some most conuenient place together then and there to be instructed in the orders how to march how to encampe and how to fight deuiding them into so many parts or battaillions as vnto their chiefe Officer shall seeme good Gent. What course would you wish the Captaine of a single companie to obserue in the trayning of his souldiers Capt. First hauing his companie leauied and chosen of the better sort of people as is said let your rawe Captaine for so I terme those which neuer were in action prouide himselfe if possible he may of a good Lieutenant and a sufficient Sergeant and a skilfull Drummer Then let his people be suted with such sort of weapon as is appointed The which I would wish to be as I haue said before to euery hundred of men 25. muskets 25. Calliuers and 40. or more of pikes and corslets and the rest short weapon as halberds swordes and targets and such like Now hauing suted euery man with a conuenient weapon I would wish your Muster-maister if your Captaine haue not the skil for your Muster-master ought to be a man of experience first to declare vnto them the partes that ought to be in a souldier in generall as before is declared then to ensigne them the right carriage of their armes and weapon then to knowe the seuerall soundes of the Drumme next to learne to keepe his ranke and file orderly and so to march eyther swift or slowe step by step with the sound of the Drumme then how to keep their array being cast into a ring or any other forme with the comming out againe and returning into a counter-ring and out of the same into a march and counter-march then how to make their Alto or stand and how to double their rankes vntill they bring themselues into a iust square of men if their numbers will permit it and how to double their â—â—les eyther vpon the left or right hand and so to fall off againe both from file and ranke and being in squadron how to turne their faces on either or any part making front on any flank or traine as occasion shall be offered Then the perfect vse and managing of euerie weapon in his due nature and kind and so by a continuall vse they may by good instructers become soone to be ready souldiers Gent. Here be manie good parts vnder a few words but they are too briefe for me to vnderstand wherefore I pray dilate more at large thereof and first what meane you by the cariage of his weapon Cap. To discourse vpoÌ„ al these points particularly it wold be ouer long might better be shewed in act theÌ„ in words yet to satisfie you somewhat herein I will speak of the particulars here there as I shal be occasioned shal cal theÌ„ to memory First therfore the soldier that is appointed to cary a calliuer is first to be ensigned how to cary his peece vpon his left shoulder with his flaske at his girdle or haÌ„ging by at Port-flask or Flask-leather vpoÌ„ the right thigh vpoÌ„ the left side of his girdle to haue his touchboxe fastened by the string hanging downe somwhat long by the strings sufficient to be taken and to prime his peece with touch-powder and on his right side a Bullet bagge or purse of canuas or leather for bullets Also some three or foure yards of match in seuerall peeces hanging at his girdle with one peece of match of a yard long in his left hand holden fast by the third finger of the same hand hauing the one or both the endes of the same lighted or fired Also to be prouided of a priming iron or wyer of a steele and flint stone to strike fire vpon any suddaine occasion either to spare the burning of match or to fire their matches if the same do chance to go out Then how to charge his peece either with his flask or bandelier theÌ„ to let slip the bullet down into the barrell after the powder and to ramme the same with paper tow or such like thrusting the same downe with the scouring stick if time will permit or else a more readier way thus After that the bullet is slipped downe vnto the powder to put after the same some two or three cornes of powder which will wedge fast the bullet This being done let him hold his Calliuer with his left hand as in his charging hee ought to do the like griping the same by the stocke somewhat neare vnder the cock betwixt his thombe and foure fingers then holding the nose of his peece somwhat vpward for not to endaÌ„ger his fellows to take the one end of his lighted match with his forefinger midle finger thoÌ„be of his right haÌ„d so to cock the same hauing a regard that it may fall due within the pan finally if it be a crooked stock peece to set the same vnto the left side of his breast retiring his right foot some halfe step behind the left or aduancing the left foot some halfe pace before the right and so to take his due leuel holding the hindermost part of the stocke betwixt the thombe and fore-finger of his right hand with the other three fingers to draw to the serre so to discharge his peece with agility hauing done the which to retire souldier-like and charge againe giuing place to his next fellow or seconder But being a straight stocked peece the which I hold for the better he is to place the same vpon the right side of his breast fast against his shoulder leuelling and discharging as aforesaid And for other armes he is to be fitted with a short sword and meane dagger and a Spanish morion Now the musketier is to cary his musket vpon his left or right shoulder for it importeth not much on whether so they obserue the order of the first rancke with his Forke or rest in his left hand fastned about his hand wrest or little finger by a string hauing his flask and touchbox fitted as before is sayd or hauing a bandalier the same to be ouer the left shoulder and vnder the right arme Now to charge the same he must hold his musket with his left hand hauing his rest trayling by the string and put the but end of the stocke vpon the ground then with his flaske or bandalier to charge his peece with powder slipping downe the bullet into the barrell after the same and to fasten it with two or three cornes of powder as is aforesayd then to clappe the musket into his forke planting the lower end or pike of the rest into the ground neare vnto his left foote and resting the but ende of the stocke vpon his left thigh then to prime his pan with touch powder And hauing his match ready as before is sayd to take the peece of match that hangeth by the midle or third finger of his left hand betwixt the thombe
and fore finger of his right hand and with his middle finger to measure at what length to cocke the same to fall with a proportioned length into the pan The which being done let him retire his right foote somwhat backe and stand firme vpon the same and holding fast both the musket and rest with his left hand to raise the but end of his musket from his thigh vnto his breast and to fasten the same firme and close vnto his right shoulder and brest holding fast the sayd hinder part of the stocke betwixt his right thombe and fore finger drawing downe the serre with the other three fingers and so taking due leuell to discharge Hauing performed the which let him vncocke his match clap his musket vpon his shoulder with a halfe turne and so retire trailing his rest or forke by the stringe and giuing place to others go charge again finally for other armes a reasonable short sword a meane dagger with no morion but a faire hat and feather Gent. Thus I perceiue your fiery shot haue many busie skils without knowledge of all the which it is hard to become a perfect shot Capt. True and therefore often to be practised But here let the muster-maister and trayning Captaine be well aduised not to suffer their shot to cary any bullet about them in time of their trainings and fained skirmishes for feare of danger that might thereby ensue among themselues But now and then after their training to take euery shot single and to see him charge his peece orderly with pouder and bullet as aforesaid and hauing a great but erected to that purpose the which ought to be in euery hundred or Baily-wicke to cause them to leuell and discharge at the blancke thereof orderly one after another encouraging those which do make the fairest shot Now for the Pike which the Spaniards do tearme SenÌ„ora y Reyna de las armas the Queene and mistresse of weapons The souldier which carieth the same is to bee well armed with a good corslet furnished with his gorget Morion tasses pouldrons vambraces and gauntlets also to be armed as he ought to be whatsoeuer opinion other men may hold to the contrary supposing a bare payre of Cuyrasses onely sufficient but I am of opinion that the armed Picquier ought to bee armed in all points as I haue said for defence and then to offend to be weaponed with a good Pike of ground Ashe of seuenteen or eighteen foote long at the least well and strongly headed with the cheekes three foote long or there about and for other weapon to weare a good short sword and dagger for the dagger is a weapon of great aduantage in Pell mell And if it be replied that the souldier so heauie armed is not for any great march or speedy execution I say that among well ordered Regiments there are also yet some vnarmed pikes that is without any corslet or at the most the bare cuyrats onely and morion the which the Italians do call Picche secche Now these are reserued imployed in such peeces of light seruice And the Picquier either armed or vnarmed is to be shewed and taught the carriage and vse of his pike as first to tertiar or carry the same orderly vpon his shoulder holding the same with his foure fingers vpon the vpper part of the staffe his thombe vnder the staffe neare vnto his shoulder basing downe the blunt end thereof to aduaunce the point and poizing the pike with an equall poize vpon his thombe and shoulder alwayes in march keeping the lower end of his pike on the one side of his foremans legge still aduertising that in march the pike is to be carried vpon the right shoulder of euery souldier throughout euery file sauing the vtmost file on the left side of the arrayes or ordinances which are to carry their pikes vpon their left shoulders onely alwayes regarding how those of the foremost rankes doe carry their weapon the rest to do the same throughout euery ranke and file following for order and forme do require the same Next hee is to be taught how to plant his pike on the ground at any stand or Alto then how to arbolare or aduaunce his pike that is to reare his pike vpright against his right shoulder and with his right hand stretched downe vnto his thigh to hold the same neare vnto the but-end betwixt his foure fingers and his thombe stretching his forefinger downeward vnto the but-end of his pike and so aduaunce the same vpright high against his right shoulder resting and staying the same with his right hand against his right thigh and knee as before is sayd Now this is to be done at such times as being brought into a Ring and serreyng close shoulder to shoulder then to aduaunce their piks in this sort at the enclosing thereof so to continue vntill they fall out of the ring againe into a larger march Also the same is vsed by some at their arriuing vnto the corps de guard at the setting of the watch before their chief Commander or officer euen as the first ranke shall arriue into the corps de guard some ten or twelue pases from the place of their stand to arbolare their pikes and so rancke after ranck carrying them in the same order vntill they come vnto their place of station there to make Alto and to plant their pikes vpon the ground as the squadron is formed But principally the souldiers marching in squadron and vpon point to come to the push of the pike with their foote enemy then are they first to aduaunce their pikes as is said bearing the same orderly with the right hand against the right thigh and the left hand aboue neare about the shoulder and so to charge vpon the left hand and push standing firme and sure vpon the left foote But if the squadron be charged with any troupes of the enemies horse then must the Picquiers cowch their pikes fast vnder the right foote holding the same 〈…〉 the left hand and bow downe the point thereof against the breast of the horâ—e hauing his right hand ready to draw his sword if occasion shall be offered Now how necessary and auayleable this continuall vse and practise is may easily be gathered from the sundry victories of the auncient Romanes Who both in their Campes and Garrisons had their Tesserarios which were as our Sergeant Maiors to ensigne and teach their people of warre the vse and managing of their armes at all idle and vacant times The old souldier sometimes once in a day and the Tirones which we terme Bisognios or new souldiers twise in the day or as occasion serued so were their people alwayes ready and perfect And againe they did not onely practise them in the knowledge of their weapons but many times also did conduct their Companies for their recreation
of the leafe The imbattailing of 5200 pikes armed and vnarmed short weapon 1300 muskets 3250 calliuers 3250. And of 〈◊〉 armes 400 and Launces 1000 and 600 hargulutiers with 14 field peeces In the before figured battell I haue placed and set downe the shot and short weapons belonging vnto the proportion of the said battell as here following shall particularly be declared First the battell or bodie of pikes armed vnarmed containing in number 4968 as in the figure before appeareth I haue framed in proportion of inequalitie being 2⅓ times more in breadth then in length in number of men called commonly a broad square which is in proportion as 7 to 3 which proportion couereth the due quadrate of ground as before I haue at large recited being impaled round about with 7 rankes of armed pikes at 108 men per ranke in front and 46 rankes in flanke For the furnishing of which battell with shot and short weapon in due proportion to the same I haue presupposed this course and order following after the rate to euery 100 men 40 pikes 10 halberds and short weapon 25 Muskets 25 Calliuers Which battell conteineth pikes 5200 whereof is within the body of the battell 4968 pikes halberds and short weapon 1300 Muskets 3250 Calliuers 3250 being in all 13000 men sorted and suted with weapons as appeareth and seuerally placed to fight as I suppose to most aduantage thus First the body of the battell containeth pikes 4968 armed and vnarmed being 108 in front and 46 rankes in flanke the which body is inuironed or girdled with Muskets at 5 in ranke round 1640 4 Squadrōs of Muskets at the angles of the battel at 50 per squadron 0200 30 Troupes of shot on the one flanke at 30 in a troupe amounteth 0900 30 Troupes of shot on the other flanke at 30 in a troupe amounteth 0900 17 Troupes of shot in the forlorne hope at 30 in a troupe amounteth 0510 46 Troupes of shot in the reareguarde at 30 in a troupe amounteth 1380 Summe totall of the shot bestowed about the battell 5530 More shot is bestowed about the guarde of one part of the artilliarie 0350 More shot placed in guarde of the other part of the artilliarie 0350 Finally there is shot left to guarde the munition summe 0270 Thus you see the whole number bestowed amounts 6500 Halbards and short weapon 1300 bestowed as followeth 06 Troupes short weapō mingled with the shot on the one flank at 30. 0180 06 Troupes short weapon mingled with shot on the other flanke at 30. 0180 05 Troups short weapō mingled the forlorne hope shot at 30 in tr 0. 0150 08 Troups short weapō mingled with the shot in the reareguard at 30. 0240 More short weapon with the one part of the artillerie to guard 0200 More short weapon with the other part of the artillerie 0200 Finally the rest of halbardes and short weapon are with the munition 0150 Thus also is bestowed the whole number of short weapon 1300 Finally there remained 232 pikes the which are placed in two squadrons with the rest of the halbardes and short weapon containing in each squadron 116 pikes and 200 short weapon as in their seuerall figures may appeare Aduertising moreouer that out of the body of the battell may be drawen some small number of pikes to be employed with the other pikes and halbardes at the guarde of the artillerie and munition which roome shall serue for Drummes Phiphes Chirurgians and hurt men where also is the place of the Generall if he thinke good But with this prouiso that you draw not so many pikes frō the heart of your battell that you leaue the same heartlesse To conclude The said battell is winged with 2 squadrons of men at armes at 200 in each squadron with 2 troupes of Launciers at 500 in euery troupe and with 2 troupes of hargulutiers and other shot on horsebacke at 300 horse in euery troupe And before them againe is placed 14 peeces of field ordinaunce in two parts hauing by them their guardes of shot and pikes as appeareth Thus haue you here seene in figure the embattailling and bestowing of 5200 pikes 6500 shot and 1300 short weapon and of 400 men at armes and 1000 Launciers and 600 hargoletiers imbattailled and placed and ready engaged to fight as particularly aboue appeareth Gent. Truly for mine owne part I haue litle skill to iudge but in mine opinion this seemeth wonderfull strong for one battell but me thinkes you haue framed your battell of more men in breadth then in length Capt. So it is For I haue set 108 men in breadth and 46 rankes in length the reasons thereof I shewed you before for by this meanes there commeth more hands at once to fight in front and the flankes notwithstanding sufficient strong especially hauing any aduantage by the seat which battell commeth to be an equall square of ground and a broad square of men in proportion of inequalitie as 7 is to 3 that is two times and a third of men more broad then long But for these formes of battels as they bring most hands to fight at once so are they not equally strong on each side as is the iust square of men wherefore it behoueth the leaders thereof to haue a care to the situation of the ground and to procure as neere as they can that the enemie may charge but in the front so shall they be wonderfull strong either against horse or foote And to encounter any foote enemie for no great force of enemies horse may be brought into one Ile I suppose no forme more strong then this for one onely battell Gent. Why are there vsed more battels then one in one fight Capt. Yea truly and with great reason and aduauntage were men experte and skilfull For as it is venturous to set ones fortune vpon the brunt of one sole battell so is it daungerous to frame many batallions except men be very skilfull and well practised therein by reason of the difficultie in seconding one another And againe it is rarely seene in our dayes that men come often to hand-blowes as in old time they did For now in this age the shot so employeth and busieth the field being well backed with a resolute stand of pikes that the most valiantest and skilfullest therein do commonly import the victorie or the best at the least wise before men come to many hand-blowes Gent. But your battell thus framed and engaged to fight what order take you therein then Capt. It is hard for any man to giue any direct course before the enemie bee knowen and seene For the occurants of warre bee so manifold and strange that sometimes vpon a moment the first resolutions and courses taken are to be altered as was well to be seene in our actions with the Spanyardes in anno 1588 at sea Where our first determinations and appointed orders were
renowne and fame Gent. If in fight the Ensigne be broken and the Enemie do carie away a part thereof doth the Ensigne-bearer lose thereby his reputation Capt. No not a iot so that hee keepeth the verie trunke of the staffe in his hand When the Companie doth march the Ensigne-bearer may carie his Colours resting vpon his shoulder eyther open or folded vp but making a stand or Alto he is bound by dutie to aduance the Ensigne and not to campear it or pitch it on the ground for that is the tricke of a Bisognio and doth repugne the authoritie and grauitie of his office In fights in encounters in musters and in presence of the Lord Generall he must cary his Colours displayed passing by him he must aduance it only bowing the point somewhat downward without any more ceremonies but if he passe by the king or Prince he shall withall bow somewhat one of his knees as a difference from the Generall In Ordinances or framed battels alwayes the Ensignes do march in one large or long ranke iointly in the middest of the Squadron the most place of honour is the left and right out-sides the Ensigne on the right hand carying the preheminence who giueth direction and order to the rest in this sort if hee beareth his Ensigne on his shoulder loose so are all the rest to carie theirs and if fardled vp all they are to do in the like order and so imitating him in all other maners and shewes and if he deliuereth his vnto his Abanderado and take the Halberd the rest are to do the like and the selfe same orders are to be obserued by the Auanderados for it is an vnseemly shew to see in a ranke of Ensignes different orders one from another The Abanderados are vsed to be souldiers and some do set their owne seruants to that office These ought to go well apparelled and well armed for I haue seene sometimes amongst the Spaniards the Alferes themselues to passe into other ranks to fight leauing the Ensigne with the Abanderado but I like it not for it is not lawfull for the Ensigne-bearer to leaue his Colours neither to fight but with the same in his hand and that vpon such occasions as before I haue declared no though it were to shew his valour and prowesse In the lodging the Ensigne shold be accompanied with a Corps de garde although it be in place of quiet and out of all suspition as well for the authoritie and reputation of the same as to auoyd manie inconueniences which happen to succeed through mutinies brawles and frayes It is also conuenient that the Ensigne-bearer haue alwayes with him a Drum to call his companie together and for such occasions as shall be offered for the Ensignes should be of such veneration and haue bene so respected of the Souldiers that there hath seldome bene seene any one flying to the sanctuarie thereof auoyding the Souldiers furie to bee pursued or hurt esteeming their Ensigne a thing inuiolable as it fell out in Brescia when the mutinous souldiers wold haue slain the Lord Lewes Yearts their Generall who flying to the Ensigne it was enough to cause them to leaue off so shamefull and so abhominable attempt When the Souldiers do enter into any Corps de gard either in Castle towne fortresse or campe they ought not to disarme themselues vntil they see their Alferes first vnarmed vpon whom they should haue their eyes fixed to imitate as they haue vpon the Ensigne he beareth to follow wherefore the Ensigne-bearer is not to disarme vntil the gates of the Fort or place of defence wherein they are be first shut if it be in campe or field when it seemeth that he may safely do it not otherwise to the end that the souldiers take not example from him of vnsoldiarie negligence and slouth but rather of all vigilancy care and paine Gent. You haue largely set downe the aduertisements touching this Officer wherein you haue notified many martiall points vnknowne to vs therfore I pray proceed to the Lieutenants office and dutie Capt. This Officer amongst the Spanish companies is not vsed but amongst vs the Italians French therfore I will touch somewhat of him by the way The Lieutenant his office and duty He therefore that is chosen to this office ought to be a man of great experience fidelity and valour who in the absence of his Captaine carieth his roome charge and command vnto whom the souldiers and vnder-officers are to obey for the time as vnto the Captaine himselfe notwithstanding he must vse it with such discretion and moderation that he arrogate not too much vnto himselfe but at his Captaines returne he shall with all loue truth and dutie enforme him of all things and matters passed If any questions and ciuill debates do arise amongst the souldiers of his band he is to pacifie iudge and determine the same with grauity and good speeches whereby he shall binde them more firmely vnto him in obedience and loue and when as he cannot concert and agree them he is to referre them ouer vnto his Captaine but the most faultie and offenders hee may cause to be apprehended and send them to the Colonell or Marshall It is his charge and office to see that the Company be prouided of all necessaries aduertising the Caporals to see well to their charges and aduising the Sergeant to be diligent carefull and ready in his office wherein he shall ayd help assist him both in ordering the company and in setting the watch the which he is precisely bound to perform himself in the Sergeāts absence or time of infirmity He is to passe with the Companie vnto the Corps de garde to see the watch and Sentinels set and often times to visite and reuisite the same and to perswade the souldiers to respect with obedience their Sergeant and Caporals wherefore it importeth him to be well spoken discreet and wise to moue perswade them with sound reasons to the obseruation and obedience of Militarie discipline disburdening thereby his Captaine of manie and sundrie toiles It toucheth him also to see the souldiers appointed to their lodgings giuing order for the same vnto the Harbenger and how he shall distribute the baggage and cariage amongst the particular souldiers and the sicke men carefullie to bee looked vnto not suffering these Harbengers or Furriers to rob purloine and filch as they are wont to do whereby great scandals do arise as at the rising of the Vlishingers and in sundrie other places hath appeared His place of march his Captaine being present is in the Rere-ward of all the company but after any fight or skirmish in retiring marching out of the field he is to passe before and the Captaine in the rere-ward Now for as much as by that as shall be declared in the ordinarie Captaines office may easily bee vnderstood the dutie of this officer hauing the whole
the front and so bee ready with double hands either to receiue or giue the charge For those battels of square of ground or battels of double fronts do bring many hands to fight at once being verie aduantagious for footmen against footmen as reason and experience proueth and sheweth And againe if you draw or diuide your battell or battallions into maniples to march through straights or narrow passages this order of doubling the files is verie ready and auaileable as thus If your battel or squadron be of 5184 pikes whose square roote is 72 now your passage will permit but 8 men to march in front then must you diuide your square root 72 by 8 so commeth it to be 9 maniples of 8 men in rank or breadth And say yet againe that the straight or passage doth fall yet more narrow or straighten lesse then to containe 8 men in front thē cause euery maniple at the verie entring of the straight to double their files and so of 8 you shall make 4 files per maniple the which being shouldred vp close together will containe no more roome in breadth then the 8 did before And hauing passed the straight cause them to fall into their former proportion and so maniple after maniple in passing the straight Gen. But if the squadron or maniple were of od nūbers it wold not so fal out Capt. That importeth not for the od file or rank which resteth vndoubled may in passing of the straight close vp shoulder to shoulder vnto the rest obseruing their proper stations in files and if the passage will not permit that then to fall backe after the traine of their maniple hauing passed the straight to sleeue vp in file pouldron to pouldron of their fellowes and so to fall into their former proportion The like of any other od numbers may be done with very great facility Now for as much as I entend to frame both figures and tables of sundry sorts of battels and battallions in our discourse following I will at this instant bee the more briefe supposing this at this present to suffice For he which conceiueth and vnderstandeth this well may do the like with any other numbers great or small Gent. And what course do you appoint the shot belonging to those numbers of pikes to obserue in these alterations of proportion Capt. The shot appertaining vnto euerie such number may be practised in the like or semblable sort either alone by themselues or placed in two grand sleeues along by the flanks of their squadron or battallions As for example If vnto the former number of 100 pikes there were proportioned suted 100 shot calliuer and musket these would I draw out into 5 per rank which would make 20 ranks Those 20 ranks would I cut off or deuide in the middest so should I haue 10 ranks for to sleeue the one flanke of the battallion and 10 ranks for the other flanke at 5 men per ranke or 5 files in euery ranke which is all one These 2 sleeues being placed may be doubled with the pikes by ranke or file for practise sake only But if you were engaged to fight with the enemie I would wish all great sleeues of shot to be deuided into many small troupes the one still to second another as hereafter shall be declared shewed And lo here another order the 2 grand sleeues being al musketiers as the battell or battalliō doth aduance march on toward the enemy comming once within reach of the musket then the first ranks of these sleeues of muskets many discharge in marching in this sort The first ranks stepping some two or three paces forward there those of the right sleeue to step one halfe pace toward the right hād those of the left sleeue one half pase toward the left hand hauing in the meane space made themselues ready and cocked their matches then with readinesse expedition all those of thē first ranks their muskets being vpon their rests or forks to discharge at once and keep their station charge againe permitting other rankes to proceed before them Then presently those of the second ranke to step vp iust before the first rank as the battell or battallion marcheth and so to discharge as their former fellowes had done before then the 3. rank before the 2. the 4. before the 3. and so all the other ranks consequently with this kind of double march and at the traine of the last rank those of the first to follow vp againe and so consequently the rest But if it chance their squadron of pikes to be distressed forced to retire they are to discharge at the enemy retiring backe vpon a countermarch as these figures following shal plainlie denote vnto you the maner and order The First Figure The second Figure with the Muskets discharging in marchings The third Figure vpon the retrait the shot discharging vpon a Counter-march There is yet another order of discharging of troupes of Muskets in vollie the which I haue seene vsed by the Italian and Spaniard thus Your Musketiers being deuided into sundrie troupes of 30 40 or 50 in a troupe the one to second the other then the two first troupes standing vpon the two angles of your squadron or battell may bee drawne vp by two officers by three foure or fiue at the most in a ranke and the said officers being at a sufficient distance to discharge shall cause the Musketiers to close somewhat neere shoulder to shoulder and so wheeling them about in figure of a halfe Moone shall at their due semi-circle or halfe compasse cause the Musketiers to make Alto and clapping their muskets on their rests close one by an others shoulder and each one hauing a care to his forefellowes they shall at one instant discharge altogether at one vollie vpon the enemy and so retire giuing place to other troupes the maner and forme whereof shall by these figures following appeare Troupes or squadras of muskets at 50. per troupe 5. in ranke Gent. Your calliuers or small shot would you haue them to discharge in these maners and orders before spoken of and figured Capt. No but I would with the calliuers or small shot to be deuided into sundry small troupes of 20 30 40 or 50 in a troupe and by their seuerall officers to be led vp and to skirmish in single file discharging readily one after another in file and so wheeling about vpon the left hand to retire giuing place vnto others to second them and to fall into their forme of troupe againe and then recharging aduisedly to be ready to come vp to second others as their turne commeth of which maner of small troupes shall often in our discourses following be denoted and shewed Now to conclude these orders of training I will set downe one point more to be obserued by one single company or two or three companies ioyntly comming into the Corps de
gard to their watch reseruing many other particular matters vntil I come to treat of the office of the Sergeant Maior where many Militarie points shall be at large discoursed You must note that euery single company marching training alone their pikes are first ranked by 3 4 5 6 or 7 or more in a rancke according to their number the number of euen or od in ranke importeth nothing as I sayd before hauing their ensigne and halbards contained within the center or middle ranke of their pikes Then the shot is to be ranked altogether with the like number of men in a ranke and then to cut them off or deuide them at the middle ranke leading the one halfe of them vnto the forefront of the pikes and there to place them in euen files with the pikes and the other halfe is to be brought vnto the traine of the pikes and there filed in like maner alwayes regarding to place the muskets of the first halfe of your shot in the formost rankes and those of the other halfe in the hindermost ranke Now thus marching on and comming to the place of Corps de gard the shot of the vantgard are to make Alto or stand then the pikes to march vp by them and the first ranke of pikes comming vnto the formost ranke of the shot to make Alto also and then the pikes to double their rankes as before is declared to bring themselues into squadron euen ranke for ranke with the shot This being done then the other shot of the rereward is to march vp vpō the other hand of the pikes ranke for ranke with the said square of pikes and so is your squadron or battallion formed as by these figures following may appeare where I suppose one or two companies together in march containing in all 100 pikes and halberds 100 shot they march on 5 per ranke the shot of the vantgard makes their stand then do the pikes march vp by them comming vnto their formost ranke of the shot do stand also and there double their rankes so are they 10 rankes and ten files lastly commeth vp the shot of the arereward garnisheth the other flanke euen ranke with ranke and so is the squadron framed and garnished with shot Thus me thinks that I haue sufficiently intreated of this order of training as for other sortes of imbattailing we will hereafter speake of as occasion shall be offered THE SECOND DIALOGVE VVherein is declared of quadrat battels both of men and ground opinions tocuhing the mingling of short weapons with the pikes and lyning of battells with the same confuted the framing of battels of pikes in three sorts the placing of shot about the batell with the places of the horse and artillery Gentleman TThen I pray passe to your other officers of warre Capt. There be many petie officers vsed amongst vs as Clarke of the band Drummer Forrage maister Scout maister Trench maister Quarter maister Caporals of the field such like of whom I will speake particularly nothing but including them vnder the charge of other superior officers of the which I will begin with the duty of a Sergeant Maior whose office is of such importance care industry and skill especially in day of battell that I must be constrained before I enter into the parts of his office to describe the orders of fights and battels most vsed in these our moderne wars as a thing most pertinent vnto the aforesaid officer touching the sundry formes of battels vsed by antiquity wherein in mine opinion the Romaines did most excell I will speake at this instant litle more then what is sayd before considering that ages times occurrents inuentions and customes haue altred and dayly doth what antiquity thought best and best assured The formes of battels in our time are not many yet euery man almost hath a seuerall opinion thereof but common reason and experience hath made most men confesse and agree that of all formes the square battell be it either of square of men or square of ground is the most assured most strong and most apt to bee reduced into any other forme Gent. What meane you by this word Battell Cap. By the word Battell I vnderstand in this place a whole vnited body of souldiers well disciplined all armed with pikes to fight in day of battell an act of armes with good hope of victory the which for more security hath the front the traine and the two flankes of complet corslets to the end that being assayled or charged they may make the face or front of any or euery side or part and valiantly receiue the charge and may also charge and breake the enemy and attaine the victory Now in this body I vnderstand neither the shot nor cauallery the which are to haue an other order to another end Gent. Are these battels framed in one sort onely or in more or in many or in how many or what maner I pray are they made Capt Your curious demand deserueth answer I tolde you before that many sorts of battels haue beene framed by valiant and expert Captaines but the best approued and most vsed now is the square battell be it either of men or ground Gent. I would gladly know the reason why they make their battels square and what is meant by square of men and square of ground Capt. Battels are made square so vsed for that they are apt to frame the Front of euery side or part which could not be if they were Triangles or of any other forme vsed by antiquitie And it doth much import that the Front be gaillard and strong for the front once broken the battell stands in hazard And againe to serrie or close Pouldron to Pouldron the square forme is best for that they close equallie together strengthen the front to the victorie And this shall suffice touching the Quadrat Now concerning the difference of square of men and square of ground I say that the square of men is when there be so many men in front as in flanke or so many in length as in breadth and this sort of battell commeth to bee in ground two times and one third more long then broade and a Quadrat of ground will bee of men two times and one third more broade then long Gent. In how many maners may these square battels be made Capt. Were the Companies all of pikes with corslets complet and not mixt with bare pikes which is not lightly to bee found the framing of any of these sorts of battels would be very ready and easie and might be soone brought into any proportion without confusion the which being of pikes armed and vnarmed will require more care labour and paines to the framing thereof Now therefore I say in three sorts or maners most auaileable and most commodiously are battels framed in these dayes consisting of armed and vnarmed pikes 1 The first manner is when an army doth march with the
better vnderstand me I will go shewing the same by figures whereof this shall be the first And the 30 men which do remaine out of the body of the battell they shall be reserued for other purposes And this square battell of number of men may be done in a more shorter and readier way thus Take the quadrat roote of 5000 simply which is 70 and with this 70 deuide the 5000 men so will there come 71 for the breadth of the battel and there will remaine 30 men And thus your battell will containe 70 rankes in length and 71 men per ranke in breadth with 30 men remayning as aforesayd Now although the battell be more broade then long or more men in front then in flanke by one ranke yet is it neuerthelesse after the order of warre called a square battell of men The table drawne aforesayd for the proportion of equality that is that the battell do containe so many men in breadth as in length shall serue also to shew the order which is to bee obserued in the battels that are to be be made of more men in front then in flanke that is in proportion of inequality as hereafter I will shew you giuing you to vnderstand that all the figures shall haue their scala deuided into pases and euery geometricall pase into 5 foote of the which measure of feete I haue here vnder set downe the fourth part which is three inches for that euery foote is deuided into 12 inches to the end you may conceiue what quantity of ground euery battell of pikes would require allowing for euery mans station set in aray to fight 3 foote in front that is from pouldron to pouldron and 7 foote in flanke that is 3 foote before and 3 foote behind for the vse of his weapon and one foote for his owne station Gent By this your example you haue satisfied me wonderous well in giuing me to vnderstand how to set a battell quadrat of any number of men which is so many men in front as in flanke yet would I desire to know how to arme or impale this battell with armed pikes both front tayle and the two flankes considering that few armies haue all their pikemen furnished with corslets complete Capt. True there are few armies that haue scarse the one halfe of their pikemen armed with corslets which is a great part of the strength and beauty of the battell therefore we must seeke a course how to impale any battell with such armed pikes as they haue to do the which these rules following shall serue to impale any battell as well of proportion of inequality as of equality the foreward the reareward and the two flankes with pikes and armed corslets Now I suppose the whole number of pikes to be 5000 as well armed as vnarmed whereof there be 2000 armed pikes with corslets the sayd 2000 I will repart into two equall parts by 2 or taking the ½ of 2000 which is 1000 and with this 1000 will I impale the two flankes and with the other 1000 will I arme the front and traine of the battell Now first to arme the two flankes of the battell with 1000 armed pikes I will deuide 1000 by 70 which is the depth or flanke of the battell and the product will be 14 rankes of pikes to arme the flankes of the battell with 20 pikes of surplussage the 14 rankes shalbe halfed or deuided into halues which is 7 rankes with the which 7 rankes I will arme the one side and with the other 7 rankes the other side of the battell or more or lesse vnto any side as occasion or neede shall require as in this figure following shall appeare And the 20 armed pikes which before remained shall be added vnto the other 1000 which are to arme the front and rearegard of the battell so they are 1020 pikes armed with these 1020 armed pikes shall the front and rereward be armed thus first deduct the 14 rankes which went to arme the two flankes of 70 men in length out of 71 which is the breadth of the battell so resteth 57 rankes for the breadth with this 57 deuide the 1020 armed pikes and there will come foorth 17 rankes of armed pikes to arme the head and tayle of the battell and of these 17 rankes you shall set 9 rankes in the front and 8 rankes in the reareward with more or lesse on either as neede and cause shall require as by this 3 figure following shall appeare Thus this square battell of men commeth to be in length 70 rankes at 71 men per ranke in front with 9 rankes of armed pikes in the vaward and 8 rankes in the reareward and with 7 ranks of armed pikes at each side in length as you see And remaining 51 armed pikes out of the impalement the which you may place at the angles or corners of the vnarmed pikes as ye see in the 4 figure or where you shall thinke fittest for the defence and strength of the battell and not to leaue them out for being part of the square as you did the 30 pikes which before remained at the enlarging of so many men in ranke in the first figure The which 51 armed pikes are now placed in the angles of the battell as in the 4 figure before may appeare that is with 7 rankes at 2 men per ranke in the fore angles and 6. rankes at 2 men per ranke in the reareward angles Gent. O how it delighteth me to haue learned of you how to arme or impale a battell But now would I faine know if there be this number of men in the battell by you supposed with the 30 at first remaining Capt. To know if there be in this battell the number of 5000 men with the 30 which aduaunced at the first framing of the battell do thus multiplie the length by the breadth that is 70 by 71 men it amounteth 4970 men vnto the which adioyne the 30 which remained so will they amount vnto 5000 pikemen armed and vnarmed as before was set downe to set the said battell in the first figure which is your demaund Gent. This is verie easie but now would I faine know if they haue the proportion of equalitie Capt. That you shall know thus deuide the breadth by the length as to repart 71 by 70 the product is 1. And although that 1 do remaine of the breadth yet it is called a square battell neuerthelesse Gent. Captaine I am well satisfied in vnderstanding the proportion that a battell hath in breadth to the length but now would I gladly know how long and large is this square battell of men I meane how much ground it will occupie Capt. First you must vnderstand as I told you before that euery man martialled in battell array to fight will require in his station 3 foot of ground in breadth that is from shoulder to shoulder and 7 foote of ground for length that is 3 foot for before
him 3 foote for behind him and 1. foote of ground for his own station This being noted then must you multiplie the 71 rankes of men in front by 3 foote and they will amount vnto 213 foote and the 213 foote shall be deuided by 5 foote accounting 5 foote to a pase and the geometricall pase to conteine 2 ordinary going steps or pases of a man so will there come forth 42 pases and 3 foot By this reckening will the battell conteine 42 pases and 3 foote And now to know the length thereof in ground you shall multiplie the 70. rankes of length of the battell by 7 foote so will there come 490 foote the which 490 foote you must deuide by 5 foote which is a pase there ariseth 98 pases so doth the battell conteine in length 98 pases of ground Thus the square battell of number of men commeth to conteine more ground in length then in breadth about 2½ twise third as you haue seene in the 3 and 4 figures of the square battell of men Thus you haue vnderstood of a battell square of number of men with their armed pikes in front in traine and the two flankes which is in such order as the said battell should be framed vpon the point to fight Gent. I haue very well vnderstood the order that should be kept to know how broad and long is the battell of ground but I beseech you to shew me now the order to be obserued in the framing of the said battels so that there should neede no more but the Sergeant Maior to appoint the souldiers the order they should keepe for to frame and order the said battell with speede and in readinesse Capt. Truly your demaund is good sith that speedinesse is the proper and peculiar part of the arming of these battels To do the which you shall worke thus The armed pikes which are in the 2 flankes shall be accommodated and placed in the front and in traine of the battell as in the calculation of the 3 and 4 figure whereas there be 70. rankes at 14 men per ranke that is 7 men in ranke for the arming of euery flanke then multiplying 70 by 14 do amount 980 armed men and 980. armed men you shall deuide by 57. which is the rest of the breadth of the battell being of vnarmed pikes there resulteth 17 rankes at 57 armed men per ranke Of the which 17 rankes at 57 men by ranke there shall be adioyned 9 rankes vnto the front and 8 rankes vnto the traine of the battell with the other 9 and 8 ranks which were before of armed pikes at the front and traine So the battell shall be in length or by flancke 87 rankes at 57 men per ranke in front with 18 rankes of armed pikes at the foreward and 16 rankes of armed pikes in the reareward as in this figure following shall appeare And the 11 armed Pikes which remained at the last deuision when it shalbe time to arme the two flankes of the battell with speed then vnto one of the two flanks shall they be added which is vnto that flanke where the same shall bee found wanting Gent. Me thinks that I vnderstand sufficiently how to arme and set a battell with celeritie and speed at euerie occasion as shall be offered and also the order to be obserued in setting a battell of equalitie which is as manie men in breadth as in length but now I would gladly learne how to frame a battell of inequality which is of more men in breadth then in length Capt. Sir knowing how to frame the calculation of the proportion of equalitie that is as many men in breadth as in length of a battell it shall be verie easie for you to do that of inequalitie which is a battell more broade then long yet neuerthelesse will I giue you the instruction of the proportion of inequalitie Now put the case that you will frame a battell of proportion of inequalitie which is of more men in breadth then in length and that your number be 5000 men of armed and vnarmed Pikes as afore is sayd of the Square battell of men And put the case that you will frame this battell ⅓ times more in breadth then in length for this proportion is more vsed then any other in warres for that this is the proportion which commeth to make a battell quadrat of ground wherein most men are brought at once to fight in front And to make this battell you shall take in the table 2 and ⅓ which is in proportion as 7 to 3 and these two numbers are to be set downe for the first and second thing Now to haue the length of the battel the second number is set downe for the second thing and the number of men which you wil haue to be embattailed for the third as hereunder appeareth Then proceed as is done in framing the Square battell of men Then multiply and deuide as before is said The same order is to be obserued in euery other proportion of battels which you would make of more men in breadth then in length tearmed by some Englishmen Bastard square Brode square and Base square or by some others Twise fold Battels To worke the which now multiply 5000 the third by 3 the second and they make 15000 and this 15000 shall be deuided by 7 the first whereof the product is 2142 and 6 men remaining of which 6 make no accompt Now of 2142 extract the quadrat roote which is 46 and 26 yet remaining of which 26 make no reckening also as before is said and this 46 the roote of 2142 is the length of the battell Now the breadth or front thereof shall be found by deuiding the 5000 men by 46 the length of the battell and there will come 108 men in ranke for breadth of the battell and 32 men remaining the which 32 men shall stand out of the battell as before is said in the Square battell of men Thus shall this battell containe in flanke 46 rankes and in front 108 men per ranke as in this sixt figure will appeare And there will remaine 32 men which are not contained within the bodie of the battell The sixt figure Bode 108 men in ranke Gent. Now hauing vnderstood how to frame this battaile of proportion of inequalitie which is of more men in breadth then in length in euerie proportion with facilitie shew me how to arme the same with armed pikes Capt. To arme this battell of inequalitie that is more men in front then in flanke I wil shew you verie easily Let vs suppose to arme this battel round about the front the traine and the two sides proportionally according to the proportion that the breadth of the said battell hath vnto the length of the same which is as 7 vnto 3. Adde the said 7 vnto 3 and it is 10 so shall it be as 10 to 3. Then see in 5000 men how many be armed with
sundry small troupes of 50 in each troupe at 5 in front and 10 in depth or more or lesse as occasion shall procure the ordering and placing of which shot doth appeare in folio 42 43 73 is in many other places described so that one troupe may alwayes be ready to second another and to giue breathing one to another Gent. But what haue you next to speake more of before you returne to the office of the Sergeant Maior by reason of whose office you haue made these sundry demonstrations of diuerse and many sorts of battels and battallions as a matter most pertinent vnto the said Sergeant Maior his office Cap. I should now set downe the tables of all these sundry proportions as first of battels in proportion of equality which is the iust square of men their order of ranking their deuiding into Maniples and so marching vp shoulder to shoulder to bring them into their former order of battell with the marching vp of their remainers their due numbers of girdling shot and the deuiding of the said battels into sundry battallions of the same kind then againe the tables of battels in proportion of inequalitie which is more in breadth then depth with their deuisions into battallions of that sort and the table of euen battallions for crosse battels and of other proportions with the quantity of ground that euery of them would require but time permitteth me not reseruing the same vnto the last booke of these our military discourses But I must now speake something by the way of marching our battell through straightes and being passed how to fall againe into the former proportions When you come to any straight it must be considered of what widenesse the passages are and how many men may go in front easily thorow the same and then may you accordingly at your discretion chuse whether you will draw your battell out into the former Maniples that the same marched in before their comming into battell as in the seuerall tables thereof shall be shewed or into more Maniples or parts if thereunto you shall be compelled by the narrownesse of the place which likewise being so wide that fewer Maniples then you marched vp before will serue for their diuision you may accordingly also draw them out into 3 5 7 or 9 Maniples as the nature of the straight and your iudgement concurring together shall thinke meete Alwayes prouided that the ensignes be contained in the middle Maniple and hauing passed the straightes you may againe draw them vp shoulder to shoulder as in the order of marching in Maniples is before in folio 62 63 66 and 68 declared whereby easily and without confusion they shall foorthwith fall in their former proportion But as concerning your shot you shall not neede except the straight be very narrow to draw them out into any such parts without it be those in the girdling which as they stand in proportion in the battell must be drawne out into Maniples with the pikes for if mine opinion might be receiued touching the other shot I would alwayes aduise that the residue should euer more remaine in many small troupes not aboue 40 or 50 shot at the most in a troupe as before I haue shewed for that by experience I know the same to be of greatest force and readinesse for seruice be it therefore in plaine or straight or how soeuer the more troupes your shot be seuered into the better shall the enemy still be applied besides the seconding the one of the other with such quicke dispatch shall cause that after the first troupes haue once discharged they retiring themselues behind all the rest shall be sure against they come vp againe to haue leasure enough to charge sufficiently and surely that few shot shall be spent in vaine as they do when great numbers be clustred together Now if it should fortune as most commonly it chaunceth that the enemy should fight with you in the straight then must you not draw your battell into those Maniples or parts but consider whether the straight be such as will suffice you to go thorough holding the same proportion that you haue If not then consider whether squaring the battell into 4 parts you may with so many battallions passe to encounter with the enemy if so you cannot it seemeth vnto me the rediest and safest way to deuide your battell into more battallions as for example first to proportion them out into 4 or 6 if those bee not conuenient then into 8 if you thinke that will not serue then into 12 or 16 battallions or as the passage will permit which thing may more easily be brought to passe if the body of your battell do consist of pikes only which were the same of compound weapons could in no wise bee so â—odainely done without great confusion as a man of any iudgement may conceiue and as by these figures following shall plainely appeare But before the arriuall vnto such straights and passages the wise Commander is carefully to consider and to send sundry scoutes abroade to discouer and also shall cause if possible he may the summities higher grounds craggy rockes thickets woods and other places of aduantage to be first possessed by his owne people sending to that effect shot halfe pikes and such like The figures of quartering a battell In deuiding and quartering of all which as may appeare the place of the Ensignes is still crossed to redresse the which the Sergeant Maior or Colonell may place them where he thinketh fittest drawing out where euery Ensigne shall stand one pike and replace the same pike in the first roome of the Ensigne which at the out drawing of the Ensigne remained voide The end of the third booke THE FOVRTH BOOKE OF WARRE DISCOVRSES AND MARTIAL DISCIPLINE The first Dialogue VVherein is declared the election office and dutie of a Sergeant Maior with sundry points of Militarie discipline c. and marching of the Armie Gentleman TRuly Captaine this order for passing of Straights doth coÌ„tent me wonderfull well and me thinkes hauing ready men and good officers verie easie and readie to be perfourmed But now I pray if there restes no more to be spoken herein begin to shew vs the choosing office of a Sergeant Maior which in day of battel seemeth an office of great importaÌ„ce Capt. I did at the begininng of my second booke declare vnto you that a Prince leuying an Armie royall doth by his Councel or Councell of warre if there be any such in the realme appoint first a most sufficient Generall then a Camp-maister generall a Captaine generall of the Cauallery and a Captaine generall of the Artillerie The Armie is deuided into sundrie Tertios or Regiments ouer euery Regiment a Camp-maister or Colonell The Cololonell deuides his Regiment into sundrie bandes or companies and ouer euerie companie a Captaine euery Captaine hath his Lieutenant his Alferes or Ensignebearer his Sergeants his Caporals
would haue the Sergeant Maior to be skilled and seene although the conduction of our warres now a dayes doth consist more in surprises assaults and batteries then open field fight and although the best now in vse are but two or three viz. the first square of men and the square of ground and their diuision into battallions of that kind according to the weapons wherewithall we now fight Gent. Which of these do you hold for most assured and strong Capt. I hold them all for sufficient strong but the difference which may happen is to be iudged according to the situation and disposition of the ground and occasions to fight and by the order that the campe shall obserue For in some occasions the square of men would be best as in open field without aduantage of hedge ditch water marish or wood or where the enemie is strong in horse to charge on euerie side the which iust square of men in euerie part is found to be equally strong and apt euery way to receiue the charge the which could not be so were the battell ouerlong afront narrow in flank as is the bastard broad or base square but yet in other occasions where these aduantages are to be found it were better to fight in broad front for that thereby many hands do come to fight at once together in the vantguard and with more difficultie to be compassed by the enemie hauing any of the aduantages before spoken of to friend but most cōmonly if necessitie occasion or situation do not constraine otherwise the quadrat of ground is best and most vsed as best proportioned with equall strength in vantguard and reareward especially against footemen and also flanked sufficiently strong and which of all other doth occupie least quantitie of ground Gent. What meane you by Bastard square Broad square and Base square Capt. The Bastard square is the battell which conteineth almost twise so many men in front as in flanke in proportion as 1 ¾ is to 1 the Broad square is the battell which conteineth more or as much as twise so many men in front as in flank as is 2 to 1 or 2 ⅓ which is as 7 to 3 and the Base square is the battell which containeth almost thrise or 3 times more in breadth then in depth which proportion is as 8 to 2 or 3 to 1 or such other proportions of inequalitie as fol. 51. Gent. You haue before declared at large the maner how to frame all these sorts of battels therfore it is needelesse to demaund it againe whereby I perceiue how necessary it is for the Sergeant Maior to be both learned and skilfull in Arithmeticke but doth it import any thing whether the ranks be of euē number or odde Capt. No truly but a custome vsed amongst vs without any ground for battels are to be set according to the number of men and the same to be framed as the situation of the ground will permit therfore the number of Par or Impar doth litle import to the strengthening of the battell but the due proportioning thereof according to the quantitie of your men to be accommodated to the ground or situation and aboue all the braue conduction of the Commaunders and the resolute valour of the souldiers is the strength and firmenesse of the battell Gent. What order is to be taken in setting of battels with speede and facilitie that the confusion of the souldiers disturbe not the same especially where men be vnruly euery one thrusting himselfe into the first rankes of the foreward in such disorder many times that neither the Sergeant Maior nor Colonels themselues shall be able to frame a battell in good sort Capt. The care to redresse this inconuenience toucheth the Sergeant Maior and therefore he ought to giue aduise and warning vnto euery companie before they come to this point that they beware of such confusion disorder and disobedience notifying vnto them that the Ensigne or Ensignes which were of the ward that day should frame the first rankes of the vantgard and the Ensignes or Companies that had the ward last before should successiuely follow and those which were afterward to haue the ward to succeede them againe and then next such as first were gathered to the squadrons Moreouer giuing aduisement to the officers that they suffer none of the souldiers of their bande to come without their armour by peece-meale and vnfurnisht for by such faults although that by the aforesaid reasons the vantguard appertaineth vnto them yet they loose their preheminence for comming so ill armed and iustly may others better armed be placed in their roomes Gent. And if perhappes vpon the Alarme giuen as commonly it falleth out all the Companies in Armes doe ioyne and gather together vnto the Corps de guarde or place of assemblie in such a case what is the Sergeant Maior to do Capt. He shall frame together that confused and disordered body placing the Captaines before and shall draw his battell from out one of the flankes or out of the rereward as he shall finde it most commodious the which he shall doe with great facilitie and thereby shall defraude those that were cause of such confusion and it shall serue vnto two good effectes the one he shall frame his battell with speede and the other he shall by this meanes chasten the vnruly and disobedient by leauing them in the rereward who seeing this order taken by the Sergeant Maior will euer afterwardes be more obedient and tractable to be set in order Gent. But the battell or squadron of pikes being set in what order is the same garnished with shot and how many and great shall the sleeues thereof be and how farre distant placed from the pikes for I haue heard different opinions therein whereof although you haue sayd somwhat already yet I pray let vs heare something more of the same Capt. No souldier is ignorant that the squadron of pikes being set is to be impaled or girdled with shot as many rankes of shot as pikes But the due and naturall girdling indeede ought to be no more shot in ranke then that the pike may well couer and defend especially where the enemie doth abound in Cauallerie And so vnder the defence and fauour of the pike there cannot conueniently stand aboue one ranke of three shot at the most and so many in mine opinion should the girdling conteine the which girdling shot kneeling vpon one knee vnder the couert of the couched pikes should at the charging of the horsemen discharge their vollie in their face and bosome which would bee no small galling vnto them But when this daunger of horse is not to be feared then the impalement may be made of more shot in a ranke at the discretion of the Sergeant Maior according to the quantitie of shot contained in his companies and the rest of the shot to be deuided into sundry small troupes as I sayd before
a Corps de guard both of Infanterie Cauallerie The charge of the placing setting of them belongeth vnto the Camp-maister Generall called with vs the High Marshall of the field The election of all the aforesaid officers and Gentlemen of the artillerie Enginers Pioners belongeth vnto this Maister of the Ordinance except the treasurer and Pay-maister whom either the Prince or the Lord high Generall doth name appoint but besides this aforesaid guard of foot horse it behoueth the Miaster of the Ordinance to set other carefull and warie people both to gard them and view them that the Ordinance be not nayled nor the munition fiered as did a paisant issuing out of Verona being besieged by two great armies of the Venetians and Frauncis the French king and Marc Antonio Colonna defendant within and set fire to the munitions of the Venetians campe The Captaine Generall of the Artillerie doth cause to bee payed all the officers Gentlemen Enginers and Pioners which go vnder his conduction and they ought to obey him reuerence and respect him as their superiour punishing their offences as they be committed as well in peace as in warre and commending and rewarding such as haue valiantly and vertuously demeaned themselues so shall he be beloued obeyed and honored Gent. Truly this office is of great and honorable charge and many businesses belonging to the same Capt. So it is indeede and therefore encommended and bestowed vpon personages of great qualitie learning wisedome and experience in martiall affaires and one who is alwayes of the counsell of warre The Captaine Generall of the Cauallery his Election charge and office THE FIRST DIALOGVE VVherein is reasoned of the Election charge and dutie of this officer the comparison of the Infanterie with the Cauallerie with examples of both and of certaine peeces of seruice to be performed with the horse Gentleman I Pray now to the Captaine Generall of the horse Capt. The Captaine Generall of the Cauallerie is commonly chosen appointed by the Prince for being a charge of so high authority preheminēce it is alwayes encommended bestowed vpon a personage of honour title or some very honorable Gentleman who hath had great experience practise in warre considering the great and waightie occasions that commonly therein are offred to be performed and effected with the Cauallerie and so he that is chosen to this charge ought to haue in him all or the most of the good parts to be expected in a High Lord Generall of an Armie the which may be considered when I come to speake of that officer referring the same vntill then except some particular points which may fall out in questions by the way Gent. Then shall we gladly heare them remarke them also but which thinke you to be of most vtilitie in the warres either the Cauallerie or Infanterie Capt. In mine opinion the Infanterie is to be preferred being well instructed and disciplined in their Arte. Gent. But I haue heard the contrarie opinion in approuing the horse saying that they are the reputation of the Prince and armie Capt. I hold partly the same estimation of them but yet I would gladly haue mine opinion excused that they are not comparable to deale with resolute foote except vpon great and manifest aduantage and in place and ground of very great fauour for them For a resolute stand of pikes with their conuenient troupes of shot will giue them sore stops and returnes with dishonour as hath plainly appeared by the memorable battels of our famous kings of England obtained with their foot cōpanies against the proud Cheualry of France as at Agincourt field at sundry other their honorable battels Yea many times it hath bin seene that shot companies alone being helped by some aduātage to put them to the foyle as did the Marquise de Pescara with 800 shot onely breake foyle and disorder Charles de la Noye then vice Roy of Naples with all his Cauallerie at the battell of Pauia Another exāple we haue of the Countie Francisco Carmagnolla being Captaine Generall of Philip Vicoūt Duke of Myllan his armie going with six thousand horse against the Switzers was by them repulsed by the valour and length of their pikes who hauing regathered his disordered troupes considering from whence their disaduantage grew turned head againe vpon the enemy and he himselfe and his companies dismounted on foote and with their Launces in hand framed a foote squadron and charged the enemy a fresh and so brake and ouerthrew them in number aboue fifteen thousand who by force of horse could not bee remoued imitating herein Marcus Valerius Coruinus who being Consull Captaine against the Samnites in the first Punik warre and in their last battell not able to breake on thē by reason of their lōg pikes wherewith they defended thēselues commaunded his horsemen to dismount and on foote armed as they were with their Lances to fight with the enemie whereby he ouerthrew them put them to flight with the victorie and their baggage remaining in his hands And againe in the battell that Constantine Roxianus Captaine Generall to Sigismund king of Polonia had with Basilius the great Duke of Muscouia by the riuer Brisna who surmounted him much in horse three thousand footemen onely which he had in his armie wan him that day the honour and victorie Many examples more might be recited both ancient and moderne but I rest with these remembring that among the ancient Romanes their foot was alwayes of more estimation then their horse holding a true opinion that the infanterie well disciplined is the sinew of the warre the fortresse of the Realme and the wals of the Citie Gent. But I haue heard say that in these warres of Netherland after that the Gran Commandador dyed that the states reuolted with determination to cleare their countrey quite of the Spaniardes that Don Alonzo de Vargas who had then the Spanish Cauallerie in charge did great exploits therewith in encounters which he had with the state foote and horse Capt. It is true But you must consider that those were old and experimented souldiers resling vpon a valiant resolution the others Bisonniòs and raw people raised vp vpon a suddain conceipt in which actions is maruellously to be marked the difference betweene men of experience and Bisonnios the braue carriage of the one and the bad conduction of the others as appeared in the reencounter at Tilmont and at the succouring of Captaine Mountsdock being taken by them of Mastrich and most notably in the sack of Antwerpe where not to the number of 5000. Spaniardes inclosed within their Citadell gaue the ouerthrow and foyle vnto aboue 16000. of the Antwerpians brauely armed encamped within their owne towne In like sort at the ouerthrow of Gibleo where not aboue 600. horse of Don Iohn de Austria his troupes defeated aboue 15000. of the
grauity and knowledge sith so many things do concerne him to direct gouerne and administer and principally the allodgeing or encamping of the Army the which seemeth to be a matter of great importance and skill Capt. No greater matter of charge that I know of in the warre for besides that it requireth great practise and experience to discerne what part is fittest for the Cauallerie and what place for the Infanterie and in what quarters the Artillery ought to be planted in what parts the Corps de guard scouts Sentinels yet without comparison it behoueth him much more to haue the reason iudgemēt skill to discerne whether the situatiō hath the parts and cōmodities to be required whether it be pitcht in a place fit conuenient to defend thē frō the attempts of the enemy that the prouisions victuals may safely passe come vnto the campe with a number of such other points to effect the which it is very important and necessary that he be wel skilled and practised in the country where he warreth that he be very wel seene skilfull in the Geography thereof hauing the same perfectly drawne in plats and Mappes with their Cities Townes villages forts fortresses farmes and Countrie houses and the distance frō one to our instructions for God knoweth what world may fall out yet ere we dye Capt. Well Gentlemen sith you do still egge and draw me on with your curious demaundes I will shew you the best I can the orders obserued by the best Italian and Spanish Encampers You know that I haue shewed you before of the generall and particular parts of a souldier their seuerall offices euen frō the Caporall vnto his Camp-maister generall the number of a band their due sortment difference of weapons and their seuerall vses the orders of training marching and embattailling in sundry manners now most in vse the seuerall parts and dutie of euery officer in degree with a number of other points which now I remember not Now lastly to your demaund touching the marching and allodgement of a campe I say That when an Armie marcheth neare vnto the enemies Army it is needfull that there be had many and great considerations as first when the one Armie is not of equall force vnto the other or when one is not disposed to come to the fact of battell for not to put by one onely battell into the hands of fortune all a mans habilitie whole rest in fine as many misaduised men haue done therefore to prolong time and to shunne the doubtfull fact of armes it were needfull to make choise to march if possible you may through mountaine groundes and hillie and with such aduantage of seate and ground that the enemy may not with any reason of aduantage assault you But when this may not be yet eschued at the least it is to bee procured to be done to the best aduantages and as it were with a certaine hope of victory the which may partly bee performed when you know how to profit your selfe with the aduantage that the situation will affoord And in your marching I would wish you to send some part of your light horse so neare vnto the enemy as continually you haue notice of all their orders and courses True it is that when you are in a countrey where this aduantage of hils is not to be found and must of necessitie march through plaines and champaine fields and haue the enemy neare at hand it were then very hard to shunne and auoide battell the which I would rather wish to be done then otherwise especially if your Army do surmount your enemy in Cauallerie for in such cases the battell is not to be refused your strength consisting most in horse the which by good conduction giueth a great part to the victory This manner of marching vpon grounds of aduantage we reade antiquitie to haue vsed as did Fabius Maximus when he encamped a long time with the Romane Armie against the conquerour Hanniball in our time as did Charles the fift in Germanie against the Protestants Army both the which by reason of the situations and seates did many times encampe and lodge with their armies not distant one from the other aboue a Culuerine shot the which might possible be by reason of the hilles and mountaine seates abounding in them places But this is seldome seene in the plaines and champain grounds in the which it is needfull for him that shunneth the battell to march and passe at the least eight or ten myles distant from the enemy and must thinke to fortifie at euery allodgement in such sort and manner that neither horse nor foote in any array of battell may not but with great difficultie charge or enter vpon you the which is sufficient with a campall fortification or running campe as some terme it and chiefly because it ought to be done with great speede and diligence the which encamping when it shall seeme you good to continue may bee reduced into such strength as might seeme sufficient And in the marching which the armie shall make through plaines and champain fieldes when it commeth to passe to haue either any litle riuer wood or groue to couer one flanke of the campe all diligence is to bee vsed to gaine such sayd aduantage for it will be a matter of great importance Alwayes hauing a regard that the artillerie munition and other impediments doe alwayes passe on the contrary side from the enemy and also that the squadrons of men at armes Lanciers do flanke the arrayes and battallions next toward the enemy in sort and maner conuenient And moreouer a laudable custome it is to deuide the campe into three squadrons or battels that is in vantguard battell and rereward and euery day to change the point making the vantguard battell and the battell rereward and the rereward vantguard and that euery one of these partes may haue their due proportions and numbers of Cauallerie and shot distinguished in their conuenient places aduertising with great diligence and care that there bee not mingled any vnprofitable people among the Ordinances and squadrons of the Infanterie and that euery battell be placed in their due appointed places and distances vnder their Ensignes and colours in such sort that all the troupes of Cauallerie be quite cleared of vnprofitable horses and other impediments wherein the Germaines horsemen do keepe great order care and diligence very necessarie to be imitated It is a very good custome besides that part of the light horse be continually abroad at discouery scout and to watch after euery action that the enemies Armie doth that you may bee alwayes aduertised thereof so that if occasion bee you may haue time space and commoditie to prepare to the encounter and battell Touching the order of marching the campe there can bee no particular rules set downe more then I haue before spoken
Battallions reduced out of the battels of g. and squares of men vpon the right side of euery leafe The Table of Battels in proportion of equalitie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 36 6 3 12 0 2 0 0 0   6 5 7 1 1 1 6 1   25 5 3 8 1 1      5 5 5 0 0      16 4 3 5 1 0      4 5 3 1 1 1 4 1   9 3 3 3 0       3 5 1 4 36 4     4 2 3 1 1       2 5 0 0       2 1 0         1 0         The whole number of armed pikes The quadrate or square roote Per ranke to march by Rankes how many Remaines of rankes Maniples or partes Remaines of pikes by ranke The whole ouer plus of remaines How many to march in rankes of remaine The rankes to impale by The number of shot that impale Here endeth the Tables of Battels in proportion of equalitie or the Battels of due square of men that is how many rankes so many men by ranke or how many rankes so many files Hereafter ensueth the Tables and figures of two fold Battels called broad squares or hearst Battels with the Battallions of that kinde IN these Tables ensuing I haue set downe the order and setting of sundry Battels in proportioÌ„ of inequalitie as 2 vnto 1 that is twise so many men in front as in flanke the which sort of Battels do come to coÌ„taine neare a iust square or quadrate of ground which the battels of proportioÌ„ of equalitie that is so many meÌ„ in flank as in front doe not for they containe in ground twise and more the quantitie of ground in flanke or length that they doe in front or breadth the reason and order thereof I haue in my 3. booke in fol. 45 46 c. 50 at large declared so coÌ„tinuing shewing therein rules Arithmeticall to set all such sortes of Battels their impalement with armed pikes and diuisions into Maniples here onely contenting my selfe with setting forth the figures and Tables of the sayd Battels in proportion of inequalitie and how they are to be ordered into ranks for marching into Maniples and girdling with shot as before in the Tables of squares of meÌ„ or Battels in proportion of equalitie is at large set downe and declared And also on the left side of euery leafe is set downe the said Battels or broad squares deuided into sundry battallions of that kinde as into 3 or 5 battallions the number of which battallions in each of them contained you shall finde euermore in the first Columne of euery leafe on the right side where you find the number of your battallions there shall you see betwixt two long rules in that distinction placed in the 2 Columne how euery battallion shall be set in front flanke which is the iust square roote of euery battallion Finally I haue here before you set downe first the figure of the sayd broad square of men or Battell in proportion of inequalitie as 2 vnto 1 which commeth to containe neare the iust quadrat of ground girdled round about with 7 rankes of shot and the rest of the shot and short weapon due to this number and proportion of pikes are deuided into sundry troupes of 50 in euery troupe trouping round about the maine Battell as I haue done before in the figure of the iust square of men I haue here also desseigned in figure the said broad square or hearst Battell deuided into sundry battallions of that kinde as first into 3 battallions then into 5 battallions as in page 212 may appeare each battallion is girdled with 3 rankes of shot the rest of the shot and short weapon belonging vnto the sayd numbers may bee placed in sundry small troupes as is in the broad square trouping round about the same or as the Sergeant Maior shall otherwise thinke good or as the ground will permit or occasions offered to fight The figure of a Broad square Battell trouped round about with shot The figure of 3 Battallions reduced out of the Broade square The figure of fiue Battallions reduced out of the Broade square The Table of Broad square or twyfold Battels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10082 71 3 3360 2 47 1 71 1 3 1314 5 2016 3 28 2 142 2 5 2230 142 7 1440 3 20 2 142 2 7 3178 9 1120 3 15 7 497 7 9 4158 11 916 7 12 10 710 10   9800 70 3 3266 2 46 2 140 2 3 1296 5 1980 0 28 0 0 0 5 2200 140 7 1400 0 20 0 0 0 7 3136 9 1088 8 15 5 350 5 9 4104 11 890 10 12 8 560 12   9522 69 3 3174 0 46 0 0 0 3 1278 5 1904 2 27 3 207 3 5 2170 138 7 1360 2 19 5 345 5 7 3094 9 1058 0 15 3 207 3 9 4050 11 865 7 12 6 414 6 11 5038 9248 68 3 3082 2 45 1 68 1 3 12â—0 5 1849 3 27 1 68 1 5 2140 136 7 1321 1 19 3 204 3 7 3052 9 1027 0 15 1 68 1 9 3996 11 840 8 12 4 272 4   8978 67 3 2992 2 44 2 134 2 3 1242 5 1795 3 26 4 268 4 5 2110 134 7 1282 4 19 1 67 1 7 3010 9 977 5 14 8 546 8 9 3942 11 816 2 12 2 134 2   8712 66 3 2904 0 44 0 0 0 3 1224 5 1742 2 26 2 132 2 5 2080 132 7 1230 2 1â— 6 396 6 7 2968 9 968 0 14 6 396 6 9 3088 11 792 0 12 0 0 0   8450 65 3 2815 2 43 1 65 1 3 1206 5 1690 0 26 0 0 0 5 2050 130 7 1207 1 18 4 260 4 7 2926 9 938 8 14 4 260 4 9 3834 11 768 2 11 9 585 9   8192 64 3 2730 2 42 2 128 2 3 1188 5 1638 2 25 3 192 3 5 2020 128 7 1170 2 18 2 128 2 7 2884 9 910 2 14 2 128 2 9 3780 11 744 8 11 7 449 7   7938 63 3 2646 0 42 0 0 0 3 1170 5 1580 3 25 1 63 1 5 1990 126 7 1134 0 18 0 0 0 7 2842 9 882 0 14 0 0 0 9 2726 11 721 7 11 5 315 5   7688 62 3 2562 2 41 1 62 1 3 1152 5 1537 3 24 4 248 4 5 1960 124 7 1098 2 17 5 310 5 7 2800 9 854 2 13 7 434 7 9 3670 11 698 10 11 3 186 3   The Tables of Battallions reduced out of the Broad squares 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 10082 3 3362 3362 3362 3 5 1922 1922 1922 1922 2312 83 9800
number of men vpon but also to know how to march through anie straights or passages and also to encampe an Armie giuing vnto euerie regiment of horse and foote their due quarter with their proportionall places and to know moreouer the whole compasse or circumference of such encamping as in our fift booke folio 155 c. is at large described Now therefore let vs set downe to arme a peece of ground or to know what number of men may stand vpon the same in battell array hauing first made familiar and bene well practised with his going pases to the proportion of the pase of 5 foote of measure and so that two of his going pases may make one pase of measure of 5 foote and let vs suppose that such a peece of ground doth containe in length 100 going pases which after two going pases to one pase of measure do make 50 pases of measure and is in breadth 80 going pases which are pases of measure 40 as here in this figure shall appeare And now to arme and embattell the said seate or peece of ground with pikes armed and vnarmed To do this you must first consider how many pikes armed and vnarmed will serue to arme or embattell vpon the sayd peece of ground in this sort multiply the 50 pases of length and the 40 pases of breadth by 5 foote the length of the propounded measure and there will come foorth 250 foote for the length and 200 for the breadth And now willing to make the head or front of the battell vpon the length of the sayd seate or peece of ground deuide the 250 by 3 foote which is supposed to allow to euery pikeman for his station in breadth and it produceth 83 men in ranke for breadth and 1 foote of ground remaining the which we make no account of And of the 200 foote of breadth of ground will we make the ranks in length by deuiding the said 200 by 7 foot as is set downe to giue vnto euery pikeman of the breadth for his station of ground and it produceth 28 rankes of men So to arme or embattell the sayd seate or ground it will require 28 rankes at 83 men by ranke betwixt pikes armed and vnarmed if you haue not all armed pikes the which were farre better if it might so be as in this figure here following shall appeare And now to know how many pikes will serue for this peece of ground or how many it will containe in all you must multiply the 28 rankes by 83 men and it amounteth vnto 2324 pikes armed and vnarmed the which number of pikes will serue to embattell vpon the sayd seate or peece of ground And in this sort may you worke with any other seate or peece of ground and number of men And now againe not hauing all your number of pikes with armed corslets if you would arme the sayd seate with an equall proportion of armed pikes in front flankes and rereward and suppose that in the sayd number of 2324 pikes there be 1200 armed pikes and to arme the front flankes and traine proportionally with the sayd armed pikes you shall worke in this order summe together the length and breadth of the sayd battell that is 28 with 83 and it amounteth 111. Now set downe your rule in this sort if 1 111 2 28 3 1200. And then multiplying the 28 second with 1200 third and it commeth to 33600 and this 33600 shall bee deuided by 111 prima and it produceth 302 and 78 remaining whereof 100 make noe account Nowe this 302 shall bee deducted out of 1200 and there will remaine 898 armed pikes and these 898 shall arme the front and traine of your battell and the 302 shall serue to arme the two flankes of the sayd battell and then deuiding the 302 by 28 the length or flankes of your battell and it produceth 10 men per ranke of armed pikes to arme the two sides or flankes of the which 10 there shall be 5 rankes placed on the one flanke and 5 rankes on the other flanke as in the figure in the next page appeareth And there remaineth 22 armed pikes the which 22 shall be added vnto 898 and it maketh 920 armed pikes and with these 920 armed pikes you shall arme the front and trayne of the sayd battell by deuiding the 920 by the breadth but you must first deduct the 10 men per ranke which serued to arme the two flankes out of 83 the breadth and there will remaine 73 men per ranke for the inner breadth or front of the battell now deuide the 920 armed pikes by 73 and it will come to be 12 ranks of armed pikes and 44 remaining and of these 12 ranks there shall be set 6 rankes in the front of the battell and 6 rankes in the rereward of the battell as in this figure you may perceiue And againe if with these 1200 armed pikes you would arme the one or two parts of the battell more strong then the rest and where you do most suspect the enemy and that the other part or parts shall be secure and fenced with the nature of the seate or ground then the 10 men per ranke which armed the two flankes shall be placed on the one side or flanke onely where you shall see most occasion and the like shall bee done with the 12 rankes of armed men which armed the front and trayne placing them either all in front or all in trayne as shall bee found most needful where the enemy is most to be suspected as in the figure following shall appeare And moreouer if with the sayd 1200 armed pikes you would arme the front of your battell only then deuide the 1200 pikes by 83 the number of men in front and there will come foorth to be 14 rankes of armed pikes for the front or head of the battell only as in this figure following may be seene And there remaineth 38 armed pikes the which shall be placed where the Sergeant Maior shall thinke most conuenient within the body of the battell Gent. We haue sufficiently vnderstood the order how to arme or embattell a peece of ground with pikes onely wherefore I pray shew vs now how to embattell the same seate or ground with shot or horsemen Capt. Sir to arme or imbattell a seate or peece of ground with shot or horse you must multiply the length of the sayd seate and also the breadth of the same by 5 foote putting downe as is aforesayd for the length 50 pases and for the â—readth 40 pases it produceth for the length 250 foote for the breadth 200 foote And now to know how many ranks and how many shot per ranke will serue for this ground you shall deuide the 250 and also the 200 foote by 4 foote as before is said to allow for euery hargubuzier his station of ground 4 foote for length and 4 foote for breadth Then reparting 250
foote by 4 it produceth 50 not reckening the ouerplus and willing to make the head of front or your battell vpon the longest breadth or part of the seate of ground your front will come to containe 62 shot in front and 50 rankes in flanke as here in the figure following may appeare And now to know how many shot this peece of ground shall containe in this sort multiply the 50 rankes by 62 shot and it maketh 3100 shot which 100 shot serueth to arme the sayd peece of ground as appeareth And againe the like is to be done if you would embattell the sayd seate or ground with troupes of horsemen hauing first reduced the length and breadth of the sayd seate or ground into feete as before I haue declared and this aforesaid seate containeth 250 foote in length and 200 foote in bredth And now if you will set the front of your horse battell vpon the length of the sayd ground which is 250 foote then deuide the 250 by 5 foote of breadth as before is sayd to allow for euery horse his station in breadth of ground 5 foote and it produceth 50 horses in ranke and then to know how many rankes they will bee deuide the 20 foote by 10 foote as aboue is allowed for the length in ground of euery horse his station or roome and it produceth 20 rankes at 50 horsemen per ranke as in the figure following shall appeare And finally to know how many horsemen after the former calculation will serue to imbattell vpon the sayd seate of ground you shall multiply the 50 horse by 20 rankes they will make 1000 horse and the sayd 1000 horse will ariue or imbattel the sayd plat or peece of ground at 20 rankes and 50 horse per ranke And in the like sort may any other peece of ground bee after this maner imbattelled or armed with either pikes shot or horse And to conclude hauing these rules perfectly in memory and being well practised with your going pases you may imbattell any number of men according to the seate or ground with either foote or horse or with both as occasion shall serue and the quality of fight require And thus I thinke I haue satisfied your requestes and aunswered your demaunds Gent. Truly so you haue to our great contentation and good instructions and to your great trauell and paines for the which wee rest greatly beholding and much bound vnto you but if I remember my selfe well you haue ouer passed some orders of imbattailings whereof you made some mention before as the Diamant the Wedge the Sheeres and Saw battels and also of the Snayle forme the S D or G battels Capt. I haue abstained to speake much of these sorts of battels because I suppose them to be battels of small force for any maine fight especially as our wars are now conducted And for the Diamant the Wedge the Sheeres and Saw battels I haue sayd sufficiently of them already in my third booke folio 77 78 79 and so continuing supposing these before set downe sufficient And if occasion fall out for the vse of the others the very Nouices in military profession do know that without any difficulty at all they may easily be framed and that suddainely out of the very order of marching But in the others you may behold how with skilfull and orderly practise the benefit of this readinesse shall quickly distinguish and manifest vnto vs the parts incident vnto a right perfect souldier which for 3 principall reasons I haue the rather deemed to be amongst vs most necessarily required The one is for that the often exercise thereof inureth a souldier to such perfection as is required another is for that it is not meete the enemy should at any time stand assured in what order we will fight to the ende that he should not reape such aduantage from vs as to frame a battell correspondent to any of our certaine proportions and the third is that according to the ground straights or passages we may reduce our battell or battallions to the conuenient proportion thereof Gent. These in mine opinion are good considerations and reasons but yet good Captaine ere you conclude all let vs vnderstand of you what orders are obserued in Cytadels Castles and Forts of defence hauing garrisons in the same Capt. What I haue seene obserued in places of strength in other countries I will shew you in our next Dialogue following The Election charge office and dutie of a Castellano or Captaine of a Citadell Castell Fortresse or fortified towne or any other such place of defence THE THIRD DIALOGVE VVherein is set foorth the parts to be required in a Captaine of a Castell his loyalty duty and charge his care in time conuenient for all necessaries and munitions the duty of the souldiers in the defence therof the order in setting the watch and placing the Sentinels with relieuing of the same with the shutting in of the gates and their opening againe Captaine THe guard and keeping of Citadels Castels Fortresses strong Townes and Fortes are or ought to be bestowed vpon such personages whose vertue valour experience wisdome constancy and aboue all loyaltie shall merite and best befit the same And therefore in mine opinion the guard and custody of such places ought to be bestowed and incommended vpon such Captaines and old seruitors as haue in martiall affaires and actions spent the greatest part of their time and whose vertue valour magnanimitie resolution and as I sayd aboue all loyalty hath in all the courses of their military life bin well proued shewed and made manifest to the world Gent. Truly in mine opinion it should bee so indeede but yet we see that in our age such choyses are not so made but rather fauour and affection commonly carieth all to the preiudice no doubt of many approued old souldiers and men best befitting the place Capt. Well how they are bestowed and incommended I haue not now to speake but how in mine opinion they should be and vpon what sort of men I haue already sayd which would be no small encouragement vnto all braue minded men which follow warres to singular themselues therein seeing and knowing that their vertues valour and good cariage in seruice should in the end be regarded commended and rewarded Gent. But I pray what particular parts would you wish to be in one chosen to this charge and office Capt. First I could wish that such should be personages issuing from Gentle and Noble bloud or men whose noble actions and vertues haue enobled themselues of both the which sorts there might be many examples recited but time permitteth me not And besides the former nobility the Captaine of such a Castell or Fort ought to be loyall valiant vigilant ready resolute and experimented in all occurrants of warre whereby he might both foresee the enemies desseignes preuent their pretences and resolutely resist their attempts and to be most valiant
To grudge at a good action signe of a beastly mind A miserable minde Good courses Pike and musket the most weapon in the field Bowes and billes yet seruiceable in some sort An order for powder match for training dayes A great care to be had for the generall store Want of necessaries in time of seruice hath hindred greâ—t actions Whom to bee chosen for a Captain of footbands The parts to be desired in a Captaine Disorderly shall he gouerne in warres who was neuer skilful in the arte The captains care in the election of his officers Similis similem sibi quaerit The due sorting of weapons The aduantage of musket Skill obedieÌ„ce Practise maketh perfect Necessary officers to a band of three hundred men The Ensigne to be incommended to the Ensigne-bearer The Captains Squadron No blemish vnto any Gentleman to serue as a common souldier in the Captaines squadron Aduantaged in Payes To instruct and procure his soldiers to the feare of God To appease debates To reprehend punâ—sh dish nest liuers Few bâ—d do corrupt a number of good To exercise them often to their Armes Different nations different nâ—tures To practise all military exercises The Captaine equall with his soldiers in all perill and paine To muster and traine often The order to be obserued in trayning Men ready for action to great importance Great care to keep aray in marching Disorderly behauior of â—ad souldiers breedeth many mischiefes Disorders to be punished The tolleratioÌ„ of euils breedes many inconuenieÌ„ces What weapon the Captaine is to vse Vnsoldiarly trick of a training captaine The captaine being set to defende any place what he is to do Commanded to any peece of seruice what he is to do To attempt nothing inconsiderate and rash To obserue the orders giuen by his commander To be a good Oratour and to what purpose A captaine not to be ouer couetous but carefull for his souldiers To take the word Carefull to visite the Sentinels To be prouided of lights for the night time To be obedient diligent about his superâ—our commandâ—rs Necessarie cariage and baggage in marching But not ouer pestersome Few horses to be permitted in footbands The Captaine is most ordinarily to lodge among his souldiers Not to be ouer curious in his diet and fare Examples To entreat his souldiers with gentle words good works A good Captaine is as a father to his souldiers and they as children vnto him Souldiers louing their captains wil aduenture their liues for their common honor Discontinuance breedeth forgetfulnesse The militarie discipline of the Romanes to be followed Grauis armatura of the Romanes Velites of the Romanes and their armings The arming of those of grauis armatura A Romane armie Romane legion Cohoâ—t Centurie Maniple A legion distinguished into 3. Hastati Principes Triarij Their order of placing Velitat their places to fight Whom fittest to be chosen for souldiers Signes by the phisiognomie New souldiers to be often trained Practise breedeth readinesse Sundry companies to ioyne together 1. To march 2. To encampe 3. To fight Rules to be obserued by a carefull Captaine Militarie points to be ensigned new souldiers A good Captaine will soone make ready souldiers The art of warre better deliuered by act theÌ„ words The Harquebuzier his armings and weapons To charge To cocke the match To leuell To discharge To retire To recharge The musketier his arming and his forke weapon To charge To cocke his match To leuell To discharge To retire To recharge Aduise How to bring the bisognios fir sâ— to the bullet The piker his armings and weapon The pike of 17. or 18. foote The dagger Obiection Answer Picha seâ—cha The carrying and handling of the pike To make Alto to arbolare or aduaunce To reare When to aduaunce To present To charge To push To cowch To Couch The Romains Tesserarios their training Vertuous exercisâ—â— To march out fained skirmish Ready men aduantagious To be a good executioner must haue seene seruice To tosse the pike The halberd Ranke what it is File what it is The doubling of ranke and file By single file By maniple or many files How to double the rankâ— To fall off To double the file To turne their faces and make front of any part Doubling of ranks and files serueth to sundry purposes To passe straights Od files or ranks Shot how to be practised Example Musketiers how to discharge vpon a march How to discharge vpon a countermarch Musketiers wheeled into a halfe moone to discharge in vollie Calliuers deuided into small troupes to discharge by file The arraunging of a small company to march Order to be obserued entring into the Corps de gard The march The caâ—allery shot not contained within the body of the battell The reason why battells are framed in quadrat proportion Square of men square of ground what it is Battells consisting of armed and vnarmed pikes framed in three maner of wayes Maniple what it is Shot in troupeâ— Halberds and short weapon noâ— liked of in the body of the battell The reasons why Halberds not liked of about the colours The reasons why Daggers auailâ—able in pell mell Short weapon in a stand of pikes vnseemeliâ— Short weapon their places of best seruice Lyning of battels with shot or bowes disliked Lyning of shot in single ranke The reasons Lyning with shot in another sort more tollerable Lyning with bowes a combersome tying weapon Tables to be framed and to what end Proportinall numbers â—eâ—uinâ— to the setting of battels Proportions of equality Proportions of inequality These proportions of men and not of ground The rule to frame a square battell of men A more exquisit way to frame any square battell of men Geometricall scale foote To empale the battell with your armed pikes the rule The Romaines The proofe A rule to know what quaÌ„titie of ground any battell will require each armed mans station 3 foote in breadth 7 foote for length A rule to frame these battels with speed What to do with the remaines Rules to frame all battels in proportion of inequality or two fold battels The Rule The order how to empale with armed pikes the battels in proportioÌ„s of inequalitie The proofes The rule to know the quantitie of ground this battell conteineth The rule to accommodate this calculation with speed Where to place the remaines Repetitions of the former Out of 3 maner of marchings to frame a battell with speed The first maner The third order by marching maniple by maniple Aduertisement Fierie weapons The armed pike is the strength of the battell so is the shot the furie of the field Shot and pikes of necessitie to be coupled The one without the other of no great force The sortement of these weapons offensiue and defensiue The aduantage of musket notable ouersight of our shot in charging and discharging their peeces A redresse and easie way how to fasten the bullet How some do vse to place their shot about the
battell of pikes A better order to diuide your shot into troupes To girdle the staÌ„d of pikes with shot The shot in small troupes one to second an other The armed pikes once ouerthrowen the battell stands in hazard The girdling shot to discharge at 20 pasesâ—ff and not farther A particular decâ—aration of the former battell in figure The battell or body of pikes Impaled with armed pikes The sortement of the weapons Girdled with muskets Shot in troupes Halbardes and short weapons The remaines of the pikes where placed To draw some pikes out of the center of the battell Men at armes Launciers Hargulutiers Great ordinance The number of each The broad square battell bring the most hands at once to fight in front The square of ground A care to be had to the situation of ground Venturous to set al our fortune vpoÌ„ the brunt of one sole battell So is it dangerous for vnexpert men to fight in sundry battallions Men come not often to hand blowes as in old time the shot so imployeth the field Hard to ascertaine any course of fight before the enemies order be knowen seene Occurrants of warre be manifold and strange The shot on horse backe coÌ„monly begâ—n the first skirmishes At the field ordinance doe commonly begin the first puzzeling The forlorne hope to disband and hauing skirmished to retire to the flankes One troupe of shot to second an ether The squadrons of muskets when to discharge The couching of the pikes A square of pikes handled by resolute men not easie to be broken by horse Against foote to charge ouerhand Valour and skill is second meanes of victorie but God the chiefe first The duties of diligent officers in time of battell The iust square of men best allowed out of the which all other proportions may be reduced The quadrat of ground Sundry ancient formes of battels now out of vse The daunger of raw men The Diamant battell The framing thereof out of the graund square A more stronger framin of the Diamant battell Out of 2 iust squares of men is framed 2 triangles Of 2 triangles is framed a Diamant An other order yet to frame their battels A Sergeant maior ought not to be ignorant of any formes of embattailing as well ancient as moderne To what purpose these termes were first deuised The crosse battell and order thereof A declaration of these Crosse battels SpeculatioÌ„ without practise but halfe the Arte. To deuide a small power into many parts dangerous What to be a sufficient armie Into three battels Into twelue battallions Vantgard Battell Reareward Many considerations in bringing men to fight A consideration A declaration of the 9 battallions The voide spaces to what purpose Sundry charges and fresh heads A declaration of the 12 battallions The shot parted into sundry troupes The cauallery The quantity of ground for each souldiers station What commander and officers to be mounted The Generall his place The Colonels Another order to deuide an army into sundry small squadrons The maner The order An army may be framed of sundry small squadrons Of tables to be framed Euen To march an army thorough straightes Drawne into Maniples The Ensigne to be contained in the middle Maniple The shot in troupes most seruiceable The one to second another If the enemy coÌ„straine to fight in the straight them to quarter your Army To quarter the battell into sundry battallions Not to enter vnaduisedly into any straighâ—s The chiefe Commaunders of an Armie Deuided into Regiments The officers of the Regiment Deuided into Companies The officers of a Companie Sergeant Maior of a Regiment A Sergeant Maior generall A Sergeant Maior is the generall Minister of a whole Regiment His office consists in marching in imbattailing encamping The Sergeant Maior of higher degree then any ordinarie Captaine Great regard to be had in the election of this officer Skill and naturall instinct His actions are handled for the most in the view and face of the enemie The partes to be required in a Sergeant Maior To espie aduantages Not to let slip good occasions offred To kâ—â—w to frame his squadron to march with the same to bring theÌ„ to fight A squadroÌ„ what it is To be victorious or inuincible The armie bâ—st ordered and disciplined is like to be Lord of the victorie Vegetius his reasons The aduantage of practise and good discipline It is necessarie to haue â—n writing the iust number of euery companie and their sortmeÌ„t of weapons To haue alwayes an Idea in the head of sundrie formes of battels To be skilfull in Arithmetike A battell framed of sundrie Tertios by the Duke de Alua at Lisbona The Tertios of Naples Sicilia Lombardie Spanish Tertios The Sergeant Maior by want of skill much puzzeled Our warres now a dayes do consist more in surprises assaults and batteries then in main fight The difference to be iudged by the situation of the ground and occasions to fight Iust square of men â—attell in broad front What is meaÌ„t by bastard square broad square base square The rankes euen or odde importeth litle The braue conduction of the Commaunders and the resolute valour of the souldiers is the firmenesse of the battell A politicke order to be obserued in setting a battell when the souldiers be vnruly No souldier to come with his armour by peece-meale or broken An order to frame a squadroÌ„ of vnruly soulâ—iers vpon the Alarme giuen or suddenly A fine checke of vnruly souldiers The dâ—e naturall girdling with shot When and how to discharge their vollie Shot in sundrie small troupes trouping round about the battell Euery troupe to be led forth to skirmish by their Caporall Squadrons of muskets at the angles of the battell A braue retraict of Don Aluaro de Sandy made in Barbary with 4000. foote against 20000. horse An order for the safegard of shot in open campania where the enemy aboundeth in horse Declaration of the figure Great skill and care in the marching of an Army The disorders of souldiers do many times grow through remisnesse and negligence of officers What the Sergeant Maior is to do being in the open field with the army Vantgard battell and reareward To know the wayes most salliâ—bâ—e for the souldiers to march Great noise and rumor in remouing of a campe To be skilfull in the countrey where they are to march Sundry considerations To what end Examples of the Romaines at Furcas Caudinas To procure faithfull and trusty guides Hannibal deceiued To cause the drum maior to sound the recoâ—a or remouing The Captaines of footmen To assemble the companies in the place of armes and there to frame his squadrons The Sergeants of bandes what to doe To deuide the battell into Maniples if the passage be narrow The order in marching of vantgards battell and rea reward The ensignes where to be placed fittâ—st Hauing passed the straight to march vp pouldron to pouldron againe In all our actions to incline to perfection Considerations
same To deuide the grand square into battallions The order to find in the tables how the battallions be set The order obserued in the tables following Of reducing or inducing battels or battallions out of or into the grand square of men No man but erreth some more some lesse Our age inclineth to warre To accustome the going pase to the geometricall pase of 5 foote to the pase The foote deuided into twelue inches To practise the geometricall going pases Euery pikeman in aray to fight will require 3 foote of ground in breadth and 7 foote for length Euery horseman 5 foote in breadth and ten foote in length The profit to practise the going pases geometricall Two going pases to make a geometricall pase To embattell the sayd peece of ground The rule arithmeticall The arithmetical rules To empale the battell with armed pikes The arithmetical rule The rule The rule The rule To arme the sayd peece of ground with shot or horsmen The rule 4 foote for length and 4 foote for breadth to euery shot fâ—r his station of ground The number of shot contained To embattell the same with troops of horsemen The rule The number of horsemen The benefit of practise and readinesse The parts incident to a perfect souldier to be most necessary for 3 reasons Vpon whom the guard of Castels ought to be bestowed Fauor and affecttion in our age carieth all Rewarde for seruice a great encouragement to soldiers Parts to bee desired in a Captaine of a Castell or fortresse The souldiers to imitate the Captaine The honour of braue men The shame of â—owards How farre the souldier is bound to obay the Captaine The traytor is become souldier to the enemy and enemy to the Princes souldiers The Captaine being disloyal what the souldiers are to doe The Captaine â— coward what the souldier is to do When souldiers are to retire When not to retire Good Captaines and souldiers ought to be esteemed and honoured How the bad to be dealt withall Examples A valiant Captaine ought neuer to yeeld except all remedies be past Vpon honorable conditions Sir Roger Williams Sir Thomas Baskeruile Souldiers for defence of a Castell to be men of experience Disloyall souldiers the losse of many places The Captaine to entreate his souldiers kindly To be carefull for all necessary prouisions Wants in time of neede do hinder great actions Not to be ouer credulous Captaine Sansier deceiued Marquis de Guasto to Carolus Drusio at Mondeuy The Captaine slayne or dye the souldiers what to doe The Captaine being taken the soldiers what to doâ— Barwike The Castell of Millan 30 postes and their orders One souldier at Sentinell Their order at night The Rounds and counter Rounds 4 Gunners in the Rauellines Watch vpon the wall Setting of watch Locking of the gates The principall gates and draw-bridges shut The keyes The watch word To those in the Rauellins the word not giuen at all The gates being shut in to reknowledge the place The discharging of the watch in the morning Orders obserued in the day time at first gate the. At the middle gate At the inneo gate Their dinner time Changing their wardes Order after dinner A little bell at euery watch turret The order of Round and contra Round in thâ— day A regard to the Artillery Quarters assigned Before the opening of the gate the Caporals duty Their order if the Alarme be giuen To reknowledge the Contra mines The Castellane one key the Lieutenant another Iehouah our heauenly Chieftaine