Selected quad for the lemma: ground_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	leaf_n	like_a	stalk_n	1,574	5	11.3921	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A19451	The country-mans recreation, or the art of planting, graffing, and gardening in three bookes. The first declaring divers wayes of planting, and graffing ... also how to cleanse your grafts and cions, how to helpe barren and sicke trees, how to kill wormes and vermin and to preserve and keepe fruit, how to plant and proyne your vines, and to gather and presse your grape ... how to make your cider and perry ... The second treateth of the hop-garden, with necessary instructions for the making and the maintenance thereof ... Whereunto is added, the expert gardener, containing divers necessary and rare secrets belonging to that art ...	Mascall, Leonard, d. 1589. Booke of the arte and maner, howe to plant and graffe all sortes of trees. aut; Scot, Reginald, 1538?-1599. Perfite platforme of a hoppe garden. aut	1640 (1640)	STC 5874; ESTC S108874	101,331	202

continuance thereof For if your Ale may endure a fortnight your Beere through the benefit of the Hop shall continue a Moneth and what grace it yeeldeth to the tast all men may judge that have sence in their mouthes and if the controversie be betwixt Beere and Ale which of them two shall have the place of preheminence it sufficeth for the glory and commendation of the Beere that here in our owne country Ale giveth place unto it and that most part of our Countrymen doe abhorre and abandon Ale as a lothsome drinke whereas in other Nations Beere is of great estimation and of strangers entertained as their moist choice and delicate drinke Finally that Ale which is most delicate and of best account boroweth the Hoppe as without the which it wanteth his chiefe grace and best verdure These things considered you may proceed to the making of your Garden wherein you are yet to have counsell for the laying out thereof for the due season and the right trade to cut and set Hoppe rootes what choice ye shall make of them what charge you shall be at for them you are yet also to learn the time when and the way how to prepare your ground and to make it able to entertaine and nourish them to frame your hills to maintaine them and to pull them downe to cut to fashion to erect to pull up and to preserve your Poales to gather to dry and to pack your Hops with many other circumstances necessarily appertaining hereunto Finally ye must be taught the reformation of many enormities and abuses which are received in most places for good rules the which God willing I will set forth truly according to the notes of experience although not learnedly after the Rules of Rhetoricke Of the preparation of a Hoppe Garden YOu must lay forth the ground which you determine to imploy this way in as levell square and uniforme wise as you may If your ground be grassie rough or stiffe it should be first ●owne with Hempe or Beanes which naturally maketh the ground mellow destroyeth weeds and neverthelesse leaveth the same in good season for this purpose But in what plight or state soever your ground be tyll it in the beginning of Winter with the Plough if it be great or with the Spade if it be small and this doe not onely the yeare before you plant it but also every yeare after even so long as you meane to receive the uttermost commodity of your Garden assuring your selfe that the more paines you take and the more cost you bestow hereupon the more you do double your profite and the nearer you resemble the trade of the Flemming Howbeit in some cases these paines may be spared that is to say where the mould is not deepe and the hill made both good and great in this case I say the hills being pulled downe the earth contained in them will cover the whole Garden and all the weeds growing therein and the same shall with helpe of dung maintaine your hills for ever The time to cut and set Hoppe Rootes IN the end of March or in the beginning of Aprill repaire to some good Garden orderly kept as wherein the Hops are all of a good kind all yearely cut and wherein all the Hills are raised very high for there the rootes will be greatest then compound with the owner or keeper thereof for choice rootes which in some places will cost sixe pence an hundreth but commonly they shall be given unto you so as you cut them your selfe and leave every hill orderly and fully dressed but what order you shall use herein I will hereafter shew Rules for the choyce and preparation of Rootes ANd now you must choose the biggest roots you can find that is to say such as are in bignesse three or foure inches about And let every roote which you shall provide to set be nine or tenne inches long Let there be contained in every such Roote three joynts Let all your rootes be but the Springs of the yeare last past You must have great regard that you cumber not your Garden with wild Hops the which are not to be discerned from the good by the rootes but either by the fruit or by the stalke Of the good Hoppe THe good and the kindly Hoppe beareth a great and a greene stalke a large a hard and a greene bell it appeareth out of the ground naked without leaves untill it be halfe a foote long Of the unkindly Hoppe THe Hoppe that likes not his entertainment namely his seate his ground his keeper his dung or the manner of his setting c. commeth up greene and small in stalke thicke and rough in leaves very like unto a Nettle which will be commonly devoured or much bitten with a little blacke flye who also will doe harme unto good Hops where the Garden standeth bleake or the Hop springeth rath but be not discomforted herewith for the heate of the Summer will reforme this matter and the latter springs will be little annoyed with this Flye who though she leave the leafe as full of holes as a Net yet she seldome proceedeth to the utter destruction of the Hoppe Of the wilde Hoppe OF the wild Hop the fruit is either altogether seed or else loose and red light bells the stalke is red howbeit herein the difference betweene the good and the bad Hop is not to be discerned untill the stalke be two or three yards high for at their first comming up the one as well as the other appeareth red and the best Hoppe is then the reddest Provide your rootes therefore where you are before-hand assured of their goodnesse Of setting of Hoppe Rootes HAving made your provision of rootes in this wise returne therewith to your Garden speedily and either set them immediately or lay them in some Puddle neare thereunto or bury them in the ground untill conveniency of winde weather and leisure the want whereof may sometimes prevent good expedition shall serve Provided alwayes that you leave them not in water or puddle above xxiiii houres but in the earth you may leave them as long as the time of setting endureth that is to say till the middest of Aprill Your Garden being dressed as before I advise you it shall be easie for you to direct your hills aright and that in equall distance with a Poale or rather with a line that will not stretch tying thereupon short threds or placing in it pinnes according to the proportion of space which you meane to leave betweene your hills whereof if one be placed out of order it shall blemish and hurt a great part of your Garden The distance of the Hills IF your Garden be one Acre in bignesse and lye square leave betweene every hole three yards or eight foot at the least in space as well that the hills may be made the greater and that the Hops of one Pole reach not to another as also that the Sunne may the more freely and universally

Otherwise the Hops will grow from one Pole to another and so over-shadow your Garden the fault thereof being especially to be imputed to the nearenesse of the hills Therefore chiefly you must measure your Poles by the goodnesse of your ground The Hoppe never stocketh kindly untill it reach higher then the Pole and returne from it a yard or two for whilest it tendeth clyming upward the branches which grow out of the principall stalke wherein consisteth the abundance of encrease grow little or nothing Let the quantity of your Poles be great that is to say nine or tenne inches about the lower end so shall they endure the longer and withstand the wind the better To describe the price of Poles or what it will cost you to furnish a Garden containing o●e Acre of ground it were a hard matter because the place altereth the price of Wood. But in a Wayne you may carry a hundreth and fifty Poles and 〈◊〉 small cause why a load of these should be much dearer then 〈◊〉 of any other Wood. After the first yeare Poles will be nothing chargeable unto you for you may either picke them out of your owne provision of Fuell or buy them of your Neighbours that have no occasion to apply them this way For the yearely supply of two loades of Poles will maintaine one Acre continually Your rotten and broken Poles will doe you good service for the kindling of your fiers in the Oste whereupon you should dry your Hops and they should be preserved chiefly for that purpose At Poppering where both scarcity and experience hath taught them to make carefull provision hereof they doe commonly at the East and North side of their Gardens set and preserve Alders wherewith they continually maintaine them Before you set up your Poles lay them all alongst your Garden betweene every row of hills by three or foure together I meane beside every Hill so many Poles as you determine to set thereon so shall you make the more speed in your worke Of the erection of Poles You must set every Pole a foot and a halfe deepe and within two or three inches at the most of the principall roote If your ground be rockie and shallow tarry the longer before you set up your Poles so as your Hops may be growne two or three foote high that you may adventure to make a hill or banke at every pole to stay and uphold the same without burying any of the younger Springs which may afterward be covered with lesse danger and annoyance of the principall roote Let the Poles of every hill leane a little outward one from another Of Ramming of Poles THen with a peece of wood as big below as the great end of one of your Poles ramme the earth that lyeth at the outside of the Pole thereunto but meddle not within the compasse of your Poles as they are placed lost you spoile the Springs Of Reparation of Poles IF any of the Poles chance to breake in many peeces when the Hop is growne up undoe and pull away the same broken Pole and tye the top of those Hops to the top of a new pole then winding it a turne or two about according to the course of the Sunne set it in the hole or besides the hole where the broken Pole stood but some being loth to take so much paines turne it about the other Poles that stand upon the same hill and so leave it But if it be not broken above the middest the best way is to set a new Pole or stalke beside the broken pole to the same which may uphold the said broken pole and preserve the Hop If the pole be onely broken at the nether end you may shove the said pole againe into the hill and so leave it Of pulling up Poles ANd because when the hills are made great and raised high you can neither easily pull up any nor possible pull up all your poles except you breake them c. especially if the wether or the ground be dry or else the Poles old or small J thought good to shew you an Instrument wherewith you shall pull them up without disease to your selfe destruction to your poles or expence of your money the charge being only foureteene or fifteen pound of Iron wherewith the Smith shall make you a paire of tongs or rather you may call them a paire of pinsers of the fashion here set downe the which may also be made with wood if you thiake good The way to make the Instrument wherewith to pull up the Hoppe Poles THey must be one yard in length whereof sixe or seaven inches may be allowed for the mouth or lower end of them which serveth to claspe or catch hold on the Pole the same nether end should be the strongest part thereof and the mouth somewhat hollow in the middest and there also bending downeward whereby the extreame point may rise a little upward Vpon the upper edges of the inside thereof the Smith should hacke or raise a few small teeth whereby your toole may take the surer hold upon the Pole He must also fasten upon every side of this Instrument a ryding hooke the which may claspe and stay both sides together when they have caught hold on the pole The manner of pulling up the Hoppe Poles YOu shall lay a little square block upon the top of the hill and the better to remove the same from hill to hill you may thrust therein a pinne Upon the same blocke you may rest your pinsers when they have clasped the very lowest part of your Pole and then holding the upper part of each side in your hands the hooke being clasped and pulled up hard towards you● you shall easily weigh up your Poles Of the preservation of Poles ANd although we are not yet come to the laying up of Poles I am bold herein as I began too late so to make an end too quickly because J would touch the whole matter of Poles together laying them by themselves I meane comprehending under one title the businesse appertaining unto them For the preservation and better continuance of Poles some make houses of purpose and lay them up therein Some set them upright to a Tree and over them make a penthouse of boughes or boords Some lay a great heape of Hopstalkes upon the ground and upon them a great heape of Poles and upon the Poles againe lay another heape of stalkes c. These men doe hereby expresse no great experience although by their diligence they signifie a good desire You shall need to doe no more but thus At the ends or sides of your Garden take three Poles standing upon three hills placed directly one by another and three like Poles upon three other hills of the next row right over against them constraine them to meet together by two and two in the tops and so hold them till one with a forked wand may put three Withes like unto three Broome bands which may be made of the

than unrotten dung about the dressing of your Hops but omit not to bring into your Garden dung that may there be preserved till it be good or needfull to be used When and where to lay Dung ABout the end of Aprill if your ground be not rich enough you must helpe every hill with a handfull or two of good earth not when you cut your rootes for then it will rather doe harme then good but when the Hop is wound about the Pole then should you doe it The order for reforming your Ground IM March you shall returne to your Garden and find it replenished with weedes except by tillage c. you have prevented that matter already It must as well therefore as because the earth may be more fine rich and easie to be delivered unto the hills be digged over or plowed except in the case mentioned The order of cutting Hoppe-rootes VVHen you pull downe your hills which if you have not already done you must now of necessity goe about to doe you should with your Garden toole undermine them round about till you come neere to the principall roots and then take the upper or younger rootes in your hand and shake of the earth which e●rth being againe removed away with your said toole you shall discerne where the new rootes grow out of the old Sets In the doing hereof be carefull that you spoyle not the old Sets as for the other roots which are to be cut aw●y you shall not need to spare them to the delay of your work except such as you meane to set Take heed that you uncover not any more then the tops of the old sets in the first yeare of cutting At what time soever you pull downe your hills cut not your rootes before the end of March or in the begy●ning of Aprill and then remember the wind In the first yeare I meane at the first time of cutting and dressing of your rootes you must with a ●●●rpe knife cut away all such rootes or springs as grew the yeare before out of your sets within one inch of the same Every yeare after you must cut them as close as you can to the old rootes even as you see an O●●e●s head cut There groweth out of the old sets certaine Rootes right downwards not joynted at all which serve onely for the nourishing and comfort of those sets or principall rootes which are not to be cut off There be other like unto them growing outward at the sides of the sets If these be not met withall and cut asunder they will encumber your whole Garden Because it may seeme hard to discerne the old sets from the new Springs I thought good to advertise you how easie a thing it is to see the difference thereof for first you shall be sure to find your Sets where you did set them nothing increased in length but somewhat in bignesse inlarged and in few yeares all your Sets will be growne into one so as by the quantity that thing shall plainely appeare and lastly the difference is seene by the colour the old roote being red the other white but if the hills be not yearely pulled downe and the rootes yearely cut then indeed the old sets shall not be perceived from the other rootes If your Sets be small and placed in good ground and the hill well maintained the new rootes will be greater then the old If there grow in any hill a wild Hop or whensoever the stalke waxeth red or when the Hop in any wise decayeth pull up every roote in that hill and set new in their places at the usuall time of cutting and setting or if you list you may doe it when you gather Hops with the rootes which you cut away when you make your picking place Of divers mens follies MAny men seeing the springs so forward as they will be by this time are loth to loose the advantage thereof and more unwilling to cut away so many goodly Rootes but they that are timerous in this behalfe take pitty upon their own profit and are like unto them that refraine to lay dung upon their Corne land because they would not betray it with so uncleanly a thing And some that take upon them great skill herein thinke that for the first yeare they may be left unhilled and uncut c. deceiving themselves with this conceit that then the Sets prosper best within the ground when they send least of their nature and state out of the ground In this respect also they pull away or suppresse all such Springs as soone as they appeare which grow more and besides them which they meane to assigne to each Pole as though when a mans fingers were cut off his hand would grow the greater Indeed if there be no hill maintained then the more Springs are suffered to grow from out of the principall roote the more burden and punishment it will be to the same But when the Springs are maintained with a hill so much as remaineth within the same is converted into rootes which rather adde then take away any state from the principall roote in consideration hereof the suppressing of the Springs may not be too rath for whatsoever opinion be hereof received the many Springs never hurt the principall roote if the hills be well maintained but it is the cumbring and shadowing of one to another that worketh the annoyance When you have cut your Hops you must cover them as you were taught in the title of Setting and proceeding according to the order already set downe Of Disorders and Maintainers thereof SOme there be that despise good order being deceived with a shew of increase which sometime appeareth in a disordered ground to them I say and say it truely that the same is a bad and a small increase in respect of the other I say also that although disorderly doings at the first may have a countenance of good successe yet in few yeares the same and all hope thereof will certainely decay Some other there be that despise good order satisfying themselves with this that they have sufficiently to serve their owne turne without all these troubles and surely it were pitty that these should be troubled with any great abundance that in contempt of their owne profite and of the Common-wealth neglect such a benefit proferred unto them Of an Oste NOw have I shewed unto you the perfect Platforme of a Hop-Garden out of the which J led you for a time and brought you in againe when time required and there would I leave you about your businesse were it not to shew you by description such an Oste as they dry their Hops upon at Poppering with the order thereof c. Which for the small charges and trouble in drying for the speedy and well drying and for the handsome and easie doing thereof may be a profitable patterne and a necessary instruction for as many as have or shall have to doe herein Of the severall Roomes for an Oste FIrst a

reporteth doth alike prevaile against the garden-fleas Paladius Rutilius reporteth that the noisome vermin or creeping things will not breed of the Pot-herbs if the Gardener shall before the committing to the earth dry all the seeds in the skin of the Tortoise or sow the herbe Mint in many places of the garden especially among the Coleworts The bitter Fitch and Rocket as I afore uttered bestowed among the pot herbs so that the seeds be sown in the first quarter of the Moone do greatly availe us Also the Canker and Palmer worms which in many places work great injurie both to the gardens vines may the owner or gardener drive away with the fig tree ashes sprinckled on them and the herbs There be some which sprinckle the plants and herbes made with the lee of the fig-tree ashes but it destroies the wormes to strew as experience reporteth the ashes alone on them There bee others which rather will to plant or sow that big onion named in Latine Scilla or Squilla here and there in beds or hang them in sundry places of the garden Others also will to fix river Cresses with nailes in many places of the garden which if they shal yet withstand or contend with all these remedies then may the Gardener apply to exercise this devise in taking the Ox or Cow urine and the mother of oile Olive which after the well mixing together and heating over the fire the same be stirred about until it be hot and when through cold this mixture shall be sprinckled on the pot-herbs and trees doth marvellously prevaile as the skilfull Anatolius of experience reporteth The worthy Paladius Rutilius reporteth that if the owner or Gardener burne great bundles of the Garlicke blades without heads dried through all the allies of the Garden and unto these the dung of Backes added that the sauour of the smoke by the helpe of the wind may be driven to many places especially to those where they most abound swarm and the Gardener shall see so speedy a destruction as is to be wondred at The worthy Pliny of great knowledge reporteth that these may be driven from the pot-herbes if the bitter Fitch seeds be mixed and sown together with them or the branches of the trees Crevises hanged up by the hornes in many places doth like prevaile These also are letted from increasing yea they in heaps presently gathred are destroied as the Greeks report of observation if the Gardener by taking certaine Palmer or Canker-wormes out of the Garden next ioyning shall seeth them in water with Dill and the same being through cold shall sprinckle on the herbes and trees that the mixture may wet and soke through the nests euen unto the young ones cleaving together that they may taste thereof will fpeedily dispatch them But in this doing the Gardener must bee very wary and haue an attentive eye that none of the mixture fall on his face or hands Besides these the owner or Gardener may use this remedy certain and easily prepared if about the big armes of trees or stums of the herbes he kindle and burne the stronger lime and brimstone together Or if the owner make a smoake with the Mushromes growing under the Nut tree or burne the hoofes of Goats or the gum Galbanum or else make a smoake with the Harts horne the winde aiding by blowing towards them The husbandmen and gardeners in our tune have found out this easie practise being now common every where which is on this wise that when these after showres of raine are cropen into the warm sun or into places standing against the sunne early in the morning shake either their fruits and leaves of the pot-herbs or the boughes of the trees for these being yet stiffe through the cold of the night are procured of the same the lighter and sooner to fall not able after to recover up againe so that the Palmer worms thus lying on the ground are then in a readinesse to be killed of the Gardener If the owner mind to destroy any other creeping things noyous to herbes and trees which Paladius and Rutilius name both herb and Leek wasters then let him hearken to this invention and devise of the Greeke Dyophanes who willeth to purchase the maw of a Weather sheep new killed and the same as yet full of his excrementall filth which lightly cover with the earth in the same place where these most haunt in the Garden and after two daies shall the Gardener find there that the mothes with long bodies and other creeping things will bee gathered in divers companies to the place right ouer it which the owner shall either remove and carry further or dig and bury very deep in the same place that they may not after arise and come forth which when the Gardener shall have exercised the same but twise or thrise he shall utterly extinguish and quite destroy all the kinds of creeping things that annoy spoile the Garden plants The husbandmen in Flanders arme the stockes and compasse the bigger armes of their trees with wisps of straw handsomely made and fastened or bound about by which the Palmer wormes are constrained to creep up to the tops of the trees there staid so that as it were by snares and engines laid these in the end are driven away or thus in their way begun are speedily or soone after procured to turne backe againe As unto the remedies of the Snailes particularly belongs These may the Gardener likewise chase from the kitchin herbs if he either sprinckle the new mother of the oyle olive or soot of the chimney on the herbes as if he bestowed the bitter sitch in beds among them which also avails against other noysome wormes and creeping things as I afore uttered that if the Gardener would possesse a greene and delectable garden let him then sprinkle diligently all the quarters beds and borders of the Garden with the mixture of water and pouder of Fenny-greeke tempered together or set upright in the middle of the garden the whole bare head without the flesh of the unchaste Asse as I afore wrote Excellent inventions and helps against the garden Moles THe skilfull Paxanus hath left in writing that if the Gardener shall make hollow a big nut or bore a hollow hole into some sound piece of wood being narrow in filling the one or the other with Rosin Pitch Chaffe and Brimstone of each so much as shall suffice to the filling of the Nut or hollow hole in the wood which thus prepared in a readines stop every where with diligence all the goings forth and breathing holes of the mole that by those the fuming smoke in no manner may issue out yet so handle the matter that one mouth and hole bee only left open and the same so large that well the nut or vessel kindled within may be laid within the mouth of it wherby it may take the wind of the one side which may so send in the savour both of the rosin and brimstone into the hollow tombe or resting place of the Mole by the same practise so workemanly handled by filling the holes with the smoke shall the owner or Gardener either drive quite away all the Moles in the ground or finde them in short time dead There bee some that take the white Neesewort or the rinde of Cynocrambes beaten and farced and with Barley meale and egges finely tempered together they make both Cakes and Pasties wrought with wine and milke and those they lay within the Moles de●ne or hole Albertus of worthy memory reporteth that if the owner or Gardener closeth or diligently stoppeth the mouths of the Moleholes with the garlick onion or leeke it shall either drive the Moles away or kill them through the strong savour stinking or breathing into them Many there be that to drive away these harmefull Moles do bring up yong Cats in their Garden ground and make tame Weasels to the end that either of these through the hunting of them may so drive away this pestiferous annoyance being taught to watch at their streit passages and mouthes of the holes comming forth Others there bee also which diligently fill and stop up their holes with the red Okare or Ruddell and juice of the wild Cucumber or sow the seeds of Palma Christi being a kind of Satyrion in beds through which they will not after cast up nor tarry thereabout But some exercise this easie practise in taking a live Mole and burning the pouder of brimstone about him being in a deep earthen pot through which he is procured to cry all others in the meane time as they report are mooved to resort thither There are some besides which lay silke snares at the mouth of their holes To the simple husbandmen may this easie practise of no cost suffice in setting downe into the earth a stiffe rod or greene branch of the Elder tree FINIS A Direction to set or lay your lines or thread to make or draw a simple Knot without a border You must leave your Lines as they be first set untill your Knot be altogethet finished or done The Manner or Ordering to set the thread or line upon another manner of Knot A Direction to fasten your Lines to make another manner of Knot A plaine Knot without Lines A plaine Knot without Lines Another plaine Knot without Lines Another Another Another Another Another Another A Direction to fasten Cords or Lines to draw a Knot with a Border as also to make a Border of Beds parted in the middest A Direction of the Cords fastned upon the Border with a Knot in the midst A Border with a Knot in the midst thereof A Border or Knot divided or parted containing five small Knots The forme of the Lines set upon the Knot whose squares or beds are parted A Border of Beds or Squares parted and the midst thereof A Maze