séedes or fixe their Plants in such sort as hath béene before described and so placing them in such open places of the Garden where they may haue the strength and violence of the Sunnes heate all the day and the comfort of such moderate showers as fall without violence or extraordinarie beating and at night draw them by mans strength into some low vaulted gallery ioyning vpon the Garden where they may stand warme and safe from stormes windes frosts dewes blastings and other mischiefes which euer happen in the Sunnes absence and in this manner you may not onely haue all manner of dainty outlandish flowers but also all sorts of the most delicatest fruits that may be as the Orenge Limond Pomgranate Poncythron Cynamon-tree Oliue Almond or any other from what clime so euer it be deriued obseruing onely but to make your frames of wood which containes your earth but déeper and larger according to the fruit you plant in it and that your Alleys through which you draw your Trées when you house them be smooth and leuell least being rough and vneuen you iogge and shake the rootes with the waight of the Trées which is dangerous And least any man may imagine this but an imaginary supposition I can assure him that within seauen miles of London the experiment is to be séene where all these fruits and flowers with a world of others grow in two Gardens most abundantly Now for such flowers or fruits as shall be brought from a colder or more barraine ground then our owne there néedeth not much curiosity in the plantation of them because a better euer bringeth forth a better encrease onely I would wish you to obserue to giue all such fruits or flowers the vttermost liberty of the weather rather to adde coolenes by shaddow then encrease any warmth by reflection as also to augment showers by artificiall watrings rather then to let the roote dry for want of continuall moysture many other notes and obseruations there are which to discouer would aske a volume larger then I intend and yet not be more in true substance then this which is already writ if the Reader haue but so much mother-wit as by comparing things together to draw the vses from the true reasons and to shunne contrary by contraries which what Husbandman is so simple but he can easily performe and hauing the true grounds of experience frame his descant according to his owne fancie which is a Musicke best pleasing to all men since it is not in any one mans power to giue a generall contentment And thus much for flowers and their generall and particular ordering CHAP. VII How to preserue all manner of seedes hearbs flowers and fruits from all manner of noysome and pestilent things which deuoure and hurt them IT is not enough to bequeath and giue your séedes vnto the ground and then immediatly to expect without any further industrie the fruit of your labours no goodnesse seldome commeth with such ease you must therefore know that when you lay your séedes in the ground they are like so many good men amongst a world of wicked ones and as it were inuironed and begirt with maine Armies of enemies from which if your care and diligence doe not defend them the most if not all will doubtlesse perish and of these enemies the worst and most violentest is Thunder and Lightning which in a moment killeth all sorts of flowers plants and trées euen in the height and pride of their flourishing which to preuent it hath béene the practise of all the auncient Gardners to plant against the walles of their Gardens or in the middest of their quarters where their choysest flowers grow the Lawrell or Bay Trée which is euer helde a defence against those strikings Next vnto Thunder and Lightning are Caterpillers which are a kinde of filthy little wormes which lye in Cobwebs about the leaues deuouring them and poysoning the sap in such sort that the Plant dieth spéedily after the way to kill these is to take strong Urine and Ashes mixt together and with it to dash and sprinkle all the Plants cleane ouer and it will both preuent their bréeding or being bred will kill them the smoake of Brimstone will doe the like yet if they be excéeding much abundant the surest way to destroy them is to take olde rotten mouldy Hay and setting it on fire with the blaze thereof burne the Cob-webs and then with the smoake smother and kill the wormes and they will hardly euer bréede in that place againe Next these are Toades and Frogges which are very poysonous and great destroyers of young Plants chiefly in their first appearing aboue the ground and the auncient Gardners haue vsed to destroy them by burning the fat of a Stagge in some part of the Garden beds from which earth all creatures that haue poyson in them will flye with all violence other Gardners will watch where the Kite pearcheth on nights and gathering vp her dung scatter it vpon the beds either simply or mixt with the shauings of an olde Harts horne and no venemous thing will come néere it Next these are field Myce which will roote séedes out of the earth and deuoure them aboundantly which to kill you shall take Henbane seede and beate it to pouder and then mixing it with swéet Oyle fresh Butter or Grease make thereof a bayte and when you finde where they scratch or roote lay some part of the bayte in that place and they will gréedily eate it and it will kill them there be other Gardners which will take a Wéesell and burning it to ashes scatter the ashes on the beds and then no field Mouse will come néere them Next these are Flyes as flesh Flyes Scarabs Hornets Dores and such like which are great destroyers of Séeds and Plants when they appeare in their first leafe and are soft and tender which to destroy you shall either take Orpment mixt with milke or the pouder of Allome or the ashes of any of these Flyes burnt and with it sprinkle your beds and young plants all ouer and it will kéepe Flyes that they will not dare to come néere them If the gréene Fly which of all other Flyes is most gréedie to hurt Séedes and Plants doe offend your Garden you shall take Henbane leaues Houseleeke and Mints and beat them in a Morter then straine forth the iuyce and then adde thereto as much Uinegar as was of all the rest and thereâ—with sprinkle your beds all ouer and the gréene Fly will neuer come néere them Some hold opinion that if you plant the hearbe Rocket in your Garden that it is a safe preseruatiue against these grâ—eacute ene Flyes for it is most certaine that the very smell thereof will kill these and most sorts of all other Flyes whatsoeuer as hath béene found by approued experience and the sylts of olde auncient Abby Gardens which a man shall seldome finde without this hearbe planted in them Next
THE Second Booke of the English Husbandman CONTAYNING the Ordering of the Kitchin-Garden and the Planting of strange Flowers the breeding of all manner of CATTELL Together with the Cures the feeding of Cattell the Ordering both of Pastures and Meddow-ground with the vse both of high-wood and vnder-wood WHEREVNTO IS ADDED a TREATISE called Goodmens Recreation Contayning a Discourse of the generall Art of Fishing with the Angle and otherwise and of all the hidden secrets belonging thereunto TOGETHER With the Choyce Ordering Breeding and Dyeting of the fighting Cocke A worke neuer written before by any Author By G. M. LONDON Printed by T. S. for Iohn Browne and are to be sould at his shop in S. Dunstanes Church-yard in Fleetstreet 1614. A Table of all the principall matters contayned in this Booke CHAP. I. How the Husbandman shall iudge and fore-know all kinde of weather and other seasons of the yeere OF Raine Signes from clouds Signes from the Moone Signes from the Sun Signes from Lightning Signes from Fowle Signes from Beasts Signes from things without Motion Signes of much Raine Signes of Snow or Hayle Signes of Winde Signes of Tempests Signes of faire weather Signes of Winter Signes of the Spring Signes of a hot summer Signes of a long winter Signes of a forward or backward yeere Signes of a good or bad yeere Signes from Christmas day Signes from the sunne rising Signes from the twelue dayes in Christmas Signes from S. Paules day Signes from Maudlin and S. Switthens day if Corne shall be cheap or deere Signes from Thunder Signes of sickenesse or health The preseruation of health CHAP. II. The choyse of Grounds for the Kitchin-Garden and the ordering thereof The Contents THe choyce of Ground The bettering of Grounds The trenching of Grounds Of breaking the Garden-mould Ordering of Garden-beds Of the fruitfull soyle The necessariest ornament in a Garden CHAP. III. Of the Sowing and Ordering of all manner of Pot-Hearbes The Contents OF all sorts of Pot-hearbs Of Endiue and Succory Of Beets Of Land-Cresses Of Parcely Of Sauory Of Time Of French Mallowes and Cheruil Of Dill. Of Issop Of Mints Of Violets Of Basill Of sweet Marioram and Marigolds Of Strawburyes Of Borrage and Buglosse Of Rosemary Of Pennyroyall Of Leekes Of Onyons Of gathering Onyon-seeds or the Onyon CHAP. IIII. Of sowing of certaine Hearbes which are to be eaten but especially are medicinall yet euer in the Husbandmans Garden The Contents OF Arage Of Lumbardy Louage Of Fennell Of Anyse Of Comyn Of Colyander Of Rue Of Organy Of white Poppye Of Germander Of Cardus Benedictus Of Angelica Of Valerian Of Elecampana Of Pepper-wort Of Phylipendula CHAP. V. Of diuer sorts of Sallet-Hearbes their manner of Sowing and Ordering The Contents OF Lettuce Of Spinage Of Sparagus Of Colworts Of Sage Of Purslaine Of Artichocks Of Garlicke Of Raddish Of Nauewe Of Parsenips and Carrets Of Pompions or Mellons Of Cowcumbers Of the Beanes of Aegipt Of Skerrets A most necessary obseruation CHAP. VI. Of Flowers of all sorts both forraine and home-bred their sowing planting and preseruing The Contents OF Roses Of the Damaske Rose Of the redde Rose Of the white Rose Of the Cynamon Rose To make the Cynamon Rose grow double Of the Prouence Rose To make Roses smell well Generall notes touching Roses Of Lauender Of the white Lilly To make Lillies of any colour To make Lillies flourish all the yere Of the wood Lilly Of the Flowre de Lice Of Pyonye Of Petiluis Of veluet Flowers Of Gilly-Flowers Of grafting of Gilly-Flowers Of the smels of Gilly-Flowers Of the wall Gilly-Flower Of the Hellytropian Of the Crowne-Emperiall Of the Dulippo Of the Hyacinth Of the Narcissus Of the Daffadill Colombine and Chesbole An excellent Caution A new manner of planting Flowers and Fruits CHAP. VII How to preserue all manner of Seeds Hearbs Flowers and Fruits from all manner of noysome and pestilent things which deuoure and hurt them The Contents OF Thunder and Lightning Of Caterpillers Of Toads and Frogs Of the field Mice Of Flies Of the greene Flie. Of Gnats Of Pissemires Of Moales Of Snayles Of Moathes Of Canckers Of Garden wormes An excellent experiment The Conclusion of the Kitchin-Garden The Table of the second part of the second Booke Contayning the Ordering of all sorts of VVoods and the breeding of Cattell CHAP. I. Of the beginning of VVoods first sowing and necessary vse The Contents WOod better then Gold The excellent vses of Wood. The plantation of Wood. The fencing of young Woods When Cattel may graze in springs The vse of the Clay-ground for Woods A speciall note CHAP. II. The deuision of vnder-Woods their sale and profit The Contents THE deuision of Woods The value of vnderwood Of the sale of vnderwoods How to cut vnderwoods The fencing of sales The Woodwards duty CHAP. III. Of High-woods and their plantation The Contents WHat High-woods are The beginning of highwoods The plantation of your high-woods Of planting the Elme Of planting the Ash. Obiection Answere CHAP. IIII. The preseruation and sale of High-woods The Contents OF Trees which take wet inwardly Of Barke-bound Of Hornets and Dores Of the Canker Of Pissemires Of â—uye Woodbine and Mysselto Of Thunder and Lightning Of the sale of tall Woods How to chuse Timbers Of Mill-Timber Of Timber to beare burthen Timber for Poales Wainescot c. Timber for Piles or water workes The vse of the Elme The vse of the Ashe The vse of the Walnut tree The vse of the Peare tree The vse of the Maple Beech or Poplar Of Char-coale How to valew Tymber How to measure Timber by guesse Best seasons for the sale The time for Chapmen When to cut downe Tymber CHAP. V. Of the breeding of Wood in rich Champaine Soyles The Contents HOW to set all sorts of Quick-sets Planting of greater Trees Of the setting of Willowes c. The vse of Willowes Sallowes and Oziers The ordering of Willowes The ordering of the Ozier CHAP. VI. Of plashing of Hedges and lopping or heading of Timber The Contents VVHat plashing is How to plash The time of yeere The tooles to plash with The profit of plashing The lopping of Timber What lopping is The season for lopping How you shall loppe Timber CHAP. VII Of pasture-Pasture-grounds their order profit and generall vse The Contents DIuersitie and vse of Pastures Of barraine Pastures Signes of barrainnesse Bettering of Soyles Sowing of good seeds For abundance of grasse The imperfection of meanure To helpe a slow Spring To helpe naughty grasse To helpe Sunne-burning To helpe ling or braken To helpe marrishes To helpe mossinesse The generall vse of barraine grounds What Cattell to be bred Of fertile grounds Deuision of rich grounds Vse of rich grounds Ordering of Pastures Feeding of Cattell How to know a fat beast Of Meddowes and their ordering Preseruation of Meddowes VVhen to lay Meddowes VVhen to mowe Meddowes Inclination of weather The manner to mow Meddowes How to make Hay To make fine Hay To make course Hay Vse of Hay
well together then goe to the bedde where you meane to bestow them and hauing newly rackt it to stirre vp the fresh mould with your hand sprinkle and sowe them all ouer the bed so thicke as may be which done with a fine Rake rake the bed gently ouer then taking spare fine mould put it into a ridling Siue and sift it ouer the bed better then two fingers thickenesse and so let it rest thus you shall doe seuerally with euery séede one after another bestowing euery one vpon a seuerall bed Now for your Pot-hearbs which are most generally in vse they be these Endiue and Succorie which delight in moyst ground and will endure the winter Bleete of which there be two kindes Red and White this Hearbe neuer néedeth wéeding and if he be suffered to shed his séed it will hardly euer to be got out of a Garden Then Beets which must be much wéeded for they loâ—â— to liue by themselues and if they grow too thickâ— you may take them vp when they are a finger long in their 〈◊〉 earth and set them in another bed and they will prosper much better Then land Cresses which is both a good Pot-hearbâ— and a good Sallet-Hearbe it loueth shadowie places where the Sunne shineth least and standeth in néed of little dung Then Parcely which of all Hearbs is of most vse it is longest in appearing aboue ground and the elder sâ—â—d is the quicker in growth but not the surer but eyther being once come vp increase naturally and doe hardly euer decay it cannot grow too thicke but as you vse it you must cut off the toppes with your knife and by no meanes pull vp the rootes if it be put into a little pursse and beaten against the ground to bruise it a little before it be sowne it will make it haue a large crisped leafe Then Sauory of which are two kindes the Winter Sauory and Summer both delight in leane ground and are quicke of growth and long lasting Then Time of which are also two kindes the running Time and the Garden Time they delight in fertile ground and from the séede are very slow of growth therefore it is best euer to set them from the â—lip The running Time doth delight in the shadow but the Garden Time in the Sunne Then French Mallowes which will ioy in any ground and are quicke of growth Then Cheruill which will not by any meanes grow with any other Hearbe Then Dill which may be sowne almost in any moneth of the yéere as well as March it endureth all weathers but loueth the warmth best Then Isop â— which in like manner as Time is slow of growth from the séed and therefore â—itter to be set from the slips after it hath once taken roote it encreaseth wonderfully and will hardly be destroyed Then Mints which flourish onely in the Summer time but dye in the Winter it delighteth most in the moyst ground Then Violets the leaues whereof are a good Pot-hearb and the Flowers preserued in close glasse pots with strong Wine-vinegar and Sugar a most excellent Sallet it doth delight to grow high and will grow spéedely eyther from the plant or from the séed Then Basill which would be sowne in the warme weather as at the beginning of May for the séed is tender and when you haue sowne it you shall presse the earth downe vpon it with your féet for the seede can endure no hollownesse if you sowe it at the fall of the Leafe you shall sprinkle the séede with Uinegar and when you water it let the Sunne be at his height Then swéet Marioram which would be sowne on rich ground and farre from Sunneshine for it taketh no delight in his beames Then Marigolds which renew euery moneth and endure the Winter as well as the Summer this Hearbe the oftner you remoue it the bigger it groweth Then Strawberries whose leaues are a good Pot-hearâ—e and the fruit the wholesommeâ—t berry this Hearbe of all other would be set of the plant and not sowne from the séed for the oft changing and remouing of it causeth it to grow bigger and bigger it groweth best vnder the shadowes of other Hearbes but very sufficiently in beds or else where Then Borage and Buglosse both which are of one nature they would be sowne in small quantity for where they take they will runne ouer a whole Garden the séed must be gathered when it is halfe ripe it is so apt to shed and when you gather it you must plucke vp the stalkes leaues all and so laying them one vpon another thrée or foure dayes their own heat will bring the séed to ripenes Then Rosemary which is an Hearbe tender and â—â—â—rious yet of singular vertue it is soone slaine with frost or lightening it will grow plentifully from the séede but much better from the slip it delighteth to be planted against some Wall where it may haue the reâ—lection of the Sunne for to stand vnpropped of himselfe the very shaking of the winde will kill it Then Penyroyall which most properly is vsed to be mixt with Puddings made of the bloud of Beasts Oatmeale of it there be two kindes Male and Female the Male beareth a white flower and the Female a purple it must be sowne in small quantity for it will runne and spread ouer-much ground it delighteth most in moyst earth Then Leekes which would haue a fertile ground and as soone as they be shot vp a good length you shall cut the blades to the polt and then remoue the heads and set them borderwise about your other beds this remouing after the cutting off the blades wil make them grow bigger and prosper better as for thrusting Oyster-shels or Tyle-shreads vnder them to make the heads bigger it is a toy for if the mould be loose and good the Léeke will come to his perfect growth they may be sowne both in March Aprill May and Iune and they may be remoued all Iuly August September and October Then Onions which differ not much from the nature of Léekes they loue a fertile Soyle and would be sowne with the séeds of Sauory when they come vp if they grow too thicke as is often séene you shall plucke vp some and spend them in the Pot and in Sallets to giue the rest more roome and some you shall take vp and replant in other beds which you may preserue for séede those Onionâ— which you would not haue to séede you shall cut off the bâ—ades in the midst that the iuyce may descend downewâ—rd and when you sée the heads of the Onions appearing aboue the earth you shall with your féet tread them into the groundâ— there be some very well experienst Husbands which will take the fayrest goodliest and soundest Onions they can get and in this moneth of March set them thrée fingers déepe in the earth and these
of all other bring forth the purest and best séede for which purpose onely they are preserued as soone as your séed-Onions are knotted you shall vnderproppe them with square cradles made of stickes least the waight of the boules which carry the séede should breake the blades The time of gathering your séede is when it is all turned purely blacke and the time of gathering the Onions is when the heads doe forsake the earth after they be gathered you shall lay them on a dry floore for a fortnight or more and then binde them vp in ropes and hang them where they may haue the ayre of the fire onely note that shall gather your Onions in the increase of the Moone as they were sowne and not otherwise Many other Pot-hearbs there be which for as much as they differ nothing eyther in sowing planting or ordering from these which I haue rehearsed I will héere omit them and thinke this sufficient touching the sowing and ordering of all manner of Pot-hearbs CHAP. IIII. Of the sowing of certaine Hearbs which are to be eaten but especially are medicinall yet euer in the Husbandmans Garden OF Hearbes which are medicinall I will begin with Arage â— or Orache which being colde and moyst is very excellent against the hot Goâ—t it is to be sowne in any moneth from February till December it loueth much moisture and therefore must be oft watered it must be sowne excéeding thinne and quickly couered for the ayre is offensiue Next it is Lumbardy Loueage which being 〈…〉 dry is very purgatiue it desireth a very fruitfull 〈◊〉 but if it be sowne where it may haue much 〈…〉 some shelter accompanied with moysture it will 〈…〉 any ground the moneths for sowing thereof is 〈◊〉 the midst of February till Haruest Fennell is also hot and dry and it comforteth the stomacke openeth the inward vessels and helpeth disgestion it may be sowne in any moneth and vpon any indifferent ground especially if it be a little stony the séede would not be very old though of all other it be the longest laâ—ter Anise is hot and dry it dissolueth humors and obstructions and is very comfortable to weake stomacks it delighteth in a good and loose mould and is to be sowne in the height of the Spring onely Comin is of the nature of Anise and Fennell and mixt with either is very soueraine against all inward sicknesses procéeding from cold it loueth a fruitfull rich earth much warmth and therfore the later it is sowne in the Spring it is so much the better and aboue all things it would be sowne in the hottest time of the day if it be mixed with other séeds it is so much the better and appeareth the sooner Coliander is of the nature of the earth cold dry it helps disgestion suppresseth vapours which offend the braine it may be sowne vpon any indifferent ground in any month except December and Ianuary the elder the séedes are the better so they be sound and they desire much watering Rue or Hearb-grace is hot and dry is very soueraigne against all inward infection putrifactions and impostumations it ioyeth in any reasonable ground so it grow warme and dry the moneths fittest for the sowing thereof is March Aprill or May and the mould would be firme and not subiect to ryuing whence it procéedes that no meanure is so good for the encrease thereof as horse-dung and ashes mixt together the beds would be made high discending that no moysture may stay thereon they must be carefully wéeded for in their first growth otherwise they are soone choaked Organie is hot and dry and excellent against any sicknesse of the liuer the ground in which it most ioyeth would be a little stonie and full of rubbish yet by no meanes vndunged the moneth fittest for the sowing thereof is March and September the Moone being in Libra or any other moist signe it must be continually watred till it appearâ— aboue the earth but after forborne for being once well fixed it is euer certaine White Poppy is cold and moyst and much prouoketh sléepe it delights to be sowne in a rich warme dry ground in the moneths of March September or Nouember Germander is hot and dry and excellent against the Kings euill obstructions of the Spléene and hardnesse of Urine it is a hard hearbe and will prosper in any ground it is to be sowne either in the spring or fall of the leafe and is most comly for the setting forth of knots in Gardens Cardus Benedictus or the blessed Thistell is hot and dry it is very soueraine against most inward sicknesses stancheth blood and is a great comforter of the braine it delighteth in a rich ground and a loose well tempered mould it must be sowne very shallow and not couered aboue two inches déepe the first quarter of the Moone is best to sowe it in and in the moneths of March May or September if you sowe a little fine flaxen Wheat with it no doubt but it will prosper the better Angellica is hot and dry it openeth and dissolueth obstructions is an excellent cordiall against poyson and all infections it helpeth the collicke and cureth the biting of madde dogges or venemous beasts it loueth a fruitfull dry mould but may not indure the trouble of wéedes it is to be sowne in March or Aprill it flourisheth in Iuly August it hath a swéet odour and helpeth all euill infected ayres Valerian is hot dry and preuenteth infection it helpeth stitches and other griefes procéeding from windy causes it loueth to grow in moist and low places the ground being well meanured and fill it be shot at least a handfull high it must be kept with continuall watring the 〈…〉 of the yéere is the best to sowe it in Elecampana is hot and moyst and good for offences in the lungs or any outward ioynt being troubled with paine procéeding from colde it is better much to be set thâ—â— sowne yet notwithstanding it may safely enough be sowne at any time after mid-March the ground being richâ— soft and loose and the séede strowed very thinne and â—t least two fingers distance one from another Pepperwort is hot and drye yet of the two much more hot it is good against all kinde of aches and other paine in the ioynts or sinewes it delighteth in a rich blacke Soyle fat and loose it would be sowne in February and remoued in September Philipendula is very hot and dry and is good against abortiue births Stone Strangury or any griefe procéeding from colde causes it may be sowne in any barraine stony or grauelly Soyle in the months of May Aprill or September it neither desireth much wéeding nor much watering but being once committed to the ground appeareth sodainely and thus much of those Hearbes which are fit for Medicine of which though there be many others yet they
differ not in their ordering from these already declared CHAP. V. Of diuers sorts of Sallet-Hearbes their manner of sowing and ordering AMongst the many numbers of Sallet-Hearbes I thinke it not amisse to beginne first with Lettuce which of all other whose vertue is helde in the leafe is most delicate tender and pleasant the ground then in which it most delighteth is that which is most fertile best laboured and of the finest mould being soft loose and more enclining to moysture then drinesse it may be sowne in any moneth of the yeare from February to Nouember it is very quick of growth and will appeare aboue the earth in foure dayes after the sowing it would at first be sowne thicke and carefully kept with morning and euening watrings if the season be dry but not otherwise after it is growne and faire spread aboue the earth which will be in a moneths space or there-abouts you shall chuse out the fairest and goodliest plants and taking them vp with the earth and all about their rootes replant or remoue them to a new bed of fresh mould and there set them a foote distance one from another and fixe their rootes fast and hard into the ground then couer or presse them downe with Tyle or Slate stones to make them spread and not spring vpward by which meanes the leaues will gather together and cabbadge in a thicke and good order for it is to be vnderstood that the oftner you remoue your Lettuce the fairer and closer they wil cabbage There be diuers which obserue to remoue Lettuce as soone as sixe leaues are sprung aboue the ground but I like better to remoue them when they begin to spindle they are most estéemed in the moneths of Aprill May and Iune for in Iuly they are supposed to carrie in them a poysonous substance Next the Lettuce I preferre the hearbe Spynage which delighteth in a well-dunged earth and may be sowne in Aprill March September or October it would not be mixed with other séedes because it prospereth best alone Sparagus ioyeth in a fertill moist ground the mould being made light which couers it and the ground well dunged the Spring is the best time to sowe it and it must be sowne in long furrowes or trenches made with your finger and not vniuersally spread ouer the bed as other séeds are it loueth moysture but may not endure the wet to lye long vpon it and therefore the beds would a little descend it must not be remoued till the rootes be so feltred together that they hinder the new branches from springing vp which commonly is two yeares Colworts or Cabbadge séede delighteth in any well husbanded handed ground and may be sowen in all sorts and seasons as Lettuce is and must also in the like manner be remoued after the principall leaues are come forth which will make them to gather together and cabbadge the better and as they may be sowen in any season of the yeare so likewise they may be remoued at all seasons likewise except the frost or other vnseasonable weather hinder you and although some men will not allow it to be sowen in clay grounds grauell chalke or sand yet they are deceiued for if the earth be well ordred they will grow plentifully onely you must obserue when you remoue them to let them haue earth roome enough Sage is in Gardens most common because it is most wholesome and though it may be better set from the slip then sowen in the séede yet both will prosper it loueth any well drest ground and may be sowen either in February March September or October it loueth also to grow thick and close together and will of it selfe ouercome most wéedes it asketh not much dung neither too great care 〈◊〉 watring onely it would be oft searched for Toaâ—es and other venemous things will delight to lye vnder it the more Sunne and ayre it hath the better it is Purslane is a most excellent Sallet hearbe and loueth â— fertile soile and though it may be sowen almost in any moneth yet the warmest is the best as Aprill May Iune or Septemb. Buck ashes are an excellent meanure for them and for most Sallet hearbs else but aboue all they loue dry dust and house-swéepings they are apt to shed their séede whence it comes that a ground once possest of them will seldome want them they may also be remoued and will prosper much the better Artychokes loue a fat earth and may be sowen in February or March the Moone encreasing the séedes must not be sowen together but set one by one a good distance asunder they must lye somewhat déepe and be firmely couered yet if you can procure them I rather with you rather to set them from Slips or young Plants then sowe them from the séedes for they doe so naturally loue the earth that you can hardly slip so wast a leafe from an Artychoke as will not take roote if you sowe the séede you must be carefull to wéede and water them well for the first leaues are very tender also if you remoue them after their first springing the fruit will be bigger and better Garlicke is best in September and Nouember to be set from the cloue in about the borders of beds or other séedes halfe a foote one from another and in February March and Aprill to be sowen from the séede it must be ordered as you order Onyon séede it loues not much wet nor extreame drought onely it desires a good mould which is rich and firme yet not too much dunged Raddish loueth a fertile ground that is well dunged chiefly with mans ordure that is déepe trencht and hath an easie and light mould and the séedes would be placed either in rowes or about the borders of beds as you doe Garlicke the manner of sowing it is with a dibble or round sticke to make a hole into the ground almost a foote déepe and then into that hole to put not aboue two séedes at the most and then close the hole vp againe and let the holes be foure fingers one from another it may be sowen in most months of the yéere if the frost hinder not and to make the roote large tender and to kéepe the branch from séeding you shall as it springs crop off the principall leaues which grow against the heart of the root to tread them downe into the earth after they haue fast roote is good also Nauew if the earth haue any small goodnesse in it will grow plentifully neither is offended with any ayre onely the mould would be loose and rough for otherwise it many times turneth to Rape the séede naturally commeth vp very thicke therefore it is expedient to remoue them and plant them thinner for that best preserueth their natures they may be sowne in February March Aprill September or October Parsneps or Carrets are of one and the selfe nature they delight in a good
of the soyle assures him so also he shall better confirme by these fewe signes and Charracters which I will deliuer as first if he sée grasse flow of growth and that no Spring will appeare before May. If in stead of Clouer grasse Dandylion and Honisuckle you sée your ground furnished with Penigrasse Bents and Burnet If you sée much Knot-grasse or Speare-grasse or if you perceiue the scorching of the Sunne burne away the grasse as fast as the raine had brought it forth or if you finde quarries of stone néere vnto the vpper swarth of grasse or if your ground bring forth Lyng Bracken Gorse Whynnes Broome Bilburie or Strawburie or if your ground be morish full of quick-myers mossie or full of blacke Flint any of these signes make it to be most apparant that the soyle is barraine and of hard encrease And then as before I said it is the Husbandmans first office to prouide for the bettering and perfecting of his earth which he shall doe in this sort First if he perceiue that the barrainnesse of his ground procéedes from want of good Plants as from want of Clouer-grasse Dandylion Honisuckle Cowslop and other swéet flowers then he shall repaire into the fruitfull Countries and there buy the hay séedes and swéepings of hay-barne-flowers which he shall euery Spring and fall of the leafe sowe as thin as may be vpon such Pastures as he shall either lay for meddow or preserue for the latter Spring after Michaelmas But if he respect not the goodnesse of grasse but the abundance of grasse as those husbands doe which liue in or about great Cities then he shall dung those grounds which he will lay for meddow at Candlemasse or those which he will graze or eate in the first beginning of the Spring at Michaelmasse before with the oldest and rottennest meanure he can get of which the best is the rotten staddell or bottomes of Hay-stackes or for want of it the meanure of horse-stables swéepings and scowrings of yards and barnes the mudde of olde ditches or else good Oxe or Cow meanure any of which will bring forth abundance of grasse Yet thus much I must aduertise the Husbandman that this meanuring of Pasture grounds carries with it diuers imperfections for though it occasion abundance of grasse to growe yet the meddow or hay which comes thereof is so ranke loggie and fulsome in tast that a beast taketh no ioy to eate thereof more then to holde very life and soule together Also the grasse thus meanure which you intend to graze or eate with your Cattell is by meanes of the meanure so loose at the roote that Cattell as they bite plucke vp both the grasse roote and all which being of strong ranke sent in the mouth of a beast maketh him loathe and cast it out againe and so not striue to eate to be fat but onely to maintaine life Now if your Spring be slow and late in the yéere before your grasse will appeare aboue ground it is méete then that you enclose your ground and not only maintaine the fences with high and thicke Quick-sets but also with tall Timber-trées whose shade and strength may defend many colde blasts from the earth and adde vnto it a more naturall warmenesse then it had before for it is onely the coldnesse of the soyle which makes the grasse long before it grow Also in this case it is méete that you lay as the husbandman tearmes it all such Pasture as you intend to graze at the spring following in Nouember before so not being bitten from that time till Aprill following no doubt but your spring will be both good and forward There be others which helpe their slow springing grounds by stocking them in the latter end of the yéere with great abundance of shéepe who although they bite néere to the ground and leaue little grasse behinde them yet they so tread and meanure it with their hot meanure that it will spring after it commeth to rest much more early and faster then it was wont So that to conclude in a word to make a barren ground spring earely is to kéepe it warme let it 〈◊〉 long rest and meanure it well with Shéepe If your ground be troubled with Knot-grasse or Speare-grasse it is a signe of too much colde moysture in the earth and in this case you shall with a great common Plough made for such a purpose turne vp great furrowes through your ground and make them so descend and fall one into another that not onely the moysture bred in the earth but that which falls vpon the earth may haue a swift passage from the same and so your soyle being drayned and kept dry all those wéedy kindes of grasse will soone perish If your ground be subiect to the scorching or burning of the Sunne then you shall vnderstand that it is directly contrary to the last soyle we spake of for as that by too much moysture is made barraine by colde so this by too much want of moysture is made barraine with heate wherefore the Husbandman shall in this case draw all his draynes to bring moysture into his ground which sometimes watring and sometimes ouer-flowing the same will in the end bring it to a reasonable fertility for it is a rule that where there may be ouerflowes there can seldome be any hurt by Sunne-burning vnlesse that such soyles be vpon Limestone ground or néere vnto other quarries of hard stone which lying néere vnto the vpper swarth of the grasse doth so burne the roote that the vpper branches cannot prosper In this case the bringing in of water doth rather hurt then good wherefore your best course is partly by your owne industry and partly by the labours of others who are traded in such commodities to let forth your ground to Stone-diggers or Lime-makers who digging the quarries out of the earth and then filling vp the emptie places with rubbish and other earth the soyle will in short space become as fruitfull as any other for it is onely the want of taking roote or the burning vp of the roote which makes this kinde of earth barraine Now if your ground bring forth Ling Braken Gorse Whinnes or such like you shall pare off the vpper swarth of the earth and lay it in the Sunne to dry in the height or heate of Sommer and being throughly dried you shall lay them in round hollow heapes one sod ouer another then putting fire vnto them burne them into ashes which done spread the ashes like a meanure ouer all the ground and you shall sée those wéedes will no more spring or grow in that ground If your ground be morish or full of quicke myers you shall then by small draynes or trenches draw 〈◊〉 the water and turne it into some lower ditch or 〈◊〉 and so bringing the ground to a stability or firmenesse there is no doubt but fruitfulnesse will presently follow after
nor doe they flourish in any place more braâ—â—ly Now for mine owne part I write generally to all Husbandmen not to those onely which liue in fertile and fat Soyles and therefore I would haue no man say the Soyle where I liue is so barraine that I cannot haue a Garden for if the Soyle wherein you liue be barraine then shall you in the latter end of September breake vp your earth more then a Spade-graft déepe and be well assured that at euery Spade-graft you breake the moulâ— well and leaue not the rootes of any wéeds within it thâ—â— let it rest till the midst of October at which time if â—â—y wéeds appeare vpon it by all meanes let them be plâ—ckt vp by the roots which done you shall trench your ground at least a yarde and a halfe déepe and then bury in those trenches if it be a Sand or grauell earth great â—tore oâ— Oxe or Cow meanure if it be a colde Chalkie Clay or a moyst ground then great store of Horse meanure of both which meanures the oldest and rottenest is the best but if you liue in such a Soyle as there is neyther of these meanures bred therein then take straw of any kinde whatsoeuer and spread it in the high-way where there is much trauell when it is rotten with the beating of Horse féet then cause it to be shoueld vp with it fill your trenches but if Straw be wanting then if you haue any muddy ditches or ponds scowre the mud out of them with it fill vp your trenches although these are not so long lasting as the two first sorts of meanures yet they are sufficient to bring forth increase must supply where necessity inforceth alwayes hauing discretion when you sée your ground abate in fruitfulnes to replenish it with fresh meanure Now as you fill your trenches with meanure let one mixe the earth therewithall and as it were blend and incorporate them together thus hauing gone ouer so much ground as you intend to plant or sowe vpon you shall let it rest till the midst of Ianuary at which time you shall breake it vp in trenches againe but not aboue thrée quarters of a yarde déepe and then fill vp those trenches with meanure as before and lay your earth as leuell as is possible so let it rest till the beginning of March if the weather be seasonable for sowing or planting otherwise let it stay till mid-March and as soone as the Moone is changed you shall then dig it vp the fourth time and make it fit to receyue your séede but in this fourth time of turning ouer your earth you shall dig it but a little better then a Spade-graft depth and euer as you dig it mixe it with fresh meanure if your ground be subiect to much chapping or rining then you shall at this last digging mixe the earth with ashes and Horse meanure mixt together which will binde and holde the earth from chapping After you haue digd your ground in this order and made it leuell you shal with an Iron Rake breake the great clods of earth and bring it to as fine a mould as is possible euer obseruing that if in the breaking of the clods or otherwise you perceiue the roots or stalks of any wéeds to arise you shall presently with your hand pull them out and cast them on heaps that they may serue eyther for the fire or the dunghill which done you shall tread out your beds in such orderly sort that you may passe from one to the other without eyther treading vpon the beds or striding ouer them thus much for the barraine sterrill ground which although all ancient late writers reiect as not worthy to be imployed to this vse yet beléeue it being husbanded as is said before it will equall in fruitfulnes the best ground Touching your rich and perfect grounds which of themselues are apt to put forth with little labour you shall onely at the latter end of September breake vp the Earth and making greater Trenches 〈…〉 with Oxe meanure and then turning the Earth â—pon the meanure leuell your ground very carefully brâ—â—ke the clots and rake it very painefully and their trende â—ut 〈◊〉 beds as is before sayd artificially but if the ground which you breake vp be eyther gréene-swarth or much ouergrowne with wéeds as these rich soyles must euer be the one or the other for they will not be idle but continually bringing forth then at this first digging and dunging you shall haue diuers which shall follow the Spade who shall take away all manner of roots gréenes grasse-â—ults stones or whatsoeuer may bréede anoyance to the ground which worke being perfected you shall let the ground â—est all winter till the beginning of March that the frost may mellow and ripen the mould and also kill the roots of such wéeds as the Spade hath turned vp and haue béene omitted to be pulled away Now so soone as March is come vpon the first change of the Moone you shall digge vp this Earth againâ— leuell it and order it in all points as was sayd of the barraine Earth onely there will néede no more vse of meanure but as soone as it is digged raked leuelled and brought into a fine mould you may then tread out your Beds as aforesayd euer proportioning the quantitie of them according to the quantitie of your séedes hauing the most of that which is most in vse and the least of the contrary Now as touching the fencing and inclosing of your Garden I haue in the former Booke shewed you the same at large and giuen seuerall instructions according to mens seuerall abilities with this caution that whether your fence be wall pale dead-hedge ditch or quickâ—et yet it must be so high that it may with assurance kéepe all manner of Pullen from flying ouer the same who are the greatest enemies to a Garden that may be There would be also in this Kitchin-Garden if with conueniency it may be brought to passe eyther a Pumpe Well or Cesterne which might flow continually with water all the Summer time for the watering of Hearbs as shall be héereafter declared And thus much touching the choyce of ground for a Kitchin-garden and the ordering of the same CHAP. III. Of the sowing and ordering of all manner of Pot-hearbs WHen you haue prepared your ground and cast your beds in an orderly fashion as is before spoken you shall then take your Séeds which Séeds would by no meanes be aboue a yéere olde and hauing sorted them seuerally euery one by it selfe and appointed the beds which shall seuerally receiue them you shall in this manner sowe your Pot-hearbs which craue not much roote because their onely benefit is in the leafe take your séeds and put them into a wooden Tray then take of your Garden moulde the finest that may be being made almost as fine as ashes and mixe your Séeds and that mould very
fat earth and would be sowne reasonably thicke in long déepe trenches like furrowes hauing a gentle and easie mould either in the moneth of Ianuary February or March or in September October or December they must be carefully well wéeded and if the earth be fat they néede not much watring or other attendance Pompyons Gourds or Mellons desire a very good ground or by Nature or Art the séedes must be sowne very thinne as at least halfe a foote one from another they would lye reasonably déepe yet the mould very gentle which couers them they are subiect to spread and runne ouer much ground therefore as they grow you must direct their stemmes so as they may not annoy one another and when they flower you shall lay broad Tiles or Slatâ— stones vnder them that the fruit nor flower may not touch the earth if you plash them vp against trées or walles where they may haue the reflection of the Sunne the fruit will be larger pleasanter and sooner ripe they néede no wéeding nor watring after you sée them appeare aboue the earth and the best seasons to sowe them in is February March or Aprill those are the best Pompyons which haue the smallest séedes and are of the most yellowest complexion Cowcumber is a delicate pleasant yet very tender fruit and delighteth in an extraordinarie fat earth especially during the opening or sprouting of the séede therefore the best and most vndoubted safest way for sowing them is first in some corner of your Kitchin garden to make a bed of two or thrée yards square of olde Oxe dung and Horse dung mixt together and at least a yard or better high from the earth then couer this bed of dung with the richâ—st garden mould you haue better then halfe a foote thicke then thereon place your séedes halfe a foote likewise one from another and be most sure that your séedes be hard and sound for any softnesse in them sheweth rottennesse then couer them foure fingers thicke with the like mould then within seauen or eight dayes after you shall sée them appeare aboue the earth but in any wise let them continue still till the principall leaues be come forth and they begin to créepe out in length then with your hand griping the whole plant take it vp by the rootes with the earth and all and plant it in a bed new digged trimmed for the purpose with a rich loose mould and so replant and remoue each roote seuerally one after another and they will grow and bring forth in great plenty Now by the way you must obserue that as soone as you haue sowne your séedes you shall prouide a Mat Canuasse or other couering which being placed vpon stakes ouer the dung bed shall euery night after Sunne-set be spread ouer the same and not taken away till the Sunne be risen in the morning for this will defend the séedes from frosts and other cold dewes which are very dangerous Now if any demand why these séedes are thus sowne first on the bed of dung they shall vnderstand that besides the warmth and fertility thereof that the séedes are so pleasant and tender that wormes and other créeping things in the earth will destroy them before they can sprout which this bed of dung preuenteth The months most fit for sowing these séedes are Aprill May and Iune onely for other are much too colde and in this manner you may sowe any tender séede whatsoeuer Beanes of Egipt delight in a moyst watrish ground rather fertile then any way giuen to barrainnesse yet will plentifully enough prosper in any indifferent earth they are rather to set then sowe because they must take strong roote and be fiâ—ed somewhat déepe into the earth and the moneth which is most proper for them is the latter end of Ianuary all February and the beginning of March onely Skerrets are a delicate roote white tender and pleasant little differing in tast or excellencie from the Eringo They delight in a rich mould moyst and well broken and must be set déepe in the earth after they be a finger length aboue the ground they would be remoued and planted in a fresh mould which will preserue them from spéedie séeding for when they runne to séede they loose the vertue of their roote The moneths fittest for the sowing of them is March Aprill and May and if you desire to haue them all Winter you may then sowe them it September and October And thus much for Sallet-hearbs and rootes of all natures of which kindes though there be diuers other yet you shall vnderstand all are to be ordered in the manner of these before rehearsed that is to say such as haue their vertues in the stalke or leaues like Spynage Sparagus Purslayn and such like those which cabbadge or knit together in hard lumps like Lettuce Colworts and such like and those whose goodnesse liues in their rootes like Raddish Carrets Skerrets and such like Now for a most necessarie obseruation euery Gardner ought to beare this rule in his memorie that all Pot-hearbs must be sowne thicke and but thinly couered as namely not aboue thrée fingers all hearbs which cabbadge must be sowne thicke and déeper couered as a full handfull at least and in their remouing planted thinne and well fixt into the earth and all rootes must be sowen thinne and déepe as almost a foote either let into the ground or strewed in déepe furrowes digged and laide vp for the purpose in which the quantity of your séede must onely direct you for if you haue occasion to sow hardly a handfull then you may set them one by one into the ground at your leasure but if you haue occasion to sowe many Pecks or halfe Pecks then you shall turne vp your earth into déepe furrowes and in the bottome thereof scatter your séede and after rake it into a leuell and you shall not onely saue much labour but gaine your purpose CHAP. VI. Of Flowers of all sorts both forraigne and home-bred their sowing planting and preseruing HAuing written sufficiently of Pot-hearbs and Sallet-hearbs which are the ornaments of the Husbandmans Kitchin or Table I will here speake of flowers which either for their smels beauties or both are the graces of his Chamber And first because my maine ayme and scope is English Husbandrie I will begin with those flowers which are most proper and naturall for our climate of which because I holde Roses both for their smell beauties and wholesomnesse to excéede all other I thinke it not amisse to giue them the first place and precedencie before all other You shall vnderstand then that Roses are generally and aunciently but of thrée kindes the Damaske the red and the white and what are different from these are but deriuations from them being by grafting replanting and phisicking somewhat altered either in colour smell or doublenesse of leafe To speake then first of the Damaske Rose it is fit that all husbandmen
first watring Lauender is a flower of a hot smell and is more estéemed of the plaine Country housewife then the dainty Citizen it is very wholesome amongst linnen cloathes and would be sowen in a good rich mould in the moneths of March or Aprill The white Lilly would be sâ—wen in a fat earth in the moneths of October and Nouember or in March or April and the séedes must be sowen excéeding thinne not one by any meanes touching another and the mould which couereth them must be sifted gently vpon them If you would haue your Lillyes of a purple colour you shall stéepe your féedes in the Lées of red wine and that will change their complexion and also you shall water the Plants with the same Lées likewise if you will haue them scarlet red you shall put Vermillion or Cynaber betwéene the rinde and the small heads growing about the roote if you would haue them blew you shall dissolue Azure or Byse betwéene the rinde and the heads if yellow Orpment if gréene Verdigreace and thus of any other colour Now to make them flourish euery moneth in the yéere you shall sowe your séedes some a foote déepe some halfe a foote and some not two inches so they will spring one after another and flourish one after another The wood Lilly or Lilly of the vale delighteth most in a moyst ground and may be sowen either in March or September it is very faire to looke on and not so suffocating in smell as the other Lillyes are The flower de Lice is of excellent beauty but not very pleasant to smell to it loueth a dry ground an easie mould and is fittest to be sowen in the moneth of March. Pyonie or the blessed Rose loueth a good fat earth being somewhat loose and may be sowen either in March or September it asketh not much watring onely some support because the stalkes be weake Petillius or Indian eye may be sowen in any ground for it desireth neither much water nor much dung and the best season for sowing it is Iune or 〈…〉 it will beare flowers commonly all the Wintâ—r Veluet flower loueth a rich fertile ground and must be much watred the season best for the sowing is Augâ—st 〈◊〉 commonly it will beare flowers all the Winter Gilliflowers are of diuers kindes as Pynks Wall-flowers Carnations Cloue-Gilliflowers and a world of others which are of all other flowers most swéet and delicateâ— all but the Wall-gilliflower loue good fertile earths and may be sowen either in March Iuly or August They are better to be planted of Slips then sowen yet both will prosper They are very tender and therfore the best planting of them is in earthen Pots or halfe Tubs which at your pleasure you may remoue from the shade to the Sunne and from the roughnesse of stormes to places of shelter they grow vp high on long slender stalkes which you must defend and support with square cradles made of stickes least the winde and the waight of the flowers breake them these Gilliflowers you may make of any colour you please in such sort as is shewed you for the colouring of Lillyes and if you please to haue them of mixt colours you may also by grafting of contrary colours one into another and you may with as great ease graft the Gylliflower as any fruit whatsoeuer by the ioyning of the knots one into another and then wrapping them about with a little soft sleau'd silke and couering the place close with soft red Waxe well tempered And you shall vnderstand that the grafting of Gylliflowers maketh them exceeding great double and most orient of colour Now if you will haue your Gylliflowers of diuers smels or odours you may also with great ease as thus for example if you will take two or thrée great cloues stéepe them foure and twenty houres in Damaske Rose water then take them out and bruise them and put them into a fine Cambricke ragge and so binde them about the heart roote of the Gylliflower néere to the setting on of the stalke and so plant it in a fine soft and fertile mould and the flower which springeth from the same will haue so delicate a mixt smell of the Cloue and the Rose-water that it will bréede both delight and wonder If in the same manner you take a sticke of Cinamon and stéepe it in Rose water and then â—ruise it and binde it as afore-said all the flowers will smell strongly of Cinamon if you take two graines of fat Muske and mixe it with two drops of Damaske Rose water and binde it as afore-said the flowers will smell strongly of Muske yet not too hot nor offensiue by reason of the correction of the Rose water and in this sort you may doe either with Amber-greece Storax Beniamin or any other swéet drugge whatsoeuer and if in any of these confections before named you stéepe the séedes of your Gylliflowers foure and twenty houres before you sowe them they will take the same smels in which you stéepe them onely they will not be so large or double as those which are replanted or grafted Now for your Wall-Gylliflower it delighteth in hard rubbish limy and stonie grounds whence it commeth that they couet most to grow vpon walles pauements and such like barraine places It may be sowen in any moneth or season for it is a séede of that hardnesse that it makes no difference betwixt Winter and Sommer but will flourish in both equally and beareth his flowers all the yéere whence it comes that the Husbandman preserues it most in his Bée-garden for it is wondrous swéet and affordeth much honey It would be sowen in very small quantity for after it haue once taken roote it will naturally of it selfe ouer-spread much ground and hardly eâ—er after be rooted out It is of it selfe of so excéeding a strong and swéet smell that it cannot be forced to take any other and therefore is euer preserued in its owne nature The Helytropian or flower of the Sunne is in nature and colour like our English Marigold onely it is excéeding huge in compasse for many of them will be twenty and foure and twenty inches in compasse according to the fertilenesse of the soyle in which they grow and the oft replanting of their rootes they are excéeding 〈…〉 on and pleasant to smell they open their flowers at the rising of the Sunne and close them againe at the 〈◊〉 setting it delighteth in any soyle which is fertile 〈◊〉 by Art or Nature and may be sowen in any 〈◊〉 from February till September the oft planting 〈◊〉 replanting of the roote after it is sprung a handfull from the earth maketh it grow to the vttermost bignesse it would haue the East and West open vpon it onely 〈◊〉 small Pent-house to kéepe the sharpnesse of the 〈◊〉 from it The Crowne Emperiall is of all flowers both Foraigne and home-bred the
worth any fiue which growes vpon the sand for it is more hard more tough and of much longer indurance not so apt to teare ryue or consume either with Lyme Rubbish or any casuall moysture whence it comes that euer your Ship-wrights or Mill-wrights desire the clay Oake for their vse and the Ioyner the sand Oake for smoothnesse and waynscote And thus much for the sowing of Wood and his generall vses CHAP. II. The deuision of vnder-Woods their sale and profit WHosoeuer be a Lord or Master of much vnder-wood which is indéede young spring-wood of all kindes growing thicke and close together either from the séede as is declared in the former Chapter or from the rootes of former salles the first being a profit begotten by him selfe the other a right left by purchase or inheritance and desire as it is the dutie of euery vertuous husband to make his best and most lawfullest profit thereof hauing not left vnto him any president of former commodity In this case you shall suruay the whole circuit of your wood with euery corner and angle there vnto belonging and then as your abilitie and the quantity of your ground shall afford you shall deuide your whole wood either into twelue seauentéene or one and twenty parts of equall Acres Roodes or Rods and euery yeare you shall sell or take to your owne vse one of those parts so that one following yearely after another our sales may continue time out of minde and you shall imploy as you please so much wood euery yeare of either twelue seauentéene or one and twenty yeares growth And in this you shal note that the sale of one and twenty doth farre excéede that of seauentéene and that of seauentéene as farre that of twelue but in this it is quantity and your necessity that must direct you and not my demonstration for there be fewe Husbands but know that an Acre of one and twenty yéeres growth may be worth twenty nay thirty pounds that of seauentéene worth eight or ten pounds and that of twelue fiue and sixe pounds according to the goodnesse of the wood insomuch that the longer a man is able to stay the greater sure is his profit but fewell and fence must of necessity be had and if a man haue but twelue acres of wood I sée not but he must be forced to take euery yéere one acre for his owne reliefe and if hée take more hée must either necessarily spoyle all or driue himselfe into extreame want in fewe yeares following and therefore it is méete that euery good husband shape his garment according to his cloath and onely take plenty where plenty is yet with this husbandly caution that euer the elder your sale is the richer it is as you may perceiue by the well husbanded Woods of many Bishoprickes in this land which are not cut but at thirtie yeares growth When you haue made your deuisions according to your quantity you shall begin your sale at an out-side where cariages may enter without impeachment to the springs you intend not to cut and a pole or halfe pole according to the quantity of ground you shall preserue being next of all to the outmost fence to repaire the ring fences of your Wood and to seperate the new sale from the standing Wood and this amongst Woodwards is called Plash-pole Then at the latterend of Ianuarie you may begin to cut downe your vnder-wood and sell it either by acres roodes perches poles roddes or dozens according to the quantitie of your earth or the abilitie of your buyers And in this sale I cannot set you downe any certaine price because true iudgement and the goodnesse of your wood must onely giue you direction things being euer valewed according to their worth and substance and this sale or the cutting downe of vnder-wood you may continue from the latter end of Ianuarie till midde Aprill at which time the leafe begins to bud forth or somewhat longer if necessitie vrge you the like you may also doe from the beginning of September at which time the leafe beginnes to shed till the middest of Nouember Now for the manner of cutting downe your vnderwoods although the lawes of the Kingdome shew you what dutie you shall performe therein what Timber you shall preserue and how néere each Weauer shall stand one to another yet I would wish you both for your owne and the Common-wealths sake to performe somewhat more then that to which you are by law compelled therefore you shall giue direction to your wood fallers that when they shall méete with any faire and straight well growne sapling Oake Elme Ash or such like to preserue them and let them stand still being of such fit distance one from another that they may not hinder or trouble each other in their growing and when you shall finde vpon a cluster many faire Plants or Saplings you shall view which is the fairest of them all and it preserue onely and the rest cut away that it may prosper the better also if you finde any faire and well growne fruit Trées as Peares Chesnuts Seruisses and such like you shall let them stand and cleare them from the droppings of the taller trées and you shall finde the profit make you recompence Now for the generall cutting vp of the wood you shall cut it about sixe inches aboue the ground and drawing your strokes vpward cut the wood slope-wise for that is best to hasten on the new Spring and those Weauers or young which you preserue and suffer to growe still you shall prune and trimme as you passe by them cutting away all â—â—perfluous branches twigges and young spyers which shall grow either néere vnto the roote or vpon any part of the boale which is fit to be preserued for Timber and if you shall finde that the earth haue by any casualty forsaken the root and left it bare which is hurtfull to the growth of the Trée you shall lay fresh earth vnto it and ram the same hard and fast about it Thus when you haue made an end of cutting downe your sale and that the wood is cleansed and carried away and all the loose and scattered stickes raked vp into seuerall heapes and caried away also for it is the part of euerie good husband and Woodward not to sée any wood lye and rot vpon the ground you shall then with the vnder-wood preserued in the Plash-pole deuide by a strong hedge this new cut downe sale from the other elder growne wood and for tenne yéeres as before is spoken not suffer any foure-footed beast to come within the same from which rule you shall learne this lesson that it is the Woodwards duty euery day to looke ouer all his young Springs and if by any mischance or negligence cattell shall happen to breake into them as many times they doe then shall he not onely driue forth or impound such Cattell but also suruay how farre and which