Selected quad for the lemma: ground_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	high_a	leaf_n	stalk_n	1,575	5	11.2197	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A07176	The first booke of cattell wherein is shewed the gouernment of oxen, kine, calues, and how to vse bulles and other cattell to the yoake, and fell. With diuers approued remedies, to helpe most diseases among cattell: most necessarie for all, especially for husband men, hauing the gouernment of any such cattell. Gathered and set forth by Leonard Mascall.; Government of cattell	Mascall, Leonard, d. 1589.	1587 (1587)	STC 17580; ESTC S112382	223,215	312

strained in honied water giuen warme or the root of the great bur bruised sod in wine then giuen All these are good against poisoned causes But if this disease breede first in the head then shall yee minister thinges chieflie to purge the head as the tender buds of Bearefoote beaten and the iuice mixed with wine giuen Also the iuice of Sowbread in Latin Panis porcinus the which iuice ye shal put into his nostrils and let it distill into his head The which wil purge both bis head and brain Likewise the iuice of garden cresses stamped and strained and giuen with wine doe also purge the head But if the sayde disease come of the Hawthorne or Oake leafe onelie which leaues be of a harde digestion and perhappes maie cause this disease if it should be so Then boyle Southernwood in wine and giue thereof to the sicke Lambes or wilde mallowes sodde in wine and giuen Or the herbe Cuckospit boiled in wine and giuen Also of Iuniper seeds or leaues stamped then strained and giuen with wine Also Penniryall stamped and strained with wine or Ale and so giuen All these aboue sayde are good to make digestion and other wayes holesome for the Beast Thus muche I thought meete to write concerning the remedies for this strange disease in Lambes Let Shepheardes thereof trie so farre as they shall thinke good Against the loosenesse of teeth some doe lette blood as I haue afore sayde vnder the tayle But whensoeuer anie of the sheepe haue loose teeth yee shall take the tender croppes of briers called Blacke brier and putte thereof among his meate and so they will fasten againe in eating thereof It is good for al men to vnderstand specially Shepheards which things do hurt or rotte sheepe wherby they maie auoide the danger the better ye shal vnderstand there is a grasse or weed called Speare woort the leaues are long and narrow like the point of a speare hard and thicke the steales hollowe growing a foote and more high with a yealow floure which is cōmonly in wet places and there wil it grow most or where water haue stood in the winter There is also another weed called Peniwort or penie grasse it wil cōmonly grow in moist marrish groūds it groweth low by the ground hath a leafe on both sides the stalke like vnto a penie thick round without floure yet some doe saie it beareth a yealow floure which wil as they say kil sheep if they eate it Also all manner of grasse that landfloods doe ouerr 〈…〉 before a raine is not good for sheepe because of s●nd and stinking filth lying thereon and al maner marrish grounds is euil for sheepe and the grasse that groweth amōg fallows is not very good for sheep for amōg it is much earth and other yll weed Also knottegrasse is not good for sheep for as some doe say it wil cause them to fome at the mouth so wil be a scab Likewise al mildeawd grasse is not good the which ye shal know two maner of waie The one is by the leaues on trees in the mornings chiefly on the Oake tree If ye licke the leaues yee shal finde a taste thereon like honie wherby the mildewde grasse wil kil many sheep rimes on the ground then if the shepheard do wel hee shoulde not let them go abroad til the sunne haue dried vp all those dewes Euill water is likewise not good and a hunger rot is the woorst rotte of all For therein is neyther good fleshe nor skinne and being hunger straued they eat such as they can come by But in pastures they seldō haue the rot but hurt with mildeawes yet then they wil haue much tallow and likewise fleshe and also a good skinne They say little white snailes be yll for sheepe other in pastures or fieldes there is a rot called the pellet rot which commeth of greate wet specially in wood grounds or fallow fieldes where they cannot wel drie them Al these are the chiefe things that do rot sheepe as the shepheards haue found commonly by experience from time to time Certayne preceptes taken foorth of Aristotle libro de natura animalis When the teeth bee all euen of a sheep it is a signe that the sheepe is olde yet thereto some shepheardes doe saye it is so in a young sheepe as well as in the olde and that is according to the Pasture or grounds they feede in If they feede in harde grounde theyr teeth will weare the sooner than in a softe grounde or Pasture If ye wil haue your lambes come in the spring time put the Ram to the yeawes in the mids of October if ye wil haue them come in Winter ye must put the Rams to the yeawes in Iuly The yeawe goeth with her lambe flue monethes yee shall marke when a yeawe doth commonly bleate beyng great with lambe then iudge that her lamming time is neere Also yee shall note if a rayne come incontinent after that the Ramme haue couered the yeawes those lambs are like to die A Ram that hath a black tongue al the lambes he gettes are like to be blacke or els spotted Stony and marrish grounde is not holesome for sheepe and wood ground is not very hurtful In Sommer sheep ought to bee fed in the morning before the heat of the day and to let them drinke faire water of the Spring Also in the Spring time and Winter put not forth your sheep before the deawes and frost be gone for that grasse which hath deawe or frost breedeth a disease or scabbe It is good also to put your sheep in the haruest in stubble ground for they will dung well the landes Note also if a ground be wet with raine it shall not be good to let them lye theron but stur them to some higher place Againe in the moneth of Aprill maie Iune and Iulie not then to eate much but in August Octobre Nouember and December then to eate well after the dewe is gone the better to withstand the stormes in winter Note also that the washing of shéepe with salted raine water after he is shorne will saue him from the itch and breaking of the wool and from being scabbie note that putting the ramme to the yowes when the wind is in the north will cause them bring males and putting the ramme to the yowes when the wind is in the south will cause the yowes bring female lambs And those yowes that do drinke salte water do desire the ramme the sooner but ye must not salte the water before the ramming time but after some say two good rammes to a hundreth yowes is sufficient and some thinke the more rammes the sooner spéede but they will serue Note also all thinges will fatte shéepe which is mingled with salte water as fetches branne chaffe and such like Much sturring of shéepe doth make them leane There is a disease in shéepe which is called

many yowes barren because they are brought so low with milking Also if the the mare cast her fole that is thrise so great a losse as the other two for if that fole come of a good bréed which is a most necessarie thing for euery man to prouide for himselfe and as much charge wil a bad mare cost in keping as a good mare and with good keping the fole will be in short time ready to sell for double so much money as the lambe and calfe is worth What cattell are most meete to go in one pasture together YE shall vnderstand it is not so good nor so profitable to haue cattel all of one sort in a pasture together as to haue all oxen or all horses in a pasture together nor yet sheepe alone except they pasture on high groundes for they will not féed euen but ouerrunne and leaue many tufts of grasse here and there vntouched in diuers places of the pasture except it be greatly layd with cattell Therfore ye shall perceiue that horses will agrée well with other cattell in one pasture together for there is some grasse that horses wil eate and beasts will not and lightly a horse will couet to féed after other cattell Also a horse loues to feede on low groundes as plashes and hollow places But horses and shéepe will not so well agree together except it be for the sheepe to féede on the vpper groundes For a sheepe will féed on a bare passure eate the swéetest grasse and so will a horse likewise but hee must haue it longer Yet as some do say a horse wil eate as nigh the ground as a sheepe but he cannot therewith fill his belly so soone To one hundreth of cattell in a pasture ye may haue xx horses if it be a low ground But if there be plenty of grasse then ye may put therein an hundreth shéepe mo and so likewise to the rate of the goodnes of the Pasture more or lesse in cattell and after this order yee maye eate your pastures euen with cattell and leaue but few tuftes of grasse vneaten Also if it be a high ground ye may then put in more shéep and lesse of other cattell For manye kine and draught oxen will eate a ground much barer then the fatting oxen or kine And ye may also giue a mylch Cowe as well to much meat as to little For to much meate will make her soone fatte and then shee will the rather take the Bull and shee being fatte will giue lesser milke then a leanner cowe For the fatnes stoppeth the poares of the raines which should conueigh the milke vnto the vdderne Wherefore a meane pasture is alwaies best to keepe your mylch kyne in and to haue them in a good meane estate neither to fatte nor to leane Also if a Cowe bee fatte when shee shall calue shee is in more daunger then being leane and the calfe shee being fatte shall be the lesse of stature As for your draught oxen yee cannot giue them to much meate except it bee the after grasse of a lowe mowed meddowe For that will cause them to haue the gyrrie and then hee maye not away so well with labour Likewise if there be very much grasse in a close the cattell will feede the worse therof for better is a good swéete bitte from the earth then a large and déepe grasse For where as it is long the beasts will byte of the toppes thereof and no more for that is the sweetest And the other grasse shall remayne still on the grounde and so rotte for no beast will eate thereof but horses onely in winter For they will féede on foggie grasse and such like Also ye shall vnderstand that horses and cattell may not well be foddered in winter all together but put apart for the beastes with their hornes will gore both horses and shéepe Wherefore it is the more daunger so to féede them together it is best therefore to make standing rackes and cratches and to cast their meate therein Which staues ought to be set somewhat nigh together for pulling and spoiling their fodder to much at once vnder their féete It were rather better to change their places euery daye where ye feede them which should make them to gather vp more cleane and not for to trample so much vnder their feete Thus much as concerning the pasturing of cattell together in pastures and also the fothering of them together in winter A very good order for the fatting of oxen in the stawle VVHen soeuer you intend to fatte any oxen in the stawle being in somer or winter to set them vp if ye take them from grasse in the sommer they will hardly fall to the eating of hay of a good while after but when yee then take them vp kéepe them so without meat and water one daye and a night and so they will by extreme hunger forget the grasse the rather and then at the first giue them a little haye at once whereby they may eate it vp cleane and thereby waxe still hungry Ye must also take them vp into the stawle on a drie day for if yee stawle them wette they will haue as some grasiers saye warnell wormes on their backes which will commonly come vnto them by famine pouertie and will hurt the skin And also it wil make them be lowsie Ye shall therefore vse to kembe them with wool cards or horse combe as some do say it doth make thē more lustier But indéed that is good for the labouring oxen so to be vsed but not for the fatting oxe as some iudge nor ye shal not let them go forth of the stawle at anye time not so much as to drinke For then they will desire the more to be abroad the licking of them wil hinder as they say their fatting But ye shal so prouide that they may haue water brought them in cowles or els to come through their stawles as some do vse which is to set a woodden troffe along through their stawles and with a pipe of lead and a cocke at the ende thereof coming from a conduit or cesterne and thereby fils the said troffe twise a day with fresh water morning and euening and at euery time before to clense the troffe of all the olde water and so to giue them fresh for after they haue once drunke their fils of the fresh water they wil lightly haue no more thereof for they will blow theron and after loth to drinke any more thereof vntill they haue fresh For an oxe or cow is a beast that doth loue to feede swéete and clenly Also ye shall lay your troffes ende somewhat a slope so that the water may run forth al at the one ende thereof in taking forth a pin to let out the said water and then wash the troffe cleane and so giue them fresh Thus ye must vse them dayly morning and euening so long as ye fat them And first in the morning ye shal take away

help 57 Worme in the taile to helpe 16 Wormes in Calues to helpe Worms in other Cattel to help 42 Worme betwixt the clees to helpe FINIS THE Second booke intreating of the gouernment of Horses with the approued remedies against most diseases Verie profitable for all men hauing a charge and gouerment thereof and chieflie for husbandmen with diuers other remedies practised in this lande Gathered by L. M. Although the Learned haue reuealde the helpes for horse great store Yet practisers therein againe haue found for them much more LONDON Printed by Iohn Wolfe 1587. An instruction for the ferrar and horseleech THe duetie of Ferrars and Horseleeches which desire the knowledge to helpe sorenesse and diseases in horses They must well and perfectly vnderstande of the present disease in the horse before they minister Also to looke on him well howe manie other griefes are growing on him and whether the cause be hotte or colde To know also the operation of all such herbes and drugges as he doeth minister vnto them With what quantitie and portion of eche thing thereof and in what time and houre of the dale and yeere is best Also what force and strength the horse is of which he doth minister vnto And whether he be olde or young and which disease to cure first These thinges well considered so when yee haue ministred vnto the horse and giuen them drinkes in declaring howe they shoulde after bee kept Hee ought also to looke well vnto them after their drinkes for a tyme to see howe his medicines doth woorke not to giue a horse drinke as most horseleeches doe and then to let them goe and takes no care thereof after Whereby manie horses falles woorse sicke and so perisheth soone after for lacke of attendance and good gouernement which is a greate discredite to that ferrour or horseleech For like as the wise learned Phisition when he haue ministred vnto his patient He will not then vpon the sodaine depart but first hee will know the working of his medicine and thereby hee getteth the more knowledge Euen so the horseleech should after giuing drinkes marke the woorking thereof in eche horse So likewise for his salues and playsters hee shoulde looke vnto them from time to time and see the working thereof whereby so doyng he should increase still more and more in knowledge and fame Thus much for instruction to the ferrar and horseleech The iudgement of Laurence Ruce of a beautiful horse THe parts of a beautifull horse are these he ought to haue a small leane head with the skinne ioyning to the same broade forhead shorte eares and sharpe great eies not hollow his nostrils large and open his lippes thinne and slender a large mouth and close a long necke and slender towardes the head his mane crested somewhat bowing vp broade brest a short back and straight his reynes full on both sides with flankes like an Oxe his hanches long stretchingout a round rumpe his taile with slender long haire large thighs fleshy withinside as without his legs straight leane and plaine large hips great legs lean and ful of haire the ioynts of his legs big not fleshie by the hoofes rounde hoofes short pastornes strong and well set with the rest of his vniuersall members of his body in length as in breadth his necke rising greater towardes his shoulders and brest and to be higher behinde then before like to the stagge or hart Also the nature of the horse THe horse is of a hot temperat nature his heat is shewed by his highnesse he is holde and of long life for he is of a longer life than all other labouring beastes his tēperature is therein found for he is easie to be taught and gentle towardes his maister and féeder Thus much heere touching the beautie and nature of a horse To the Horsemaister and breeder of coltes 1 RIde not thy horse too young I say nor labour him too sore Where gristles is as yet but weake striue not with him therefore 2 A young horse soone doth catch a crushe and wilfull oft they be Wherby their sorowes doth increase as dailie yee may see 3 Therefore to vse and tame thy coltes from yeere to yeere take paine And when thou makest them ready sale the more shal be thy gaine 4 Thy horse once sicke deferre not time his griefe for to appease For sorenesse oft so dangerous be thou maist thy horse soone leese 5 If thou doest mark of sorenes most whereof they doe proceede Thou shalt finde out that most doe come For lacke of taking heede 6 Therefore let this booke be thy glasse wherein thou maist haue sight How for to helpe and saue thy horse wherein thou hast delight 7 Here maist thou finde both learne and see no kinde of helpes to want Of secret knowledge in thy horse which skil hath bin ful scant A Prouerbe To trust all currant horsecoursers I vise thee to beware For truth among the most of them is found to be full rare Breeding of coltes ALl those which hath a desire for to bréede coltes horse they must first make prouision for the good gouernement thereof and to haue large pastures and to bee measured in their meate as well as other cattell For a horse doth aske a greater diligence to be meated and kept in the stable more then other cattel There is thrée sortes of horses the first are to be nourished young which are noble and excellent for the field and tourney The second is for carriage of burdens as moyles and packe horse which are bought and solde for that purpose according to their goodnesse The third is another sort of horses and mares of easie prices cōmon for most men the which is of a meaner and smaller stature and for the common sort are most necessarie to trauell with and also are better to féede and bring vp for to till the earth which must haue also kéepers continually to sée vnto thē in fields pastures aswel as in woods or other grounds and to kéepe them from daungerous places of myres and bogges and where as they may haue soft grasse and sweet as wel as to be ranke high and great They doe suffer these horses to be with the mares in pastures or other groundes and passe not when they doe couer the mares not for these sort of horses but for your large great mares they ought to bee couered about Aprill or May and some doe couer in mid March to the end the mares may foale about the same time they were couered in hauing ready the same time the tender grasse and herbe to feede on and to haue the hot and faire season vnto haruest for about the end of xii moneths after she foaleth and therfore ye must with good aduisemēt put the horse vnto the mare For he that kéepes these sort of beastes must serue them at the same houre when they are desirous or when they doe enter into the fierce and hotte desire of the horse

a monstrous thing to sée their moyles to beare no more then the mares in this countrie The moste fayre and largest cattell among all moyles are those which are begotte of asses and maye well be compared vnto those which are gotten of wilde asses If it were not that they are so troublesome wild and hard to gouerne and rule like vnto their sires there were none like them Wherefore those stallions that shall come of that race shall be better and so from time to time alter For if yee rouer a mare with a horse that was begotte of a wilde asse or tame he shall kéepe their bignesse and modestye like their sier with like strength and age vnto theyr first race And those which are gotten betwixt a horse and an asse shall beare the name of theyr parentes as to saye horse moyles For they will resemble lyke vnto theyr dammes Therefore if it better to haue moyles of an asse stallion which by experiences come of a good and fayrer race then otherwise Hee must bee chosen great of body with a strong neck his sides long large with an open and a large breast and ful of sinewes his thighes fleshye his legs well trust and blacke of colour or spotted The asses are commonly of a mouse dun coloured haire But that is not a pleasant haire for a moyle Therefore in generall it is good to take good heede thereof that ye be not deceiued by your eye for euen like as we shall sée the fleece of a Lambe which cometh of a ram with a spotted tongue so likewise the asse hath haire of diuers colours on his browes and eares and thereby often they make the moyles of diuers colours Therefore when ye haue diligently considered of your stallion yet neuerthelesse ye may be deceiued for beside these foresaid markes sometimes they haue moyles by other coloured horses which they know not and yet the same maie be as well esteemed as other which comes of no other cause but from their first parentes and generation which by mixing with others hath bene almost destroyed and yet by the séede of the horse is renued againe to his first estate And the asse which I do write of as soone as shee hath foled it ought to bee taken away from her and priuily to bee set to the mare which hath a colte so that she know not thereof which must be done in the night and set in a darke place But first take awaie the mares colte and put to the other but in ten daies she wil not let it sucke therefore ye muste helpe it in the meane time the one as well as the other as yee shall cause Or else take the vrine or milke of the one and rubbe the coltes therewith contrarie and at length they will loue and vse them for their owne And this young stallion colt so nourished of the mare shal take a loue vnto mares herafter And though oft times they be norished with their Dammes milke yet being but young and hauing the vsuall company among mares daily hee will thereby the better loue them and so will he serue well your mares but let him not couer them before hee bee three yeares olde And at such conuenient times as grasse may feede him well and sometimes with sheues of barly sometimes of good mashes to drink of branne and wheat or of wheat sed or barly sodde and let him not first couer a young tender mare which hath neuer bene couered before For in the mounting on her she will often strike him with her feete and thereby he will take it scornefully which shall make him to cast a continuall hate to all other hereafter and therfore they put some other vnto the young mare to put her in a heat and not to couer her but with him And when yée shall see her desirous to stande then take him awaye and put to the young stallion and let him couer her Also it shall be good to haue a place made with boordes descending downewarde before that shee maye the better take the horse and not flye aside or turne from the horse when hee couereth her Some doo manacle her fore feete to the hinder on both sides And by this descending place a lowe asse or horse maye couer her the better and more easier And after being thus couered with an Asse or other Horse then in the yeare after that shee haue folde yee shall not by and by couer her againe with another but in that yeare let her nourish her fole which fole shall be the better hereafter to doo anye purpose therefore let her not be couered againe so soone And when that colte is a yeare olde take him from his damme and put the mare in such pastures as you shall seeme good in woods or in mountaines to harden her hoofes whereby shee maye the better trauaile hereafter And alwaies he moyles are better to beare the pack-saddle then then the shee moyles yet shee moyles are more quicker and nimble and most méete to bring coltes But they are both good to trauaile with the burthen and also to labour the earth if it were not that these kinde of cattell are somewhat to hygh for that purpose Therefore commonlye they vse a temme of Oxen to breake the groundes before And for the burthen some do saye a mare is weaker then a gelded horse a gelding weaker then a stoned horse and a horse weaket then a moile For the moiles commonly as they say wil carry v. or vi hundreth weight and therewith they will trauaile thirtie miles a day For both horse and moiles are beasts of a great strength if they had vnderstanding no man should be able to rule them and also they saye a horse or moyle hath no braines but in the place thereof he hath as it were a bladder filde with winde and no braines therin or other thing but like a white water Thus I leaue of horse and moiles and here I will speake of the ordering of horse in trauaile How the husband or carter should order his horse in trauaile by the way or other wise TO shew somewhat the duetie of carters which carters must haue alwaies patience in moderate vsing of their horses at al other times he ought to beare a loue alwaies to his cattell so that his cattell may loue him not fearing them to much let him neuer vse to beat them with the stock of the whip but to whip them with the lash and vse them to the sound therof and yet not often for dulling of them in trauaile vse them sometimes with fierce words more then with stripes Your loytering horses touch before the other and the frée horse touch him least of all but at a great néede Also a frée horse ought to be haltered short or els hee will soone spoile him selfe in strayning continually he will soone bée lame broken winded or blind And vse all the other at times when you shall see cause and