes with long bodies and other creeping things will be gathered in divers companies to the place right over it which the owner shall either remove and carry further or dig and bury very deep in the same place that they may not after arise and come forth which when the Gardener shall have exercised the same but twice or thrice he shall utterly extinguish and quite destroy all the kindes of creeping things that anoy and spoil the Garden plants The husbandmen in Flanders arme the stockes and compasse the bigger armes of their trees with wisps of straw handsomely made and fastened or bound about by which the Palmer wormes are constrained to creep up to the tops of the trees and there staid so that as it were by snares and engines laid these in the end are driven away or thus in their way begun are speedily or soone after procured to turne backe againe As unto the remedies of the Snailes particularly belongs These may the Gardener likewise chase from the kitchin herbs if he either sprinckle the new mother of the oyle olive or soot of the chimney on the herbs as if he bestowed the bitter sitch in beds among them which also availes against other noisome worms and creeping things as I afore uttered that if the Gardener would possesse a greene and delectable Garden let him then sprinckle diligently all the quarters beds and borders of the Garden with the mixture of water and powder of Fennigreeke tempered together or set upright in the middle of the Garden the whole bare head without the flesh of the unchaste Asse as I afore wrote Excellent inventions and helps against the Garden Moles THe skilfull Paxanus hath left in writing that if the Gardener should make hollow a big nut or bore a hollow hole into some sound piece of wood being narrow in filling the one or the other with Rosin Pitch Chaffe and Brimstone of each so much as shall suffice to the filling of the Nut or hollow hole in the wood which thus prepared in a readinesse stop every where with diligence all the goings Forth and breathing holes of the Mole that by those the fuming smoke in no manner may issue out yet so handle the matter that one mouth and hole bee only left open and the same so large that well the nut or vessell kindled within may be laid within the mouth of it whereby it may take the wind of the one side which may so send in the savour both of the rosin and brimstone into the hollow tombe or resting place of the Mole by the

a few hop-Hop-stalks and upon them your Poles observing that one stand at one end of the room and another at the other end ordering the matter so as the tops of the Poles lie not all one way but may be equally and orderly divided otherwise one end of the room would be full before the other whereas now they will lye even and sharp above like an hay-stack or the ridge of an house and sufficiently defend themselves from the weather If you think that you have not Poles enough to fill the room pull down the wit hs or bands lower and your room will be lesse and do this before you lay in your Poles Of tying Hops to the Poles WHen your Hops are grown about one or two foot high bind up with a Rush or Grasse such as decline from the Poles winding them as often ye can about the said Poles and directing them alwayes according to the course of the Sun but if your leisure may serve to do at any other time of the day do it not in the morning when the dew remaineth upon them If you lay soft green Rushes abroad in the dew and the Sun within two or three dayes they will be lithi tough and handsome for this purpose of tying which may not be foreslowed for it is most certain that the Hop that lyeth long upon the ground before he be tyed to the Pole prosp●reth nothing so well as it which sooner attaineth thereunto Of Hilling and Hills NOw you must begin to make your hills and for the better doing thereof you must prepare a tool of Iron fashioned somewhat like to a Coopers Addes but not so much bowing neither so narrow at the head and therefore likest to the nether part of a shovell the poll whereof must be made with a round hole to receive a helve like to the helve of a mattock and in the powl also a nail hole must be made to fasten it to the helve This helve should bow somewhat like to a Sithe or to the steale of a Sithe and it must be little more than a yard long The helve should be straight at the upper end With this tool you may pare away the grasse which groweth in the spaces betwixt the hills and with the same also you may take your hills and pull them down when time requireth Some think it impertinent and not necessary to make hills the first year partly because their distrust of this years profit qualifieth their diligence in this behalf and partly for that they think that the principall root prospereth best when there be no new roots of them forced and maintained But experience confuteth both these conjectures for by industry the first years profit will be great and thereby also the principall sets much amended as their prosperity in the second year will plainly declare But in this work you must be both painfull and curious as wherein confisteth the hope of your gains and the successe of your work For the greater in quantity you make your hills the more in number you shall have of your Hops and the fewer weeds on your ground the more Hops upon your poles In confideration whereof I say your labour must be continuall from this time almost till the time of gathering in raising your hills and clearing ground from weeds In the first year that you plant your Hop-Garden suppresse not one Cion but suffer them all to climb up to the poles for if you should bury or cover all the Springs of any one of your three roots which you did lately set the root thereof perisheth and perhaps out of some one root there will not proceed above one or two springs which being buried that root I say dyeth and therefore the more poles are at this time requisite After the first year you must not suffer above two or three stalks at the most to grow up to one pole but put down and bury all the rest Howbeit you may let them all grow till they be four or five foot high at the least whereby you shall make the better choice of them which you mean to attain whereby also the principall root will be the better c. Some suffer their Hops to climb● up to the tops of the poles and then make the hills at one instant in such quantity as they mean to leave them which is neither the best nor the second way But if for expedition you be driven hereunto begin sooner that is to say when the Hops be four or five foot long and afterwards if leisure shall serve refresh them again with more earth But to make them well and as they ought to be made you must immediately after your poles are set make a little bank or circle round about the outside of them as a dimension how wide your hill shall be and as a receptacle to retain and keep moisture whereof there cannot lightly come too much so it come from above If your Garden be great by that time that you have made an end of these Circles or Banks it will be time to proceed further towards the building up of your hills Now therefore return again to the place where you began or else where you see the Hops highest and with your tool pare off the uppermost earth from the Allies or spaces between the hills and lay the same in your Hops upon and within the circle that you made before alwayes leaving the same highest of any part of the hill and so passe through your Garden again and again till you have raised your hills by little and little to so great a quantity as is before declared and look how high your hill is so long are your new roots and the greater your new roots or springs be the larger and better your Hops will be Great and overgrown weeds should not be laid upon the hills as to raise them to their due quantity but when with diligence and expedition you passe through your Garden continually paring away each green thing assoon as it appeareth you shall do well with the same and the uppermost mold of your Garden together to maintain and encrease the substance of your hills even till they be almost a yard high In the first year make not your hill too rathe left in the doing thereof you oppresse some of those springs which would otherwise have appeared out of the ground It shall not be amisse now and then to passe through your Garden having in each hand a forked wand directing aright such Hops as decline from the Poles but some instead of the said forked wands use to stand upon a stool and do it with their hands Abuses in Hilling SOme observe no time and some no measure in making their hills but having heard say that hills are necessary they make hills once for all and never after pluck down the same but better it were to make no hill than so to do for after the first year it doth derogate and not adde any comfort to