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the_o sound_n of_o the_o instrument_n they_o may_v not_o in_o the_o march_n break_v their_o order_n of_o embattail_v which_o great_a army_n often_o do_v in_o advance_v to_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n when_o they_o be_v ready_a to_o join_v king_n agis_n bethink_v himself_o of_o this_o strata_fw-la gem_n it_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o all_o army_n in_o the_o onset_n to_o stretch_v out_o their_o right_a wing_n and_o with_o they_o to_o circumvent_v and_o encompass_v the_o left_a wing_n of_o their_o adversary_n because_o every_o soldier_n careful_a of_o his_o own_o sefety_n seek_v to_o cover_v his_o unarmed_a side_n with_o the_o target_n of_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o to_o his_o right_a hand_n and_o imagine_v that_o the_o set_n of_o target_n close_o serve_v for_o the_o best_a defence_n against_o the_o enemy_n the_o cause_n be_v this_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n desire_v to_o withdraw_v as_o much_o as_o he_o can_v his_o naked_a side_n from_o the_o weapon_n of_o the_o enemy_n proceed_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v he_o and_o at_o that_o time_n the_o mantinean_o a_o great_a deal_n overreach_v the_o scirite_n with_o their_o wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o tegeat_n much_o more_o the_o athenian_n by_o reason_n they_o oâ—ermatched_v theâ—_n in_o number_n agis_n therefore_o fear_v the_o encompass_v of_o his_o left_a wing_n see_v that_o the_o front_n of_o the_o mantinean_o be_v very_o broad_a and_o far_o extend_v give_v a_o sign_n to_o the_o scirite_n and_o brasideans_n to_o stretch_v out_o their_o wing_n and_o to_o equal_v the_o front_n of_o the_o mantinean_o and_o for_o the_o void_a space_n that_o shall_v remain_v upon_o their_o advance_v he_o command_v two_o polemarch_n or_o colonel_n hipponoidas_n and_o aristocles_n to_o lead_v therein_o two_o cohort_n from_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o fill_v up_o the_o void_a space_n conceive_v that_o he_o shall_v this_o notwithstanding_o leave_v himself_o strength_n enough_o in_o 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danger_n will_v be_v common_a to_o all_o that_o shall_v be_v so_o overwinge_v by_o their_o enemy_n the_o danger_n then_o of_o over-fronting_a and_o overwinging_a be_v so_o great_a let_v we_o see_v what_o remedy_n and_o prevention_n against_o either_o of_o they_o have_v be_v devise_v by_o antiquity_n against_o â—ner-fronting_a they_o seek_v to_o secure_v the_o flank_n of_o their_o battle_n over-fronting_a sometime_o by_o order_v their_o army_n in_o such_o a_o figure_n as_o shall_v be_v sufficient_a to_o sustain_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n wheresoever_o he_o give_v on_o of_o which_o kind_n 〈…〉_z be_v the_o plesium_n or_o hollow-square_a speak_v of_o in_o the_o last_o chapter_n this_o be_v practise_v by_o the_o grecian_n at_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n and_o oftentimes_o by_o other_o grecian_n as_o be_v every_o where_o to_o be_v find_v in_o their_o history_n and_o alexander_n when_o he_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o darius_n at_o gaugamela_n the_o country_n be_v e._n champagne_n and_o darius_n abound_v in_o multitude_n defend_v himself_o with_o a_o epicampios_fw-la opisthia_fw-la or_o a_o rear_n hollow_a battle_n i_o have_v show_v the_o manner_n of_o it_o before_o in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 46_o chapter_n and_o sometime_o again_o by_o foresee_v the_o danger_n and_o place_n reserve_v in_o the_o rear_n or_o some_o other_o secret_a place_n to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n in_o their_o flank_n while_o they_o busy_a themselves_o against_o your_o flank_n this_o 8._o be_v practise_v by_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a against_o croesn_n as_o i_o have_v show_v in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 46_o chapter_n of_o 2_o this_o kind_n also_o it_o be_v when_o you_o lay_v a_o ambush_n to_o charge_v their_o rear_n while_o they_o charge_v your_o flank_n the_o place_n will_v likewise_o help_v much_o to_o avoid_v encompass_v for_o if_o the_o battle_n be_v fight_v in_o a_o straight_a place_n by_o nature_n where_o the_o enemy_n can_v draw_v out_o his_o phalange_n in_o length_n 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and_o as_o it_o be_v practise_v by_o 19_o cleandridas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a against_o tâ—e_v thurian_o wherein_o netwithstanding_o this_o caution_n be_v to_o be_v hold_v that_o you_o double_v not_o your_o rank_n so_o that_o you_o make_v the_o depth_n of_o your_o body_n to_o thin_a for_o 108._o in_o so_o do_v your_o body_n will_v be_v as_o subject_a to_o break_v for_o want_n of_o depth_n as_o for_o want_v or_o length_n to_o overw_v beside_o it_o be_v do_v by_o face_v to_o the_o hand_n where_o the_o enemy_n battle_n overwinge_v and_o march_v out_o against_o it_o paralelly_n till_o your_o wing_n equal_v the_o wing_n of_o the_o enemy_n but_o so_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o void_a space_n from_o whence_o you_o draw_v your_o wing_n be_v fill_v up_o for_o fear_v the_o enemy_n give_v in_o to_o it_o and_o distress_n you_o there_o as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o precedent_n which_o in_o this_o
see_v in_o the_o river_n and_o of_o the_o height_n and_o steepenesse_n of_o the_o bank_n as_o also_o for_o that_o the_o enemy_n horse_n order_v in_o a_o 〈◊〉_d phalange_n will_v be_v ready_a to_o charge_v we_o while_o we_o disorderly_a and_o 〈◊〉_d wingwise_o which_o be_v the_o weak_a kind_n of_o fight_n endeavour_v to_o scamble_v up_o the_o bank_n thus_o arrian_n use_v the_o word_n before_o recite_v and_o note_v the_o difference_n of_o both_o the_o form_n 26._o leo_n have_v the_o like_a passage_n instruct_v his_o general_n how_o in_o the_o night_n to_o surprise_v a_o enemy_n in_o his_o lodging_n his_o word_n be_v these_o in_o effect_n when_o you_o march_v say_v he_o to_o the_o intent_n that_o no_o tumult_n or_o confusion_n of_o noise_n be_v hear_v nor_o the_o stretch_n out_o of_o your_o battle_n into_o a_o great_a length_n breed_v error_n and_o inequality_n in_o march_v and_o hereupon_o cry_v and_o loud_a command_n arise_v so_o that_o the_o enemy_n may_v easy_o perceive_v the_o access_n of_o your_o army_n it_o behove_v you_o to_o march_v not_o in_o 〈◊〉_d front_n that_o be_v in_o a_o 〈◊〉_d large_a extension_n of_o breadth_n but_o 〈◊〉_d wingwise_o that_o be_v to_o say_v in_o a_o 〈◊〉_d deep_a form_n of_o embattail_v as_o if_o one_o file_n shall_v follow_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o another_o observe_v still_o to_o maintain_v the_o depth_n or_o horse_n thickness_n of_o the_o battle_n his_o meaning_n be_v that_o in_o the_o night_n a_o army_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v lead_v in_o a_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n because_o the_o place_n be_v way_n through_o which_o you_o be_v to_o march_v be_v sometime_o large_a sometime_o straight_o sometime_o rough_a sometime_o plain_a and_o so_o you_o can_v preserve_v a_o even_a front_n but_o must_v change_v the_o form_n and_o disorder_v it_o but_o in_o a_o hearse_n or_o deep_a phalange_n which_o will_v fit_v all_o passage_n and_o in_o the_o great_a inequality_n of_o way_n maintain_v the_o form_n of_o the_o battle_n entire_a and_o so_o much_o of_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n march_v in_o a_o wing_n and_o march_v in_o a_o phalange_n 5._o every_o thing_n be_v call_v parameke_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v a_o difference_n between_o parameke_n and_o heteromekes_n i_o think_v good_a to_o note_v it_o because_o aelian_n in_o diverse_a place_n mention_v both_o paramekes_fw-mi be_v the_o figure_n according_a to_o aelian_n wherein_o the_o length_n many_o time_n exceed_v the_o depth_n it_o may_v be_v heteromeke_n albeit_o it_o be_v but_o twice_o as_o long_o as_o deep_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a that_o 30._o euclyde_n name_v all_o four_o side_v figure_n that_o have_v right_a angle_n and_o unequal_a side_n heteromeke_n but_o aelian_n though_o he_o apply_v heteromeke_n sometime_o to_o the_o 46._o front_n sometime_o to_o the_o flank_n yet_o he_o give_v no_o more_o than_o a_o double_a proportion_n either_o of_o front_n to_o flank_n or_o flank_n to_o front_n 6._o orthion_n albeit_o the_o word_n orthium_fw-la properly_z signify_v thing_n rise_v in_o a_o height_n yet_o in_o military_a discourse_n it_o be_v apply_v to_o the_o dimension_n of_o the_o depth_n 〈◊〉_d of_o a_o battle_n and_o not_o of_o the_o length_n here_o a_o phalange_n be_v term_v orthia_n and_o in_o leo_n in_o the_o place_n last_o by_o i_o cite_v mention_n be_v make_v of_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d â—_o deep_o embattail_v and_o in_o xenophon_n â—_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o company_n stretch_v out_o in_o depâ—â—_n 〈…〉_z polyen_n also_o and_o arrian_n and_o appian_n â—_o polyen_n have_v beside_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d for_o a_o army_n that_o be_v cast_v into_o a_o great_a depth_n and_o into_o a_o narrow_a 〈…〉_z therefore_o as_o parameke_n signify_v the_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o orthion_n signify_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o flank_n of_o any_o battle_n order_v as_o be_v aforesaid_a thus_o much_o of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o two_o battle_n it_o remain_v to_o show_v the_o use_n of_o they_o and_o how_o one_o may_v be_v transform_v into_o the_o other_o the_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battle_n bring_v most_o hand_n to_o fight_v with_o conveniency_n and_o therefore_o be_v account_v the_o better_a form_n and_o as_o near_o hearse_n as_o opportunity_n of_o ground_n will_v give_v leave_n the_o ancient_a general_n principal_o affect_v and_o seek_v to_o put_v this_o form_n in_o ure_n it_o have_v the_o commodity_n to_o overfront_v the_o adverse_a battle_n and_o be_v safe_a itself_o from_o overfront_v unless_o the_o enemy_n bring_v a_o great_a multitude_n than_o you_o have_v to_o over-match_v your_o army_n the_o macedonian_a phalange_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o this_o form_n as_o all_o the_o field_n alexander_n fight_v evident_o declare_v so_o order_v he_o his_o troop_n at_o granicus_n so_o at_o issos_n so_o at_o gangamelos_n so_o in_o other_o place_n if_o the_o ground_n will_v serve_v this_o caution_n notwithstanding_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o depth_n hold_v proportion_n with_o the_o length_n otherwise_o the_o length_n profit_v not_o so_o much_o as_o the_o thinness_n of_o the_o depth_n hurt_v by_o give_v mean_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o break_v through_o and_o put_v the_o adverse_a battle_n in_o a_o rout_n i_o have_v note_v it_o before_o out_o of_o 10â—_o leo._n the_o hearse_n or_o deep_a phalange_n be_v think_v the_o weak_a kind_n to_o fight_v in_o 14._o parmenio_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a commander_n alexander_n have_v disinherit_v it_o as_o i_o have_v show_v a_o little_a before_o b._n cyrus_n the_o elder_a in_o the_o embattail_v of_o the_o egyptian_n deride_v it_o yet_o can_v the_o form_n of_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v so_o exact_o take_v up_o but_o that_o necessity_n will_v sometime_o force_v the_o other_o in_o straight_a place_n it_o have_v be_v often_o use_v so_o c._n darius_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o issos_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o straightness_n of_o ground_n be_v force_v to_o this_o form_n so_o boâ—ilâ—ar_v the_o carthaginian_a be_v fain_o in_o a_o straight_a place_n to_o make_v a_o narrow_a front_n of_o his_o phalange_n and_o to_o extend_v it_o in_o depth_n and_o a._n acilius_n glabrio_n the_o roman_a consall_n in_o the_o straits_n of_o thermopyle_n against_o antiochus_n and_o c._n p._n scipto_n in_o spain_n against_o the_o illerget_n therefore_o in_o large_a ground_n the_o first_o form_n be_v to_o be_v choose_v in_o narrow_a and_o rough_a place_n the_o other_o the_o hearse_n be_v also_o fit_a for_o march_n because_o in_o a_o march_n you_o be_v assure_v to_o meet_v with_o variety_n of_o ground_n sometime_o with_o wood_n sometime_o with_o bush_n sometime_o with_o straight_a way_n with_o river_n with_o hill_n with_o pit_n with_o bridge_n with_o ditch_n and_o such_o like_a impediment_n so_o that_o the_o front_n of_o your_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n must_v needs_o be_v dissolve_v whereas_o no_o difficulty_n of_o way_n can_v hinder_v the_o passage_n of_o a_o 45._o hearse_n the_o front_n whereof_o may_v be_v narrow_v according_a to_o the_o ground_n you_o march_v in_o as_o you_o list_v b._n alexander_n be_v to_o lead_v his_o army_n against_o the_o thracian_n that_o have_v plant_v themselves_o in_o the_o mount_n aemus_n be_v â—â—ine_o to_o narrow_a the_o front_n of_o his_o phalange_n according_a to_o the_o way_n that_o lead_v up_o to_o the_o mount_n the_o same_o do_v d._n agesilaus_n pass_v through_o the_o straits_n of_o mantina_n the_o history_n be_v by_o i_o recite_v before_o in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 26_o chapter_n 1._o panimenes_n likewise_o lead_v his_o army_n through_o phoâ—is_n toward_a â—hebes_n and_o find_v that_o the_o enemy_n have_v take_v and_o possess_v a_o place_n call_v philoâ—aeoton_n that_o have_v two_o straits_n lead_v towards_o it_o one_o of_o which_o the_o enemy_n hold_v with_o a_o guard_n cast_v be_v troop_n into_o a_o hearse_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d make_v the_o bulk_n of_o his_o army_n slender_a and_o â—it_a to_o march_v shape_v himself_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o though_o he_o mean_v to_o hold_v on_o to_o that_o passage_n the_o enemy_n therefore_o leave_v the_o left_a hand_n straight_o which_o they_o have_v in_o guard_n run_v with_o all_o speed_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o stop_v his_o passage_n but_o he_o take_v the_o opportunity_n speed_v hasty_o to_o the_o left_a and_o convey_v his_o army_n through_o without_o danger_n many_o like_a example_n of_o hearse_n accommodate_v to_o straight_a way_n where_o a_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n can_v march_v be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o history_n the_o orthiophalange_n or_o hearse_n be_v also_o muchâ—sed_v in_o a_o ascent_n against_o a_o hill_n which_o the_o enemy_n possess_v and_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d deep_a company_n take_v in_o the_o greek_a writer_n especial_o when_o a_o
chapter_n i_o give_v out_o of_o thucydides_n of_o overw_v and_o the_o example_n of_o the_o colchans_n who_o fear_v to_o be_v overfront_v by_o the_o grecian_n upon_o a_o hill_n upon_o which_o they_o stand_v embattle_v lead_v their_o wing_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n to_o match_v the_o front_n of_o the_o grecian_n leave_v the_o midst_n of_o their_o battle_n empty_a into_o which_o the_o grecian_n convey_v themselves_o easy_o put_v the_o colchans_n to_o flight_n as_o f._n xenophon_n record_v 34._o ouerw_v be_v also_o prevent_v if_o you_o hold_v reserve_v secret_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o your_o battle_n to_o fly_v out_o upon_o the_o sudden_a against_o those_o force_n of_o the_o enemy_n that_o seek_v to_o overw_v you_o this_o remedy_n be_v use_v by_o 322._o caesar_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o pharsaly_n when_o pompey_n have_v abundance_n of_o horseman_n seek_v to_o circumvent_v that_o wing_n of_o caesar_n battle_n which_o lie_v to_o the_o open_a field_n and_o be_v not_o guard_v with_o a_o fence_n as_o the_o other_o wing_n be_v for_o to_o prevent_v the_o charge_n of_o these_o horse_n caesar_n bestow_v certain_a cohort_n who_o be_v to_o hold_v themselves_o close_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o his_o legion_n not_o face_v as_o his_o legion_n do_v against_o the_o legion_n of_o pompey_n but_o face_v into_o the_o field_n from_o whence_o he_o suspect_v the_o enemy_n horse_n will_v charge_v so_o that_o when_o the_o horse_n charge_v these_o cohort_n sudden_o fall_v out_o upon_o they_o and_o put_v they_o to_o flight_n be_v the_o beginning_n of_o caesar_n victory_n the_o place_n also_o often_o give_v assurance_n against_o overw_v whether_o it_o be_v a_o river_n or_o the_o sea_n or_o a_o mountain_n or_o such_o like_a to_o which_o you_o may_v apply_v the_o flank_n of_o your_o wing_n for_o a_o river_n you_o have_v the_o example_n of_o clearchus_n in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o artaxerxes_n and_o cyrus_n the_o young_a in_o which_o c._n clearchus_n order_v his_o troop_n of_o grecian_n on_o the_o right_a wing_n close_o to_o the_o river_n euphrates_n and_o when_o cyrus_n will_v have_v have_v he_o charge_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o persian_a phalange_n because_o the_o king_n have_v place_v himself_o there_o yet_o say_v xenophon_n clearchus_n see_v the_o king_n be_v far_o without_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o grecian_n for_o the_o king_n so_o much_o exceed_v in_o multitude_n that_o the_o midst_n of_o his_o battle_n be_v a_o great_a way_n without_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o cyrus_n will_v not_o withdraw_v his_o right_a wing_n from_o the_o river_n fear_v to_o be_v encompass_v on_o both_o side_n the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o alexander_n the_o great_a in_o the_o country_n of_o the_o getes_n this_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o word_n of_o arrian_n â—_o when_o they_o the_o getes_n san_z alexander_n industrious_o advance_v his_o phalarge_n by_o the_o river_n side_n lest_o the_o foot_n may_v happy_o be_v circumvent_v and_o encompass_o some_o ambusâ—_n of_o the_o 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