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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A33186	The history of the triumvirates, the first that of Julius Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus, the second that of Augustus, Anthony and Lepidus being a faithfull collection from the best historians and other authours, concerning that revolution of the Roman government which hapned [sic] under their authority / written originally in French, and made English by Tho. Otway ...; Histoire du premier et du second triumvirat. English	Broë, S. de, seigneur de Citry et de La Guette, 17th cent.; Otway, Thomas, 1652-1685.	1686 (1686)	Wing C4345; ESTC R13558	316,899	694

the giving him any account of the matter and his own vexation and impatience hastened on his ruine or to speak more properly the Divine Providence did it which now seemed resolved to put an end to the Civil Wars by appointing a Master over the Roman Empire The next day after the fight Brutus called together the Souldiers of both Armies where after having praised the Valour of his own men and the Victory they had gotten he exhorted them To shew once more how obedient they could be and observe their Generals better than they had done before He gave them to understand the necessities the Enemies were reduced to And that that was the onely cause of their boldness and courage since they would never have sought to have fallen in Battel had they not been afraid of being starv'd by Famine He caused also 1000 Drachma's to be given to every Souldier with a promise That after the Victory they should have the liberty of plundering the two Cities of Lacedemon and Thessalonica by which in the judgment even of those Authours who have appeared most zealous for his memory he strayed very wide of those sentiments of humanity and moderation which he had all his life time affected Antonius also having occasion to speak to his men made a good use of the death of Cassius It is said he an unanswerable proof that our Enemies are defeated they can never dare to dispute the Victory with us since the bravest and most able of their Generals has been driven to so desperate a proceeding but it is our business to force them themselves to this Confession and offer them Battel If they shall be so faint-hearted as to refuse it ye shall see that they will acknowledge themselves Conquered He did not moreover forget to speak of Rewards and promised 5000 Drachma's to every Souldier after which he marched his Troops in Battalia till they came in sight of Brutus's Lines who did not draw out so that though Antonius were himself at the point of despair he omitted not to make his Souldiers sensible how fearfull their Enemies were and dayly to indeavour the bringing of them to a Battel Brutus had moreover other troubles in his Camp Cassius's Troops would hardly obey him and the shame of their having been beaten began to make them Mutinous this forc't him to rid himself of what Prisoners he had taken so the Romans he set at liberty and put the Slaves to the Sword At last Antonius and Caesar who now began to be fit for action being pressed by the ill condition that their Troops were in who by the Rains and the Frost that followed suffered extremely in those deep places where they were encamped made an attempt which succeeded to their wishes and decided the matter CHAP. LI. Brutus utterly defeated by Antonius and Caesar. BRVTVS had since the last Battel quitted an advanced ground which was within the compass of Cassius's Camp Caesar immediately took possession of that Post with two of his Legions who fortified themselves there Afterwards he sent ten other Legions about a quarter of a League from thence towards the Sea with a design to cut off any Provisions from coming to the Conspiratours Brutus on his part caused divers Works to be carried on by which means they were several days disputing for the ground foot to foot by their Works At last Brutus's Souldiers mutined they got together in Troops up and down the Field and demanded What Cowardliness their General had lately observed in them that he could suffer the Enemy dayly to come and brave them with safety that he would give them leave to make use of those Arms and that Courage which their Enemies had been so often made sensible of Brutus for some time dissembled his resentment and afterwards fearing lest they should forsake him which he began already to have strong suspicions of he all of a sudden gave way to the impatience of his People and resolved to put an end to his as well as the Romans inquietudes by the fortune of Arms. It is reported that the Spectre which had appeared to him came to him again the night before this great Battel but that it onely appeared without saying any thing That the Eagle which belonged to his first Legion was covered with Bees and that a certain sweat in the nature of Oil which had the perfume of Roses came from the Arme of one of his Captains in such quantity that it wet several handkerchiefs The Authours of those times also report that the first man whom Brutus's Troops met withall as they drew out of their Camp was a Negro whom they cut to pieces with their Swords The Souldiers of both parties were encouraged from different reasons those of the Triumviri saw that they must either Conquer or die with Famine And Brutus's men were resolved to maintain the honour of their first Victory and that boldness wherewith they had demanded Battel contrary to the Opinion of their General Brutus was in the foremost rank very well mounted Fellow Souldiers said he to his People ye have desired to fight contrary to my Opinion when the miseries which our Enemies were reduced to might have assured us the Victory without any hazard but that did not appear honourable enough for you ye are for buying glory at the price of your bloud and now it lies upon you to complete the business and not to deceive that trust which I have reposed in your Valour On the other side Caesar and Antonius said to their Souldiers Thus ye see now our Enemies in a place where we have a long time wished them they are now no longer covered with those Fortifications which made them so bold before so that their destiny is in your own hands though ye have but one thing to chuse which is to overcome or perish by the most miserable of deaths which is that of Famine After this the two Armies advanced within the reach of their Darts when in the very moment appeared two Eagles in the Air who began a cruel fight together and drew the admiration of all the Troops that which was on Brutus's side was beaten and fled away which so animated the Souldiers of the Triumviri that they gave a great shout and marched on with fury they lanced their Javelins as it had been onely for fashion sake and the Legions came immediately hand to hand The fight was long and bloudy the right Wing which Brutus led drove back that of Antonius but at the same time his left recoiled before Caesar's Legions There was afterwards no more giving of ground and what was won was won by force of Arms like a heavy Engine that can hardly be removed At last Caesar's Cavalry having repulsed those of Cassius who behaved themselves very ill gained the flank of the Conspiratour's left Wing the fear of being hemmed in made them open their Battalions to the right and left that they might make head every way Caesar's Men charged into intervals

the most probable and having most resemblance to the modern Discipline The Romans therefore formed their first Battalions of their youngest raw Souldiers which they called Bo-Hastati the second were those who had served some years and were named Principes the old Souldiers were in the rere and there was the Post of the Eagles which were the Ensigns Colonel and the other Ensigns of the Legions These old Souldiers called Triarii waited the Success of the first Battalions with one Knee upon the ground and leaning upon their Bucklers and still as the first bodies were broke or gave way they retired into the intervals in the rere and then the third line rose up and closing the ranks the Battalions left no interval at all but marched up to the Enemies and charged in one continued front In all these occasions the Horse always acted separate detaches from the Legions and with the light-armed Foot was posted on the Wings or right and left of the Army they were armed almost like the legionary Foot onely their Javelins were longer and their Shields were lighter This is what hath been thought fit to be explained but here the Reader is desired to be so charitable as not to think it done to make any vain shew of reading or learning for every one knows these things are but trifles and very common amongst the learned what is done here is onely for the information of those whose business and emploiments will not permit them to make enquiry themselves among Books of this nature THE CONTENTS TO The First Volume CHap. I. The estate of the Roman Common-wealth after Cataline's Conspiracy Pag. 1. Caesar's design upon Cicero and Cicero's reply to Metellus Nepos p. 9. Chap. III. Concerning Clodius and the return of Pompey p. 14. Chap. IV. Pompey makes the Consuls He ruffles the Senate The Vnion of Caesar and Pompey p. 21. Caesar's Consulship and what follow'd p. 25. Chap. VI. The pursuit of Caesar's Consulship The Affair of Vettius Clodius admitted into the popular Order The Banishment of Cicero p. 29. Chap. VII The Departure of Caesar for the Gallick War and the return of Cicero p. 35. Chap. VIII Cicero unites himself with Pompey who is chosen Consul with Crassus Their union with Caesar after his first Triumvirate p. 40. Chap. IX Pompey and Crassus get themselves invested in Governments The Cause of Division between Caesar and Pompey p 46. Chap. X. The Death of Pompey's Wife Julia The Magnificent Shews he gave the People The Death of Clodius p. 49. Chap. XI Pompey sole Consul Caesar secures himself of the favour of the Roman People p. 54. Pompey's Laws Curio goes over to Caesar's Interest p. 59. Chap. XIII Curio declareth himself against Pompey Caesar returns the Legion that Pompey had lent him p. 63. Chap. XIV Caesar sends a Letter to the Senate They declare War against him Anthony and Curio the Tribunes of the People go to find out Caesar p. 66. Chap. XV. The Passage of the Rubicon and the taking of Rimini p. 70. Chap. XVI The amazement of the Senatours They leave Rome and retire to Capua p. 73. Chap. XVII Some Propositions of Peace between Caesar and Pompey but without any success p. 76. Chap. XVIII The Progress of Caesar. He seizes upon the March of Ancona The siege of Corfinium p. 79. Chap. XIX The taking of Corfinium Caesar gives Domitius and the other Senatours their liberty He writes to Cicero p. 83. Chap. XX. New Propositions for Peace Caesar besieges Pompey in Brundusium Pompey retires by Sea p. 87. Chap. XXI Caesar goes to Rome by the way sees Cicero He seizes upon the money of the publick Treasury and goes into Spain The Siege of Marseilles p. 92. Chap. XXII Pompey gathers together great Forces Fabius enters Spain with the Troops belonging to Caesar p. 96. Chap. XXIII Caesar joins his Army and marches against Petreius and Afranius p. 99. Chap. XXIV The Battel of Lerida p. 101. Caesar's Army reduced to great extremities by the overflowing of two Rivers Cicero and a great many other Senatours go to find out Pompey p. 104. Chap. XXVI Caesar passes the Segre and pursues Afranius and Petreius p. 108. Chap. XXVII Different motions of the two Armies Caesar besieges the Enemies two Generals p. 111. Chap. XXVIII Petreius causes several of Caesar's Souldiers to be slain He decampeth and Caesar follows him but without a design of defeating him utterly p. 116. Chap. XXIX Afranius and Petreius pressed for want of Provision surrender themselves to Caesar with all their Army p. 120. Chap. XXX The Continuation of the Siege of Marseilles and the taking of that City Caesar chosen Dictatour The Defeat and Death of Curio in Africa p. 123. Pompey's Forces The Defeat of Dolabella and Caesar's Lieutenants Brutus goes to find out Pompey p. 127. Chap. XXXII A Mutiny amongst Caesar's Troops He reduces them to their Duty by his Eloquence and Resolution He is chosen Consul with Servilius and makes new Laws p. 130. Chap. XXXIII Caesar with part of his Army goes into Greece some Discourse of Peace but to no purpose Two Armies draw towards one another near Durazzo p. 133. Chap. XXXIV Caesar exposes himself alone in a Skiff to go and find the rest of his Army p. 137. Chap. XXXV The happy arrival of Caesar's Troops in Greece Caelius and Milo raising disturbances in Italy are slain p. 140. Chap. XXXVI Marcus Antonius joins himself with Caesar in spight of Pompey who retreats to Aspargua near Durazzo p. 143. Chap. XXXVII Caesar offers Battel to Pompey who refuses it They both post themselves near Durazzo Caesar hemmed in by the lines of Pompey's Camp p. 146. Chap. XXXVIII A fight between Caesar and Pompey's Troops p. 150. Chap. XXXIX Pompey attacks Caesar's Fortifications The Valour of Sceva Pompey quits his Camp the Treason of Roscillus and Aegus p. 154. Chap. XL. Pompey attacks Caesar's Trenches great disorder amongst Caesar's Troops he confirms them by his Presence p. 158. Chap. XLI Caesar in a great Battel is overthrown Pompey loses the opportunity of totally routing him Caesar's opinion upon that occasion p. 161. Caesar's Discourse to his Troops to confirm them He decamps to march toward Thessaly Pompey follows him p. 165. Chap. XLIII Caesar goes into Apolonia Domitius joins himself with him The taking of Gomphes and Metropolis p. 169. Chap. XLIV Scipio joins his Troops with those of Pompey's They post themselves in the Plains of Pharsalia The approach of the two Armies Pompey's uneasiness p. 172. Chap. XLV Pompey forced to fight against his Opinion His Discourse with Labienus Some Presages p. 175. Chap. XLVI The order of the two Armies The two Generals speak to their Souldiers to encourage them to the Fight p. 178. Chap. XLVII The Battel of Pharsalia The Fierceness of Crastinus The Flight of Pompey and overthrow of his Troops p. 181. Chap. XLVIII Some other Presages reported to Caesar p. 187. Chap. XLIX Pompey puts to Sea and takes in King Dejotarus and goes

upon the disgusts he had received to withdraw himself from any Administration in the Republick so that the Government fell into horrible disorders And the pretensions to publick Offices grew to such excess that it was apparent upon the creation of Ediles there were deposited Eight hundred Talents for the packing of Suffrages and the City of Rome was eight entire months without any Magistrates The fury of those Factions under the names of Clodius and Milo produced nothing but daily Murthers till no body durst walk the streets but Armed which gave occasion to those of Pompey's party to insinuate that his retirement was prejudicial and a loss to the Publick and at the same time proposed that he might be sent for back and made Dictatour Pompey explained himself very modestly upon the matter and when the business was mentioned to him onely said that it was his opinion the Republick stood in need of the Authority of some wise and moderate Man And such an Authority appeared indeed the more necessary upon the death of Clodius which happened too at the same time which as it is a matter has been variously reported and which Cicero has endeavour'd to disguise with all the arts of his Eloquence we shall here give such an account of as seems to come impartially nearest the truth Milo pretended to the Consulship and Clodius to be made Pretor at the same time and as they were two Men whose Interests were Incompatible they always sought by the best means they could invent or lay hold on to ruine one another Milo was to take a Journey to Lavinium where he was Dictatour and he departed from Rome in his Chariot with his Wife and Family but well guarded by a great number of his slaves In his way he was to pass by a Countrey-house that belonged to Clodius near this house they both met Clodius on horseback and well attended The Quarrel was begun on both sides by the slaves who having exchanged several blows with each other Milo alighted out of his Chariot and with his Sword in his hand defended himself vigorously Clodius in the scuffle received a wound upon his head which brought him to the ground He was quickly taken up by his slaves and carried into his house whither Milo followed him Appian says it was to excuse himself to him but that were ridiculous to believe considering the violent hatred that had long been between them it may be more reasonably conjectured that it was to satisfie himself of the condition of his wounds or to give him more if he thought them not enough In conclusion when he found him expiring he went back to Rome to prevent what might be aggravated to his prejudice The People all entertained the news with unexpressible sorrow for Clodius was extremely beloved by them So that when his Brother Appius caused his Body to be brought to Rome and Rufus and Plancus the Tribunes exposed it all bloudy as it was in the publick place there arose an implacable Mutiny They ran to Milo's house to set it on fire but he repulsed and killed several of the Assailants the rest returned back to the place where they pulled to pieces all the Seats of the Magistrates made a Funeral Pile of them and set fire to it with so much fury that all that stately building where the Senate used to assemble was burned with the Body of Clodius after this the Mutineers dispersed themselves all over the City where under pretence of searching for the Friends of Milo they committed the most insupportable Violences Milo behaved himself in all this affair with his usual fierceness He sent for a great number of his slaves out of the Countrey for the Guard of his Person and had the boldness to offer himself to the People to be Judged Caecilius the Tribune by consent was to be his Accuser and he had well assured himself of his Judges But the People more transported than ever fell upon the followers of Milo who had much adoe to save himself with Caecilius and Murthers were renew'd again all over the City CHAP. XI Pompey sole Consul Caesar secures himself of the favour of the Roman People THese things happened under the Consulship of Domitius Calvinus and Valerius Messala For Pompey perceiving the name of Dictatour to be very odious had caused them two to be chosen and fortifi'd himself with that Authority which the Senate had given him to defend the Magistrates and their Judgments with Troops allotted him for that purpose Nevertheless this appeased not the publick disorders Scipio Hypseus and Milo pretended all at the same time to the Consulship and carried on their respective Interests with a strong hand so that there was every day to be seen three Armies upon the place Milo whose violent proceeding had accumulated to him the publick hatred was at last accused by Appius and although Cicero himself undertook to defend him his fear of Pompey's Souldiers who surrounded him as he was pleading put him out of his Oration And the Insolence of Milo who came before the Judges with a face full of Threatnings and Menaces caused him to be condemned so he was Banish'd and when Cicero afterwards sent him that Discourse of his which we now have amongst us and which passes for the choicest of his Works his Answer was That it was happy for him that Cicero was out in his harangue for that he had not else fared so well at Marseiles for that was the place of his Exile Now the Friends of Pompey took upon them afresh to solicite his pretensions And those necessities which the State of the Common-wealth then lay under appeared no small argument for him with the Senate but the name of a Dictatour would not be heard of So that Cato thought fit to propose an expedient which was That the power of a Dictatour might be conferred upon him but under some gentler Title so Pompey was declared sole Consul New Troops were allotted him and a Thousand Talents yearly for the maintenance of them the Government of Spain was continued to him for four years longer and he sent Deputies thither to Rule in his stead He strengthned himself too with the Illustrious Alliance of the House of Scipio by Marrying Cornelia a Lady of no less Accomplishments than Beauty she understood even to excellent performance all manner of Musick nor was a stranger to Learning and Philosophy being Mistress of Geometry and the other parts of the Mathematicks and all this too without the least Impertinence or Womanish affectation So that Pompey thought he had nothing now more to be afraid of and that it would be henceforth an easie work to overthrow the Fortunes of Caesar who on his side was by no means negligent of what so nearly concerned him Some Tribunes of the People had proposed the causing of him to be elected Consul with Pompey but he desired them by Letters to reserve their good Inclinations of that kind

to the rout had not Fabius come up to their relief with all his Troops Caesar in the mean while marched to joyn him with eight hundred Horse and in two days made that Road which reaches from the Pyreneans down to the Segre After that he had understood the disposition of the places and of the Countrey and that the rest of his Troops were arrived he gave orders for the repairing of one of those Bridges which the River had broken down and left six Cohorts with all his Baggage to guard the Bridge and his Camp Marching emba●●elled in three Lines till he came within view of the Enemy Afranius appeared with his Troops in Battalia upon an eminence where he was encamped and where Caesar could not attack him which oblig'd him to post himself four hundred paces onely from the foot of the Mountain The Romans never used to encamp without retrenching themselves within a Ditch and a Palisade which the Legionary Souldiers could throw up in an instant every one of them besides his Arms carrying a stake upon his Shoulders for the making of the Palisade This was their first work and this they supported with Earth and Turf for the forming of a Rampart Caesar that he might not be disturbed in intrenching left his two foremost lines to remain in Battalia while the third wrought under the shelter of the two others and threw up a Ditch of fifteen foot breadth so that face of the Camp which looked towards the Enemy was fortifi'd e'er Afranius could perceive it Then Caesar caused his Troops to retreat by the two ends of the Trench His whole Army were all that night at their Arms and the next day he drew up three Legions in Battalia behind the Ditch As it was a hard matter to get Turf he contented himself to cause a Trench to be thrown up upon the other sides of his Camp by the three Legions who were not at their Arms. The work was completed in a few days though Afranius and Petreius made some attempts to hinder it but unsuccessfully so that being in so good a condition as it was Caesar caused all his Equipage to come up with the Cohorts that were at the guard of the Bridge CHAP. XXIV The Battel of Lerida BEtween the Eminence where the Enemy was Encamped and the Town of Lerida there was a Plain of about three hundred paces and in the middle of that Plain a small advanced ground Caesar endeavoured to get possession of this Post and fortifie himself there by that means to take away from the Enemy the conveniency of their Bridge and their communication with the City from whence they furnished themselves with all their subsistence He caused three of his Legions to advance which he posted in three different places giving orders to the first Battalion of that Legion which was nearest to the advanced ground to run all together and possess themselves of it But the Cohorts of Afranius his advanced Guard who had less way to go got thither first and repulsed Caesar's Men. They were seconded with other Troops so that the Battel grew hot in that place The manner of fighting on both sides was very different Afranius his Souldiers accustomed to Wars against the Barbarians who never keep their ground charged fiercely at the first and advanced with a great deal of Courage but they took no care of their ranks but opened themselves in fighting and when ever they were pressed hard thought it no dishonour to give ground and abandon their Posts and this Caesar says happened in regard that Souldiers easily learn the Discipline of those places where they have longest served Caesar's Men on the contrary thought it was for their Honour to fight Embodied and to keep their ranks and never to quit their Colours nor their Posts In the mean time the manner of the Enemies fighting surprised them by its Novelty they believed that they should be hemm'd in and the whole Battalion moved with a great deal of disorder and the astonishment had certainly reached the rest of the Troops who were not accustomed to see themselves push't by their Enemies had not Caesar assured them by his presence He caused a Legion to go on entire and it was the ninth which put a stop to the Attempts of the Enemy and charged them so hotly that they retreated under the walls of Lerida But that Legion enraged with the affront they had received engaged themselves too inconsiderately in so dangerous a place upon the steep part of the rising ground upon which the City was built Afranius his Souldiers returned to the charge and as they had gotten the advantage of the place and Caesar also had recruited his Men the Battel lasted five hours upon that spot with great disadvantage to Caesar's Party who were forced to fight up hill and where every Dart from the Enemy did execution which last obliged them to run up with their Swords in their hands and with so much vigour that they pushed the Enemies Party which were in the Trenches and the others also in the same place By this time Caesar's Horse were with difficulty advanced to favour their retreat which they made without any disorder Both Parties attributed to themselves the Honour of the Victory Caesar because his Troops had maintained the fight for five hours in so disadvantageous a Post and that they had with their Swords in their hands put the Enemy to flight And Afranius for that his being less in number had had at first the advantage and that he still remained Master of the Post for which they fought and which he caused to be fortified CHAP. XXV Caesar's Army reduced to great extremities by the overflowing of two Rivers Cicero and a great many other Senatours go to find out Pompey AN Accident which happened two days after this Battel gave him still greater hopes The Rains which fell in abundance and melted the Snow upon the Mountains so swelled up the two Rivers that the Rapidity of the Waters carried away both Caesar's Bridges so that he saw himself shut up between two over-flown Rivers and could receive neither Convoys of Provisions nor those powerfull succours which he expected out of Gaul and Italy This was at the beginning of Summer when the Corn was not yet ripe enough for the making of Bread Besides Afranius his Spaniards being well acquainted with the Countrey and accustomed to pass the Rivers in Goat-skins which they always carried with them to the Wars continually met and fell upon Caesar's Men when ever any of them were stragling or out from the rest Afranius on the other side had great store of Corn and other Provisions which he still supply'd himself withall out of that part of the Countrey which lay behind his Camp and which had not yet been ravaged Caesar attempted to repair his Bridges but the largeness and violence of the Rivers rendered all his endeavours fruitless besides that the Enemy disturbed the Work with flights of Darts from the